README.md

CosmosDB PowerShell Module

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Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Requirements
• Recommended Knowledge
• Installation
• Getting Started
  • Working with Contexts
    • Create a Context using an Entra ID Authorization Token
      • Configuring Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) with Entra ID
      • Database Operations allowed by Role-Based Access Control
    • Create a Context specifying the Key Manually
    • Use CosmosDB Module to Retrieve Key from Azure Management Portal
    • Create a Context from Resource Authorization Tokens
    • Create a Context for a Cosmos DB in Azure US Government Cloud
    • Create a Context for a Cosmos DB in Azure China Cloud (Mooncake)
    • Create a Context for a Cosmos DB with a Custom Endpoint
    • Create a Context for a Cosmos DB Emulator
  • Working with Accounts
  • Working with Databases
  • Working with Offers
  • Working with Collections
    • Creating a Collection with a custom Indexing Policy
    • Creating a Collection with a custom Indexing Policy including Composite Indexes
    • Update an existing Collection with a new Indexing Policy
    • Creating a Collection with a custom Indexing Policy using JSON
    • Creating a Collection with a custom Unique Key Policy
    • Update an existing Collection with a new Unique Key Policy
    • Creating a Collection without a Partition Key
  • Working with Documents
    • Using a While Loop to get all Documents in a Collection
    • Working with Documents in a non-partitioned Collection
  • Using Resource Authorization Tokens
  • Working with Attachments
  • Working with Users
  • Stored Procedures
  • Working with Triggers
  • Working with User Defined Functions
  • How to Handle Exceeding Provisioned Throughput
• Compatibility and Testing
• Contributing
• Cmdlets
• Change Log
• Links

Introduction

This PowerShell module provides cmdlets for working with Azure Cosmos DB.

The CosmosDB PowerShell module enables management of:

• Attachments
• Collections
• Databases
• Documents
• Offers
• Permissions
• Stored Procedures
• Triggers
• User Defined Functions
• Users

The module uses the Cosmos DB (DocumentDB) Rest APIs.

For more information on the Cosmos DB Rest APIs, see this link.

Requirements

This module requires the following:

• Windows PowerShell 5.x, PowerShell Core 6.x or PowerShell 7.x

PowerShell Module Dependencies

• Az.Account: v2.19.0 or newer.
• Az.Resources: 6.16.2 or newer.

These modules are required if using New-CosmosDbContext -ResourceGroupName $resourceGroup or *-CosmosDbAccount functions.

Recommended Knowledge

It is recommended that before using this module it is important to understand the fundamental concepts of Cosmos DB. This will ensure you have an optimal experience by adopting design patterns that align to Cosmos DB best practice.

Users new to Cosmos DB should familiarize themselves with the following concepts:

• Overview of Cosmos DB
• NoSQL vs. Relational Databases
• Partitioning

It is also recommended to watch this Ignite video on data modelling and partitioning in Cosmos DB.

Installation

To install the module from PowerShell Gallery, use the PowerShell Cmdlet:

Install-Module -Name CosmosDB

Getting Started

The easiest way to use this module is to first create a context object using the New-CosmosDbContext cmdlet which you can then use to pass to the other Cosmos DB cmdlets in the module.

To create the context object you will either need access to the primary primary or secondary keys from your Cosmos DB account or allow the CosmosDB Powershell module to retrieve the keys directly from the Azure management portal for you.

Working with Contexts

Create a Context Using an Entra ID Authorization Token

You can create a context object that can include use an Entra ID Authorization Token that will be used to authenticate requests to Cosmos DB.

Important: This is a recommended security practice to use when you've configured role-based access control with Microsoft Entra ID on your Azure Cosmos DB account. It will help you keep your account secure by not exposing the primary or secondary keys in your code.

To create a context object using an Entra ID Authorization Token you will need to set the EntraIdToken parameter to the token you have retrieved from Entra ID for the identity that you have given appropriate permissions to the account, database and/or collection. See this page for more infomration.

# Get an OAuth2 resource token from Entra ID for the Cosmos DB account.
# This will use the currently logged in user to authenticate to Entra ID to
# get the token. There are many other ways of doing this.
$entraIdOAuthToken = Get-CosmosDbEntraIdToken -Endpoint 'https://MyAzureCosmosDB.documents.azure.com'

$newCosmosDbContextParams  = @{
    Account      = 'MyAzureCosmosDB'
    EntraIdToken = $entraIdOAuthToken
}
$accountContext = New-CosmosDbContext @newCosmosDbContextParams
Get-CosmosDbCollection -Context $accountContext -Id MyNewCollection

An alternate method is to allow the New-CosmosDbContext cmdlet to retrieve the Entra ID token for you. This will require you to have already logged into Azure and will use the base URI detected for the account as the resource URI for the token request.

