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Aptenodytes forsteri (Emperor Penguin).html
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Aptenodytes forsteri (Emperor Penguin).html
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});</script></div><div id="content_factsheet"><div id="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" width="770"><tr><td width="65%"><h1 style="font-size: 1.4em"><span class="notranslate"><span class="sciname">Aptenodytes forsteri</span></span> </h1><span class="doi_link top" data-assessment-id="93637033"><a></a></span></td><td width="2%"></td><td class="regional" width="30%">Scope: <span>Global</span><br /><div style="padding-top:2px"><span>Language: English</span></div><div class="download-link"><span class="pdf_link" data-assessment-id="93637033"><a style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Download assessment</span> <i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i></a></span></div><div class="download-link"></div></td></tr></table></div><div id="scale_factsheet"><img alt="Status_ne_off" class="off" src="/assets/details/status_ne_off-8575e0210a637cf0bae858fc9c46071f.gif" /><img alt="Status_dd_off" class="off" src="/assets/details/status_dd_off-9b16e00307749bac5c5ff15fe94ea2a0.gif" /><img alt="Status_lc_off" class="off" src="/assets/details/status_lc_off-f2c32dd576f5b067d64467badf7bd69c.gif" /><img alt="Status_nt_on" class="on" src="/assets/details/status_nt_on-f58ffb7b85d66402ed5edf52e2b03595.gif" /><img alt="Status_vu_off" class="off" src="/assets/details/status_vu_off-fa0f4d871ba412a735d3d5423cae02d2.gif" /><img alt="Status_en_off" class="off" src="/assets/details/status_en_off-b85a8047fa1dcf2c6265e5ed8bc7b2a6.gif" /><img alt="Status_cr_off" class="off" src="/assets/details/status_cr_off-6f21b005ec167ae9737812b9dc906b03.gif" /><img alt="Status_ew_off" class="off" src="/assets/details/status_ew_off-a876aa504cadde967d16d6691d0d913e.gif" /><img alt="Status_ex_off" class="off" src="/assets/details/status_ex_off-140059c1efdc2088a3d8437d7b4751e6.gif" /></div><div id="detailsPage"><div id="topnav_factsheet">
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<a href="/details/summary/22697752/0" class="current">Summary</a></li>
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<a href="/details/classify/22697752/0">Classification Schemes</a></li>
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<a href="/details/links/22697752/0">Images & External Links</a></li>
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<a href="/details/biblio/22697752/0">Bibliography</a></li>
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<a href="#sectionTaxonomy" onClick="new Effect.ScrollTo('sectionTaxonomy'); return false;" class="dynamic">Taxonomy</a>
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<a href="#sectionAssessment" onClick="new Effect.ScrollTo('sectionAssessment'); return false;" class="dynamic">Assessment Information</a>
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<a href="#sectionRange" onClick="new Effect.ScrollTo('sectionRange'); return false;" class="dynamic">Geographic Range</a>
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<a href="#sectionPopulation" onClick="new Effect.ScrollTo('sectionPopulation'); return false;" class="dynamic">Population</a>
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<a href="#sectionHabitat" onClick="new Effect.ScrollTo('sectionHabitat'); return false;" class="dynamic">Habitat and Ecology</a>
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<h2 id="sectionTaxonomy" class="first">
Taxonomy
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<table class="tab_data" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<th>Kingdom</th>
<th>Phylum</th>
<th>Class</th>
<th>Order</th>
<th>Family</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Animalia</td>
<td>Chordata</td>
<td>Aves</td>
<td>Sphenisciformes</td>
<td>Spheniscidae</td>
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<td class="label"><strong>Scientific Name:</strong></td>
<td class="sciName"><span class="notranslate"><span class="sciname">Aptenodytes forsteri</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label"><strong>Species Authority:</strong></td>
<td>Gray, 1844</td>
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<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<strong>Common Name(s):</strong>
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<td>English</td>
<td>–</td>
<td>Emperor Penguin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Spanish</td>
<td>–</td>
<td>Pingüino emperador </td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label"><strong>Taxonomic Source(s):</strong></td>
<td>del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. <i>HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World</i>. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 id="sectionAssessment" >
Assessment Information
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<tr>
<td class="label"><strong>Red List Category & Criteria:</strong></td>
<td>
Near Threatened
<a href="/static/categories_criteria_3_1">ver 3.1</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label"><strong>Year Published:</strong></td>
<td>2016</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label"><strong>Date Assessed:</strong></td>
<td>2016-10-01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label"><strong>Assessor(s):</strong></td>
<td>BirdLife International</td>
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<tr>
<td class="label"><strong>Reviewer(s):</strong></td>
<td>Butchart, S. & Symes, A.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label"><strong>Contributor(s):</strong></td>
<td>Ainley, D., Ballard, G., DuBois, L., Fretwell, P., Kooyman, G., Makhado, A., Schmidt, A., Schneider, T., Trathan, P., Wienecke, B. & Woehler, E.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label"><strong>Facilitator/Compiler(s):</strong></td>
<td>Butchart, S., Calvert, R., Ekstrom, J., Moreno, R., Taylor, J., Trathan, P., Wienecke, B.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<strong>Justification:</strong><br />
This species has been uplisted to Near Threatened because it is projected to undergo a moderately rapid population decline over the next three generations owing to the effects of projected climate change. However, it should be noted that there is considerable uncertainty over future climatic changes and how these will impact the species.
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><strong>Previously published Red List assessments:</strong></td><td><ul style="list-style-type: none;padding: 2px 1px;margin: 0px;"><li style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><span class="history-tooltip 40172193">2012 – Near Threatened (NT)</span><span class="history-content 40172193" style="display:none"><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="pdf_link history-link" data-assessment-id="40172193"><a style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Download assessment</span> <i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i></a></span></div><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="history-link"></span></div><div><span class="doi_link history-link" data-assessment-id="40172193"><a></a></span></div></span></li><li style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><span class="history-tooltip 23844508">2009 – Least Concern (LC)</span><span class="history-content 23844508" style="display:none"><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="pdf_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23844508"><a style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Download assessment</span> <i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i></a></span></div><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="history-link"></span></div><div><span class="doi_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23844508"><a></a></span></div></span></li><li style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><span class="history-tooltip 23845052">2008 – Least Concern (LC)</span><span class="history-content 23845052" style="display:none"><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="pdf_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23845052"><a style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Download assessment</span> <i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i></a></span></div><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="history-link"></span></div><div><span class="doi_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23845052"><a></a></span></div></span></li><li style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><span class="history-tooltip 23845878">2004 – Least Concern (LC)</span><span class="history-content 23845878" style="display:none"><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="pdf_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23845878"><a style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Download assessment</span> <i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i></a></span></div><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="history-link"></span></div><div><span class="doi_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23845878"><a></a></span></div></span></li><li style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><span class="history-tooltip 23846599">2000 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)</span><span class="history-content 23846599" style="display:none"><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="pdf_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23846599"><a style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Download assessment</span> <i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i></a></span></div><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="history-link"></span></div><div><span class="doi_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23846599"><a></a></span></div></span></li><li style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><span class="history-tooltip 23847303">1994 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)</span><span class="history-content 23847303" style="display:none"><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="pdf_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23847303"><a style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Download assessment</span> <i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i></a></span></div><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="history-link"></span></div><div><span