The aim of this XML format is to be descriptive, not to specify the "perfect" catalog of copyright entry. We want to follow two simple principles:
- Capture everything. Assume that every detail might be interesting to someone.
- Don't add anything. We want to be make inferences from the XML, not add inferences into the XML.
Because there is such a wide variation in the formats of the entries, some of the definition has to be very generous. Anything added will be added as attributes of the various elements, so that if the XML is stripped out, the original text of the entry will remain. We are not concerned with formatting such as line breaks and font changes.
The root of each document is a <copyrightEntries> element. This
contains any number of <copyrightEntry>, <entryGroup> and
<crossRef> elements.
copyrightEntry is the container the main kind of entry
ADAMS, JAMES DONALD.
Literary frontiers. New
York, Duell, Slone and
Pearce. 175 p. © J. Donald
Adams; 6Jun51; A56505.
This entry from 1951 contains the usual bibliographical elements such as author,
title, and publisher, along with the date (6Jun51) and the number
(A56505) of the copyright registration. Other volumes have different formats, (and some entries have more and less information), but the data contained is essentially the same, as in this entry from 1927
Bunt, James
Rabbit diseases; cause, prevention, treatment and cure, by
James Bunt ... Kansas City, Mo., The Outdoor enterprise
publishing company, 1926.
22 p. illus. 19cm.
© Dec. 23, 1926; 2c and aff. Dec. 31; A 957926; Outdoor enterprise
pub. co. (27-1104) 17
Each of these examples would be contained in a catalogEntry element. Each entry will have unique ID for reference, and the registration number will be repeated as a regnum attribute:
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A56505">
...
</copyrightEntry>
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A957926">
...
</copyrightEntry>
Note the spaces removed from the registration number in the second entry.
When multiple entries are listed under a single author, the are an
entryGroup (example from
1962):
ADLER, MORTIMER J.
Ethics; the study of moral values,
by Mortimer J. Adler & Seymour
Cain. Pref. by William Ernest
Hocking. (The Great ideas program,
8) © Encyclopaedia Brittanica,
Inc.; 2Jul62; A574004.
Imaginative literatur I; from Homer
to Shakespeare, by Mortimer J.
Adler & Seymour Cain. Pref. by
Saul Bellow. (The Great ideas
program, 6) © Encyclopaedia
Brittanica, Inc.; 1Dec61; A574002.
These two entries would be marked up as an entryGroup with an author and two catalogEntry elements:
<entryGroup>
<author><authorName>ADLER, MORTIMER J.</authorName><author>
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID] regnum="A574004">
...
</copyrightEntry>
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID] regnum="A574002">
...
</copyrightEntry>
</entryGroup>
Some entries are simply cross-references:
BELL, ELEXIOUS THOMPSON, ed.
Hypertension. SEE Symposium on
Hypertension, University of Minnesota,
1950.
These are contained in a crossRef element, which is mostly like a copyrightEntry except that it doesn't have a registration number, but does have a see element:
<crossRef id="[GUID]">
<author><authorName>BELL, ELEXIOUS THOMPSON</authorName>,
<role>ed.</role></author>
<title>Hypertension</title> SEE <see rid="[GUID]">
<title>Symposium on Hypertension, University of Minnesota</title>,
<pubDate>1950</pubDate></see>
</crossRef>
The rid attribrute of the see element should point to the id of the
corresponding copyrightEntry.
A copyrightEntry is has no required or forbidden children, so it is very flexible.
- Every identifiable piece of information should be marked up with a proper element.
- But don't be overly specific about things that can be inferred from
context or determined in post-processing. For instance, names are
hard and appear sometimes as "firstname lastname", sometimes as
"lastname, firstname". Sometimes in all caps and sometimes not. It
will suffice for all these variations to be contained in an
authorNameas a lot of indexing and massaging will probably required later to make them useful, anyway. - Punctuation and symbols do not need to be marked up. Exclude as much punctuation as possible from the contents of elements.
