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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
<head>
<title>About | Intertextual References in the Almanacks of Mary Moody Emerson</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
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<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/utils/gfx/favicon.ico" />
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<body>
<h1>Intertextual References in the Almanacks of Mary Moody Emerson</h1>
<div>
<nav>
<span id="contents">Contents:</span>
<ol aria-labelledby="contents">
<li><a href="#about">About this project</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-prep">Data preparation</a></li>
<li><a href="#interface">Understanding and using the visualization interface</a></li>
<li><a href="#cite">How to cite</a></li>
</ol>
<a href="./index.html">Return to the visualization</a>
</nav>
</div>
<main>
<section id="about">
<h2>About this project</h2>
<p><span class="italic">The Almanacks of Mary Moody Emerson: A Scholarly Digital Edition</span> is a collaboration
between editors Noelle A. Baker and Sandra Harbert Petrulionis and the <a href="https://wwp.northeastern.edu/">Women Writers Project</a> to edit, transcribe,
and encode these Almanacks for publication in the <a href="https://wwp.northeastern.edu/wwo/" class="italic">Women Writers Online (WWO)</a>
collection of early women’s texts.</p>
<p>Mary Moody Emerson (1774–1863) was a self-educated scholar, theologian, and author who kept throughout her life a
series of handmade manuscript booklets she called “Almanacks.” This unpublished manuscript series spans over fifty
years and one thousand pages and combines multiple literary genres, including devotional and philosophical
journals, commonplace books, letters, and original compositions. Its subjects range from theology, philosophy,
literary criticism, and science, to war, imperialism, and slavery.</p>
<p>This interactive visualization interface was developed as part of the Intertextual Networks project, a three-year
NEH-funded research initiative focusing on intertextuality in early women’s writing. Code for the interface was
adapted from “<a href="https://www.wwp.northeastern.edu/lab/names-viz/index.html">In the Texts of Women Writers</a>,”
a visualization created by Sarah Campbell and Zheng-yan Yu to show genre- and chronology-based reference patterns
for the most common person names, place names, and organization names in <span class="italic">WWO</span>.</p>
<p>The holograph Almanack manuscripts are contained in forty-eight fascicles at Houghton Library, Harvard University,
and this visualization displays intertextual references for the 21 Almanacks currently published in <span class="italic">WWO</span>, many of
which date from the early nineteenth century. As we continue to add new Almanacks to the collection, we will also
update the interface to reflect Emerson’s writing through the late 1850s.</p>
<p>For further information, we recommend these resources:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/research/projects/manuscripts/emerson/general_introduction.html">a
general introduction to Emerson’s Almanacks</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/research/projects/intertextuality/index.html">more on the Intertextual
Networks project</a>, and</li>
<li><a href="/texts/emerson.almanack.html">the Almanacks in <span class="italic">WWO</span></a>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="data-prep">
<h2>Data preparation</h2>
<p>Emerson’s Almanacks are encoded according to the standards of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) markup language.
This encoding marks both quotations and other forms of intertextuality, including: allusions, references,
paraphrases, misquotations, distillations of disparate source materials, materials repurposed from their sources
in ways that change the meaning of the original, references to the texts she was reading, and what we have called
“intertextual echoes” to describe language that may indicate Emerson had particular sources in mind but that is
too indirect for us to identify any unambiguous reference.</p>
<p>We have marked out the language comprising these different forms of intertextuality within Emerson’s Almanacks,
giving each a pointer to the relevant text or texts in the bibliography. For example, in Folder 1 (1804), Emerson
writes: “rather may my right hand forget her use,” which references Psalm 137:5: “If I forget thee, O Jerusalem:
let my right hand forget her cunning.” Emerson’s language here (“rather may my right hand forget her use”) is
encoded as a reference and marked with a <code>@source</code> attribute that points to the bibliography entry for
Psalms. In some cases, we have also indicated if there is any uncertainty about which texts are being referenced,
using the <code>@cert</code> attribute.</p>
<p>Within the bibliography, each text displays basic bibliographic information, including titles, authors,
publication locations, and dates. Each text is categorized in one of six broad genres (philosophy, religious
writings, literature, life writings, nonfiction, and reviews) and one of twenty additional specific generic
categories (such as classical texts, essays, history, letters, and sermons). It’s important to keep in mind,
however, that 18<span class="sup">th</span>- and 19<span class="sup">th</span>-century disciplinary boundaries
were considerably blurrier than they are today, such that a text characterized as “religious writings” in this
visualization could also be considered “philosophy.” The same distinction could be applied to science (“natural
history” in the 18<span class="sup">th</span> and 19<span class="sup">th</span> centuries) and philosophy.
Currently, the interface displays only the broader generic categories for the texts that Emerson references, but
we plan to add an option in the near future that allows users to toggle to see the more specific genre information
instead.</p>
<p>In order to extract the intertextual references from the TEI encoding, we first regularized the XML using the WWP’s
“<a href="https://github.com/NEU-DSG/wwp-public-code-share/tree/master/fulltext">FulltextBot</a>,” an XSLT
stylesheet which makes it easier to turn <span class="italic">Women Writers Online</span> documents into human-readable plain text. Because
the Almanacks manuscripts were drafted by a self-educated nineteenth-century woman who
circulated them widely but did not submit them for publication, rather than revised and published texts, we chose
to represent her original text content (abbreviations, errors, &c.) rather than editorial regularizations. We
then identified all tagged references and extracted them into JSON data, which is <a
href="https://github.com/NEU-DSG/intertextual-references-in-the-almanacks/blob/master/intertextual-gestures-mme.json"
>available on GitHub</a> along with bibliographic data.</p>
</section>
<section id="interface">
<h2>Understanding <span class="connector">and</span> using <span class="connector">the</span> visualization interface</h2>
<p>This interface is intended to showcase Emerson’s intertextual references through three deeply interconnected
panes. The interface allows interaction with the panes either by mouseover or by click; you can toggle between
these with the button in the top-right of the interface. Selecting an item within any of the three panes will
highlight relevant information across the whole interface.</p>
<p>The first pane, “References by Year,” uses dots to represent works in Emerson’s references. These works are
grouped by the year in which they were referenced, and also by the broad genre types assigned to each work. Each
dot is interactable—selecting one will highlight relevant data across all panes.</p>
<p>The center pane is a diagram relating the genre of referenced works to the type of intertextual reference at
stake. Each line represents a work in a single reference. In this pane, the axis labels are interactable.
Selecting one of the labels will highlight all intertextual references of that type or genre across all panes.</p>
<p>The last pane is a list of intertextual references. The full-text excerpt of each intertextual reference is shown,
as is bibliographic information about the work(s) referenced and in which Almanack the reference is found. The
reference in its original context can be located in the Almanacks published in <span class="italic">Women Writers Online</span>.
In this pane, interacting with the text of an intertextual reference will highlight relevant data across all panes.</p>
</section>
<section id="cite">
<h2>How to Cite</h2>
<p>Here is a sample citation for the visualization:</p>
<blockquote>Ash Clark, Sarah Connell, Noelle A. Baker, and Sandra Harbert Petrulionis.
“Intertextual References in the Almanacks of Mary Moody Emerson: Visualization for Close and Distant Reading.”
Northeastern University Women Writers Project.
<br />https://wwp.northeastern.edu/lab/emerson-networks/index.html.</blockquote>
</section>
</main>
<div class="footer">
<hr />
<p class="italic">Intertextual Networks has been made possible in part by a major grant from the National Endowment
for the Humanities: Exploring the human endeavor. Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in
this project, do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>