This is a modified variant of the PyTorch GPT-2 trainer from Andrej Karpathy's llm.c repo, which attains the same final validation loss in only:
- 0.8B tokens instead of 10B
- 3.8 minutes on 8xH100 instead of 45
It has been hyperoptimized by the community, and has become a good baseline from which to perform research on the architecture/optimizer/etc.
It uses the following techniques:
- Modernized architecture: Rotary embeddings, QK-Norm, and ReLU^2.
- New optimizer: Muon - Momentum Orthogonalized by Newton-schulz [standalone implementation].
- Untied head from embedding.
- Projection and classification layers initialized to zero (muP-like).
- Architectural shortcuts: value residual and embedding shortcut (partially following https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.17897).
- Momentum warmup.
- Tanh soft logit capping (following Gemma 2).
- FlexAttention with window size warmup.
- Extra embeddings which are fed into intermediate attention layers.
The training has attained this speed due to the contributions of meself, @Grad62304977, @jxbz, @bozavlado, @brendanh0gan, @KoszarskyB, & @fernbear.bsky.social.
To install and execute the training, run the following four commands. They should all complete within <20min on an 8xH100 with decent internet connection. If the torch install command updates your cuda installation, you many need to reboot.
git clone https://github.com/KellerJordan/modded-nanogpt.git & cd modded-nanogpt
pip install -r requirements.txt
pip install --pre torch==2.6.0.dev20241203+cu124 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/nightly/cu124 --upgrade # install torch 2.6.0
python data/cached_fineweb10B.py 10 # downloads only the first 1.0B training tokens to save time
./run.shThe result will be a transformer with 124M active parameters trained for 1480 steps on 0.75B tokens of Fineweb [1], achieving ~3.278 mean validation loss (w/ up to 0.005 inter-run stddev). For comparison, the default llm.c PyTorch trainer yields >3.28 validation loss after training for 19560 steps on 10B tokens.
Note: torch.compile will take a long time on the first run.
- To run on fewer GPUs, just modify
run.shto have a different--nproc_per_node. (this does not change the expected behavior of the training) - If you're running out of memory, you may need to reduce the sequence length for FlexAttention (which does change the training. see here for a guide)
For cases where CUDA or NCCL versions aren't compatible with your current system setup, Docker can be a helpful alternative. This approach standardizes versions for CUDA, NCCL, CUDNN, and Python, reducing dependency issues and simplifying setup. Note: an NVIDIA driver must already be installed on the system (useful if only the NVIDIA driver and Docker are available).
sudo docker build -t modded-nanogpt .
sudo docker run -it --rm --gpus all -v $(pwd):/modded-nanogpt modded-nanogpt python data/cached_fineweb10B.py 18
sudo docker run -it --rm --gpus all -v $(pwd):/modded-nanogpt modded-nanogpt sh run.shThe following is the progression of world records for the task of training a model with 124M active parameters to 3.28 validation loss on FineWeb in the minimal amount of time on an 8xH100 machine.
| # | Record time | Description | Date | Log | Contributors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 45 minutes | llm.c baseline | 05/28/24 | log | @karpathy, llm.c contributors |
| 2 | 31.4 minutes | Architectural modernizations & tuned learning rate | 06/06/24 | log | @kellerjordan0 |
| 3 | 24.9 minutes | Introduced the Muon optimizer | 10/04/24 | none | @kellerjordan0, @jxbz |
| 4 | 22.3 minutes | Muon improvements | 10/11/24 | log | @kellerjordan0, @bozavlado |
| 5 | 15.2 minutes | Pad embeddings & architectural improvements | 10/14/24 | log | @Grad62304977, @kellerjordan0 |
| 6 | 13.1 minutes | Distributed the overhead of Muon | 10/18/24 | log | @kellerjordan0 |
| 7 | 12.0 minutes | Upgraded PyTorch from 2.4.1 to 2.5.0 | 10/18/24 | log | @kellerjordan0 |
| 8 | 10.8 minutes | Untied embed and lm_head | 11/03/24 | log | @Grad62304977, @kellerjordan0 |
| 9 | 8.2 minutes | Shortcuts & tweaks | 11/06/24 | log | @Grad62304977, @kellerjordan0 |
| 10 | 7.8 minutes | Bfloat16 activations | 11/08/24 | log | @kellerjordan0 |
| 11 | 7.2 minutes | U-net & 2x lr | 11/10/24 | log | @brendanh0gan |
| 12 | 5.03 minutes | FlexAttention | 11/19/24 | log | @KoszarskyB |
| 13 | 4.66 minutes | Attention window warmup | 11/24/24 | log | @fernbear.bsky.social |
| 14 | 4.41 minutes | Value Embeddings | 12/04/24 | log | @KoszarskyB |
| 15 | 3.95 minutes | U-net pattern for value embeds, assorted code improvements | 12/08/24 | log | @leloykun, @YouJiacheng |
| 16 | 3.80 minutes | MFU tweaks | 12/10/24 | log | @YouJiacheng |
All new record attempts:
- Must not modify the train or validation data pipelines. (Except to change batch size, seqlen, attention structure etc. I.e., just don't change the underlying tokens.)
- Must use ≤ 124M active parameters per token. (So MoE is fine; and extra embedding layers can be added since they only contribute hidden_dim active params.)
- Must attain ≤ 3.28 val loss. Unfortunately, due to high inter-run variance, new record attempts must provide enough run logs to attain a statistical significance level of p<0.01 that their average val loss is lower than 3.28. You see see how to conduct a t-test here.