There are some general rules and expectations.
- Every entry must have a title.
- Every entry should have a registration date. We have found examples without but they are aberrant.
- Every entry should have a registration number. Again, there are aberrant examples.
- Every entry should have a claimant. If there is a publisher listed, and no other indication of the claimant, the publisher is the claimant. Some volumes use an asterisk to mark the author when the author is a claimant. If there is no publisher listed, the author is probably the claimant whether or not marked with an asterisk.
An author can contain authorName, authorBirth, authorDeath, authorPlace and role in any combination. author is used both when the author's name is an implicit or explicit heading, and when it is in the body of an entry
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A56505">
<author><authorName>ADAMS, JAMES DONALD</authorName></author>.
Literary frontiers. New
York, Duell, Slone and
Pearce. 175 p. © J. Donald
Adams; 6Jun51; A56505.
</copyrightEntry>
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A957926">
<author><authorName>Bunt, James</authorName></author>
Rabbit diseases; cause, prevention, treatment and cure,
<author><role>by</role> <authorName>James Bunt</authorName></author>
... Kansas City, Mo., The Outdoor enterprise
publishing company, 1926.
22 p. illus. 19cm.
© Dec. 23, 1926; 2c and aff. Dec. 31; A 957926; Outdoor enterprise
pub. co. (27-1104) 17
</copyrightEntry>
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A17700">
<author><authorName>Burnett, William Riley</authorName>,
<authorBirth>1899</authorBirth>-</author>
Iron Man, <author><role>by</role>
<authorName>W. R. Burnett</authorName></author>...
New York, L. MacVeagh,
The Dial Press; Toronto, Longmans, Green and co. [ᶜ1930]
5 p. l., 3-312 p. 19 ½ cm.
© Jan. 2, 1930; 2c and aff. Jan. 6; A 17700; Dial Press, inc.
(30-842) 11
</copyrightEntry>
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A190420">
<author claimant="yes"><authorName>Curtis, Charles P.,
jr.</authorName>,* <authorPlace>Ipswich,
Mass.</authorPlace></author> & <author
claimant="yes"><authorName>Greenslet, Ferris</authorName>,*
<authorPlace>Boston</authorPlace></author>.
The practical cogitator. <author><role>selected and edited by</role>
<authorName>C. P. Curtis, jr.</authorName></author> and
<author><authorName>Ferris Greenslet</authorName></author>.
© Oct. 9, 1945; A 190420.
</copyrightEntry>
Note that, in the first example, the name in © J. Donald Adams is
not an author (see claimant below).
In the second example, the asterisk after each of the authors' names
indicates that they are the copyright claimants. We record this by
adding the attribute,claimant="yes". The asterix does not need to be
included in any element.
The last example show a common case of new matter claimed, with a regDate for the new matter and a claimant (often just indicated as "publisher" or "author").
Simple, the title of the work.
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A56505">
<author><authorName>ADAMS, JAMES DONALD</authorName></author>.
<title>Literary frontiers</title>. New
York, Duell, Slone and
Pearce. 175 p. © J. Donald
Adams; 6Jun51; A56505.
</copyrightEntry>
A publisher can contain pubName, pubPlace, and pubDate:
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A56505">
<author><authorName>ADAMS, JAMES DONALD</authorName></author>.
<title>Literary frontiers</title>.
<publisher><pubPlace>New York</pubPlace>, <pubName>Duell, Slone and
Pearce</pubName></publisher>. 175 p. © J. Donald
Adams; 6Jun51; A56505.
</copyrightEntry>
<copyrightEntry id="GUID1" regnum="A957926">
<author><authorName>Bunt, James</authorName></author>
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A957926">
<author><authorName>Bunt, James</authorName></author>
Rabbit diseases; cause, prevention, treatment and cure,
<author><role>by</role> <authorName>James Bunt</authorName></author>
... <publisher><pubPlace>Kansas City,
Mo.</pubPlace>, <pubName>The Outdoor enterprise publishing
company</pubName>, <pubDate>1926</pubDate></publisher>.
