diff --git a/aep/general/0121/aep.md.j2 b/aep/general/0121/aep.md.j2
index 47d2fc57..e0cb3dc3 100644
--- a/aep/general/0121/aep.md.j2
+++ b/aep/general/0121/aep.md.j2
@@ -83,16 +83,21 @@ patterns, such as database transactions, import and export, or data analysis.
 
 ### Strong Consistency
 
-For methods that operate on the [management plane][], the completion of those
-operations (either successful or with an error,
-[long-running][long-running-requests] or synchronous) **must** mean that the
-state of the resource's existence and all user-settable values have reached a
-steady-state.
+A method is strongly consistent if, upon completion of a request of that method
+(regardless of whether the request is successful,
+[long-running][long-running-requests] or synchronous), all user-settable fields
+will return the same value on any subsequent requests until another request
+which mutates the resource is completed.
 
-[Output only][output only] values unrelated to the resource [state][]
-**should** also have reached a steady-state.
+[Output only][output only] fields unrelated to the resource [state][] **should**
+also return the same value on each subsequent request until another request
+which mutates the resource is completed.
 
-Examples include:
+- An output-only field that takes so long to reach a steady-state that it would
+  negatively impact the user experience of the request (e.g. an hour-long instantiation
+  of a VM cluster).
+
+Examples of strong consistency include:
 
 - Following a successful create that is is latest mutation on a resource, a get
   request for a resource **must** return the resource.
@@ -141,7 +146,6 @@ turn do not increase resource management complexity.
 [get]: ./0131.md
 [list]: ./0132.md
 [long-running-requests]: ./0151.md
-[management plane]: ./0111.md#management-plane
 [output only]: ./0203.md#output-only
 [rest]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer
 [resource references]: ./0122.md#fields-representing-another-resource
diff --git a/aep/general/0133/aep.md.j2 b/aep/general/0133/aep.md.j2
index f3c7020a..726b1172 100644
--- a/aep/general/0133/aep.md.j2
+++ b/aep/general/0133/aep.md.j2
@@ -57,10 +57,7 @@ rpc CreateBook(CreateBookRequest) returns (Book) {
 - There **should** be exactly one `google.api.method_signature` annotation,
   with a value of `"parent,{resource},id"`, or "`"parent,{resource}"` if the
   resource ID is not required.
-- If the API is operating on the [management plane][], the operation should have
-  [strong consistency][]: the completion of a create operation **must** mean
-  that all user-settable values and the existence of the resource have reached a
-  steady-state and reading resource state returns a consistent response.
+- The operation **must** have [strong consistency][].
 
 {% tab oas %}
 
@@ -72,8 +69,7 @@ rpc CreateBook(CreateBookRequest) returns (Book) {
 
 Create methods implement a common request message pattern:
 
-- An `id` field **must** be included for management plane resources, and
-  **should** be included for data plane resources.
+- An `id` field **should** be supported.
 - The resource field **must** be included and **must** map to the POST body.
 - The request message **must not** contain any other required fields and
   **should not** contain other optional fields except those described in this
@@ -148,16 +144,15 @@ rpc CreateBook(CreateBookRequest) returns (aep.api.Operation) {
 
 ### User-specified IDs
 
-An API **must** allow a user to specify the ID component of a resource (the
-last segment of the resource path) on creation if the API is operating on the
-[management plane][].
+An API **should** allow a user to specify the ID component of a resource: not
+doing so introduces a non-idempotent request in the API, as sending the same
+payload results in creating a new resource each time.
 
-On the [data plane][], an API **should** allow a user to specify the ID.
 Exceptional cases should have the following behavior:
 
-- The data plane resource allows identical records without a need to
-  disambiguate between the two (e.g. rows in a table with no primary key).
-- The data plane resource will not be exposed in [Declarative clients][].
+- The resource allows identical records without a need to disambiguate between
+  the two (e.g. rows in a table with no primary key).
+- The resource will not be exposed in [Declarative clients][].
 
 An API **may** allow the `id` field to be optional, and give the resource a
 system-generated ID if one is not specified.
@@ -233,7 +228,6 @@ path and use it in references from other resources.
 [aep-203]: ./0203.md
 [aep-210]: ./0210.md
 [data plane]: ./0111.md#data-plane
-[management plane]: ./0111.md#management-plane
 [errors]: ./0193.md
 [field_behavior]: ./203.md
 [Declarative clients]: ./0003.md#declarative-clients
diff --git a/aep/general/0134/aep.md.j2 b/aep/general/0134/aep.md.j2
index 628be0dc..327ce791 100644
--- a/aep/general/0134/aep.md.j2
+++ b/aep/general/0134/aep.md.j2
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ Update methods are specified using the following pattern:
     itself.
 - The method **should** support partial resource update, and the HTTP verb
   **should** be `PATCH`.
+- The operation **must** have [strong consistency][].
 