class="doi_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23847303"><a></a></span></div></span></li><li style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><span class="history-tooltip 23847911">1988 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)</span><span class="history-content 23847911" style="display:none"><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="pdf_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23847911"><a style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Download assessment</span> <i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i></a></span></div><div style="padding-bottom:3px"><span class="history-link"></span></div><div><span class="doi_link history-link" data-assessment-id="23847911"><a></a></span></div></span></li></ul></td></tr>
</table>
<h2 id="sectionRange" >
Geographic Range
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<tr><td class="label"><strong>Range Description:</strong></td><td><p><em>Aptenodytes forsteri</em> has a circumpolar range, restricted when breeding to the coast of <strong>Antarctica</strong> where breeding colonies occur right around the continent (Fretwell <em>et al.</em> 2012). At least ¾ of the breeding colonies of this species are vulnerable to predicted changes in sea ice conditions and 1/5 may be quasi-extinct by 2100 (Jenouvrier et al. 2014). There are regional variations in population declines but colonies located north of 70°S have a probability of 46% to decrease by up to >90% by the end of this century (Jenouvrier <em>et al.</em> 2014).  </p><p></p></td></tr><tr><td class="label"><strong>Countries occurrence:</strong></td><td class="rangeList"><div class='group'><div class='title'>Native:</div>Antarctica</div><div class='group'><div class='title'>Vagrant:</div>Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); French Southern Territories; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; New Zealand; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</div></td></tr><tr><th>Additional data:</th><td><table class="tab-data"><tr><td>♦ <em>Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO):</em></td><td style="padding-right:4em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><td>♦ <em>Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO):</em></td><td>No</td><td>♦ <em>Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) - km2:</em></td><td style="padding-right:4em;">11600000</td></tr><tr><td>♦ <em>Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO):</em></td><td>Yes</td><td>♦ <em>Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO):</em></td><td style="padding-right:4em;">No</td></tr><tr><td>♦ <em>Continuing decline in number of locations:</em></td><td style="padding-right:4em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><td>♦ <em>Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations:</em></td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>♦ <em>Upper elevation limit (metres):</em></td><td>500</td></tr><tr></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="label"><strong>Range Map:</strong></td><td><a href="http://maps.iucnredlist.org/map.html?id=22697752">Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.</a></td></tr>
</table>
<h2 id="sectionPopulation" >
Population
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<tr><td class="label"><strong>Population:</strong></td><td><p>A survey of satellite images from 2009 found 46 colonies containing c.238,000 breeding pairs, suggesting a total of c.595,000 individuals (Fretwell <em>et al. </em>2012). Since then, a further seven colonies have been discovered bringing the total number to 53 (Fretwell, <em>pers. com.</em>). The global population estimate has not yet been updated.</p><br /><br /><strong>Trend Justification: </strong>An analysis carried out by Ainley <em>et al.</em> (2010) suggests that all colonies north of 67-68°S could be lost when Earth's tropospheric temperature reaches 2°C above pre-industrial levels, with negative impacts on all colonies north of 70°S. In this study, 2042 is the median year (range 2025-2052) at which a 2°C warming is  forecast to be exceeded by the four climate models used (those models used in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report [AR4] that most closely predicted data collected on environmental conditions in the Southern Ocean over recent decades) (Ainley  <em>et al.</em> 2010).  An ensemble of these models was then used to predict changes in climate and  habitat in the Southern Ocean until 2025-2052, namely sea ice extent,  persistence, concentration and thickness, wind speeds, precipitation and  air temperature. Predictions were then made based on historic responses of the species to past variations in environmental conditions (Ainley <em>et al.</em> 2010). According to a survey of satellite images by Fretwell  <em>et al.