22 p. illus. 19cm.
© Dec. 23, 1926; 2c and aff. Dec. 31; A 957926; Outdoor enterprise
pub. co. (27-1104) 17
</copyrightEntry>
There can be more than one:
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A17700">
<author><authorName>Burnett, William Riley</authorName>,
<authorBirth>1899</authorBirth>-</author>
Iron Man, <author><role>by</role>
<authorName>W. R. Burnett</authorName></author>...
<publisher><pubPlace>New
York</pubPlace>, <pubName>L. MacVeagh, The Dial
Press</pubName></publisher>; <pubName>Longmans, Green
and co.</pubName> [ᶜ<pubDate>1930</pubDate></publisher>
5 p. l., 3-312 p. 19 ½ cm.
© Jan. 2, 1930; 2c and aff. Jan. 6; A 17700; Dial Press, inc.
(30-842) 11
</copyrightEntry>
Pagination, book dimensions, etc. are contained in a desc element
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A56505">
<author><authorName>ADAMS, JAMES DONALD</authorName></author>.
<title>Literary frontiers</title>.
<publisher><pubPlace>New York</pubPlace>, <pubName>Duell, Slone and
Pearce</pubName></publisher>. <desc>175 p.</desc> © J. Donald
Adams; 6Jun51; A56505.
</copyrightEntry>
The most important items in these entries are the details of the copyright claim. Each entry should have a claimant (explicit or implied) a registration date (regDate) and a registration number (regNum). In addition there are elements to record the number of copies depositied (copies) and the other dates (affDate).
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A56505">
<author><authorName>ADAMS, JAMES DONALD</authorName></author>.
<title>Literary frontiers</title>.
<publisher><pubPlace>New York</pubPlace>, <pubName>Duell, Slone and
Pearce</pubName></publisher>. <desc>175 p.</desc>
© <claimant>J. Donald Adams</claimant>;
<regdate date="1951-06-06">6Jun51</regDate>; <regNum>A56505</regNum>.
</copyrightEntry>
Every <copyrightEntry> should have a regnum. We have found entries published without one, though. The registration number should both be marked up with a regNum element and duplicated and regularized as the regnum attribute of the copyrightEntry. Most regNums follow the format [class][serial number] with a space, hyphen, or nothing separating the class from the serial.
Where class is one of A, AF, or AI (though there are more than a dozen other class codes, so far only AA, B, DF, DP, JP, and K). Serial numbers consist only of the digits 0-9. Some Classes in as O (letter O) not to be confused with 0 (number zero). A very few classes, such as B5 end with a number and are always separated from the serial with a hyphen. Examples of canonical registration numbers:
A12345
AF12345
AFO12345
AI12345
AIO12345
Earlier volumes use fewer prefixes, but different class formats, usually with spaces between the class code and serial number. These registration numbers should be transcribed verbatim in <regNum> entities, but regularized in the regnum attributes of <copyrightEntry> elements according to these examples:
<regNum> |
regularized (for regnum attribute) |
|---|---|
| A 963122 | A963122 |
| A—Foreign 32851 | AF32851 |
| A for. 48359 | AF48359 |
| A ad int. 8956 | AI8956 |
| A int. 241 | AI241 |
regDate (and other date elements) must have a date attribute with a normalized form (YYYY-MM-DD or YYYY). Registration dates should not be more than one year later than the date of the volume, or more than 28 years earlier. For instance, the 1951 volume should not have any entries with a regDate earlier than 1923 or later than 1952,
The claimant may the same as the author, as above, or be the publisher. In neither case is the claimant further parsed as an author or a publisher
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A17700">
<author><authorName>Burnett, William Riley</authorName>,
<authorBirth>1899</authorBirth>-</author>
<title>Iron Man<title>, <author><role>by</role>
<authorName>W. R. Burnett</authorName></author>...