 {% tab proto %}
 
@@ -190,7 +191,6 @@ rpc UpdateBook(UpdateBookRequest) returns (aep.api.Operation) {
 
 {% endtabs %}
 
-### Create or update
 
 If the service uses client-assigned resource paths, `Update` methods **may**
 expose a `bool allow_missing` field, which will cause the method to succeed in
@@ -229,6 +229,50 @@ More specifically, the `allow_missing` flag triggers the following behavior:
 The user **must** have the update permissions to call `Update` even with
 `allow_missing` set to `true`.
 
+If the service uses client-assigned resource paths, `Update` methods **may**
+expose a `bool allow_missing` field, which will cause the method to succeed in
+the event that the user attempts to update a resource that is not present (and
+will create the resource in the process):
+
+{% tab proto %}
+
+```proto
+message UpdateBookRequest {
+  // The book to update.
+  //
+  // The book's `path` field is used to identify the book to be updated.
+  // Format: publishers/{publisher}/books/{book}
+  Book book = 1 [(google.api.field_behavior) = REQUIRED];
+
+  // The list of fields to be updated.
+  google.protobuf.FieldMask update_mask = 2;
+
+  // If set to true, and the book is not found, a new book will be created.
+  // In this situation, `update_mask` is ignored.
+  bool allow_missing = 3;
+}
+```
+
+{% tab oas %}
+
+**Note:** OAS example not yet written.
+
+{% endtabs %}
+
+More specifically, the `allow_missing` flag triggers the following behavior:
+
+- If the method call is on a resource that does not exist, the resource is
+  created. All fields are applied regardless of any provided field mask.
+  - However, if any required fields are missing or fields have invalid values,
+    an `INVALID_ARGUMENT` error is returned.
+- If the method call is on a resource that already exists, and all fields
+  match, the existing resource is returned unchanged.
+- If the method call is on a resource that already exists, only fields declared
+  in the field mask are updated.
+
+The user **must** have the update permissions to call `Update` even with
+`allow_missing` set to `true`.
+
 ### Etags
 
 An API may sometimes need to allow users to send update requests which are
@@ -312,7 +356,6 @@ unless `allow_missing` is set to `true`.
 [aep-203]: ./0203.md
 [create]: ./0133.md
 [errors]: ./0193.md
-[management plane]: ./0111.md#management-plane
 [permission-denied]: ./0193.md#permission-denied
 [state fields]: ./0216.md
 [strong consistency]: ./0121.md#strong-consistency
diff --git a/aep/general/0135/aep.md.j2 b/aep/general/0135/aep.md.j2
index aa956ac1..fab1edda 100644
--- a/aep/general/0135/aep.md.j2
+++ b/aep/general/0135/aep.md.j2
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ The Delete method **should** succeed if and only if a resource was present and
 was successfully deleted. If the resource did not exist, the method **should**
 send a `404 Not found` (`NOT_FOUND`) error.
 
-If the API is operating on the [Management Plane][], the method should have
-[strong consistency][]: the completion of a delete method **must** mean that
-the existence of the resource has reached a steady-state and reading resource
-state returns a consistent `404 Not found` (`NOT_FOUND`) response.
+The method **must** have [strong consistency][]: the completion of a delete
+method **must** mean that the existence of the resource has reached a
+steady-state and reading resource state returns a consistent `404 Not found`
+(`NOT_FOUND`) response.
 
 Delete methods are specified using the following pattern:
 
@@ -230,7 +230,6 @@ exist, the service **must** error with `404 Not found` (`NOT_FOUND`).
 [aep-203]: ./0203.md
 [aep-214]: ./0214.md
 [aep-216]: ./0216.md
-[management plane]: ./0111.md#management-plane
 [strong consistency]: ./0121.md#strong-consistency
 [etag]: ./0134.md#etags
 [RFC 9110]: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110.html#name-delete
diff --git a/aep/general/0154/aep.md.j2 b/aep/general/0154/aep.md.j2
index 8e6c3f68..8b615a50 100644
--- a/aep/general/0154/aep.md.j2
+++ b/aep/general/0154/aep.md.j2
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ current ETag. If the `If-Match` header value does not match the ETag, the
 service **must** reply with an HTTP 412 error.
 
 If the user omits the `If-Match` header, the service **should** permit the
-request. However, services with strong consistency or parallelism requirements
+request. However, services with [strong consistency][] or parallelism requirements
 **may** require users to send ETags all the time and reject the request with an
 HTTP 400 error if it does not contain an ETag.
 
@@ -113,3 +113,4 @@ not equivalent to the old one).
 - **2019-09-23**: Changed the title to "resource freshness validation".
 
 [rfc 7232]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-2.3
+[strong consistency]: ./0121.md#strong-consistency