Other than that, go crazy! Anything is fair game
- For the llm.c baseline: The 90 minute time is on 8xA100; it's 45 minutes on 8xH100. This baseline is essentially a hardware-optimized GPT-2-small replication using better training data.
- All runs before 11/19/24 can be run with PyTorch 2.5.1 or below. Runs including and after 11/19/24 require PyTorch 2.6.0 (nightly) to use FlexAttention.
A: The officially stated goal of NanoGPT speedrunning is as follows: gotta go fast. But for something a little more verbose involving an argument for good benchmarking, here's some kind of manifesto, adorned with a blessing from the master. https://x.com/karpathy/status/1846790537262571739
A: Because it is a competitive benchmark. In particular, if you attain a new speed record (using whatever method you want), there is an open invitation for you to post that record (on arXiv or X) and thereby vacuum up all the clout for yourself. I will even help you do it by reposting you as much as I can.
Q: NanoGPT speedrunning is cool and all, but meh it probably won't scale and is just overfitting to val loss
A: This is hard to refute, since "at scale" is an infinite category (what if the methods stop working only for >100T models?), making it impossible to fully prove. Also, I would agree that some of the methods used in the speedrun are unlikely to scale. But if the reader cares about 1.5B models, they might be convinced by this result:
Straightforwardly scaling up the speedrun (10/18/24 version) to 1.5B parameters yields a model with GPT-2 (1.5B)-level HellaSwag performance 2.5x more cheaply than @karpathy's baseline ($233 instead of $576):
Muon is defined as follows:
Where NewtonSchulz5 is the following Newton-Schulz iteration [2, 3], which approximately replaces G with U @ V.T where U, S, V = G.svd().
@torch.compile
def zeroth_power_via_newtonschulz5(G, steps=5, eps=1e-7):
assert len(G.shape) == 2
a, b, c = (3.4445, -4.7750, 2.0315)
X = G.bfloat16() / (G.norm() + eps)
if G.size(0) > G.size(1):
X = X.T
for _ in range(steps):
A = X @ X.T
B = b * A + c * A @ A
X = a * X + B @ X
if G.size(0) > G.size(1):
X = X.T
return X.to(G.dtype)For this training scenario, Muon has the following favorable properties:
- Lower memory usage than Adam
- ~1.5x better sample-efficiency
- <2% wallclock overhead
Many of the choices made to generate this optimizer were obtained experimentally by our pursuit of CIFAR-10 speedrunning. In particular, we experimentally obtained the following practices:
- Using Nesterov momentum inside the update, with orthogonalization applied after momentum.
- Using a specifically quintic Newton-Schulz iteration as the method of orthogonalization.
- Using non-convergent coefficients for the quintic polynomial in order to maximize slope at zero, and thereby minimize the number of necessary Newton-Schulz iterations. It turns out that the variance doesn't actually matter that much, so we end up with a quintic that (rapidly) converges to the range 0.68, 1.13 upon repeated application, rather than to 1.
- Running the Newton-Schulz iteration in bfloat16 (whereas Shampoo implementations often depend on inverse-pth-roots run in fp32 or fp64).
Our use of a Newton-Schulz iteration for orthogonalization traces to Bernstein & Newhouse (2024), who suggested it as a way to compute Shampoo [5, 6] preconditioners, and theoretically explored Shampoo without preconditioner accumulation. In particular, Jeremy Bernstein @jxbz sent us the draft, which caused us to experiment with various Newton-Schulz iterations as the orthogonalization method for this optimizer. If we had used SVD instead of a Newton-Schulz iteration, this optimizer would have been too slow to be useful. Bernstein & Newhouse also pointed out that Shampoo without preconditioner accumulation is equivalent to steepest descent in the spectral norm, and therefore Shampoo can be thought of as a way to smooth out spectral steepest descent. The proposed optimizer can be thought of as a second way of smoothing spectral steepest descent, with a different set of memory and runtime tradeoffs compared to Shampoo.
Here's a good startup script for a fresh 8xH100 instance.
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install vim tmux python3-pip python-is-python3 -y
git clone https://github.com/KellerJordan/modded-nanogpt.git
cd modded-nanogpt
tmux
pip install numpy==1.23.5 huggingface-hub tqdm
pip install --upgrade torch &
python data/cached_fineweb10B.py 18
- Penedo, Guilherme, et al. "The fineweb datasets: Decanting the web for the finest text data at scale." arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.17557 (2024).
- Nicholas J. Higham. Functions of Matrices. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2008. Equation 5.22.
- Günther Schulz. Iterative Berechnung der reziproken Matrix. Z. Angew. Math. Mech., 13:57–59, 1933.
- Jeremy Bernstein and Laker Newhouse. "Old Optimizer, New Norm: An Anthology." arxiv preprint arXiv:2409.20325 (2024).
- Vineet Gupta, Tomer Koren, and Yoram Singer. "Shampoo: Preconditioned stochastic tensor optimization." International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 2018.
- Anil, Rohan, et al. "Scalable second order optimization for deep learning." arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.09018 (2020).
- Hägele, Alexander, et al. "Scaling Laws and Compute-Optimal Training Beyond Fixed Training Durations." arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.18392 (2024).
@misc{modded_nanogpt_2024,
author = {Keller Jordan and Jeremy Bernstein and Brendan Rappazzo and
@fernbear.bsky.social and Boza Vlado and You Jiacheng and
Franz Cesista and Braden Koszarsky and @Grad62304977},
title = {modded-nanogpt: Speedrunning the NanoGPT baseline},
year = {2024},
url = {https://github.com/KellerJordan/modded-nanogpt},
note = {Accessed: 2024-12-09}
}