<publisher><pubPlace>New
York</pubPlace>, <pubName>L. MacVeagh, The Dial
Press</pubName></publisher>; <pubName>Longmans, Green
and co.</pubName> [ᶜ<pubDate>1930</pubDate></publisher>
<desc> 5 p. l., 3-312 p. 19 ½ cm.</desc> © <regDate
date="1930-01-02">Jan. 2, 1930</regDate>; <copies
num="2">2c</copies> and aff. <affDate
date="1930-01-06">Jan. 6</affDate>; <regNum>A
17700</regNum>; <claimant>Dial Press, inc.</claimant>
(30-842) 11
</copyrightEntry>
In this example, note the use of affDate with the normalized date attribute, and copies with the number explicitly given by the num attribute.
Sometimes an asterisk indicates that an author or publisher is also the claimant. In these cases, there is no claimant element, but the author or publisher has a claimant="yes" attribute (see example above).
Sometimes there extra information is given in brackets or parentheses. These can be marked up as note elements. In this case, the brackets or parentheses should be part of the element:
<copyrightEntry id="GUI8" regnum="A189950">
<author claimant="yes"><authorName>Cuthbert,
Margaret</authorName>,* <authorPlace>New
York</authorPlace></author>. <title>Adventure in radio</title>,
<author><role>edited by</role>
<authorName>M. Cuthbert</authorName></author>, <author><role>with
radio scripts by</role> <authorName>Edna St. Vincent
Millay</authorName></author>, <author><authorName>Arch
Obeler</authorName></author>, <author><authorName>Archibald
MacLeish</authorName></author> <note>[and others]</note> ©
<regDate date="1945-09-17">Sept. 17, 1945</regDate>;
<regNum>A 189950</regNum>. 5511
</copyrightEntry>
Multiple volumes or issues of a work may be joined in a single entry. For this there is additionalEntry. The entry should be marked up as it would be for a single registration through the first registration number, then as many additionalEntry elements as necessary are added. An additionalEntry can contain any of the elements that a copyrightEntry can, but each will be distinguished by it's own regNum and probably regDate:
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="BB21264">
<title>THE ADVENTURES OF HAP HAZARD</title> <note>(in The
Co-operator)</note> <author><role>Appl. author</role>:
<authorName>Jack Hamilton</authorName></author>. ©
<publisher><pubName claimant="yes">Employers Casualty
Co.</pubName> <pubDate date="1962-07">Jul62></pubDate></publisher>
© <regDate date="1962-07-12">12Jul</regDate>;
<regNum>BB21264</regNum>.
<additionalEntry regnum="BB21524">
<pubDate date="1962-08">Aug62</pubDate>
© <regDate date="1962-08-15">15Aug</regDate>;
<regNum>BB21524</regNum>
</additionalEntry>.
<additionalEntry regnum="BB21695">
<pubDate date="1962-09">Sep62</pubDate>
© <regDate date="1962-09-11">11Sep</regDate>;
<regNum>BB21695</regNum>
</additionalEntry>.
<additionalEntry regnum="BB21839">
<pubDate date="1962-10">Oct62</pubDate>
© <regDate date="1962-10-05">5Oct</regDate>;
<regNum>BB21839</regNum>
</additionalEntry>.
<additionalEntry regnum="BB22021">
<pubDate date="1962-11">Oct62</pubDate>
© <regDate date="1962-10-23">23Oct</regDate>;
<regNum>BB22010</regNum>
</additionalEntry>.
</copyrightEntry>
Note that the copyrightEntry as a whole has the first regNum as its regnum attribute.
Sometimes the registrations are expressed as a range:
Callaghan's Michigan digest, v.16-18 © Dec. 15,
1941; A 160078-160080; Callaghan & co., Chicago.
