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Moto: Latent Motion Token as the Bridging Language for Robot Manipulation

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🚀Introduction

Recent developments in Large Language Models (LLMs) pre-trained on extensive corpora have shown significant success in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks with minimal fine-tuning. This success offers new promise for robotics, which has long been constrained by the high cost of action-labeled data. We ask: given the abundant video data containing interaction-related knowledge available as a rich "corpus", can a similar generative pre-training approach be effectively applied to enhance robot learning? The key challenge is to identify an effective representation for autoregressive pre-training that benefits robot manipulation tasks. Inspired by the way humans learn new skills through observing dynamic environments, we propose that effective robotic learning should emphasize motion-related knowledge, which is closely tied to low-level actions and is hardware-agnostic, facilitating the transfer of learned motions to actual robot actions.

To this end, we introduce Moto, which converts video content into latent Motion Token sequences by a Latent Motion Tokenizer, learning a bridging "language" of motion from videos in an unsupervised manner. We pre-train Moto-GPT through motion token autoregression, enabling it to capture diverse visual motion knowledge. After pre-training, Moto-GPT demonstrates the promising ability to produce semantically interpretable motion tokens, predict plausible motion trajectories, and assess trajectory rationality through output likelihood. To transfer learned motion priors to real robot actions, we implement a co-fine-tuning strategy that seamlessly bridges latent motion token prediction and real robot control. Extensive experiments show that the fine-tuned Moto-GPT exhibits superior robustness and efficiency on robot manipulation benchmarks, underscoring its effectiveness in transferring knowledge from video data to downstream visual manipulations.

⚙️Quick Start

Installation

Clone this repo:

git clone https://github.com/TencentARC/Moto.git

Install minimal requirements for Moto training and inference:

conda create -n moto python=3.8
conda activate moto
cd Moto
pip install -r requirements.txt
cd ..

[Optional] Setup the conda environment for evaluating Moto-GPT on the CALVIN benchmark:

conda create -n moto_for_calvin python=3.8
conda activate moto_for_calvin

git clone --recurse-submodules https://github.com/mees/calvin.git
pip install setuptools==57.5.0
cd calvin
cd calvin_env; git checkout main
cd ../calvin_models
sed -i 's/pytorch-lightning==1.8.6/pytorch-lightning/g' requirements.txt
sed -i 's/torch==1.13.1/torch/g' requirements.txt
cd ..
sh ./install.sh
cd ..

sudo apt-get install -y libegl1-mesa libegl1
sudo apt-get install -y libgl1
sudo apt-get install -y libosmesa6-dev
sudo apt-get install -y patchelf

cd Moto
pip install -r requirements.txt
cd ..

[Optional] Setup the conda environment for evaluating Moto-GPT on the SIMPLER benchmark:

source /data/miniconda3/bin/activate
conda create -n moto_for_simpler python=3.10 -y
conda activate moto_for_simpler


git clone https://github.com/simpler-env/SimplerEnv --recurse-submodules
pip install numpy==1.24.4
cd SimplerEnv/ManiSkill2_real2sim
pip install -e .
cd SimplerEnv
pip install -e .
sudo apt install ffmpeg
pip install setuptools==58.2.0
pip install tensorflow==2.15.0
pip install -r requirements_full_install.txt
pip install tensorflow[and-cuda]==2.15.1
pip install git+https://github.com/nathanrooy/simulated-annealing
cd ..

cd Moto
pip install -r requirements.txt
cd ..

Model Weights

We release the Latent Motion Tokenizer, the pre-traiend Moto-GPT and the fine-tuned Moto-GPT in Moto Hugging Face. You can download them separately and save them in corresponding directories (latent_motion_tokenizer/checkpoints/ and moto_gpt/checkpoints/).

💻Inference

Latent trajectory inference with the pre-trained Moto-GPT and the Latent Motion Tokenizer

conda activate moto
export PROJECT_ROOT=[your path to Moto project]
cd ${PROJECT_ROOT}/scripts
nohup bash run_latent_motion_generation.sh > run_latent_motion_generation.log 2>&1 &
tail -f run_latent_motion_generation.log

Evaluating the fine-tuned Moto-GPT on robot manipulation benchmarks

Evaluation on CALVIN

conda activate moto_for_calvin
export PROJECT_ROOT=[your path to Moto project]
cd ${PROJECT_ROOT}/scripts
nohup bash evaluate_moto_gpt_in_calvin.sh > evaluate_moto_gpt_in_calvin.log 2>&1 &
tail -f evaluate_moto_gpt_in_calvin.log

Evaluation on SIMPLER

conda activate moto_for_simpler
export PROJECT_ROOT=[your path to Moto project]
cd ${PROJECT_ROOT}/scripts
nohup bash evaluate_moto_gpt_in_simpler.sh > evaluate_moto_gpt_in_simpler.log 2>&1 &
tail -f evaluate_moto_gpt_in_simpler.log

📝To Do

  • Release the Latent Motion Tokenizer
  • Release the pre-trained and fine-tuned Moto-GPT
  • Release the inference code
  • Release the trainig code

📚Citation

If you find our project helpful, hope you can star our repository and cite our paper as follows:

@article{chen2024moto,
  title={Moto: Latent Motion Token as the Bridging Language for Robot Manipulation},
  author={Chen, Yi and Ge, Yuying and Li, Yizhuo and Ge, Yixiao and Ding, Mingyu and Shan, Ying and Liu, Xihui},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.04445},
  year={2024}
}

🙌Acknowledgement

This repo benefits from Taming Transformers, Phenaki-Pytorch, GR-1, GR1-Training. Thanks for their wonderful works!