footer: ![] (img/by-sa-sm.png) B. Bockelbrink, J. Priest, L. David (v2019-06-27) - http://sociocracy30.org slidenumbers: true autoscale: true theme: Plain Jane, 1
Sociocracy 3.0 — a.k.a. “S3” — is a practical guide for evolving agile and resilient organizations of any size, from small start-ups to large international networks and nationwide, multi-agency collaboration. It provides for a coherent way for growing organizational integrity and developing a sociocratic and agile mindset.
S3 brings you an extensive collection of guidelines and practices (so-called “patterns”) that have proven helpful for organizations to improve performance, alignment, fulfillment and wellbeing.
These patterns help you discover how to best reach your objectives and navigate complexity, one step at a time, without the need for sudden radical reorganization or planning a long-term change initiative:
Simply start with your area of greatest need, select one or more patterns to try, move at your own pace and develop skills as you go.
Regardless of your position in the organization, you will find patterns that are relevant and helpful for you.
Sociocracy 3.0 is:
- flexible: adaptable patterns, independent and mutually reinforcing, to help you with all aspects of collaboration
- principles-based: seven core principles of agile and sociocratic collaboration are reflected in every pattern
- free: licensed under a Creative Commons Free Culture License
Sociocracy 3.0:
- provides a coherent collection of principles based patterns for collaboration, to navigate complexity, adapt and evolve.
- supports people to incrementally process available information into continuous improvement of work processes, products, services and skills.
- helps organizations to make the best use of the talent already present, and to grow flexible organizational structures to align the flow of information and influence to the flow of value.
- provides an organic, iterative approach to change that meets organizations where they are and helps them move forward at their own pace and according to their unique context and needs.
- draws on the collective intelligence of the group.
- facilitates the development of strategies that are “good enough for now” and “safe enough to try”.
- fosters accountability and a sense of engagement.
- is a transformational mechanism for both individuals and the whole organization.
Sociocracy 3.0 may be applied within:
- startups
- small and medium businesses
- large international, networked organizations
- families
- investor-funded organizations
- communities
- and more…
- a bit of history and a brief overview of some basic concepts behind S3
- a description of all the patterns in S3
- an appendix
- changelog
- info about authors and acknowledgments
- the license
- the intentional commitment for practitioners and teachers of Sociocracy 3.0
- glossary and index
The literal meaning of the term sociocracy is "rule of the companions": socio — from Latin socius — means "companion", or "friend", and the suffix -cracy — from Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos) — means “power", or "rule”.
The word sociocracy can be traced back to 1851, when Auguste Comte suggested applying a scientific approach to society: states states would be governed by a body of scientists who are experts on society (which he termed "sociologists"). In his opinion, this future, although not yet achievable, would be inevitable.
A few decades later, Lester Frank Ward, used the word 'sociocracy' to describe the rule of people with relations with each other. Instead of having sociologists at the center, he wanted to give more power and responsibility to the individual, he imagined sociologists in a role as researchers and consultant.
In 1926, the Dutch reformist educator and Quaker Kees Boeke, established a residential school based on the principle of consent. Staff and students were treated as equal participants in the governance of the school, all decisions needed to be acceptable to everyone. He built this version of sociocracy on Quaker principles and practices, and described sociocracy as an evolution of democracy in his 1945 essay "Democracy as it might be".
Gerard Endenburg, also a Quaker and a student in Boeke's school, wanted to apply sociocracy in his family's business, Endenburg Elektrotechniek. He created and evolved the Sociocratic Circle Organisation Method (SCM) (later becoming the "Sociocratic Method"), integrating Boeke's form of sociocracy with engineering and cybernetics. In 1978 Endenburg founded the Sociocratisch Centrum in Utrecht (which is now the Sociocratic Center in Rotterdam) as a means to promote sociocracy in and beyond the Netherlands. Since 1994 organizations in the Netherlands using SCM are exempt from the legal requirement to have a worker's council.
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, several non-Dutch speaking people came across sociocracy, but it wasn't until 2007 when Sharon Villines and John Buck launched their book, "We the People", that sociocracy became widely accessible to the English speaking world, and from there has began to migrate into several other languages.
Sociocracy has proven to be effective for many organizations and communities around the world, but it has yet to become viral.
In 2014 James Priest and Bernhard Bockelbrink came together to co-create a body of Creative Commons licensed learning resources, synthesizing ideas from Sociocracy, Agile and Lean. They discovered that organizations of all sizes need a flexible menu of practices and structures – appropriate for their specific context – that enable the evolution of a sociocratic and agile mindset to achieve greater effectiveness, alignment, fulfillment and wellbeing. The first version of Sociocracy 3.0. was launched in March 2015.
Liliana David joined the team soon after and together they regularly collaborate to develop both the framework and the website.
Together, they seek to make S3 available and applicable to as many organizations as possible and provide resources under a Creative Commons Free Culture License for people who want to learn, apply and tell others about Sociocracy 3.0.
As interest in Sociocracy 3.0 grows there is a fast growing community of people from a variety of backgrounds — pioneering consultants, coaches, learning facilitators, and people applying S3 into their various contexts — who share appreciation for the transformational potential of Sociocracy 3.0 to help organizations and their members thrive. Many kindly dedicate some of their time to experimenting with and sharing about S3, and who collaborate to learn from one another and document experiences to inform the ongoing development and evolution of the framework and it’s various applications.
Sociocracy as a form of governance has been referred to since 1851. Subsequently it has been developed and adapted by many different people and organizations, including Gerard Endenburg, The Sociocracy Group (TSG) and Brian Robertson (HolacracyOne).
Yet, outside the Netherlands sociocracy has until recently remained largely unknown.
We love sociocracy because we see organizations and their members thrive when they use elements of it to enrich or transform what they currently do.
We also love agile, lean, Kanban, the Core Protocols, NVC, and many other ideas too. We believe that the world will be a better place as more organizations learn to pull from this cornucopia of awesome practices that are emerging into the world today, and learn to synthesize them with what they already know.
Therefore we decided to devote some of our time to develop and evolve Sociocracy, integrating it with many of these other potent ideas, to make it available and applicable to as many organizations as possible.
To this end, we recognize the value of a strong identity, a radically different way of distribution, and of adapting the Sociocratic Circle Organization Method to improve its applicability.
The name “Sociocracy 3.0” demonstrates both respect to the lineage and a significant step forward.
It also helps avoid the perception of us misrepresenting the Sociocratic Circle Organization Method (SCM) as promoted by The Sociocracy Group.
Sociocracy 3.0 employs a non-centralized model for distribution. This is a paradigm shift in the way sociocracy is brought to people and organizations, and one that many people can relate to.
We support “viral” distribution through two key strategies:
- Sociocracy 3.0 is open: We want to encourage growth of a vibrant ecosystem of applications and flavors of sociocracy, where people share and discuss their insights and the adaptations they are making for their specific context. To this end Sociocracy 3.0 puts emphasis on communicating the underlying principles and explicitly invites the creativity of everyone to remix, extend and adapt things to suit their needs.
- Sociocracy 3.0 is free: To eliminate the barrier of entry for people and organizations we provide free resources under a Creative Commons Free Culture License to learn, practice and teach Sociocracy 3.0. Everyone can use our resources without our explicit permission, even in a commercial context, or as a basis for building their own resources, as long as they share their new resources under the same license. We expect and support other organizations, consultants, coaches, learning facilitators and trainers to follow our example and release their resources too.
Maybe we need to make this explicit: Sociocracy 3.0 is not targeted specifically at the existing community of people exploring the Sociocratic Circle Organization Method, or at The Sociocracy Group (TSG). The Sociocratic Circle Organization Method (SCM) is already well developed and many people appear to be mostly happy with it.
Yet from our direct experience, even for those organizations that have heard about sociocracy, there are many obstacles to actually become invested. With Sociocracy 3.0 we actively work on addressing and eliminating what stands in the way.
Sociocracy 3.0 meets organizations where they are and takes them on a journey of continuous improvement. There’s no radical change or reorganization. Sociocracy 3.0 provides a collection of independent and principle-based patterns that an organization can pull in one by one to become more effective. All patterns relate to a set of core principles, so they can easily be adapted to context.
Sociocracy 3.0 moves primary focus from vision, mission, aims or purpose, towards the source of motivation, and aligns the organization towards discovering and addressing what it needs. Organizations which are already need-driven, value driven or customer-centric, find this immediately accessible.
In Sociocracy 3.0, purpose is implicit in all cases – to flow value to the organization's drivers.
When looking at the norms, the Sociocratic Circle Organization Method may look big and scary. By focusing on the essentials only, Sociocracy 3.0 offers a lightweight framework to adapt and build on as necessary.
This doesn’t mean to say it’s all easy: choosing to pull in Sociocracy 3.0's patterns requires an investment in learning and un-learning. This is why it’s important to only pull in what you need, because there’s no point to changing things if what you are doing is already good enough.
The Sociocratic Circle Organization Method is an “empty” method when it comes to operations and creating a culture of close collaboration. Many organizations already implement or show preference for lean and agile thinking for operations and collaboration. We believe this is a great idea, so Sociocracy 3.0 is designed for easy adoption into lean and agile organizations.
The organizational structure according to the Sociocratic Circle Organization Method is modeled on a hierarchy of domains. We see an increasing emergence of collaborative multi-stakeholder environments and the need for a wider variety of patterns for organizational structure. Evolution of organizational structure happens naturally when the flow of information and influence in an organization is incrementally aligned to the flow of value. Sociocracy 3.0 provides a variety of structural patterns that can be combined to evolve structure as required and in a flexible way.
James Priest, Bernhard Bockelbrink and Liliana David
Before diving into the content, consider taking time to learn about some basic concepts behind S3:
- What is a pattern?
- The Seven Principles
- Making Sense of Organizations:
- Drivers, Value and Waste
- Domains, Delegation and Accountability
- Governance and Operations
For any terms you don't understand check out the glossary at the end.
A pattern is a template for successfully navigating a specific context.