103-105
In this case wrap the registration numbers in a regNum element as
they are. The explicit range of registration numbers is expressed in
the regnum attribute of the copyrightEntry:
<copyrightEntry id="[GUID]" regnum="A160078 A160079 A160080">
<title>Callaghan's Michigan digest</title>, <desc>v.16-18</desc>
© <regDate date="1941-12-15">Dec. 15, 1941</regDate>;
<regNum>A 160078-160080</regNum>;
<publisher><pubName claimant="yes">Callaghan & co.</pubName>,
<pubPlace>Chicago</pubPlace></publisher>.
103-105
</copyrightEntry>
Occasionally, related entries are grouped together with dates and ids
only given in the last entry. In cases like this the regnum and
regdate attributes of the first copyrightEntry can be filled in
from the second, and the ignore attribute set to yes on the
regnum and regdate elements in the second. This will make it
easier for parsing programs to know which numbers and dates go with
which entries:
<entryGroup>
<author>
<authorName>MacFarland, George Arthur</authorName>,
<authorBirth>1887</authorBirth>–
</author>
<copyrightEntry id="DA3ED929-6D0A-1014-853A-B63123D40E62"
regnum="A10905" regdate="1947-02-27">
<title>Accounting fundamentals</title>,
<author>
<role>by</role>
<authorName>George A. MacFarland</authorName> and
<authorName>Robert D. Ayars</authorName>.
</author>
<edition>2d ed.</edition>
<publisher>
<pubPlace>New York</pubPlace>,
<pubName>McGraw-Hill Book Co.</pubName>,
<pubDate date="1947">1947</pubDate>.
</publisher>
<desc>xv, 759 p. 24ͨͫ.</desc>
<series>(McGraw-Hill accounting series)</series>
</copyrightEntry>
<copyrightEntry regnum="A10905" id="DA3F145C-6D0A-1014-853A-B63123D40E62">
<title>Key.</title>
<edition>2d ed.</edition> <publisher><pubPlace>New York</pubPlace>,
<pubName>McGraw-Hill Book Co.</pubName>,
<pubDate date="1947">1947</pubDate>.</publisher>
<desc>401 p. 28ͨͫ.</desc>
© <regDate date="1947-02-27" ignore="yes">27Feb47</regDate>;
<publisher>
<pubName claimant="yes">McGraw-Hill Book Co., inc.</pubName>
</publisher>; on “Accounting fundamentals”;
<regNum ignore="yes">A10905</regNum>.
© <regDate date="1947-06-02">2Jun47</regDate>;
<publisher>
<pubName claimant="yes">McGraw-Hill Book Co., inc.</pubName>
</publisher>; on “Key”;
<regNum>AA55695</regNum>.
</copyrightEntry>
</entryGroup>
Registration numbers are not unique because numbering was started over in 1946 with the switch from the "new series" to the "3rd series." You would expect registration numbers to be unique within a series or for the combination ofregistration number and registration date to be unique but even this is not always true. There are a number of cases where multiple entries may have the same registration number.
Sometimes it seems that a registration is mistakenly (?) repeated in more than one volume. For instance these two entries from 1950
and 1951
Both carry the number/date A41836/1950-03-13. The first entry is missing the publisher, so perhaps the second entry was printed to correct the first. In other cases, the entries are completely identical. Given a registration A, duplicate registration B, and renewal C, simply matching on registration number/date would link the renewal to both registrations:
The duplicateOf attribute of the copyrightEntry element can be used in this case to indicate that one entry is the duplicate of another. Since there is really only one copyright and one renewal we want to be able to designate one of two duplicates as the "main" entry and link a renewal to that only:
In the example above, since the 1951 entry has some more information than the 1950 entry, the attribute should be added to the earlier one with the UUID of the later one as the attribute value.