$newCosmosDbContextParams  = @{
    Account      = 'MyAzureCosmosDB'
    AutoGenerateEntraIdToken = $true
}
$accountContext = New-CosmosDbContext @newCosmosDbContextParams
Get-CosmosDbCollection -Context $accountContext -Id MyNewCollection

Important: Using an Entra ID Authorization Token is only supported by setting it in a CosmosDB.Context object and passing that to the commands you want to execute. Not all commands support this method of authentication. If you need to use a command that doesn't support this method of authentication, you will need to use one of the other methods of authentication. See the Database Operations allowed by Role-Based Access Control section for more information.

Configuring Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) with Entra ID

There are several ways to configure a Cosmos DB Account with Role-Based Access Control, including:

• Azure Bicep: An example can be found in the \tests\TestHelper\AzureDeploy\CosmosDb.bicep file.
• Azure PowerShell: The integration tests use this method.
• AzCli.

Important Note: One thing I found when adding a SQL Role Assignment to the Cosmos DB Account (or Database or Container) is that the principal ID must be the Object ID of the user, group or service principal that you want to assign the role to. You can't use the Application ID for this value.

For more information on how to configure Role-Based Access Control with Entra ID, see the Configure role-based access control with Microsoft Entra ID for your Azure Cosmos DB account page.

Database Operations allowed by Role-Based Access Control

Only a subset of all the operations that can be performed on a Cosmos DB account are allowed by Role-Based Access Control. The following operations are allowed: This permission model covers only database operations that involve reading and writing data. It does not cover any kind of management operations on management resources, including:

• Create/Replace/Delete Database
• Create/Replace/Delete Container
• Read/Replace Container Throughput
• Create/Replace/Delete/Read Stored Procedures
• Create/Replace/Delete/Read Triggers
• Create/Replace/Delete/Read User Defined Functions

For more information on this, please see the Role-based access control (RBAC) with Azure Cosmos DB page.

Create a Context specifying the Key Manually

Note: This method of authenticating to Cosmos DB is not recommended for production use. It is recommended to use the Entra ID Authorization Token method described above.

First convert your key into a secure string:

$primaryKey = ConvertTo-SecureString -String 'GFJqJesi2Rq910E0G7P4WoZkzowzbj23Sm9DUWFX0l0P8o16mYyuaZBN00Nbtj9F1QQnumzZKSGZwknXGERrlA==' -AsPlainText -Force

Use the key secure string, Azure Cosmos DB account name and database to create a context variable:

$cosmosDbContext = New-CosmosDbContext -Account MyAzureCosmosDB -Database MyDatabase -Key $primaryKey

Use CosmosDB Module to Retrieve Key from Azure Management Portal

Note: This method of authenticating to Cosmos DB is not recommended for production use. It is recommended to use the Entra ID Authorization Token method described above.

To create a context object so that the CosmosDB PowerShell module retrieves the primary or secondary key from the Azure Management Portal, use the following command:

$cosmosDbContext = New-CosmosDbContext -Account MyAzureCosmosDB -Database MyDatabase -ResourceGroupName MyCosmosDbResourceGroup -MasterKeyType SecondaryMasterKey

Note: if PowerShell is not connected to Azure then an interactive Azure login will be initiated. If PowerShell is already connected to an account that doesn't contain the Cosmos DB you wish to connect to then you will first need to connect to the correct account using the Connect-AzAccount cmdlet.

Create a Context from Resource Authorization Tokens

Note: This method of authenticating to Cosmos DB is better than using master key authentication, as it provides the ability to limit access to specific resources. However, it is recommended to use the Entra ID Authorization Token method described above if possible.

See the section Using Resource Authorization Tokens for instructions on how to create a Context object containing one or more Resource Authorization Tokens.

Create a Context for a Cosmos DB in Azure US Government Cloud

Note: This method of authenticating to Cosmos DB is not recommended for production use. It is recommended to use the Entra ID Authorization Token method described above.

Use the key secure string, Azure Cosmos DB account name and database to create a context variable and set the Environment parameter to AzureUSGovernment:

$cosmosDbContext = New-CosmosDbContext -Account MyAzureCosmosDB -Database MyDatabase -Key $primaryKey -Environment AzureUSGovernment

Create a Context for a Cosmos DB in Azure China Cloud (Mooncake)

Note: This method of authenticating to Cosmos DB is not recommended for production use. It is recommended to use the Entra ID Authorization Token method described above.

Use the key secure string, Azure Cosmos DB account name and database to create a context variable and set the Environment parameter to AzureChinaCloud:

$cosmosDbContext = New-CosmosDbContext -Account MyAzureCosmosDB -Database MyDatabase -Key $primaryKey -Environment AzureChinaCloud

Create a Context for a Cosmos DB with a Custom Endpoint

Use the key secure string, Azure Cosmos DB account name, database and Cosmos DB custom endpoint hostname:

$cosmosDbContext = New-CosmosDbContext -Account MyAzureCosmosDB -Database MyDatabase -Key $primaryKey -EndpointHostname documents.eassov.com

Create a Context for a Cosmos DB Emulator

Microsoft provides a Cosmos DB emulator that you can run locally to enable testing and debugging scenarios. To create a context for a Cosmos DB emulator installed on the localhost use the following command:

$cosmosDbContext = New-CosmosDbContext -Emulator -Database MyDatabase

You can also provide a custom URI if the emulator is hosted on another machine or an alternate port as well as specifying an alternate Key to use:

$primaryKey = ConvertTo-SecureString -String 'GFJqJesi2Rq910E0G7P4WoZkzowzbj23Sm9DUWFX0l0P8o16mYyuaZBN00Nbtj9F1QQnumzZKSGZwknXGERrlA==' -AsPlainText -Force
$cosmosDbContext = New-CosmosDbContext -Emulator -Database MyDatabase -Uri https://cosmosdbemulator.contoso.com:9081 -Key $primaryKey

Working with Accounts

You can create, retrieve, update and remove Azure Cosmos DB accounts using this module. To use these features you will need to ensure the Az.Profile and Az.Resources modules installed - See Requirements above.

Note: You must have first logged PowerShell into Azure using the Connect-AzAccount function before you can use these functions.

Create a new Cosmos DB account in Azure:

New-CosmosDbAccount -Name MyAzureCosmosDB -ResourceGroupName MyCosmosDbResourceGroup -Location WestUS

Get the properties of an existing Cosmos DB account in Azure:

Get-CosmosDbAccount -Name MyAzureCosmosDB -ResourceGroupName MyCosmosDbResourceGroup

Get a Secure String containing the Primary Master Key for an account in Azure:

$key = Get-CosmosDbAccountMasterKey -Name MyAzureCosmosDB -ResourceGroupName MyCosmosDbResourceGroup

Get a Secure String containing the Secondary Readonly Master Key for an account in Azure:

$key = Get-CosmosDbAccountMasterKey -Name MyAzureCosmosDB -ResourceGroupName MyCosmosDbResourceGroup -MasterKeyType SecondaryReadonlyMasterKey

Regenerate the Primary Readonly Master Key for an account in Azure:

New-CosmosDbAccountMasterKey -Name MyAzureCosmosDB -ResourceGroupName MyCosmosDbResourceGroup -MasterKeyType PrimaryReadonlyMasterKey

Get the connection strings used to connect to an existing Cosmos DB account in Azure:

Note: This function is not currently working due to an issue in the Microsoft/DocumentDB Provider. See this issue for more information.

Get-CosmosDbAccountConnectionString -Name MyAzureCosmosDB -ResourceGroupName MyCosmosDbResourceGroup

Update an existing Cosmos DB account in Azure:

Set-CosmosDbAccount -Name MyAzureCosmosDB -ResourceGroupName MyCosmosDbResourceGroup -Location WestUS -DefaultConsistencyLevel Strong

Delete an existing Cosmos DB account in Azure:

Remove-CosmosDbAccount -Name MyAzureCosmosDB -ResourceGroupName MyCosmosDbResourceGroup

Working with Databases

Create a new database in the Cosmos DB account with database throughput provisioned at 1200 RU/s:

New-CosmosDbDatabase -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyDatabase -OfferThroughput 1200

Create a new database in the Cosmos DB account with autoscaling throughput with a maximum of 40,000 RU/s down to a minimum of 4,000 RU/s:

New-CosmosDbDatabase -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyDatabase -AutoscaleThroughput 40000

Create a new database in the Cosmos DB account that will have throughput provisioned at the collection rather than the database:

New-CosmosDbDatabase -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id DatabaseWithCollectionThroughput

Get a list of databases in the Cosmos DB account:

Get-CosmosDbDatabase -Context $cosmosDbContext

Get the specified database from the Cosmos DB account:

Get-CosmosDbDatabase -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyDatabase

Working with Offers

Get a list of offers in the Cosmos DB account:

Get-CosmosDbOffer -Context $cosmosDbContext

Query the offers in the Cosmos DB account:

Get-CosmosDbOffer -Context $cosmosDbContext -Query 'SELECT * FROM root WHERE (root["id"] = "lyiu")'

Update an existing V2 offer to set a different throughput:

Get-CosmosDbOffer -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id lyiu |
    Set-CosmosDbOffer -Context $cosmosDbContext -OfferThroughput 1000 -OfferIsRUPerMinuteThroughputEnabled $true

Update all existing V2 offers to set a different throughput:

Get-CosmosDbOffer -Context $cosmosDbContext -Query 'SELECT * FROM root WHERE (root["offerVersion"] = "V2")' |
    Set-CosmosDbOffer -Context $cosmosDbContext -OfferThroughput 10000 -OfferIsRUPerMinuteThroughputEnabled $false

Working with Collections

Get a list of collections in a database:

Get-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext

Create a collection in the database with the partition key 'id' and the offer throughput of 50,000 RU/s:

New-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyNewCollection -PartitionKey id -OfferThroughput 50000

Create a collection in the database with the partition key 'id' using autoscaling with the maximum throughput of 40,000 RU/s and a mimimum of 4,000 RU/s:

New-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyNewCollection -PartitionKey id -AutoscaleThroughput 40000

Get a specified collection from a database:

Get-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyNewCollection

Get the first 5 collections from a database with a continuation token to allow retrieval of further collections:

$ResponseHeader = $null
$collections = Get-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -MaxItemCount 5 -ResponseHeader ([ref] $ResponseHeader)
$continuationToken = Get-CosmosDbContinuationToken -ResponseHeader $ResponseHeader

Get the next 5 collections from a database using a continuation token:

$collections = Get-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -MaxItemCount 5 -ContinuationToken $continuationToken

Delete a collection from the database:

Remove-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyNewCollection

Creating a Collection with a custom Indexing Policy

You can create a collection with a custom indexing policy by assembling an Indexing Policy object using the functions:

• New-CosmosDbCollectionCompositeIndexElement
• New-CosmosDbCollectionIncludedPathIndex
• New-CosmosDbCollectionIncludedPath
• New-CosmosDbCollectionExcludedPath
• New-CosmosDbCollectionIndexingPolicy

For example, to create a string range, a number range index and a point spatial index on the '/*' path using consistent indexing mode with no excluded paths:

$indexStringRange = New-CosmosDbCollectionIncludedPathIndex -Kind Range -DataType String
$indexNumberRange = New-CosmosDbCollectionIncludedPathIndex -Kind Range -DataType Number
$indexPointSpatial = New-CosmosDbCollectionIncludedPathIndex -Kind Spatial -DataType Point
$indexIncludedPath = New-CosmosDbCollectionIncludedPath -Path '/*' -Index $indexStringRange, $indexNumberRange, $indexPointSpatial
$indexingPolicy = New-CosmosDbCollectionIndexingPolicy -Automatic $true -IndexingMode Consistent -IncludedPath $indexIncludedPath
New-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyNewCollection -PartitionKey id -IndexingPolicy $indexingPolicy

Important Index Notes

The Hash index Kind is no longer supported by Cosmos DB. A warning will be displayed if the Hash index Kind is used. The Hash index Kind will be removed in a future BREAKING release of the Cosmos DB module. See this page for more information.

The Precision parameter is no longer supported by Cosmos DB and will be ignored. The maximum precision of -1 will always be used for Range indexes. A warning will be displayed if the Precision parameter is passed. The Precision parameter will be removed in a future BREAKING release of the Cosmos DB module. See this page for more information.

It is recommended to remove the use of the Hash index Kind and any instances of the Precision parameter and any automation or scripts to avoid being affected by future BREAKING CHANGES.

For more information on how Cosmos DB indexes documents, see this page.

Creating a Collection with a custom Indexing Policy including Composite Indexes

To create a custom indexing policy that automatically indexes all paths but also includes two composite indexes, each consisting of two paths:

$compositeIndex = @(
    @(
        (New-CosmosDbCollectionCompositeIndexElement -Path /name -Order Ascending ),
        (New-CosmosDbCollectionCompositeIndexElement -Path /age -Order Ascending )
    ),
    @(
        (New-CosmosDbCollectionCompositeIndexElement -Path /name -Order Ascending ),
        (New-CosmosDbCollectionCompositeIndexElement -Path /age -Order Descending )
    )
)
$indexIncludedPath = New-CosmosDbCollectionIncludedPath -Path '/*'
$indexingPolicy = New-CosmosDbCollectionIndexingPolicy -Automatic $true -IndexingMode Consistent -IncludedPath $indexIncludedPath -CompositeIndex $compositeIndex
New-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyNewCollection -PartitionKey id -IndexingPolicy $indexingPolicy

Update an existing Collection with a new Indexing Policy

You can update an existing collection with a custom indexing policy by assembling an Indexing Policy using the method in the previous section and then applying it using the Set-CosmosDbCollection function:

$indexStringRange = New-CosmosDbCollectionIncludedPathIndex -Kind Range -DataType String
$indexIncludedPath = New-CosmosDbCollectionIncludedPath -Path '/*' -Index $indexStringRange
$indexingPolicy = New-CosmosDbCollectionIndexingPolicy -Automatic $true -IndexingMode Consistent -IncludedPath $indexIncludedPath
Set-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyExistingCollection -IndexingPolicy $indexingPolicy

After updating a collection with an indexing policy it will take some time to transform the index. To retrieve the progress of the index transformation, call the Get-CosmosDbCollection function and then evaluate the value of the

PS C:\> $ResponseHeader = $null
PS C:\> $collections = Get-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyExistingCollection -ResponseHeader ([ref] $ResponseHeader)
PS C:\> $indexUpdateProgress = Get-CosmosDbResponseHeaderAttribute -ResponseHeader $ResponseHeader -HeaderName x-ms-documentdb-collection-index-transformation-progress

Creating a Collection with a custom Indexing Policy using JSON

If the New-CosmosDbCollection* functions don't enable you to build the index policy to your requirements, you can also pass the raw index policy JSON to the function using the IndexingPolicyJson parameter:

$indexingPolicyJson = @'
{
    "automatic":true,
    "indexingMode":"Consistent",
    "includedPaths":[
        {
            "path":"/*"
        }
    ],
    "excludedPaths":[],
    "compositeIndexes":[
        [
            {
                "path":"/name",
                "order":"ascending"
            },
            {
                "path":"/age",
                "order":"descending"
            }
        ]
    ]
}
'@
New-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyNewCollection -PartitionKey id -IndexingPolicyJson $indexingPolicyJson

Creating a Collection with a custom Unique Key Policy

You can create a collection with a custom unique key policy by assembling a Unique Key Policy object using the functions:

• New-CosmosDbCollectionUniqueKey
• New-CosmosDbCollectionUniqueKeyPolicy

For example, to create a unique key policy that contains two unique keys, with the first unique key combining '/name' and '/address' and the second unique key is set to '/email'.

$uniqueKeyNameAddress = New-CosmosDbCollectionUniqueKey -Path /name, /address
$uniqueKeyEmail = New-CosmosDbCollectionUniqueKey -Path /email
$uniqueKeyPolicy = New-CosmosDbCollectionUniqueKeyPolicy -UniqueKey $uniqueKeyNameAddress, $uniqueKeyEmail
New-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyNewCollection -PartitionKey id -UniqueKeyPolicy $uniqueKeyPolicy

For more information on how Cosmos DB indexes documents, see this page.

Update an existing Collection with a new Unique Key Policy

You can update an existing collection with a custom unique key policy by assembling a Unique Key Policy using the method in the previous section and then applying it using the Set-CosmosDbCollection function:

$uniqueKeyNameAddress = New-CosmosDbCollectionUniqueKey -Path /name, /address
$uniqueKeyEmail = New-CosmosDbCollectionUniqueKey -Path /email
$uniqueKeyPolicy = New-CosmosDbCollectionUniqueKeyPolicy -UniqueKey $uniqueKeyNameAddress, $uniqueKeyEmail
Set-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id MyExistingCollection -IndexingPolicy $indexingPolicy

Creating a Collection without a Partition Key

Warning: It is not recommended to create a collection without a partition key. It may result in reduced performance and increased cost. This functionality is included for backwards compatibility only.

It is only possible to create non-partitioned collection in a database that has not got provisioned throughput at the database level enabled.

Create a collection in the database with the offer throughput of 2500 RU/s and without a partition key:

New-CosmosDbCollection -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id NonPartitionedCollection -OfferThroughput 2500

Working with Documents

Create 10 new documents in a collection in the database using the id as the partition key:

0..9 | Foreach-Object {
    $id = $([Guid]::NewGuid().ToString())
    $document = @{
        id      = $id
        content = "Some string"
        more    = "Some other string"
    } | ConvertTo-Json
    New-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -DocumentBody $document -PartitionKey $id
}

Create a new document containing non-ASCII characters in a collection in the database using the id as the partition key:

$id = $([Guid]::NewGuid().ToString())
$document = @{
    id      = $id
    content = "杉本 司"
} | ConvertTo-Json
New-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -DocumentBody $document -Encoding 'UTF-8' -PartitionKey $id

Return a document with a specific Id from a collection in the database using the document ID as the partition key:

Get-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id $documents[0].id -PartitionKey $documents[0].id

Note: Because this is a partitioned collection, if you don't specify a partition key you will receive a (400) Bad Request exception.

Get the first 5 documents from the collection in the database:

$ResponseHeader = $null
$documents = Get-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -MaxItemCount 5 -ResponseHeader ([ref] $ResponseHeader)
$continuationToken = Get-CosmosDbContinuationToken -ResponseHeader $ResponseHeader

Note: You don't need to specify the partition key here because you are just getting the first 5 documents in whatever order they are available so going to a specific partition is not required.

Get the next 5 documents from a collection in the database using the continuation token found in the headers from the previous request:

$documents = Get-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -MaxItemCount 5 -ContinuationToken $continuationToken

Replace the content of a document in a collection in the database:

$newDocument = @{
    id      = $documents[0].id
    content = "New string"
    more    = "Another new string"
} | ConvertTo-Json
Set-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id $documents[0].id -DocumentBody $newDocument -PartitionKey $documents[0].id

Querying a collection in a database:

$query = "SELECT * FROM customers c WHERE (c.id = '[email protected]')"
Get-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Query $query

Querying a collection in a database using a parameterized query:

$query = "SELECT * FROM customers c WHERE (c.id = @id)"
$queryParameters = @(
    @{
        name  = "@id"
        value = "[email protected]"
    }
)
Get-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Query $query -QueryParameters $queryParameters

Delete a document from a collection in the database:

Remove-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id $documents[0].id -PartitionKey $documents[0].id

Note: Because this is a partitioned collection, if you don't specify a partition key you will receive a (400) Bad Request exception.

Using a While Loop to get all Documents in a Collection

The Cosmos DB REST APIs have a maximum response size of 4MB. Therefore, to get a set of documents from a collection that will be larger than 4MB the request will need to be broken down into blocks using continuation tokens.

The following is an example of how that could be implemented.

$documentsPerRequest = 20
$continuationToken = $null
$documents = $null

do {
    $responseHeader = $null
    $getCosmosDbDocumentParameters = @{
        Context = $cosmosDbContext
        CollectionId = 'MyNewCollection'
        MaxItemCount = $documentsPerRequest
        ResponseHeader = ([ref] $responseHeader)
    }

    if ($continuationToken) {
        $getCosmosDbDocumentParameters.ContinuationToken = $continuationToken
    }

    $documents += Get-CosmosDbDocument @getCosmosDbDocumentParameters
    $continuationToken = Get-CosmosDbContinuationToken -ResponseHeader $responseHeader
} while (-not [System.String]::IsNullOrEmpty($continuationToken))

Working with Documents in a non-partitioned Collection

Warning: It is not recommended to use a collection without a partition key. It may result in reduced performance and increased cost. This functionality is included for backwards compatibility only.

Creating a document in a collection that has a Partition Key requires the PartitionKey parameter to be specified for the document:

$document = @{
    id      = "en-us"
    locale  = "English (US)"
} | ConvertTo-Json
New-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId NonPartitionedCollection -DocumentBody $document

Get a document from a partitioned collection with a specific Id:

Get-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId NonPartitionedCollection -Id 'en-us'

Delete a document from a partitioned collection in the database:

Remove-CosmosDbDocument -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId NonPartitionedCollection -Id 'en-us'

Working with Attachments

Create an attachment on a document in a collection:

New-CosmosDbAttachment -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -DocumentId $documents[0].id -PartitionKey $documents[0].id -Id image_1 -ContentType 'image/jpg' -Media www.bing.com

Get all attachments for a document in a collection:

Get-CosmosDbAttachment -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -DocumentId $documents[0].id -PartitionKey $documents[0].id

Get an attachment by Id for a document in a collection:

Get-CosmosDbAttachment -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -DocumentId $documents[0].id -PartitionKey $documents[0].id -Id image_1

Rename an attachment for a document in a collection:

Set-CosmosDbAttachment -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -DocumentId $documents[0].id -PartitionKey $documents[0].id -Id image_1 -NewId image_2

Delete an attachment from a document in collection:

Remove-CosmosDbAttachment -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -DocumentId $documents[0].id -PartitionKey $documents[0].id -Id image_2

Working with Users

Get a list of users in the database:

Get-CosmosDbUser -Context $cosmosDbContext

Create a user in the database:

New-CosmosDbUser -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id dscottraynsford@contoso.com

Delete a user from the database:

Remove-CosmosDbUser -Context $cosmosDbContext -Id dscottraynsford@contoso.com

Working with Permissions

Get a list of permissions for a user in the database:

Get-CosmosDbPermission -Context $cosmosDbContext -UserId dscottraynsford@contoso.com

Create a permission for a user in the database with read access to a collection:

$collectionId = Get-CosmosDbCollectionResourcePath -Database MyDatabase -Id MyNewCollection
New-CosmosDbPermission -Context $cosmosDbContext -UserId dscottraynsford@contoso.com -Id r_mynewcollection -Resource $collectionId -PermissionMode Read

Remove a permission for a user from the database:

Remove-CosmosDbPermission -Context $cosmosDbContext -UserId dscottraynsford@contoso.com -Id r_mynewcollection

Using Resource Authorization Tokens

Cosmos DB supports using resource authorization tokens to grant access to individual resources (eg. documents, collections, triggers) to a specific user. A user in this context can also be used to represent an application that needs access to specific data. This can be used to reduce the need to provide access to master keys to end users.

To use a resource authorization token, first a permission must be assigned to the user for the resource using the New-CosmosDbPermission. A user can be created using the New-CosmosDbUser function.

Note: By default, Resource Authorization Tokens expire after an hour. This can be extended to a maximum of 5 hours or reduced to minimum of 10 minutes. Use the TokenExpiry parameter to control the length of time that the resource authorization tokens will be valid for.

The typical pattern for using resource authorization tokens is to have a token broker app that provides some form of user authentication and then returns the resource authorization tokens assigned to that user. This removes the requirement for the user to be given access to the master key for the Cosmos DB database.

For more information on using resource authorization tokens or the token broker app pattern, please see this document.

The following is an example showing how to create a resource context object that contains a resource authorization token granting access to read the collection MyNewCollection. It is assumed that the permission for the user [email protected] has been created as per the previous section. The resource context object is then used to retrieve the MyNewCollection.

The resource authorization token is stored in the context object with an expiration date/time matching what was returned in the permission so that the validity of a token can be validated and reported on without making a request to the Cosmos DB server.

$collectionId = Get-CosmosDbCollectionResourcePath -Database MyDatabase -Id MyNewCollection
$permission = Get-CosmosDbPermission -Context $cosmosDbContext -UserId dscottraynsford@contoso.com -Id r_mynewcollection -Resource $collectionId -TokenExpiry 7200
# Future features planned to make creation of a resource context token from a permission easier
$tokenParams = @{
    Resource    = $collectionId
    TimeStamp   = $permission[0].Timestamp
    TokenExpiry = 7200
    Token       = (ConvertTo-SecureString -String $permission[0].Token -AsPlainText -Force)
}
$contextToken = New-CosmosDbContextToken @tokenParams
$resourceParams = @{
    Account     = $cosmosDBContext.Account
    Database    = MyDatabase
    Token       = $contextToken
}
$resourceContext = New-CosmosDbContext @resourceParams
Get-CosmosDbCollection -Context $resourceContext -Id MyNewCollection

Working with Triggers

Get a list of triggers for a collection in the database:

Get-CosmosDbTrigger -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection

Create a trigger for a collection in the database that executes after all operations:

$body = @'
function updateMetadata() {
    var context = getContext();
    var collection = context.getCollection();
    var response = context.getResponse();
    var createdDocument = response.getBody();

    // query for metadata document
    var filterQuery = 'SELECT * FROM root r WHERE r.id = "_metadata"';
    var accept = collection.queryDocuments(collection.getSelfLink(), filterQuery, updateMetadataCallback);
    if(!accept) throw "Unable to update metadata, abort";

    function updateMetadataCallback(err, documents, responseOptions) {
        if(err) throw new Error("Error" + err.message);

        if(documents.length != 1) throw 'Unable to find metadata document';
        var metadataDocument = documents[0];

        // update metadata
        metadataDocument.createdDocuments += 1;
        metadataDocument.createdNames += " " + createdDocument.id;

        var accept = collection.replaceDocument(metadataDocument._self, metadataDocument, function(err, docReplaced) {
            if(err) throw "Unable to update metadata, abort";
        });

        if(!accept) throw "Unable to update metadata, abort";
        return;
    }
}
'@
New-CosmosDbTrigger -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id MyTrigger -TriggerBody $body -TriggerOperation All -TriggerType Post

Update an existing trigger for a collection in the database to execute before all operations:

$body = @'
function updateMetadata() {
    var context = getContext();
    var collection = context.getCollection();
    var response = context.getResponse();
    var createdDocument = response.getBody();

    // query for metadata document
    var filterQuery = 'SELECT * FROM root r WHERE r.id = "_metadata"';
    var accept = collection.queryDocuments(collection.getSelfLink(), filterQuery, updateMetadataCallback);
    if(!accept) throw "Unable to update metadata, abort";

    function updateMetadataCallback(err, documents, responseOptions) {
        if(err) throw new Error("Error" + err.message);

        if(documents.length != 1) throw 'Unable to find metadata document';
        var metadataDocument = documents[0];

        // update metadata
        metadataDocument.createdDocuments += 1;
        metadataDocument.createdNames += " " + createdDocument.id;

        var accept = collection.replaceDocument(metadataDocument._self, metadataDocument, function(err, docReplaced) {
            if(err) throw "Unable to update metadata, abort";
        });

        if(!accept) throw "Unable to update metadata, abort";
        return;
    }
}
'@
Set-CosmosDbTrigger -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id MyTrigger -Body $body -TriggerOperation All -TriggerType Pre

Remove a trigger for a collection from the database:

Remove-CosmosDbTrigger -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id MyTrigger

Working with Stored Procedures

Get a list of stored procedures for a collection in the database:

Get-CosmosDbStoredProcedure -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection

Create a stored procedure for a collection in the database:

$body = @'
function () {
    var context = getContext();
    var response = context.getResponse();

    response.setBody("Hello, World");
}
'@
New-CosmosDbStoredProcedure -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id spHelloWorld -StoredProcedureBody $body

Update an existing stored procedure for a collection in the database:

$body = @'
function (personToGreet) {
    var context = getContext();
    var response = context.getResponse();

    response.setBody("Hello, " + personToGreet);
}
'@
Set-CosmosDbStoredProcedure -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id spHelloWorld -StoredProcedureBody $body

Execute a stored procedure for a collection from the database:

Invoke-CosmosDbStoredProcedure -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id spHelloWorld -StoredProcedureParameters @('PowerShell')

Remove a stored procedure for a collection from the database:

Remove-CosmosDbStoredProcedure -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id spHelloWorld

Working with User Defined Functions

Get a list of user defined functions for a collection in the database:

Get-CosmosDbUserDefinedFunction -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection

Create a user defined function for a collection in the database:

$body = @'
function tax(income) {
    if(income == undefined) throw 'no input';
    if (income < 1000)
        return income * 0.1;
    else if (income < 10000)
        return income * 0.2;
    else
        return income * 0.4;
}
'@
New-CosmosDbUserDefinedFunction -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id udfTax -UserDefinedFunctionBody $body

