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dilemma.owl
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dilemma.owl
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<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl/"
xml:base="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl/"
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns:cpannotationschema="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/schemas/cpannotationschema.owl#">
<owl:Ontology rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl">
<owl:imports rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/controlflow.owl"/>
<owl:imports rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/descriptionandsituation.owl"/>
<cpannotationschema:scenarios>Some examples of dilemmas that can be analysed using the ontology. The examples are given in tab-separated tables.
Personal:
Dilemma First Alternative Course of Action Second Alternative Course of Action Consequence if First Course Taken Consequence if Second Course Taken Possible Criteria/Ideology for Decision
Choosing a Career Follow a high-paying job Pursue a passion with lower pay Financial security, potentially less satisfaction Personal fulfillment, financial risk Practicality vs. Passion
Romantic Relationship Commitment Commit to a serious relationship Remain single to focus on personal growth Deepened relational connection, less personal time More personal freedom, potential loneliness Commitment vs. Independence
Relocation for Work Move to a new city for a job opportunity Stay in hometown with less opportunities Career advancement, away from family Less career growth, maintain close family ties Career Growth vs. Family Commitment
Handling a Windfall Invest or save the majority of unexpected gain Spend on immediate pleasures or needs Long-term financial security, delayed gratification Immediate satisfaction, potential future financial needs Prudence vs. Gratification
Elderly Parent Care Move parents into a care facility Care for parents at home Professional care for parents, personal time maintained Personal strain, strengthened family bonds Responsibility vs. Personal Limitations
Friendship vs. Honesty Confront a friend about harmful behavior Overlook the behavior to maintain the friendship Potential conflict, healthier dynamics Maintained friendship, possibly enabling harm Honesty vs. Loyalty
Health vs. Pleasure Adopt a strict, healthy lifestyle Continue a less healthy, enjoyable lifestyle Improved long-term health, potential resentment Immediate enjoyment, potential health risks Health Consciousness vs. Enjoyment
Returning Lost Money Return a large sum of found money Keep the money for personal use Ethical peace of mind, loss of financial gain Financial gain, ethical discomfort Integrity vs. Opportunity
Educational Sacrifice Sacrifice personal time for further education Maintain current lifestyle without advancement Potential career improvement, personal sacrifice Continued comfort, possible stagnation Self-Improvement vs. Comfort
Life-Work Balance Prioritize work to climb career ladder Balance work with personal life Career success, potential personal neglect Less career focus, improved personal life Ambition vs. Personal Well-being
Social/existential:
Dilemma First Alternative Course of Action Second Alternative Course of Action Consequence if First Course Taken Consequence if Second Course Taken Possible Criteria/Ideology for Decision
Climate Change Action Implement drastic environmental policies Maintain current economic policies Short-term economic hardship, long-term sustainability Continued environmental degradation Sustainability Ethics
Population Control Enforce strict birth control policies Allow natural population growth Reduced resources strain, potential human rights concerns Overpopulation, resource depletion Utilitarianism vs. Human Rights
Universal Basic Income Introduce a universal basic income Maintain traditional welfare systems Increased financial security, potential economic inflation Existing inequality possibly persists Social Equity vs. Economic Stability
Artificial Intelligence Governance Strict global regulation of AI development Encourage unregulated AI innovation Slower AI progress, more safety Faster innovation, risk of AI autonomy Precautionary Principle
Digital Privacy vs. Security Increase surveillance for national security Protect digital privacy at the cost of security Enhanced security, reduced privacy Preserved privacy, potential security risks Privacy Rights vs. National Security
Space Colonization Aggressively colonize other planets Focus on Earth's sustainability first Potential new resources and habitations, high cost Earth-focused solutions, missed space opportunities Expansionism vs. Conservationism
Genetic Engineering in Humans Allow genetic modifications for health improvements Ban genetic modifications due to ethical concerns Possible eradication of diseases, ethical dilemmas Continued natural genetic diseases, preserve genetic diversity Bioethics vs. Technological Progress
Cultural Preservation vs. Globalization Actively preserve distinct cultural identities Embrace global cultural homogenization Maintained cultural diversity, potential isolationism Increased global unity, loss of cultures Cultural Relativism vs. Globalism
Resource Allocation in Healthcare Prioritize treatment for the young and healthy Provide equal treatment to all, regardless of prognosis Maximized societal productivity, ageism concerns Potential wasted resources, upheld equality Utilitarianism vs. Egalitarianism
Technological Unemployment Invest in technology even if it leads to job loss Limit technology to preserve jobs Increased automation and efficiency, unemployment risks Slower technological progress, preserved employment Progressivism vs. Protectionism
Ethical/Moral:
Dilemma First Alternative Course of Action Second Alternative Course of Action Consequence if First Course Taken Consequence if Second Course Taken Possible Criteria/Ideology for Decision
Trolley Problem Divert trolley to kill one person Do nothing; trolley kills five people One person dies Five people die Utilitarianism
Heinz Dilemma Steal medicine to save spouse Do not steal; unable to afford medicine Saves spouse but risks jail Spouse potentially dies Deontology
Self-driving Car Decision Car swerves to avoid pedestrians, hits wall Car continues, hitting pedestrians Passengers at risk Pedestrians at risk Virtue Ethics
Confidential Information Leak Report a leak of sensitive information Ignore the leak to protect your job Potential job loss, protect integrity Keep job, compromise ethics Kantian Ethics
Robot Rights Grant full rights to sentient AI Treat AI as property without rights Legal and societal complexities Potential exploitation of sentient beings Animal Rights Ethics
Fair Hiring Practices Hire a less qualified minority candidate Hire the most qualified non-minority candidate Promote diversity, possibly lower performance Higher performance, potential inequality Affirmative Action
End-of-Life Decisions Administer life-ending treatment at request Continue life support against patient’s wish Patient’s suffering ends, ethical questions Patient lives, against their will Bioethics
Academic Dishonesty Report a student cheating on an exam Ignore it to maintain peer relationships Uphold academic integrity, strain relationships Possible academic dishonesty continues Academic Integrity
Animal Testing Conduct necessary testing for medical advancement Refuse testing, slow medical progress Medical advancement, ethical concerns Slower medical progress, ethical high ground Utilitarianism vs. Animal Rights
Corporate Espionage Engage in espionage to gain market advantage Compete without engaging in espionage Possible competitive edge, legal risks Potentially less competitive, maintain integrity Business Ethics</cpannotationschema:scenarios>
<rdfs:comment>A draft ontology of dilemmas, reusing some ontology design patterns (descriptions and situations, sequence, control flow, etc.).