<copyrightEntry id="3F97A4D3-79DE-1014-B198-F9D02DA5A3BD"
regnum="A41836"
duplicateOf="252D32E5-6D96-1014-9FA7-88F81FCFA0F7">
<author><authorName>GORMAN, HERBERT SHERMAN.</authorName></author>
<title>The breast of the dove.</title>
<desc>440 p.</desc> © <claimant>Herbert Gorman</claimant>;
<regDate date="1950-03-13">13Mar50</regDate>; <regNum>A41836</regNum>.
</copyrightEntry>
The duplicateOf attribute indicates that the entry with the attribute contains the same information as the entry it points to and adds nothing to it. They must both have identical registration numbers and dates. In the example above, the 1951 entry should not have the duplicateOf attribute pointing to the 1950 entry because the former has the publisher where the latter does not.
All other things being equal, later duplicates should refer to earlier entries. If there are multiple duplications all duplicates should point to the same "master" registration. That entry must not have a duplicateOf attribute.
When processing, any entries carrying a duplicateOf attribute can be skipped since, if an entry is truly a duplicate, it adds nothing the copyright history of the wrok. When importing into a database, for instance, this will assure that there is only one row with the registration number/date combination. Renewals should be linked to registrations without the duplicateOf attribute.
In some volumes, primarily from the 1930's, parts of books such as introductions, forwords, and illustrations are given their own entries alongside the main entry for the books, with the same registration number and dates as the main entry. For example, this edition of Melville's Pierre, or the Ambiguities:
has separate entries for the preface:
and introduction:
This would cause one book to be counted as three and, if there were a renewal, simply linking on registration number/date would cause it to be linked to all three entries:
We want to indicate that two of these entries are subordinate parts of the third, and be able to link a renewal only to the main entry:
The partOf attribute of the copyrightEntry element can be used to indicate that one entry is a subordinate part of another. Like duplicateOf the value should be the UUID of the main entry
<copyrightEntry id="9B2C37FC-6CFA-1014-9C3C-CEA95E7AA542"
regnum="A8524"
partOf="9B2A1015-6CFA-1014-9C3C-CEA95E7AA542">
<author><authorName>Moore, John Brooks</authorName> </author>.
[<title>Introduction</title>, <author><role>by</role> <authorName>John
Brooks Moore</authorName> </author> <note>in the book entitled] Pierre;
or, The ambiguities</note>, <author><role>by</role> <authorName>Herman
Melville</authorName>, <role>with a preface by</role> <authorName>H. M.
Tomlinson</authorName> </author> … <publisher><pubPlace>New
York</pubPlace>,
<pubName claimant="yes">E. P. Dutton & co., inc.</pubName>[
<pubDate date="1929">ͨ1929</pubDate>]</publisher>
<desc>2 p. l., vii-xxvii, 505 p. 22½ͨͫ</desc>.
© <regDate date="1929-04-27">Apr. 27, 1929</regDate>;
<copies>2c.</copies> <copyDate date="1929-04-29">Apr. 29</copyDate>;
aff. <affDate date="1929-06-04">June 4</affDate>;
<regNum>A 8524</regNum>; <publisher>
<pubName claimant="yes">E. P. Dutton & co., inc.</pubName>
</publisher>
</copyrightEntry>
When a group of books is published together as a series or a collection, they are somtimes all registered together under a single number and date. For example, in n.s. vol. 28 there are 24 entries under A46164/1931-11-16. The first two:
In this example they are all listed together under a single author's name so it is easy to see that they all make up the Builders of America series. In other cases they all be under different authors. They are separate books as indicated by their different LCCNs, 32-25 and 32-20. In this case they are also all renewed together:
As with the partOf situation, this creates a single renewal pointing to multiple registration entries:
However, this is acceptable in this case. Even though these 24 entries all share a registration number, they should be counted as 24 entries and should all share the same renewal. The registration entries should have a bulkRegistration attribute (with a value of yes) to simply flag that this registration number is known to be duplicated (and can be ignored if performing a check for duplicates)
<copyrightEntry id="F2D7831F-6E8D-1014-9CF5-AEB3FCA41D69"
regnum="A46164"
bulkRegistration="yes">...