Update an existing user defined function for a collection in the database:

$body = @'
function tax(income) {
    if(income == undefined) throw 'no input';
    if (income < 1000)
        return income * 0.2;
    else if (income < 10000)
        return income * 0.3;
    else
        return income * 0.4;
}
'@
Set-CosmosDbUserDefinedFunction -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id udfTax -Body $body

Remove a user defined function for a collection from the database:

Remove-CosmosDbUserDefinedFunction -Context $cosmosDbContext -CollectionId MyNewCollection -Id udfTax

How to Handle Exceeding Provisioned Throughput

When using Azure Cosmos DB it is quite common to exceed the throughput that has been provisioned against a collection (or across multiple collections). See this page for more information on request units and throughput provisioning.

When this happens requests will return a Too Many Request (error code 429). Usually just waiting a small amount of time and trying again will result in the request succeeding. However, the Cosmos DB PowerShell module provides a mechanism for configuring an automatic back-off and retry policy.

This is configured within the Context object that is usually passed to each Cosmos DB module function.

To configure a Back-off Policy, use the New-CosmosDbBackoffPolicy function:

$backoffPolicy = New-CosmosDbBackoffPolicy -MaxRetries 5
$cosmosDbContext = New-CosmosDbContext -Account MyAzureCosmosDB -Database MyDatabase -Key $primaryKey -BackoffPolicy $backoffPolicy

This will cause any functions that use the Context to automatically retry up to 5 times if a 429 response code is returned. Any other type of response code will throw an exception. The number of milliseconds to delay before retrying will be determined automatically by using the x-ms-retry-after-ms header returned by Cosmos DB.

Additional Back-off Policy options can be set to override or extend the value returned in the x-ms-retry-after-ms header.

Note: if the delay calculated by the policy is less than the value returned in the x-ms-retry-after-ms header, then the x-ms-retry-after-ms value will always be used.

The available Back-off Methods are:

• Default
• Additive
• Linear
• Exponential
• Random

The following show examples of alternative policy back-off types that can implemented:

Default

$backoffPolicy = New-CosmosDbBackoffPolicy -MaxRetries 10 -Method Default -Delay 100

The delay of 100ms will always be used unless it is less than x-ms-retry-after-ms. The delay can be set to 0 and will cause the x-ms-retry-after-ms to always be used. It is the default Back-off Policy behavior.

Additive

$backoffPolicy = New-CosmosDbBackoffPolicy -MaxRetries 10 -Method Additive -Delay 1000

This will create a policy that will retry 10 times with a delay equaling the value of the returned x-ms-retry-after-ms header plus 1000ms.

Linear

$backoffPolicy = New-CosmosDbBackoffPolicy -MaxRetries 3 -Method Linear -Delay 500

This will create a policy that will wait for 500ms on the first retry, 1000ms on the second retry, 1500ms on final retry.

Exponential

$backoffPolicy = New-CosmosDbBackoffPolicy -MaxRetries 4 -Method Exponential -Delay 1000

This will create a policy that will wait for 1000ms on the first retry, 4000ms on the second retry, 9000ms on the 3rd retry and 16000ms on the final retry.

Random

$backoffPolicy = New-CosmosDbBackoffPolicy -MaxRetries 3 -Method Random -Delay 1000

A policy that adds or subtracts up to 50% of the delay period to the base delay each time can also be applied. For example, the first delay might be 850ms, with the second delay being 1424ms and final delay being 983ms.

Compatibility and Testing

This PowerShell module is automatically tested and validated to run on the following systems:

• Windows Server (using Windows PowerShell 5.1):
  • Windows Server 2019: Using Azure Pipelines.
  • Windows Server 2022: Using Azure Pipelines.
• Linux (using PowerShell 7.x):
  • Ubuntu 20.04: Using Azure Pipelines.
  • Ubuntu 22.04: Using Azure Pipelines.
• macOS (using PowerShell Core 6.x - to be changed to in future 7.x):
  • macOS 11: Using Azure Pipelines.
  • macOS 12: Using Azure Pipelines.

This module is no longer tested on PowerShell Core 6.x as PowerShell 7.x should be used. It should still work, but will no longer be verified. Issues with this module that only exist on PowerShell Core 6.x but not PowerShell 7.x will not be fixed.

This module should function correctly on other systems and configurations but is not automatically tested with them in every change.

Contributing

If you wish to contribute to this project, please read the Contributing.md document first. We would be very grateful of any contributions.

Cmdlets

A list of Cmdlets in the CosmosDB PowerShell module can be found by running the following PowerShell commands:

Import-Module -Name CosmosDB
Get-Command -Module CosmosDB

Help on individual Cmdlets can be found in the built-in Cmdlet help:

Get-Help -Name Get-CosmosDBUser

The details of the cmdlets contained in this module can also be found in the wiki.

Change Log

For a list of changes to versions, see the CHANGELOG.md file.

Links

• GitHub Repository
• Blog