</em> (2012), the global population in 2009 is estimated at c.238,000 breeding pairs, including nine colonies north of 67°S, accounting for c.36,600 pairs. Assuming the loss of these colonies and an exponential population trend, BirdLife International has projected that a decline of c.27% in the number of breeding pairs will occur over the next 61 years (three generations). There are substantial uncertainties over future changes in the patterns of weather variables and how these are likely to impact the species, as well as whether there will be a lag in the decline of mature individuals as recruitment falls, or whether this decline will be proportional to the loss of colonies as climatic changes result in the increased mortality of mature individuals. The relocation of <em>A. forsteri</em> colonies will be limited by decreases in sea ice thickness, making it more difficult for them to  find stable, long-lasting fast ice for breeding (Ainley  <em>et al. </em>2010). Colonies could  conceivably move to any areas of coastline not affected by ridges formed  by wind-blown pack ice; however, where this has occurred in the past it  has been regarded as a rare event. Importantly, it has been argued that a simple latitudinal gradient in the loss of  sea ice is unlikely, and that warming has so far been regional in the Antarctic (Zwally <em> et al. </em>2002, Turner <em>et al.</em> 2009, Trathan <em>et al.</em> 2011, Fretwell <em>et al</em>. 2012). With these uncertainties in mind, a precautionary approach is taken, and the population is projected to decline by 20-29% over the next three generations.</td></tr><tr><td class="label"><strong>Current Population Trend:</strong></td><td id="popTrend"><img alt="" src="/assets/trends/unknown-bf83c776c4f648b16f9ce7326b28574a.png" /><span>Unknown</span></td></tr><tr><th>Additional data:</th><td><table class="tab-data"><tr><td>♦ <em>Number of mature individuals:</em></td><td style="padding-right:4em;">595000</td><td>♦ <em>Continuing decline of mature individuals:</em></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>♦ <em>Extreme fluctuations:</em></td><td>No</td><td>♦ <em>Population severely fragmented:</em></td><td style="padding-right:4em;">No</td></tr><tr><td>♦ <em>Continuing decline in subpopulations:</em></td><td style="padding-right:4em;">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td>♦ <em>Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations:</em></td><td>No</td><td>♦ <em>All individuals in one subpopulation:</em></td><td style="padding-right:4em;">No</td></tr><tr></tr></table></td></tr>
</table>
<h2 id="sectionHabitat" >
Habitat and Ecology
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<tr><td class="label"><strong>Habitat and Ecology:</strong></td><td>This species is marine and pelagic, feeding mainly on fish in Antarctic waters (although krill and cephalopods can be important dietary components). It breeds almost exclusively on fast ice near the coast or on the coast itself, sometimes up to as much as 200 km from the open sea. Only one known colony occurs wholly on land (Robertson <em>et al.</em> 2014) while a small number uses available land for parts of their breeding cycle. Four colonies are known to locate at least temporarily onto the top of ice shelves (Fretwell <em>et al. </em>2014). It has an annual breeding cycle, arriving at colonies in late March to April, and lays eggs in May/ June. Chicks fledge in December/January (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1992).</td></tr><tr><td class="label"><strong>Systems:</strong></td><td>Terrestrial; Marine</td></tr><tr><th class="label">Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat:</th><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><th class="label">Generation Length (years):</th><td>20.4</td></tr><tr><th class="label">Movement patterns:</th><td>Full Migrant</td></tr><tr><th class="label">Congregatory:</th><td>Congregatory (and dispersive)</td></tr>
</table>
<h2 id="sectionThreats" >
Threats
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<td class="label"><strong>Major Threat(s):</strong></td>
<td>
<p><br/></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 id="sectionMeasures" >
Conservation Actions
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<td class="label"><strong>Conservation Actions:</strong></td>
<td>
<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is the subject of on-going international research but there are currently no special conservation activities. Human disturbance is strictly regulated in some areas (Antarctic Specially Protected Areas).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conduct regular surveys to monitor population trends. Continue to improve on existing modelling work to better predict future population changes. Carry out further research into the species' ecology to improve understanding of how environmental changes will affect the population. Continue to monitor the thickness, extent and persistence of Antarctic sea ice, and other environmental variables to assess the availability of suitable breeding habitat. Continue international work to tackle the drivers of projected climate change.
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<td><strong>Citation:</strong></td>
<td>BirdLife International. 2016. <i>Aptenodytes forsteri</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22697752A93637033. <span class="doi_link" data-assessment-id="93637033"><a></a>. </span>Downloaded on <b>20 February 2017</b>.</td>
<!-- <td>BirdLife International. 2016. <i>Aptenodytes forsteri</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. <<a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>>. Downloaded on <b>20 February 2017</b>.</td> -->
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