It is intended to be specialized for specific types of dilemmas, and used to quer,y and reason over, dilemmatic situations in social or personal contexts (ethical, moral, social, institutional, existential, personal, etc.).</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Ontology>
<!--
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Annotation properties
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-->
<!-- http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator -->
<owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator"/>
<!-- http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date -->
<owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date"/>
<!--
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Object Properties
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-->
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#causallyLinkedTo -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#causallyLinkedTo">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/taskrole.owl#Task"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Outcome"/>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T15:03:46Z</dc:date>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#hasOutcome -->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#hasOutcome">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/description.owl#Description"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Outcome"/>
<owl:propertyChainAxiom rdf:parseType="Collection">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/description.owl#usesConcept"/>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#causallyLinkedTo"/>
</owl:propertyChainAxiom>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T15:03:06Z</dc:date>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Classes
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-->
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/description.owl#Description -->
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/description.owl#Description">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#hasOutcome"/>
<owl:qualifiedCardinality rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#nonNegativeInteger">2</owl:qualifiedCardinality>
<owl:onClass rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Outcome"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</rdf:Description>
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Choice -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Choice">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/description.owl#Description"/>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T16:06:26Z</dc:date>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Criterion -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Criterion">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/description.owl#Description"/>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T16:28:25Z</dc:date>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Dilemma -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Dilemma">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Choice"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/description.owl#usesConcept"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#TaskDecision"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T14:57:29Z</dc:date>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#DilemmaticSituation -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#DilemmaticSituation">
<owl:equivalentClass>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/descriptionandsituation.owl#satisfies"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Dilemma"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:equivalentClass>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#Situation"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#isSettingFor"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom>
<owl:Class>
<owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/taskexecution.owl#Action"/>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/taskexecution.owl#executesTask"/>
<owl:qualifiedCardinality rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#nonNegativeInteger">1</owl:qualifiedCardinality>
<owl:onClass rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/taskrole.owl#Task"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:intersectionOf>
</owl:Class>
</owl:someValuesFrom>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T15:07:29Z</dc:date>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Outcome -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Outcome">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/description.owl#Description"/>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T15:02:48Z</dc:date>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#TaskDecision -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#TaskDecision">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/taskrole.owl#Task"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/classification.owl#classifies"/>
<owl:qualifiedCardinality rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#nonNegativeInteger">2</owl:qualifiedCardinality>
<owl:onClass rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/taskrole.owl#Task"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T16:34:03Z</dc:date>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#TrolleySituation -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#TrolleySituation">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#DilemmaticSituation"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#isSettingFor"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom>
<owl:Class>
<owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/taskexecution.owl#Action"/>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/taskexecution.owl#executesTask"/>
<owl:qualifiedCardinality rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#nonNegativeInteger">1</owl:qualifiedCardinality>
<owl:onClass rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#TrolleyTask"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:intersectionOf>
</owl:Class>
</owl:someValuesFrom>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T16:12:51Z</dc:date>
</owl:Class>
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#TrolleyTask -->
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#TrolleyTask">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/taskrole.owl#Task"/>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T16:11:20Z</dc:date>
</owl:Class>
<!--
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Individuals
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-->
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#NotPullLever -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#NotPullLever">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#TrolleyTask"/>
<owl:differentFrom rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#PullLever"/>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T16:11:51Z</dc:date>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#PullLever -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#PullLever">
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T16:11:35Z</dc:date>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
<!-- http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#TrolleyProblem -->
<owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#TrolleyProblem">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dilemmas/coredilemma.owl#Dilemma"/>
<dc:creator>Aldo Gangemi</dc:creator>
<dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2024-05-07T16:10:38Z</dc:date>
</owl:NamedIndividual>
</rdf:RDF>
<!-- Generated by the OWL API (version 4.5.26.2023-07-17T20:34:13Z) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi -->