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Summary

Lectures

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Lecture 10: Pairing-based zk-SNARKs

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Speakers: Anton Levochko and Dmytro Zakharov

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+ Content. Finally, we consider one of the most advanced zk-SNARKs: Pinocchio and Groth16. Here, we cover: +

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  • Turning QAP into succint verification over encrypted space.
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  • Making SNARK sound.
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  • Turning SNARK into zk-SNARK.
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  • Pinocchio Protocol.
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  • Groth16 Protocol.
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Lecture 9: Quadratic Arithmetic Program. Probabilistically Checkable Proofs

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Speaker: Anton Levochko

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+ Content. With R1CS in our hands, we are now ready to succintly represent it as a Quadratic Arithmetic Program (QAP). Additionally, we consider other basic theory before specifying the Groth16 protocol. Here, we cover: +

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  • Turning R1CS into QAP.
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  • What is PCP, IPCP, IOP.
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  • Proof of Exponent.
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Lecture 8: SNARKs. Arithmetical Circuits

Content. This is an opening lecture on SNARKs: technology we are using daily in our projects. Here, we cover:

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  • The definition of SNARK
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  • The definition of zk-SNARK.
  • Arithmetic Circuits. Circuit Satisfability Problem.
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  • R1CS in vector and matrix forms.
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  • Quadratic Arithmetic Program.
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  • Rank-1 Constraint System (R1CS) in vector and matrix forms.

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Lecture Material:

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Other Helpful Resources:
  • "Why and How zk-SNARK Works" by Maksym Petkus: Very easy-to-follow tutorial on how zk-SNARKs work from scratch. Very friendly guide for beginners.
  • "Converting Algebraic Circuits to R1CS" by RareSkills: Also well-explained how R1CS works with many practical examples.
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  • "Quadratic Arithmetic Programs: From Zero to Hero" by Vitalik Buterin: R1CS and QAP demonstrated over real numbers.