- S3 patterns are discovered through observing many organizations as they solve problems and respond to opportunities
- S3 patterns can be evolved and adapted to suit differing contexts
- the patterns are grouped by topic into ten categories
Sociocracy is built on seven principles that shape organizational culture. Since the seven principles are reflected in all of the patterns, understanding these principles is helpful for adopting and paramount to adapting Sociocracy 3.0 patterns.
Practicing Sociocracy 3.0 helps people appreciate the essential value that these core principles bring, both to individuals and to organizations.
The Principle of Effectiveness: Devote time only to what brings you closer toward achieving your objectives.
The Principle of Consent: Raise, seek out and resolve objections to decisions and actions.
The Principle of Empiricism: Test all assumptions through experimentation and continuous revision.
The Principle of Continuous Improvement: Change incrementally to accommodate steady empirical learning.
The Principle of Equivalence: Involve people in making and evolving decisions that affect them.
The Principle of Transparency: Make all information accessible to everyone in an organization, unless there is a reason for confidentiality.
The Principle of Accountability: Respond when something is needed, do what you agreed to do, and take ownership for the course of the organization.
Respond when something is needed, do what you agreed to do, and take ownership for the course of the organization.
Act within the constraints of any agreements governing domains you are accountable for, including the organization itself, teams you are part of, and roles you keep.
Every member of the organization is accountable for effectively responding to organizational drivers, both in doing the work and in ensuring (supporting) effective collaboration.
Individuals are also accountable for their work, ongoing learning and development, and for supporting one another.
Everyone in an organization is accountable for aligning activity with organizational values.
A driver is a person’s or a group's motive for responding to a specific situation.
Drivers:
- can be used to derive goals, objectives, aims, mission, vision, purpose
- can change over time
Value is the importance, worth or usefulness of something in relation to a driver.
Waste is anything unnecessary for — or standing in the way of — a (more) effective response of a driver.
By adopting the concept of value and waste, many practices and ideas from lean production and lean software development can be utilized by organizations pulling in S3 patterns:
- value stream mapping
- various strategies for eliminating waste
- the Kanban Method
A domain is a distinct area of influence, activity and decision making within an organization.
All domains are within the overall domain of an organization and may overlap and/or be fully contained within other domains.
Domains are delegated to people (e.g. to a unit, department, team or individuals), who take responsibility for the domain, and act within its defined constraints on influence and autonomy.
Those delegating a domain (the delegators) still retain overall accountability for that domain, allocate resources and often define:
- the organizational need the domain is designed to respond to
- key responsibilities (key deliverables, any critical risks to manage, other essential work and decision making being delegated)
- constraints to the autonomy and influence of those the domain is delegated to (the delegatees), usually related to the organization itself (dependencies, involvement of the delegator, reporting etc.)
It's also possible to understand a domain in relation to organizational drivers:
- the domain's primary driver - the main driver the people accounting for that domain (the delegatees) respond to
- the set of subdrivers the organization may benefit from addressing when responding to the primary driver, which include:
- key responsibilities (any driver following directly from the domain's primary driver)
- drivers for constraints of the domain (which typically relate to the organization's wider context)
S3 seeks to enable productivity by freeing people up to do and decide as much as possible for themselves, while ensuring coherence in collaboration for a successful and effective organization.
Greater autonomy of individuals and teams necessitates clear agreements (i.e. guidelines and constraints) that enable smooth collaboration between those teams and individuals, and that support achievement of both long-term and short-term objectives. Regular iterative reviews and incremental evolution of agreements ensure they remain fit for purpose.
While a decision of short-term consequence can easily be amended on the spot, making more consequential agreements that constrain people’s behavior and activity, often benefits from a more participatory and deliberate decision making process.
Such agreements need to be documented, both to remember them and to support effective review, and to be communicated to people affected (who are ideally also involved in the creation and evolution of those agreements).
Therefore it’s valuable to distinguish between two categories of activities in an organization, one of which we refer to as governance, and the other as operations:
Governance in an organization (or a domain within it) is the act of setting objectives, and making and evolving decisions that guide people towards achieving them.
Operations is doing the work and organizing day to day activities within the constraints defined through governance.
For each domain in an organization there is a governing body: people with a mandate to make and evolve agreements which govern how the people doing the work in that domain create value.
There are many ways to distribute work and governance. Sometimes the governing body is a single person, e.g. in the case of a team lead, and sometimes it’s a group of people, e.g. in a circle where all circle members share responsibility for governance within the constraints of the domain.
Governance decisions set constraints on activity and guide future decisions.
This includes:
- defining domains
- delegating influence to people
- allocating resources and capacity
- specifying deliverables and prioritizing delivery.
Governance decisions can be made at any time and at any place, not just in a specific kind of meeting, although a regular meeting for making and evolving agreements is often a good idea.
Self-Governance: People governing themselves within the constraints of a domain.
Semi-Autonomy: The autonomy of people to create value within their domain, further limited by their own governance decisions, and objections (including those of the delegator and of representatives).
Self-Organization: Any activity or process through which people organize their day-to-day work without the influence of an external agent, and within constraints defined through governance. In any organization or team, self-organization and external influence co-exist.
Depending on the constraints set by the delegator, teams have more or less license to conduct governance and decide how they organize their operations, and are therefore more or less self-governing and self-organizing.
Clarify organizational drivers (i.e. what's happening and what's needed in relation to the organization), and respond as required.
Responses to organizational drivers include:
- direct action (operations)
- organizing how work will be done
- making governance decisions
The response to an organizational driver is typically treated as an experiment that is evaluated and evolved over time.
A driver is a person’s or a group's motive for responding to a specific situation. A driver is considered an organizational driver if responding to it would help the organization generate value, eliminate waste or avoid harm.
A simple way to qualify whether or not a driver falls within an organization's domain is by checking:
Would it help the organization if we respond to this driver? Or would it harm us if we don't?
Pay attention to tension you experience in relation to the organization, investigate the cause and pass on any organizational drivers you discover to the people accountable for the appropriate domain.
Challenges and opportunities for an organization are revealed by people bringing awareness to the reasons why they experience tension.
Note: In this context, a tension is a personal experience: a symptom of dissonance between an individual's perception of a situation, and their expectations (or preferences).
To discover drivers, investigate what stimulates tension, and describe what's happening and what's needed. Sometimes an inquiry reveals misconceptions and the tension goes away.
Describe organizational drivers to understand, communicate and remember them.
Describing drivers may be done by a group or by an individual. Depending on their perspective, they may decide to explain a driver as a problem to solve or an opportunity to leverage.
A simple way to describe a driver is by explaining:
- What’s happening...:
- the current situation
- the effect of this situation on the organization
- ...and what’s needed:
- the need of the organization in relation to this situation
- the impact of attending to that need
Create a brief but comprehensive summary containing just enough information to clearly communicate the need for an action or a decision.
“The kitchen is a mess: there are no clean cups, the sink is full of dishes and it’s not possible to quickly grab a coffee and get right back to work. We need the kitchen in a usable state so we can stay focused on our work.”
“The kitchen is a mess: there are no clean cups, the sink is full of dishes...”
Describe the current situation:
- Briefly capture the essentials of what is happening, and, if necessary, the context in which it occurs.
- Be objective - describe observations and avoid evaluation.
“...it’s not possible to quickly grab a coffee and get right back to work.”
Explain the effect of this situation on the organization:
- Clarify why the situation needs attention: how does it affect the organization?
- Be explicit about whether the effects are current or anticipated.
- Explain challenges, losses, opportunities or gains.
“We need the kitchen in a usable state...”
Explain the need of the organization in relation to this situation:
- A need of an organization is anything a team (or individual) requires to effectively account for a domain.
- Be specific on whose need it is (“we need”, “they need”, “I need”).
- If there’s disagreement about the need, it helps to zoom out from specific solutions and focus on what the organization is lacking in this situation.
“...so we can stay focused on our work”.
Describe the impact of attending to that need:
- Explain the intended outcome, potential benefits or opportunities.
- The impact may be obvious or implicit, especially when the effects of the current situation are already described.
Aim for one or two sentences, so that the information is easy to remember and process.
Besides the summary, more details about the driver may be kept in the logbook.
Make sure to review drivers on a regular basis, to deepen you understanding of what's happening and needed.
Helpful questions for a review include:
- Is the description of the situation (still) correct?
- Do we still associate the same needs with the situation?
- Is the driver still within our domain?
- Is the driver still relevant?
A (facilitated) group process for decision making: invite objections, and consider information and knowledge revealed to further evolve proposals or existing agreements.
Proposals become agreements when they are considered good enough for now and safe enough to try until the next review.
Unresolved objections prevent proposals from becoming agreements.
Withholding objections can harm the objectives of a team or organization.
- In the absence of objections to an agreement, I intend to follow through on the agreement to the best of my ability.
- I agree to share objections as I become aware of them.
An objection is an argument demonstrating (or revealing) how a (proposed) agreement or activity can lead to unintended consequences, or that there are worthwhile ways to improve it.
Objections reveal information about unintended consequences, or about viable ways to improve.
It’s the accountability of individuals to raise potential objections to proposals, decisions, existing agreements or activities.
Withholding objections can harm the ability of individuals, teams or the whole organization to respond to organizational drivers.
Being able to raise potential objections at any time means decisions only need to be good enough for now and safe enough to try.
Those accountable for the activity or (proposed) agreement in question, are responsible for considering arguments and addressing objections.
When seeking out potential objections, consider:
- why the intended outcome would not be (fully) achieved: effectiveness
- why it would be wasteful to proceed as proposed (or previously agreed): efficiency
- the negative consequences something would have elsewhere (in the same domain, in the wider organization, or beyond): side-effects
The information revealed by objections can be used to improve:
- current and planned activity
- how people execute on decisions
- existing agreements
- proposals
- shared understanding of drivers
Not all arguments raised are objections. Distinguish between objections, which always reveal useful information, and other arguments that are based only on assumption or preference.
To discover if an argument qualifies as an objection, in a group context a facilitator might ask:
“Do you think this argument qualifies as an objection?”
If nobody disagrees with the argument, an objection typically qualifies. Otherwise aim to discover the actual objection or reveal any misconceptions.
Some helpful questions:
- How does the argument relate to this specific proposal or agreement?
- Does the argument reveal how a (proposed or current) activity or agreement:
- harms response to any organizational driver?
- can be improved right now?
- prevents or diminishes someone's contribution towards responding to a driver?
- is in conflict with the organization's values?
- is considered not ‘safe enough’ to try?
A concern is an assumption that doing something (even in the absence of objections) might stand in the way of (more) effective response to an organizational driver.
In Consent Decision Making, concerns can inform ways to further evolve agreements (including evaluation criteria and frequency of evaluation).
Bring up concerns if you consider them important and at least record them along with evaluation criteria.
If you are in doubt whether you have an objection or a concern, check with others if they think it qualifies as an objection.
Resolve objections one at a time by using the information they contain to make and evolve amendments.
Choose an option for resolving an objection that looks most promising and, if that fails, simply pick another one. Each attempt will help you understand more of the information the objection contains, and bring the group closer to proposing an amendment that resolves the objection.
Often, asking the person who brings the objection to propose an amendment, is a productive place to start.
Typically it's most effective to take one objection at a time, resolve all objections to a proposed amendment, and then continue with the next main objection.
Continuously evolve the body of agreements, and eliminate waste.
Regular review of agreements is an essential practice for a learning organization:
- adapt agreements to suit changing context
- integrate learning to make them more effective
Ensure all agreements have an appropriate review date.
Evaluating agreements can be as simple as checking that an agreement is still relevant, and there is no objection to keeping it as it is.
Agreements are often reviewed in Governance Meetings, however sometimes it's more effective to schedule a dedicated session.
Adjust review frequency as necessary, and review early if required.
Elements of this pattern can also be used by individuals to evaluate decisions they make.
- How has this agreement helped us?
- Is there any reason to drop this agreement?
- How can this agreement be improved?
- Agree on a next review date.
Preparation:
- Schedule the review.
- Ensure all necessary information is available.
Follow-up:
- Agree on the next review date.
- Document decisions and tasks, and share with relevant people.
- Consider effects on any related agreements.
Involve people in making decisions that affect them, to maintain equivalence and accountability, and to increase the amount of information available on the subject.
For larger groups:
- facilitate a process in several stages and create smaller groups who select delegates
- use an online tool and conduct an asynchronous, timeboxed and staged process
Consider including those affected in reviewing and evolving decisions, too.
Bring people together to co-create proposals in response to organizational drivers: tap collective intelligence, build sense of ownership and increase engagement and accountability.
There are many ways to co-create proposals. They typically follow a similar pattern:
- Agree on the driver (or problem / opportunity / need)
- Explore the topic and understand constraints
- Generate ideas
- Design a proposal (often done by a smaller group)
One way to co-create proposals is to use S3's Proposal Forming pattern.
For inspiration for steps 2 and 3, look to classic group facilitation techniques or design thinking activities.
Besides in a face-to-face workshop, you can adapt this process for online meetings. You can even use it asynchronously (and over an extended period of time) to include many people.
A (facilitated) group process for co-creating a response to a driver.
- draws on the collective intelligence and diversity of perspective within a group
- involves people in co-creating agreements
- fosters accountability and sense of ownership
Proposal Forming may also be used by an individual.
Consent to driver: Briefly present the driver. Is this driver relevant for us to respond to? Are there any essential amendments to what has been presented?
Deepen shared understanding of driver: invite essential questions to understand the driver in more detail.
Collect considerations phrased as questions relating to possible solutions. Questions either reveal constraints (information gathering questions) or possibilities (generative questions).
Answer any information gathering questions if possible.
Prioritize considerations.
Gather ideas as possible ingredients for a proposal.
Design a proposal for addressing the driver considering the creative ideas and information gathered so far. This is usually done by a smaller group of "tuners".
Consider:
- who should be there?
- who wants to be there?
- who else may have a valuable contribution to make?
- consider expertise, outside view, and inspiration
Between two and three tuners is usually appropriate. Check for any objections to the proposed tuner(s).
A group process for selecting a person for a role on the strength of the reason.
Instead of simply assigning people for roles, or making a choice based only on majority, use the role selection process to:
- tap collective intelligence by hearing and deliberating on reasons for nominations
- increase ownership over the decision
- ensure support for the role keeper by those affected.
A prerequisite to the selection process is a clear description of the role's domain.
- Present Role Description: If possible, send out the role’s domain description in advance.
- Record Nominations: Participants write their nomination on a slip of paper. People can nominate themselves, another, or pass.
- Reasons for Nominations: Each person shares who they have nominated and why.
- Information Gathering: Participants share or request any information that might support the group in making an appropriate selection.
- Nomination Changes: Check if anyone wants to change their nomination in light of reasons and information shared so far, and hear the reasons for each change.
- Propose a nominee for the role: The facilitator guides the process to identify a suitable nominee on the strength of the reasons heard, e.g. by:
- proposing a nominee themselves or asking a group member
- inviting (some) nominees to agree who should be proposed
- inviting group dialogue to help reveal the strongest nominee
- Check for Objections: Ask participants (including the proposed nominee) to simultaneously signal whether or not they have an objection.
- Address and Resolve Objections, beginning with any from the proposed nominee. Objections may be resolved in many ways, including amending the role's domain description or by nominating someone else. When all objections are resolved, check with the (final) nominee again if they accept the role.
- Celebrate: Acknowledge reaching agreement and thank the person who will now keep the role.
To avoid influencing others, abstain from expressing personal interest or opinions before a selection takes place.
Sometimes a role selection reveals a lack of capacity, relevant experience, qualities or skill. A group will then need to consider outside candidates, reconsider priorities or find an alternative way to account for the domain.
This pattern can also be used in any situation where there is a need to choose between a variety of options.
A workshop format to identify an effective response to a complex situation: organize start-ups, kick-off projects, tackle major impediments or opportunities, develop organizational structure to better enable the flow of value.
A (small or large) group identifies and clusters drivers, to then progress quickly from concept to action in smaller and self-organizing teams.
A simple protocol for learning, skill sharing, and building connections, with respect for people's agency.
Ask someone, "would you be willing to help me with ...?" The person asked accepts or declines with a simple "yes" or "no".
- if the request is declined, the person asking accepts the answer without negotiation or inquiry
- if the request is unclear, inquire for more information
- if you accept a request for help, support your peer in the best way you can
Invite a peer to give you some constructive feedback on:
- your performance in a role
- your general participation and contribution
- any specific aspect you may be interested in
Considerations:
- invite peers to take some time to prepare
- invite both appreciations and actionable improvement suggestions
- inquire to better understand the feedback, and avoid discussing or judging it
- decide for yourself what you will do with feedback you receive
Support each other to learn and grow in the roles and teams you serve in.
The role keeper — or team — leads the peer review by setting up the process and speaking first in each step.
Ensure you invite people with complementary perspectives to contribute to the review, and a facilitator.
Improvement suggestions may relate to personal development, collaboration, updates to the domain description (including the driver) and strategy.
A plan for how to develop more effective ways of accounting for a domain, agreed between delegator and delegatee.
The development plan may be created for a person in a role, or for a team (e.g. a department, circle or open domain).
Development may happen in the form of refining the description of the driver and the domain, making amendments to strategy, or new or updated agreements and specific actions to be taken, either within the domain of the delegator, or the domain of the delegatee.
A development plan (and any accompanying recommendations for changes to the descriptions of the domain and the driver) requires consent from both the delegatee and the delegator.
Commit to doing your best to act and interact in ways that enable effective collaboration.
"Is my behavior in this moment the greatest contribution I can make to the effectiveness of this collaboration?"
Participating artfully may include interrupting, objecting or breaking agreements.
Artful Participation is an individual commitment to:
- actively consider and follow-up on all agreements made, in the best way possible, given the circumstances
- develop awareness and understanding of individual and collective needs
- grow the necessary skills
- support others to participate artfully
- bring impediments and improvement suggestions to the attention of others if necessary
Artful participation:
- enables co-creation and evolution of agreements
- helps to grow stronger teams
- builds self-accountability, integrity and trust
- generates a culture of mutual support and close collaboration
- is more powerful when embraced by many
- How can I support myself and others to participate more artfully?
- Where are my interactions with others unhelpful or ineffective?
- Which agreements do I find hard to keep? What can I do to address this?
- What skills can I develop, that would support me to participate more artfully?
- What would artful participation mean in relation to:
- my daily activities?
- collaboration and interaction with others?
- the organization? ...our customers or clients?
- the wider environment?
Align collaboration with the Seven Principles.
Adopting the Seven Principles reduces the number of explicit agreements required, and guides adaptation of S3 patterns to suit the organization's context.
An organization's values need to embrace the Seven Principles.
Intentionally evolve the culture in your organization.
Values are valued principles that guide behavior. Values define scope for action and ethical constraints.
- each member brings their own values to an organization based on personal experiences and beliefs
- a team or organization may choose to collectively adopt values to guide their collaboration
Values offer guidance to determine appropriate action, even in the absence of explicit agreements.
Collectively adopting a set of values supports the effectiveness of an organization:
- reduces potential for misunderstanding
- helps to align decision making and action
- attracts new members, partners and customers who are aligned with the organization
Chosen values are an agreement that benefits from regular review.
Select someone to facilitate governance meetings.
A governance facilitator:
- ensures governance meetings stay on track and are evaluated
- is (usually) selected by a team from among it members (and for a specific term)
- familiarizes themselves with the Governance Backlog
- often invites others to facilitate some agenda items
As a governance facilitator, consider learning about and using the following patterns from S3 to handle governance effectively:
- Rounds
- Proposal Forming
- Consent Decision Making
- Role Selection
- Evaluate Meetings
- Resolve Objections
- Peer Review
Breaking agreements is sometimes necessary but may come at a cost to the community.
Be accountable:
- clean up disturbances
- follow up as soon as possible with those affected
- change the agreement instead of repeatedly breaking it
Support successful collaboration from the start and build trust between parties by co-creating mutually beneficial and legally robust contracts.
A contract is a body of promises that two or more parties agree to make legally binding, i.e if those promises are violated, the injured party gains access to legal (or alternative) remedies.
Developing shared understanding about needs and expectations is essential for successful collaboration.
While negotiating and agreeing on a contract, model the culture of collaboration you want to achieve, and build a positive relationship with the other parties involved.
This pattern refers to contracts relating related to collaboration around any business transaction between an organization and other parties (e.g. employees, consultants, service providers, shareholders or customers). It is especially relevant for contracts that have a significant influence on the future of an organization or one of its partners, such as:
- employment contracts and contracts with external contractors or consultants in support roles (including any agreement that results in a change of remuneration or working hours)
- contracts governing collaboration with customers, vendors or service providers
- shareholder agreements
Note: Many agreements about collaboration within an organization do not require dedicated contracts, as they are already governed by or subject to existing contracts.
When negotiating a contract, ensure:
- shared understanding of the reason for the collaboration, as well as the intended outcome and important constraints
- all parties understand what is expected of them
- all parties affected by a contract are involved in creating the contract and enter it voluntarily
- expectations are realistic
- the agreement is beneficial to all parties
- everyone intends to keep to the agreement made
If for any reason one or more of these criteria cannot be fulfilled, it is probably wise to not proceed.
The way a contract is negotiated can significantly contribute toward building trust between parties. Approach contracting from the point of view of making an agreement between partners, not adversaries: co-create the contract, tailor it to its specific context, and ensure it is legally robust.
- the contract should include all expectations of the parties involved, each explained with adequate detail
- use clear and simple language that all parties can understand, and be unambiguous about legal consequences
- if you need to use specific technical or legal terms a party might be unfamiliar with, explain them in a glossary that is part of the contract
- consult a lawyer who supports the culture you aspire to and is competent in the field if business you are negotiating
- ensure all parties have a delegation that includes representation for all affected domains (e.g. not only sales, but also development / production / support, etc)
- explicitly describe the culture you want to develop, with consideration for common ground and any cultural differences between parties
- state the reasons for the proposed collaboration, and transparent about expectations and needs of all parties
- disclose all relevant information (if necessary under an NDA)
- agree first on terms of the relationship and expectations to all parties, and then consider how you can make them legally robust
- compile a list of specific laws and regulation the contract needs to comply to
- negotiate in several iterations, allowing time to consider implications and propose amendments
- keep minutes of each meeting to reduce the potential for misconceptions
Any contract can be changed at any time, provided all signatories agree. However, it greatly reduces the potential for conflict later if you consider the full lifecycle of the collaboration in the contract:
- make provisions for successfully getting started by defining onboarding procedures
- have a probationary period, where all parties can try out the collaboration, and a clear protocol for how each party can terminate the contract during the probationary period
- define and build into the contract regular review meetings where signatories come together to share learning and decide how the contract might be amended to adapt to changing context
- include procedures for breach of contract
- consider making available alternative means for dispute resolution, e.g. mediation, conciliation or arbitration
- consider limiting the contract to a fixed term after which the contract expires and can be renewed if required
Every contract influences the culture of the collaboration it governs, even when it appears to only describe what needs to be delivered:
- intentionally create the culture of collaboration you want to see by including expectations on how things should be done
- align the contract to the organizational culture (of all parties) and to legal requirements
- build contracts that enable and encourage accountability
if you find that standard contracts in your industry are misaligned with the culture you want to create, build your own repository of templates for contracts and clauses and consider sharing it with others, so that you can leverage past experience when creating new contracts.
Create a fair salary formula and make it transparent.
Transparent salary (also referred to as "open salary") is the practice of determining each employee's compensation according to a set of rules — the salary formula — instead of making compensation subject to individual negotiation between employer and employee. The salary formula — and often individual compensation as well — is transparent to all members of an organization, and sometimes to the public.
A transparent salary formula needs to suit an organization's context, and to be perceived as fair enough by all stakeholders.
Perception of fairness varies from person to person and according to context, so creating a salary formula requires developing a shared understanding of what is considered fair.
When deciding (or agreeing) on a salary formula for an organization or department, consider:
- what would be a suitable fixed subsistence guarantee
- how to calculate compensation according to need, investment, productivity, or merit
- how to distribute the organization's profit and cover for losses in line with expectations and needs of the various stakeholders
Decide how to handle remuneration for changing roles and develop a strategy for how to transition towards new contracts and compensation agreements.
Apply the role pattern to external contractors.
- clarify and describe the driver for the role
- create a domain description
- if valuable, implement a selection process
- limit the term of the contract
- build in regular peer reviews
External contractors consent to take on their role.
See also: Contract For Successful Collaboration
Secure S3 principles and patterns in your bylaws as needed to protect legal integrity and organizational culture
Consider:
- consent and equivalence in decision making
- selection process for leadership roles
- organizational structure, values and principles
- influence of owners or shareholders
- sharing gains and costs
Distribute the power to influence, to enable people to decide and act for themselves within defined constraints.
A delegator can support delegatees to deliver value by:
- Clearly defining domains of autonomy and accountability
- Ensuring there are opportunities for learning and development
- Providing support if required
Adjust constraints incrementally, considering capabilities, reliability and outcome.
Decentralize as much as possible, and retain as much influence as necessary.
A circle is a self-governing and semi-autonomous team of equivalent people who collaborate to account for a domain.
A circle:
-
may be permanent or temporary
-
may be self-organizing
-
is accountable for its own development and its body of agreements
-
semi-autonomous:
- A circle's members act within the constraints of their domain.
- Each circle can create value autonomously.
-
self-governing:
- A circle's members continuously decide together what to do to account for their domain, and set constraints on how and when things will be done.
-
equivalence of circle members:
- All members of a circle are equally accountable for governance of the circle's domain.
Delegate accountability for a domain to individuals.
A role is an area of accountability (a domain) that is delegated to an individual (the role keeper), who has autonomy to decide and act within the constraints of the role's domain.
The role keeper leads in creating a strategy for how they will account for their domain. They evolve their strategy in collaboration with the delegator.
A role is a simple way for an organization (or team) to delegate recurring tasks or a specific area of work and decision making to one of its members.
- people can take responsibility for more than one role
- instead of formally setting up a new team, it's sometimes simpler to just share one role between several people
- role keepers are selected by consent and for a limited term
- peers support one another to develop in the roles they keep
A role keeper may maintain a governance backlog, and a logbook to record and help them evolve their approach toward delivering value.
Note: In S3, guidelines, processes or protocols created by individuals in roles are treated as agreements.
Enable the flow of information and influence between two teams.
A team selects one of its members to represent their interests in the governance decisions of another team.
Enable the two-way flow of information and influence between two teams.
Two interdependent teams each select one of their members to represent their interests in the governance decisions of the other team.
Double linking enables equivalence between two teams and can be used to draw out valuable information in hierarchical structures.
Select a team member to participate in the governance decision making of another team to enable the flow of information and influence.
Representatives (a.k.a. links):
- stand for the interests of one team in another team
- are selected for a limited term
- participate in the governance decision making of the team they link with, and can:
- raise items for the agenda
- participate in forming proposals
- raise objections to proposals and existing agreements
Bring together a team of equivalent people with the mandate to execute on a specific set of requirements defined by a delegator.
A helping team:
- is a way for a delegator to expand their capacity
- may be self-organizing, or guided by a coordinator chosen by the delegator
- is governed by the delegator
- benefits from a clearly defined domain
Members of the helping team:
- can object to the delegator's decisions that affect them
- can add items to the delegator's governance backlog
- may be invited to select a representative to participate in the governance decision making of the delegator
Intentionally account for a domain by invitation rather than assignment and request that those invited contribute when they can.
The delegator of the open domain clarifies:
- the primary driver, key responsibilities and constraints of the open domain
- who is invited to contribute to the open domain
- constraints relating to the delegator’s participation in the open domain’s governance
Depending on the constraints set by the delegator, contributors may only organize and do work, or take part in governance as well.
A delegator is accountable for conducting regular reviews to support effectiveness of work and any decision making done in an open domain.
Intentionally communicate with and learn from others outside of your system.
Individuals, teams and entire organizations can acknowledge interdependence and intentionally invite people from outside their system to bring in knowledge, experience and influence to assist with decision making and support collective learning.
- External experts can offer an outside perspective and bring knowledge, understanding and skills
- Representatives of affected parties can inform and influence decision making in ways that benefit overall objectives (see Those Affected Decide)
Adapt and evolve S3 patterns to suit your specific context.
Ensure that everyone affected:
- understands why changing the pattern is necessary (or helpful)
- is present or represented when deciding how to change it
- uses S3 principles as a guide for adaptation.
Run experiments with adaptations for long enough to learn about the benefits and any potential pitfalls.
Share valuable adaptations with the S3 community.
Create an environment that invites and enables members of the organization to drive change.
Change things when there is value in doing so:
- Bring in patterns that help to solve current and important problems.
- Don't break what's already working!
- Meet everyone where they are…
- …and let them choose their own pace.
Lead by example.
Behave and act in the ways you would like others to behave and act.
Clarify the reason for change and invite people to participate.
Inviting rather than imposing change helps reduce resistance and enables people to choose for themselves.
When making the invitation:
- be transparent about the reason for the change
- clarify expectations and constraints
- avoid coercion or manipulation
- acknowledge any skepticism and doubts
Include the people involved and affected in regular evaluation of outcomes.
Invite everyone to create and run experiments for evolving the organization.
- clarify the driver for change
- schedule regular open space events:
- invite all members to create and run experiments
- define constraints for the experiments that enable development of a sociocratic and agile mindset (e.g. S3 principles)
- review and learn from experimentation in the next open space
Reveal drivers and establish a metrics-based pull-system for organizational change through continuously improving and refining the work process.
- introduce the principle of consent and Navigate Via Tension to evolve work process in a team
- consider selecting a facilitator to guide group processes, and choosing values to guide behavior
- initiate a process of continuous improvement, e.g. through Kanban or regular retrospectives
- members of the team pull in S3 patterns as required
- if valuable, iteratively expand the scope of the experiment to other teams
- intentionally look out for impediments
Waste is anything unnecessary for — or standing in the way of — a (more) effective response of a driver.
Waste exists in various forms and on different levels of abstraction (tasks, processes, organizational structure, mental models...)
Establishing a process for the ongoing elimination of waste enables natural evolution of an organization towards greater effectiveness and adaptation to changing context.
An agreement is an agreed upon guideline, process, protocol or policy designed to guide the flow of value.
Agreements are created in response to organizational drivers, are regularly reviewed, and evolved as necessary.
Overall accountability for an agreement lies with the people that make them.
An agreement can include delegation of specific responsibilities to individuals or groups.
Record any expectations related to deliverables, behavior or resources in the context of the agreement.
Note: In S3, guidelines, processes or protocols created by individuals in roles are also treated as agreements.
A strategy is a high level approach for how people will create value to successfully account for a domain.
It is usually more effective if a team or role keeper lead in developing their own strategy.
A strategy often includes a description of the intended outcome of implementing that strategy.
As the delegator shares accountability for domains they delegate, it's valuable they review a delegatee's strategy, to check for potential impediments and suggest ways it could be improved.
A strategy is a shared agreement between delegator(s) and delegatee(s) that is regularly reviewed and updated as necessary (pivot or persevere)
Strategies are validated and refined through experimentation and learning.
A clear understanding of people's area of accountability and autonomy enables greater efficiency, effective collaboration and agility throughout an organization.
A simple way to clarify domains is with a domain description that contains:
- primary driver (the organizational need the domain is designed to respond to)
- key responsibilities (key deliverables, any critical risks to manage, other essential work and decision making being delegated)
- constraints to the autonomy and influence of those the domain is delegated to (the delegatees), usually related to the organization itself (dependencies, involvement of the delegator, reporting etc.)
- resources (time, money, facilities, privileges, tools)
- evaluation criteria and frequency of evaluation
- term (for a role)
Domain descriptions can be created for a role, position, circle, team, open domain, department, unit, or the whole organization.
Another way of clarifying a domain is by filling out an S3 Delegation Canvas.
Be explicit about the expected results of agreements, activities, projects and strategies.
Agree on and record a concise description of the intended outcome.
The intended outcome can be used to define Evaluation Criteria and metrics for reviewing actual outcome.
Clearly describe any deliverables related to an agreement to support shared understanding of expectations.
A deliverable is a product, service, component or material provided in response to an organizational driver.
When describing deliverables:
- include the necessary amount of detail
- reference other documents when helpful or necessary
Explicitly describing deliverables can be useful for improving communication and collaboration within the organization, with customer and with external partners.
Example: A popular way to describe deliverables in software-engineering are so-called user stories, which focus on the need of users in relation to a software system. User stories are developed in dialogue between a customer (or their representative, the product manager or "product owner"), and the software developer(s). What is written down is usually one sentence to remind the team of the user need, and acceptance criteria, a list of requirements for the new feature, which the customer will then use in a review meeting to decide whether or not they accept the new feature as delivered.
Develop well-defined evaluation criteria to determine if acting on an agreement had the desired effect.
- go for simple and unambiguous criteria and document them (to avoid discussion or unnecessary dialogue when reviewing your agreements)
- define actionable metrics to continuously track effects and spot deviations from intended outcome
- consider adding criteria which make it explicit when the outcome of an agreement would be considered unsuccessful
- when reviewing an agreement, consider evolving the evaluation criteria based on what you have learned
Maintain a coherent and accessible system that stores all information required for collaboration.
A logbook is a (digital) system to store all information relevant for running an organization and its teams. The logbook is accessible to all members of an organization, and information is kept confidential only when there is good reason to do so.
Common platforms for logbooks are Wikis (e.g. Dokuwiki, MediaWiki, Confluence), Content Management Systems (e.g. Wordpress), G Suite, Evernote or even Trello.
Content relating to the whole organization:
- primary driver, strategy and organizational values
- organizational structure (domains and the connections between them)
- agreements
Content relating to a specific team or role:
- the domain description and strategy
- agreements (including delegatees' domain descriptions, strategies and development plans)
- backlogs and other information relating to work and governance
Select a member of your team to be specifically accountable for keeping up to date records of all information the team requires.
The logbook keeper is accountable for maintaining a team's logbook by:
- recording details of agreements, domain descriptions, selections, evaluation dates, minutes of meetings etc.
- organizing relevant information and improving the system when valuable
- keeping records up to date
- ensuring accessibility to everyone in the team (and in the wider organization as agreed)
- attending to all technical aspects of logbook keeping
Teams meet at regular intervals to decide what to do to achieve objectives, and to set constraints on how and when things will be done.
A governance meeting is usually:
- facilitated
- prepared in advance
- timeboxed for a duration of 90-120 minutes
- scheduled every 2-4 weeks
A typical governance meeting includes:
- opening: check in with each other and attune to the objective of the meeting
- administrative matters
- check for consent to the last meeting's minutes
- agree on a date for the next meeting
- check for any last-minute agenda items and for consent to the agenda
- agenda items
- meeting evaluation: reflect on your interactions, celebrate successes and share suggestions for improvement
- closing: check in with each other before you leave the meeting
Typical agenda items include:
- any short reports
- evaluation of existing agreements due review
- selecting people to roles
- new drivers requiring decisions to be made, including:
- forming proposals
- making agreements
- designing domains and deciding how to account for them (e.g. new roles, circles, teams or open domains)
Dedicate time to reflect on past experience, learn, and decide how to improve work process.
- output: changes to work process, new tasks, on-the-fly agreements, and drivers requiring an agreement
- facilitated meeting (~1hr)
- regular intervals (1-4 weeks)
- adapt to situation and context
- Set the stage
- Gather data
- Generate insights
- Decide what to do
- Close the retrospective
Many different activities for each phase can be found at plans-for-retrospectives.com
Meet daily to organize work, facilitate learning and improve your productivity and effectiveness.
- timeboxed (usually 15 minutes)
- held daily at the same time
- the team gathers around a visible project management board/tool to:
- organize daily work
- address impediments/blocks
- adapt existing agreements or create new agreements on the spot
People meet at regular intervals (1-4 weeks) in timeboxed meetings to plan and review work.
Planning meeting: select and estimate work items for the next iteration.
Review meeting: review completed work items and decide on re-work and changes for the next iteration.
Meet on a regular basis (usually weekly) for reporting on and coordinating work across domains.
- facilitate the meeting (timebox dialogue and use rounds where valuable)
- when useful, compile an agenda before the meeting and share it with attendees in advance
- include details of any prerequisites that can help attendees to prepare
- further agenda items may come up when hearing status reports
Agenda items:
- cross domain synchronization and alignment
- prioritization and distribution of work
- responding to impediments
In a group meeting, go around the circle giving everyone the chance to speak in turn.
Rounds are a group facilitation technique to maintain equivalence and support effective dialogue.
Be clear on the purpose and intended outcome of each round.
Sit in a circle, begin each round with a different person, and change direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) to bring variation to who speaks first and last, and to the order of contributions.
Choose someone to facilitate a meeting to help the group maintain focus, keep the meeting on track and draw out the participant's creativity and wisdom.
Before each meeting, prepare an agenda of topics, and select a facilitator to:
- hold the space, keep the time and navigate the agenda during the meeting
- facilitate a suitable activity for each topic
- facilitate an evaluation at the end of the meeting
Consider selecting a facilitator for a specific term. Even an inexperienced facilitator can make a positive difference.
See also: Prepare For Meetings, Role Selection
Prepare in advance to make meetings more effective.
Some considerations for successfully preparing a meeting:
- clarify and communicate the driver for, and intended outcome of the meeting
- decide who to invite
- create an agenda
- schedule the meeting enough in advance, so people have time to prepare
- choose an appropriate duration for the meeting
- be clear who will facilitate the meeting, who will take minutes and who will take care of any follow-up
Involve people in preparing and prioritizing an agenda and send it out in advance
For each agenda item agree on:
- the driver
- the intended outcome
- the process
- the time you want to spend on it
- what people need to do to prepare
- consider what can be done in advance to prepare for the meeting
- notify people about any expectations and prerequisites
- make any resources available that people may need for preparation
- consider the pattern Artful Participation
- review the agenda and consider how you can contribute to each item
- bring up objections to an agenda, and if possible resolve them before the meeting
- review improvement suggestions from the last meeting's evaluation and consider how you might act on them
Help people to become aware of themselves and others, and to focus, be present and engage.
To check in, briefly disclose something about what’s up for you and how you are, revealing thoughts, feelings, distractions or needs.
Checking in may take the form of an opening or closing round in a group meeting, or just a brief exchange in a 1:1 meeting.
You can also call for a group check-in during a meeting, or even choose to individually check in whenever you think this is valuable for the group.
In a group check-in, allow people to pass if they choose.
When checking in, in a new setting, people can also say their name and where they are coming from, as a way to introduce themselves. (Tip: Avoid talking about function, rank etc unless there is a reason to do so.)
Take time for learning at the end of each meeting or workshop.
Reflect on interactions, celebrate successes and share suggestions for improvement before closing the meeting.
- reserve 5 minutes for 1 hour, and 15 minutes for a full-day workshop
- record learning and review it before the next meeting
Short formats you can use:
- more of/less of/start/stop/keep
- positive/critical/suggested improvements
Ask everyone in a round to reflect on any or all of the following topics in a brief sharing, and report key points you'd like to remember for next time:
- effectiveness and format
- facilitation and participation
- emotional tone
- appreciations and achievements (I liked...)
- growing edges and improvement suggestions (I wish...)
- wild ideas and radical suggestions (What if...)
Select someone to take responsibility for the preparation and follow-up of meetings, workshops or other events.
A person may take on the role of meeting host for a specific event or for several events over a period of time.