Some volumes have handwritten corrections. For example:
We are interested in the correct copyright information, so only the corrected text will be included. In this case, the corrections amount o:
La Divina commedia. Inferno. Canto I-X, XII-XVII. Milano, Casa ed. di Dante, ᶜ1928
55 ℓ incl. col. plates. 81½ x 65ᶜᵐ.
Each canto of the Inferno is accompanied by a plate.
To indicate that this entry contains corrections, we add the emended attribute (with the value of yes). There is also an emendationDesc attribute that can be used to give more specifics, for example:
emended="yes" emendationDesc="Handwritten corrections in volume"
Some entries in later volumes are renewals rather than registrations, which would normally be published in a different section of the CCE. For example:
This must be marked up as a <renewalEntry>:
<renewalEntry id="8BDBF399-728D-1014-8500-D70EB891A161">
<author><authorName>ADAMS, HERBERT.</authorName></author>
<title>The queen's gate mystery.</title>
<renewal>
<registrations> ©
<registration><regDate date="1927-07-08">8Jul27</regDate>; <regNum>A999664</regNum></registration>.
</registrations>
<claimant><claimantName>Herbert Adams</claimantName> (<claimantClass>A</claimantClass>)</claimant>;
<renewalDate date="1955-04-28">28Apr55</renewalDate>; <renewalNum>R149031</renewalNum>
</renewal>
</renewalEntry>
Sometimes multiple registrations are renewed by a single renewal. For these cases, each original registration should have its own <registration> in the <registrations> element:
<renewalEntry id="51CBFDE3-72C4-1014-84F6-87703AD4166D">
<author><authorName>SCOTT, WINIFRED MARY.</authorName></author>
<title>The last days of September</title>,
<author><role>by</role> <authorName>Pamela Wynne</authorName>, <role>pseud.</role> </author>
<renewal> ©
<registrations>
<registration><regDate date="1931-05-19">19May31</regDate>, <regNum>AI-15224</regNum></registration>;
<registration><regDate date="1931-08-06">6Aug31</regDate>, <regNum>A41100</regNum></registration>.
</registrations>
<claimant><claimantName>Winifred Mary Scott</claimantName> (<claimantClass>A</claimantClass>)</claimant>;
<renewalDate date="1958-08-17">17Aug58</renewalDate>; <renewalNum>R219440</renewalNum>
</renewal>.
</renewalEntry>
There are also “bulk” renewals in which a number of registrations and renewals are listed together:
<renewalEntry id="53727901-72C4-1014-84F6-87703AD4166D">
<title>STREET & SMITH'S TOP NOTCH MAGAZINE.</title>
© <renewal>
<claimant><claimantName>Street & Smith Publications, Inc.</claimantName> (<claimantClass>PCW</claimanClass>)<claimant> <vol>v.86, no. 3-6, July 1-Aug. 15, 1931</vol>.
<registrations> ©
<registration><regDate date="1931-05-29">29May31</regDate>, <regNum>B116123</regNum></registration>;
<registration><regDate date="1931-06-17">17Jun31</regDate>, <regNum>B118058</regNum></registration>;
<registration><regDate date="1931-07-01">1Jul31</regDate>, <regNum>B118953</regNum></registration>;
<registration><regDate date="1931-07-15">15Jul31</regDate>, <regNum>B121578</regNum></registration>.
</registrations>
<renewalDate date="1958-07-16">16Jul58</renewalDate>; <renewalNum nums="R218020 R218021 R218022 R218023">R218020-218023</renewalNum>.
</renewal>
</renewalEntry>
Not the use of the nums attribute of the renewalNum element to unpack the range of registration numbers “R218020-218023”. This attribute can also be applied to a regNum element.