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Computer Internals and Architecture

1. Standards and Formats

  • Executable
  • Audio
  • Images
  • Video
  • Lossy Compression
  • Lossless Compression
  • File Signatures
  • Order of Magnitude

2. Digital Logic

  • Logic Gates
  • AND Gates
  • OR Gates
  • NOT Gates
  • NAND Gates
  • NOR Gates
  • XOR Gates
  • OR Gates
  • Logical Connectives

3. Base Components

  • I/O
  • CPU
  • Memory
  • Stack
  • Heap
  • .bss
  • .data
  • .text
  • Buffer Overflow
  • Stack Overflow
  • Speculative Execution
  • RISC
  • CISC
  • ARM
  • x86
  • x64
  • Little Endian
  • Big Endian

4. Multiprocessing

  • Flynn’s Taxonomy
  • Single Instruction, Single Data (SISD)
  • Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD)
  • Multiple Instruction, Single Data (MISD)
  • Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data (MIMD)
  • Multi-Core Processing
  • Graphics Processing Unit
  • Symmetric Multiprocessing
  • Asymmetric Multiprocessing
  • Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
  • Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC)

5. Input/Output (I/O) Architecture

  • Bus
  • Address Line
  • Data Line
  • Control Line
  • System on a Chip (SoC)
  • North Bridge
  • South Bridge
  • Bus Topology
  • Multipoint Bus
  • Point-to-Point Bus
  • Serial Communication
  • Parallel Communication
  • Serial Port
  • Parallel Port
  • Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
  • Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)
  • Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)
  • Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)
  • Peripheral Component Interconnect
  • Universal Serial Bus (USB 1/2/3/3.1/3.2)
  • Video Graphics Array (VGA)
  • Digital Video Interface (DVI)
  • High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
  • DisplayPort (DP)
  • Thunderbolt
  • I/O Control Methods
  • Memory-mapped I/O
  • Interrupt-driven I/O
  • Direct Memory Access (DMA)
  • Interrupt
  • Exception
  • Traps
  • Faults
  • Aborts

6. Memory Architecture

  • Volatile
  • Non-Volatile
  • CPU Registers
  • CPU Cache
  • L1
  • L2
  • L3
  • L4
  • Primary Memory
  • RAM
  • SRAM
  • DRAM
  • ROM
  • PROM
  • EPROM
  • EEPROM
  • Secondary Memory
  • Magnetic Disks
  • Solid State Drives
  • Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
  • External Memory
  • Magnetic Tape
  • Optical Discs
  • Latency
  • Throughput
  • Buffering

7. Wireless and Mobile Technologies

  • WI-FI (b/a/g/4/5/6/6E)
  • Cellular network
  • Bluetooth
  • Global Positioning System (GPS)
  • Near Field Communications (NFC)
  • Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
  • Internet of Things (IoT)
  • Body Area Network (BAN)
  • Personal Area Network (PAN)
  • Near-me Area Network (NAN)
  • Antenna Types
  • Omnidirectional
  • Semi-directional
  • Highly-directional