Preparation:
- identify goals and deliverables
- prepare and distribute agenda
- identify and invite the participants
- estimate the time required and schedule the meeting/workshop
- book the location (and transportation if required)
- set up the space and provide required materials and information
- ensure selection of a facilitator and a notetaker to record minutes, if appropriate
After the meeting: clean up location, return keys, tie up all the loose ends, and ensure minutes are distributed.
See also: Facilitate Meetings, Prepare For Meetings
A governance backlog is a visible, prioritized list of items (drivers) that are related to governing a domain and require attention.
A governance backlog contains:
- matters requiring a decision
- proposals to create and consider
- selecting people for roles
Note: Upcoming reports and agreements due review are usually added directly to the agenda (rather than the backlog).
A backlog (to-do-list) is a list of (often prioritized) uncompleted work items (deliverables), or (drivers) that need to be addressed.
Consider making backlogs visible, not only to other members of a team, but also to the wider organization.
Types of backlog include:
- governance backlog
- operations backlog
- sprint backlog
- product backlog
- impediments backlog
Implementation:
- analog backlog: sticky notes on a wall, or index cards, magnets and whiteboard
- digital backlog: e.g. Google Sheets, Trello, Kanban Flow, Jira, Asana
Each item on a (prioritized) backlog typically contains:
- a short description of a deliverable or a driver
- a unique reference number (or link) for each work item
- (the order of work items)
- dependencies to other work items or projects
- due date (if necessary)
- (optional) a measure for value
- (optional) a measure for investment (often an estimate of time or complexity)
Order all uncompleted work items with the most important items first, then pull work items from the top whenever there is new capacity.
No two items can be of equal importance, meaning it is necessary to agree on priorities and make tough choices.
A prioritized backlog helps to maintain focus on the most important items.
Maintain a system that allows all stakeholders to review the state of all work items currently pending, in progress or complete.
- valuable for self-organization and pull-systems
- system must be accessible to everyone affected
- analog: post-its on a wall, or index cards, magnets and white board
- digital: Trello, Kanbanery, Leankit, Jira, Google Sheets, etc.
- types of work items (e.g. customer request, project tasks, reporting tasks, rework)
- start date (and due date if necessary)
- priorities
- stages of work (e.g. "to do", "in progress", "review" and "done")
- impediments/blocks
- who is working on which items
- agreements and expectations guiding workflow (e.g. definition of done, policy, quality standards)
- use colors, symbols, highlights etc.
People pull in new work items when they have capacity (instead of having work pushed or assigned to them.
Prioritize pending work items to ensure that important items are worked on first.
Pulling in work prevents overloading the system, especially when work in progress (WIP) per person or team is limited.
Limit the number of work items in any stage of your work process.
Work in progress includes:
- the number of items in a backlog
- concurrent projects or tasks for teams or individuals
- products in a portfolio
When an action would exceed an agreed upon limit of work items in progress, this needs to be brought up with the team before continuing.
Set a time constraint to stay focused, bring consciousness to the time you have and how you use it.
A timebox is a fixed period of time spent focused on a specific activity (which is not necessarily finished by the end of the timebox).
- to get value out of the timebox, be clear what you want to achieve
- agree on the duration of the timebox and visualize time
- negotiate and agree to extend a timebox before the time is up
- break down longer activities into manageable timeboxes
- consider frequent review of progress
- consider choosing someone (the "time keeper") to help others stay conscious of time
You could timebox:
- meetings, calls, dialogue
- tasks
- experiments
- an attempt to solve a problem
- checking emails
- breaks
- a longer stretch of work (a sprint)
In support of continuous flow of value, move decision making close to where value is created, and align the flow of information accordingly.
Flow of value: Deliverables traveling through an organization towards customers or other stakeholders.
Achieve and maintain alignment of flow through the continuous evolution of an organization's body of agreements:
- ensure all decisions affecting the flow of value actually support the flow of value
- enable people with relevant skills and knowledge to influence decisions
- make available any helpful information
- aim for shorter feedback loops to amplify learning.
When decision making is conducted close to where value is created, and the flow of information supports the continuous and steady flow of value, the potential for accumulation of waste is reduced.
A person fulfilling the role of a coordinator is accountable for coordinating a domain's operations and is selected for a limited term.
The coordinator may be selected by the team itself, or by the delegator.
Several coordinators may collaborate to synchronize work across multiple domains.
Instead of selecting a coordinator, a team may choose to self-organize.
Organizational structure is the actual arrangement of domains and their connections. It reflects where power to influence is located, and the channels through which information and influence flow.
Continuously evolve your organization's structure to:
- support the continuous flow of value
- enable effective collaboration around dependencies
- ensure information is available to those who need it
- distribute power to influence as required
The basic building blocks for organizational structure are interdependent, connected domains.
Domains can be linked to form a hierarchy or a heterarchy (a.k.a. complex adaptive system, or network, where multiple functional structures can co-exist).
Sociocracy 3.0 describes a variety of structural patterns to grow organizational structure.
- S3's structural patterns apply to different layers of abstraction
- different structural patterns serve different drivers
- structural patterns can be adapted and combined as needed
- more patterns are out there and will be discovered
Outsource services required by two or more domains.
A service circle can be populated by members of the domains it serves, and/or by other people too.
Delegate making governance decisions affecting multiple domains to representatives selected by those domains.
To make governance decisions on their behalf, stakeholders send representatives to form a delegate circle.
Governance decisions made in a delegate circle are acted upon in the various domains it serves.
Delegate circles provide a way of steering organizations in alignment with the flow of value, and bring a diversity of perspectives to governance decision making.
A delegate circle may bring in other people (e.g. external experts) to help with specific decisions, or even as a member of the circle.
Deliver value in complex and competitive environments through decentralization (of resources and influence) and direct interaction between those creating value and the customers they serve.
Teams in the periphery:
- deliver value in direct exchange with the outside world (customers, partners, communities, municipalities etc.)
- steward the monetary resources and steer the organization
The center provides internal services to support the organization.
Domains are linked as required to flow information and influence, and to support collaboration around dependencies.
Delegate all authority for making governance decisions to self-governing circles, double-linked across all levels of the hierarchy, to transition from an traditional hierarchy towards a structure more suitable for tapping collective intelligence, ensuring equivalence and building engagement.
- Shift governance decision making from individuals to teams by forming self-governing circles on all levels of your organization.
- Each circle's members select one of their group to represent their interests and participate in the governance decision making of the next higher circle, and vice versa.
A double-linked hierarchy:
- brings equivalence to governance
- maintains the potential for a functional hierarchy (if it enables the flow of value).
See also: Circle, Double Linking, Representative
Multi-stakeholder collaboration and alignment towards a shared driver (or objective).
- improves potential for equivalence between various entities
- increases cross-departmental/organizational alignment
- supports multi-agency collaboration between departments or organizations with different primary motives, or that are in conflict
- suitable for one-off projects, or ongoing collaboration
Note: a service organization is sometimes referred to as a backbone organization.
Multiple constituents (organizations or projects) with a common (or similar) primary driver and structure can share learning across functional domains, align action and make high level governance decisions (e.g. overall strategy).
Creating a fractal organization can enable a large network to rapidly respond to changing contexts.
If necessary, the pattern can be repeated to connect multiple fractal organizations into one.
A fractal organization can be formed either by multiple in(ter-)dependent organizations which share a common (primary) driver, or by multiple branches, departments, or projects within a larger organization.
These constituents (i.e. organizations, branches, departments or projects) need to share at least some — and typically most — functional domains (e.g. accounting, product management, or development).
A fractal organization has at least three tiers:
- first tier: the constituents (i.e. organizations, branches, departments or projects)
- second tier: function-specific delegate circles to share learning and to make and evolve agreements on behalf of function-specific domains
- third tier: a cross-functional delegate circle to make and evolve agreements in response to drivers affecting the overall body of constituents
- Forming the second tier: In each constituent, the members of each common (and significant) functional domain, decide who of them will represent them in a function-specific delegate circle, where they share knowledge and learning, and contribute toward making and evolving agreements. Representatives are selected for a limited term (after which a new selection is made).
- Forming the third tier: second-tier delegate circles each select a delegate to form the cross-functional delegate circle.
Each constituent:
- gains access to a wide array of experience, wisdom and skills to increase effectiveness and innovation.
- can share resources, infrastructure and experience with other constituents according to capacity and need
The second and third tier:
- can test decisions simultaneously across multiple instances of a function-specific domain, providing extensive feedback and rapid learning
- organize, align and steer the whole system while preserving autonomy and agency of the individual constituents
- Objection: further refined definition of objection, and updated the glossary term for objection accordingly
- replaced "action" with activity in a few places where it made more sense
- fixed a few typos
- refined glossary terms for agreement, organization and team, added glossary term for objective
- Principle of Accountability: clarified individual accountability for work as well as for collaboration
- Contract For Successful Collaboration: revised text
- Describe Deliverables: added User Stories as an example for describing deliverables
- Double-Linked Hierarchy: revised summary
- Delegate Circle: refined summary
- Objection: refined definition of objection and concern, added illustration for a process to qualify an objection
- Proposal Forming: added missing process illustration
- Role Selection: small amendment to illustration
- Transparent Salary: explained what a salary formula is
General Changes
- expanded the introduction with more information about S3 and the history of sociocracy that was previously only available on the main S3 website
- updated section about governance in the introduction
- added captions to all illustrations
- renamed pattern group "Enablers of Co-Creation" to "Enablers of Collaboration"
- removed slide deck version and improved layout and formatting of pdf and ePub version
- website version: added clickable pattern map for simpler navigation und glossary overlays to many patterns
Glossary:
- added team to glossary (and replaced group with team throughout the practical guide where applicable)
- updated definition for deliverable
- removed driver statement from text and glossary
- updated definitions for governance, operations, and self-organization
Illustrations:
- updated templates for domain description and role description
- updated illustrations for Linking and Double-Linking
Changes to Patterns:
- Agreement: description now mentions that any expectations should be recorded
- Describe Deliverables: updated summary
- Describe Organizational Drivers: more information on summarizing drivers
- Resolve Objections: added summary and description
General Changes
- added and revised the brief summary for many of the patterns
- removed bullet points in favor of full sentences in many patterns
- lots of small improvements to grammar and language
- included the URL to the web version of the practical guide
Glossary:
- updated: account for (v.), concern, deliverable, governance, objection, operations, primary driver, principle, role, self-organization, semi-autonomy, subdriver, values
- added: constituent, coordination, delegation, driver statement, evolve (v.), flow of value, helping team, open domain
- removed: peer driver
Changes to Introduction
- added the driver for creating Sociocracy 3.0
- The Seven Principles:
- The Principle of Empiricism: removed reference to “falsification”
- The Principle of Consent is now explained more clearly as “Raise, seek-out and resolve objections to decisions and actions”
- Governance, Semi-Autonomy and Self-Organization: we refined the definitions of Governance, Operations, and Self-Organization, removed any reference to “coordination”, and clarified the distinction between governance and operations
- Drivers and Domains - we clarified how domains can be understood in relation to organizational drivers
Changes to Patterns:
- Agree on Values: improved description
- Align Flow: improved description and illustration
- Adapt Patterns To Context: improved description
- Agreement: improved description, updated template
- Artful Participation: improved summary
- Clarify Intended Outcome (renamed from Intended Outcome): improved description
- Consent Decision Making: improved description, updated illustration
- Continuous Improvement Of Work Process: improved description
- Contract For Successful Collaboration: renamed the pattern to a more descriptive name, and explained process of creating contracts, and what needs to be in them
- Coordination Meeting: clarified agenda items, updated illustration
- Delegate Circle: improved description
- Delegate Influence: improved description
- Describe Deliverables: improved description
- Describe Organizational Drivers: made explicit that a driver statement is typically only 1-2 sentences, revised section about explaining the need, moved the section about reviewing driver statements from Respond to Organizational Drivers to this pattern, and added a new illustration that explains how to describe organizational drivers
- Double Linking: aligned description to Link
- Double-Linked Hierarchy: explained in more detail what a double-linked hierarchy is, and how it is created
- Evaluate and Evolve Agreements: rearranged the text so it's clear there is a long and a short format
- Evaluation Criteria: suggested clarifying a threshold for success, and we explained about also evolving evaluation criteria when evolving agreements
- Facilitate Meetings: improved description
- Fractal Organization: extended and improved description
- Governance Backlog: improved description
- Governance Meeting: improved description, clarified agenda items
- Invite Change: description now focuses on how to invite change
- Linking: aligned description to Double Linking
- Logbook: clarified that there is no difference between logbooks for groups and logbooks for roles
- Navigate Via Tension: improved description, added a new illustration to clarify the distinction between Navigate Via Tension, Describe Organizational Drivers and Respond to Organizational Drivers
- Objection: clarified the difference between objection and concern, clarified what qualifies as an objection, and how to qualify objections in a group context
- Open Domain: improved description and updated illustration
- Open Systems: improved description
- Open Space for Change: renamed from Open S3 Adoption, improved description
- Peach Organization: clarified relationship between periphery and center
- Proposal Forming: revised text and illustration to make process of choosing tuners more clear, updated template for proposal to align with template for agreement
- Representative: improved description
- Resolve Objections: updated both illustrations
- Respond to Organizational Drivers: improved description, simplified qualification of organizational drivers
- Role: improved description
- Role Selection: improved description, added description of each step
- Rounds: improved description
- Transparent Salary: added more details about fairness, and on how to develop a salary formula
Renamed Patterns:
- Evaluate Agreements to Evaluate and Evolve Agreements
- Intended Outcome to Clarify Intended Outcome
- Open S3 Adoption to Open Space for Change
- Contracting and Accountability to Contract For Successful Collaboration
Added Patterns:
- Check In
- Co-create Proposals
- Prepare for Meetings
- Timebox Activities
- renamed pattern Describe Drivers to Describe Organizational Drivers
- Describe Organizational Drivers: explained four aspects of a driver: current situation, effect of the situation on the organization, need of the organization in relation to this situation, and impact of attending to need
- added need to glossary
- small corrections
- aligned glossary entries for Circle and Role to pattern text
- Development Plan: clarification of responsibilities
- Role: clarified evolution of strategy
- various small clarifications and corrections
- Circle: clarified relationship between circle and domain
- Role: improved description
- Rounds: improved description
- moved Open Domain, Helping Team and Open Systems to category "Building Organizations"
- added several terms to the glossary
- added Liliana David to authors
- dropped the term "framework" (replaced with "practical guide")
- updated order of patterns
- added an index of all the patterns
- added a glossary
- added acknowledgments
- various small clarifications and corrections to text and illustrations
- updated templates for agreement and development plan
Changes to Introduction
- added "what's in it for me?"
- added definitions for governance, self-organization, semi-autonomy, operations to introduction
- clarified domains and their relationship to drivers
- fleshed out core concepts
- made all principles actionable
Changes to Patterns:
- Artful Participation: improved description
- Agreement: clarified that the concept of agreements is applicable to people in roles
- Clarify Domains: improved description
- Circle: updated definition of "circle", improved description
- Driver: updated definition of "driver"
- Development Plan: improved description, updated template
- Develop Strategy: updated definition of "strategy", improved description
- Double-Linked Hierarchy: new illustration
- Evaluate Agreements: aligned questions to peer review
- Governance Backlog: improved description
- Logbook: added details about governance to personal logbook
- Objections: clarified qualifying objections
- Peer Review: improved description
- Respond to Organizational Driver: integrated information about qualifying drivers
- Role: clarified role keeper may maintain a governance backlog, introduced the term "role keeper" for a person in a role
- Proposal Forming: added criteria for selecting tuners, added step for prioritizing considerations, small clarifications
- Resolve Objections: updated illustration to better reflect the process
Renamed Patterns:
- Backbone Organization to Service Organization
- Effectiveness Review to Peer Review
- Strategy to Develop Strategy
- Domain Description to Clarify Domains
- Describing Deliverables to Describe Deliverables
Added Patterns:
- Delegate Influence
- Describe Drivers
- Open Domain
Removed Patterns
- Coordination Circle
- Nested Domains
- Qualify Driver
The latest online version of the Practical Guide at http://patterns.sociocracy30.org can be annotated via hypothes.is and comes with an alphabetical index and a pattern map for easy navigation.
Various other formats and languages of the practical guide can be found at http://sociocracy30.org/guide/
More S3 Resources: http://sociocracy30.org/resources/
Main S3 website: http://sociocracy30.org
Follow us on twitter: @sociocracy30
"Sociocracy 3.0 - A Practical Guide" by Bernhard Bockelbrink, James Priest and Liliana David is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, which is a Free Culture License.
Basically this license grants you:
- Freedom to use the work itself.
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To view the the full text of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode
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If you create a derivative work, you must give appropriate credit, and indicate which changes you made. A good attribution contains title, author, source and license, like this:
This work, “[name of your work]”, is a derivative of “Sociocracy 3.0 - A Practical Guide” by James Priest, Bernhard Bockelbrink and Liliana David used under CC BY SA. “[name of your work]” is licensed under CC BY SA by [your name].
You can find out more about attribution on the Creative Commons page about best practices for attribution.
This commitment supports:
Practitioners and teachers with clear guidance on how to continually develop their experience and skills in sharing about and applying S3 patterns, and improve their knowledge and understanding of S3 as it evolves.
Clients and students in selecting the people they wish to work with and learn from, according to their level of experience and the quality and integrity of their work.
If you follow the voluntary Commitment you can add our banners to your website, or to other materials that promote you as a practitioner or teacher of Sociocracy 3.0. Please consider signing the commitment so that we can notify you of proposed changes to the ICPT and seek any objections or concerns you may have. Thank you.
You can find out more about the ICPT at https://sociocracy30.org/s3-intentional-commitment/
Intentional Commitment for Practitioners and Teachers of Sociocracy 3.0
I commit to developing a sociocratic and agile mindset, and I hold myself accountable to practice and teach Sociocracy 3.0 with integrity, by following these guidelines:
I strive to follow the seven principles in my daily life. I commit to participating artfully in my collaboration with others.
I practice and facilitate S3 patterns.
I maintain appropriate confidentiality about issues relating to my clients.
I will work in accordance with my level of competence and the client’s needs, and disclose when I am out of my depth.
I stay up to date with the ongoing developments of the S3 and the way it’s presented. (e.g. by following the changelog in the latest version of the practical guide)
I will continue learning about S3, deepen my understanding and explore related topics.
I am transparent about my level of experience, my understanding of S3, the feedback I receive and my development plan.
I conduct regular peer reviews, and I integrate feedback from clients and peers into evolving what I’m doing.
I will give all clients/peers the chance to publicly share feedback.
I am part of an organized intervision group (of at least 3 people, e.g. a triad or a circle) for collaborative learning to support my development, where I share about my practice and offer and receive help from peers, including relating to resources any one of us creates.
I dedicate some time to actively support others from the S3 community to learn and grow.
I will make any S3 resources I adapt or create available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.
I will discuss possible objections relating to S3 patterns in my intervision group, and pass to S3 developers if I believe they qualify.
The content of Sociocracy 3.0 reflects the accumulated experience and wisdom of contributors across generations. These people have shared a common quest: to evolve more effective, harmonious and conscious ways of collaborating together.
Particular recognition goes to Gerard Endenburg and others over the years who have committed significant time towards evolving and documenting the Sociocratic Circle Organization Method, which has contributed towards and inspired the evolution of Sociocracy 3.0.
We’d also like to recognize all those who have worked extensively to facilitate the emergence of a more agile and lean mindset, and those who have developed and shared various practices with the world.
Finally to acknowledge our numerous colleagues, customers, clients and attendees of Sociocracy 3.0 courses who have chosen to experiment with Sociocracy 3.0. Thank you for contributing your ongoing feedback to help evolve the patterns and enable us all to learn and grow.
By no means an exhaustive list, we’d like to offer our appreciation to the following people who directly contributed toward developing Sociocracy 3.0, or whose work influenced what it is today:
Gojko Adzic, Lyssa Adkins, Christopher Alexander, David J. Anderson, Ruth Andrade, Jurgen Appelo, Kent Beck, Sue Bell, Angelina Bockelbrink, Jesper Boeg, Kees Boeke, Mary Boone, John Buck, Betty Cadbury, Diana Leafe Christian, Mike Cohn, Stephen Covey, Gigi Coyle, Jef Cumps, David Deida, Esther Derby, Kourosh Dini, Jutta Eckstein, Frands Frydendal, Gerard Endenburg, Andreas Hertel, Andrei Iuoraia, François Knuchel, Diana Larsen, Helmut Leitner, Jim and Michele McCarthy, Pieter van der Meche, Daniel Mezick, Susanne Mühlbauer, Niels Pfläging, Mary and Tom Poppendieck, Karl Popper, Brian Robertson, Marshall Rosenberg, Dave Snowden, Hal and Sidra Stone, Ken Schwaber, Jeff Sutherland, Sharon Villines, Nathaniel Whitestone, Ken Wilber, Jack Zimmerman.
We sell consulting, learning facilitation, coaching and mentoring, including but not limited to Sociocracy 3.0. We dedicate a part of our time and money to create free resources about Sociocracy 3.0 as part of our ongoing commitment to make sociocracy and related ideas more accessible to the wider world.
... serves internationally, providing organizational development consultancy, learning facilitation, and mentoring for people wishing to evolve collaborative, adaptive organizations at scale.
https://thriveincollaboration.com
... is an agile coach, trainer and consultant supporting individuals, teams and organizations in navigating complex challenges and developing a culture of effective, conscious and joyful collaboration.
https://evolvingcollaboration.com
... serves internationally, providing training, facilitation and mentoring to teams and organizations wishing to develop greater effectiveness and equivalence in collaboration.
https://thriveincollaboration.com
Account for (v.): to take the responsibility for something. Accountability (principle): Respond when something is needed, do what you agreed to do, and take ownership for the course of the organization. Agreement: An agreed upon guideline, process, protocol or policy designed to guide the flow of value. Alignment: The process of bringing the actions of all parts of an organization in line with the organization's objectives. Backlog: A list of (often prioritized) uncompleted work items (deliverables), or (drivers) that need to be addressed. Check-In: A brief disclosure where you share something about what’s up for you and how you are, revealing thoughts, feelings, distractions or needs. Chosen Values: A set of principles a team (or an organization) has chosen to collectively adopt to guide their behavior in the context of their collaboration. Circle: A self-governing and semi-autonomous team of equivalent people who collaborate to account for a domain. Complexity: An environment where unknowns are unknown, cause and effect can only be understood in retrospect, and actions lead to unpredictable changes. [Snowden and Boone] Concern: An assumption why doing something (even in the absence of objections) might stand in the way of (more) effective response to an organizational driver. Consent (principle): Raise, seek out and resolve objections to decisions and actions. Constituent: A team (e.g. a circle, team, department, branch, project or organization) who delegate authority to a representative to act on their behalf in other team or organizations. Continuous Improvement (principle): Change incrementally to accommodate steady empirical learning. Coordination: The process of enabling individuals or teams to collaborate effectively across different domains to achieve shared objectives. Delegatee: An individual or group accepting accountability for a domain delegated to them.
Delegation: The grant of authority by one party (the delegator) to another (the delegatee) to account for a domain, (i.e. to do certain things and/or to make certain decisions) for which the delegator maintains overall accountability. Delegator: An individual or group delegating a domain to other(s) to be accountable for. Deliverable: A product, service, component or material provided in response to an organizational driver. Domain: A distinct area of influence, activity and decision making within an organization. Driver: A person’s or a group's motive for responding to a specific situation. Effectiveness (principle): Devote time only to what brings you closer toward achieving your objectives. Empiricism (principle): Test all assumptions through experimentation and continuous revision. Equivalence (principle): Involve people in making and evolving decisions that affect them. Evolve (v.): to develop gradually. Flow of Value: Deliverables traveling through an organization towards customers or other stakeholders. Governance: The act of setting objectives, and making and evolving decisions that guide people towards achieving them. Governance Backlog: A visible, prioritized list of items (drivers) that are related to governing a domain and require attention. Helping Team: A team of equivalent people with the mandate to execute on a specific set of requirements. Intended Outcome: The expected result of an agreement, action, project or strategy. Key responsibilities: Essential work and decision making required in the context of a domain. Logbook: A (digital) system to store all information relevant for running an organization.
Need: The lack of something wanted or deemed necessary (a requirement). Objection: An argument demonstrating (or revealing) how a (proposed) agreement or activity can lead to unintended consequences, or that there are worthwhile ways to improve it. Objective: A (specific) result that a person or team or organization wants to achieve; an aim or a goal. Open Domain: A domain that is accounted for by a set of people who are invited to contribute when they can. Operations: Doing the work and organizing day to day activities within the constraints defined through governance. Operations Backlog: A visible list of (typically prioritized) uncompleted work items (deliverables). Organization: A group of people collaborating toward a shared driver (or objective). Often an organization subdivides into several teams. Organizational Driver: A driver is a person’s or a group's motive for responding to a specific situation. A driver is considered an organizational driver if responding to it would help the organization generate value, eliminate waste or avoid harm. Pattern: A template for successfully navigating a specific context. Peer Domain: Two peer domains are contained within the same immediate superdomain, and may be overlapping. Primary Driver: The primary driver for a domain is the main driver that people who account for that domain respond to. Principle: A basic idea or rule that guides behavior, or explains or controls how something happens or works. Role: A domain that is delegated to an individual. Self-Governance: People governing themselves within the constraints of a domain. Self-Organization: Any activity or process through which people organize their day-to-day work without the influence of an external agent, and within constraints defined through governance. In any organization or team, self-organization and external influence co-exist. Semi-Autonomy: The autonomy of people to create value within their domain, further limited by their own governance decisions, and objections (including those of the delegator and of representatives).
Sociocracy: A mindset where people affected by decisions can influence them on the basis of reasons to do so. Sociocratic Circle-Organisation Method (SCM): An egalitarian governance method for organizations based on a sociocratic mindset, developed in the Netherlands by Gerard Endenburg. Strategy: A high level approach for how people will create value to successfully account for a domain. Subdomain: A domain that is fully contained within another domain. Subdriver: A subdriver arises as a consequence of responding to another driver (the superdriver) and is essential for effectively responding to the superdriver. Superdomain: A domain that fully contains another domain. Superdriver: see subdriver. Team: A group of people collaborating toward a shared driver (or objective). Typically a team is part of an organization, or it is formed as a collaboration of several organizations. Tension: A personal experience, a symptom of dissonance between an individual's perception of a situation, and their expectations or preferences. Timebox: A fixed period of time spent focused on a specific activity (which is not necessarily finished by the end of the timebox). Transparency (principle): Make all information accessible to everyone in an organization, unless there is a reason for confidentiality. Value: The importance, worth or usefulness of something in relation to a driver. Also "a principle of some significance that guides behavior" (mostly used as plural, "values", or "organizational values"). Values: Valued principles that guide behavior. Not to be confused with "value" (singular) in the context of a driver. Waste: Anything unnecessary for — or standing in the way of — a (more) effective response of a driver.
| Patterns | Patterns (…) |
|---|---|
| Adapt Patterns To Context - 5.1<br>Adopt The Seven Principles - 3.2<br>Agree On Values - 3.3<br>Agreement - 6.1<br>Align Flow - 9.7<br>Artful Participation - 3.1<br>Ask For Help - 2.1<br>Backlog - 9.1<br>Be The Change - 5.3<br>Breaking Agreements - 3.5<br>Bylaws - 3.9<br>Check In - 8.4<br>Circle - 4.2<br>Clarify Domains - 6.3<br>Clarify Intended Outcome - 6.4<br>Co-Create Proposals - 1.9<br>Consent Decision Making - 1.4<br>Continuous Improvement Of Work Process - 5.6<br>Contract For Successful Collaboration - 3.6<br>Coordination Meeting - 7.5 | Coordinator - 9.8<br>Create A Pull-System For Organizational Change - 5.2<br>Daily Standup - 7.3<br>Delegate Circle - 10.2<br>Delegate Influence - 4.1<br>Describe Deliverables - 6.5<br>Describe Organizational Drivers - 1.3<br>Develop Strategy - 6.2<br>Development Plan - 2.4<br>Double Linking - 4.5<br>Double-Linked Hierarchy - 10.4<br>Driver Mapping - 1.12<br>Evaluate And Evolve Agreements - 1.7<br>Evaluate Meetings - 8.5<br>Evaluation Criteria - 6.6<br>Facilitate Meetings - 8.2<br>Fractal Organization - 10.6<br>Governance Backlog - 8.7<br>Governance Facilitator - 3.4<br>Governance Meeting - 7.1 |
| Patterns (…) | Patterns (…) |
|---|---|
| Helping Team - 4.7<br>Invite Change - 5.4<br>Limit Work In Progress - 9.5<br>Linking - 4.4<br>Logbook - 6.7<br>Logbook Keeper - 6.8<br>Meeting Host - 8.6<br>Navigate Via Tension - 1.2<br>Objection - 1.5<br>Open Domain - 4.8<br>Open Space For Change - 5.5<br>Open Systems - 4.9<br>Peach Organization - 10.3<br>Peer Feedback - 2.2<br>Peer Review - 2.3<br>Planning And Review Meetings - 7.4<br>Prepare For Meetings - 8.3<br>Prioritize Backlogs - 9.2<br>Proposal Forming - 1.10<br>Pull-System For Work - 9.4 | Representative - 4.6<br>Resolve Objections - 1.6<br>Respond To Organizational Drivers - 1.1<br>Retrospective - 7.2<br>Role - 4.3<br>Role Selection - 1.11<br>Rounds - 8.1<br>Service Circle - 10.1<br>Service Organization - 10.5<br>Support Role - 3.8<br>Those Affected Decide - 1.8<br>Timebox Activities - 9.6<br>Transparent Salary - 3.7<br>Visualize Work - 9.3 |