DevOps Handbook

This guide will help you understand our infrastructure stack and how we maintain our platforms. While this guide does not have exhaustive details for all operations, it could be used as a reference for your understanding of the systems.

Let us know, if you have feedback or queries, and we will be happy to clarify.

Flight Manual - Code deployments

This repository is continuously built, tested and deployed to separate sets of infrastructure (Servers, Databases, CDNs, etc.).

This involves three steps to be followed in sequence:

New changes (both fixes and features) are merged into our primary development branch (main) via pull requests.
These changes are run through a series of automated tests.
Once the tests pass we release the changes (or update them if needed) to deployments on our infrastructure.

Building the codebase - Mapping Git Branches to Deployments.

Typically, main (the default development branch) is merged into the prod-staging branch once a day and is released into an isolated infrastructure.

This is an intermediate release for our developers and volunteer contributors. It is also known as our "staging" or "beta" release.

It is identical to our live production environment at freeCodeCamp.org, other than it using a separate set of databases, servers, web-proxies, etc. This isolation lets us test ongoing development and features in a "production" like scenario, without affecting regular users of freeCodeCamp.org's main platforms.

Once the developer team @freeCodeCamp/dev-team is happy with the changes on the staging platform, these changes are moved every few days to the prod-current branch.

This is the final release that moves changes to our production platforms on freeCodeCamp.org.

Testing changes - Integration and User Acceptance Testing.

We employ various levels of integration and acceptance testing to check on the quality of the code. All our tests are done through software like GitHub Actions CI and Azure Pipelines.

We have unit tests for testing our challenge solutions, Server APIs and Client User interfaces. These help us test the integration between different components.

Note

We are also in the process of writing end user tests which will help in replicating real world scenarios like updating an email or making a call to the API or third-party services.

Together these tests help in preventing issues from repeating themselves and ensure we do not introduce a bug while working on another bug or a feature.

Deploying Changes - Pushing changes to servers.

We have configured continuous delivery software to push changes to our development and production servers.

Once the changes are pushed to the protected release branches, a build pipeline is automatically triggered for the branch. The build pipelines are responsible for building artifacts and keeping them in a cold storage for later use.

The build pipeline goes on to trigger a corresponding release pipeline if it completes a successful run. The release pipelines are responsible for collecting the build artifacts, moving them to the servers and going live.

Status of builds and releases are available here.

Trigger a build, test and deploy

Currently, only members on the developer team can push to the production branches. The changes to the production-* branches can land only via fast-forward merge to the upstream.

Note

In the upcoming days we would improve this flow to be done via pull-requests, for better access management and transparency.

Pushing changes to Staging Applications.

Configure your remotes correctly.

git remote -v

Results:

origin	git@github.com:raisedadead/freeCodeCamp.git (fetch)
origin	git@github.com:raisedadead/freeCodeCamp.git (push)
upstream	git@github.com:freeCodeCamp/freeCodeCamp.git (fetch)
upstream	git@github.com:freeCodeCamp/freeCodeCamp.git (push)

Make sure your maim branch is pristine and in sync with the upstream.

git checkout main
git fetch --all --prune
git reset --hard upstream/main

Check that the GitHub CI is passing on the main branch for upstream.

The continuous integration tests should be green and PASSING for the main branch. Click the green check mark next to the commit hash when viewing the main branch code.

Checking status on GitHub Actions (screenshot)

If this is failing you should stop and investigate the errors.
Confirm that you are able to build the repository locally.
```
npm run clean-and-develop
```
Move changes from main to prod-staging via a fast-forward merge
```
git checkout prod-staging
git merge main
git push upstream
```
[!NOTE] You will not be able to force push and if you have re-written the history in anyway these commands will error out.

If they do, you may have done something incorrectly and you should just start over.

The above steps will automatically trigger a run on the build pipeline for the prod-staging branch. Once the build is complete, the artifacts are saved as .zip files in a cold storage to be retrieved and used later.

The release pipeline is triggered automatically when a fresh artifact is available from the connected build pipeline. For staging platforms, this process does not involve manual approval and the artifacts are pushed to the Client CDN and API servers.

Pushing changes to Production Applications.

The process is mostly the same as the staging platforms, with a few extra checks in place. This is just to make sure, we do not break anything on freeCodeCamp.org which can see hundreds of users using it at any moment.

Do NOT execute these commands unless you have verified that everything is working on the staging platform. You should not bypass or skip any testing on staging before proceeding further.

Make sure your prod-staging branch is pristine and in sync with the upstream.

git checkout prod-staging
git fetch --all --prune
git reset --hard upstream/prod-staging

Move changes from prod-staging to prod-current via a fast-forward merge
```
git checkout prod-current
git merge prod-staging
git push upstream
```
[!NOTE] You will not be able to force push and if you have re-written the history in anyway these commands will error out.

If they do, you may have done something incorrectly and you should just start over.

The above steps will automatically trigger a run on the build pipeline for the prod-current branch. Once a build artifact is ready, it will trigger a run on the release pipeline.

Additional Steps for Staff Action

One a release run is triggered, members of the developer staff team will receive an automated manual intervention email. They can either approve or reject the release run.

If the changes are working nicely and have been tested on the staging platform, then it can be approved. The approval must be given within 4 hours of the release being triggered before getting rejected automatically. A staff can re-trigger the release run manually for rejected runs, or wait for the next cycle of release.

For staff use:

Check your email for a direct link or go to the release dashboard after the build run is complete.

Once one of the staff members approves a release, the pipeline will push the changes live to freeCodeCamp.org's production CDN and API servers.

Build, Test and Deployment Status

Here is the current test, build and deployment status of the codebase.

Branch	Unit Tests	Integration Tests	Builds & Deployments
`main`			-
`prod-staging`			Azure Pipelines
`prod-current`			Azure Pipelines
`prod-next` (experimental, upcoming)	-	-	-

Early access and beta testing

We welcome you to test these releases in a "public beta testing" mode and get early access to upcoming features to the platforms. Sometimes these features/changes are referred to as next, beta, staging, etc. interchangeably.

Your contributions via feedback and issue reports will help us in making the production platforms at freeCodeCamp.org more resilient, consistent and stable for everyone.

We thank you for reporting bugs that you encounter and help in making freeCodeCamp.org better. You rock!

Identifying the upcoming version of the platforms

Currently a public beta testing version is available at:

Application	Language	URL
Learn	English	https://www.freecodecamp.dev
	Espanol	https://www.freecodecamp.dev/espanol
	Chinese	https://chinese.freecodecamp.dev
News	English	https://www.freecodecamp.dev/news
Forum	English	https://forum.freecodecamp.dev
	Chinese	https://chinese.freecodecamp.dev/forum
API	-	`https://api.freecodecamp.dev`

Note

The domain name is different than freeCodeCamp.org. This is intentional to prevent search engine indexing and avoid confusion for regular users of the platform.

The above list not exhaustive of all the applications that we provision. Also not all language variants are deployed in staging to conserve resources.

Identifying the current version of the platforms

The current version of the platform is always available at freeCodeCamp.org.

The dev-team merges changes from the prod-staging branch to prod-current when they release changes. The top commit should be what you see live on the site.

You can identify the exact version deployed by visiting the build and deployment logs available in the status section. Alternatively you can also ping us in the contributors chat room for a confirmation.

Known Limitations

There are some known limitations and tradeoffs when using the beta version of the platform.

All data / personal progress on these beta platforms will NOT be saved or carried over to production.

Users on the beta version will have a separate account from the production. The beta version uses a physically separate database from production. This gives us the ability to prevent any accidental loss of data or modifications. The dev team may purge the database on this beta version as needed.
There are no guarantees on the uptime and reliability of the beta platforms.

Deployment is expected to be frequent and in rapid iterations, sometimes multiple times a day. As a result there will be unexpected downtime at times or broken functionality on the beta version.
Do not send regular users to this site as a measure of confirming a fix

The beta site is and always has been to augment local development and testing, nothing else. It's not a promise of what’s coming, but a glimpse of what is being worked upon.
Sign in page may look different than production

We use a test tenant for freecodecamp.dev on Auth0, and hence do not have the ability to set a custom domain. This makes it so that all the redirect callbacks and the login page appear at a default domain like: https://freecodecamp-dev.auth0.com/. This does not affect the functionality is as close to production as we can get.

Reporting issues and leaving feedback

Please open fresh issues for discussions and reporting bugs.

You may send an email to dev[at]freecodecamp.org if you have any queries. As always all security vulnerabilities should be reported to security[at]freecodecamp.org instead of the public tracker and forum.

Flight Manual - Server Maintenance

Warning

The guide applies to the freeCodeCamp Staff members only.
These instructions should not be considered exhaustive, please use caution.

As a member of the staff, you may have been given access to our cloud service providers like Azure, Digital Ocean, etc.

Here are some handy commands that you can use to work on the Virtual Machines (VM), for instance performing maintenance updates or doing general houeskeeping.

Get a list of the VMs

[!NOTE] While you may already have SSH access to the VMs, that alone will not let you list VMs unless you been granted access to the cloud portals as well.

Azure

Install Azure CLI az: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/install-azure-cli

(One-time) Install on macOS with homebrew:

brew install azure-cli

(One-time) Login:

az login

Get the list of VM names and P addresses:

az vm list-ip-addresses --output table

Digital Ocean

Install Digital Ocean CLI doctl: https://github.com/digitalocean/doctl#installing-doctl

(One-time) Install on macOS with homebrew:

brew install doctl

(One-time) Login:

Authentication and context switching: https://github.com/digitalocean/doctl#authenticating-with-digitalocean

doctl auth init

Get the list of VM names and IP addresses:

doctl compute droplet list --format "ID,Name,PublicIPv4"

Spin a VM (or VM Scale Set)

Todo: Add instructions for spinning VM(s)

Keep VMs updated

You should keep the VMs up to date by performing updates and upgrades. This will ensure that the virtual machine is patched with latest security fixes.

[!WARNING] Before you run these commands:

Make sure that the VM has been provisioned completely and there is no post-install steps running.

If you are updating packages on a VM that is already serving an application, make sure the app has been stopped / saved. Package updates will cause network bandwidth, memory and/or CPU usage spikes leading to outages on running applications.

Update package information

sudo apt update

Upgrade installed packages

sudo apt upgrade -y

Cleanup unused packages

sudo apt autoremove -y

Work on Web Servers (Proxy)

We are running load balanced (Azure Load Balancer) instances for our web servers. These servers are running NGINX which reverse proxy all of the traffic to freeCodeCamp.org from various applications running on their own infrastructures.

The NGINX config is available on this repository.

First Install

Provisioning VMs with the Code

1. (Optional) Install NGINX and configure from repository.

The basic setup should be ready OOTB, via the cloud-init configuration. SSH and make changes as necessary for the particular instance(s).

If you did not use the cloud-init config previously use the below for manual setup of NGINX and error pages:

sudo su

cd /var/www/html
git clone https://github.com/freeCodeCamp/error-pages

cd /etc/
rm -rf nginx
git clone https://github.com/freeCodeCamp/nginx-config nginx

cd /etc/nginx

2. Install Cloudflare origin certificates and upstream application config.

Get the Cloudflare origin certificates from the secure storage and install at required locations.

OR

Move over existing certificates:

# Local
scp -r username@source-server-public-ip:/etc/nginx/ssl ./
scp -pr ./ssl username@target-server-public-ip:/tmp/

# Remote
rm -rf ./ssl
mv /tmp/ssl ./

Update Upstream Configurations:

vi configs/upstreams.conf

Add/update the source/origin application IP addresses.

3. Setup networking and firewalls.

Configure Azure firewalls and ufw as needed for ingress origin addresses.

4. Add the VM to the load balancer backend pool.

Configure and add rules to load balancer if needed. You may also need to add the VMs to load balancer backend pool if needed.

Logging and Monitoring

Check status for NGINX service using the below command:

sudo systemctl status nginx

Logging and monitoring for the servers are available at:

https://amplify.nginx.com

Updating Instances (Maintenance)

Config changes to our NGINX instances are maintained on GitHub, these should be deployed on each instance like so:

SSH into the instance and enter sudo

sudo su

Get the latest config code.

cd /etc/nginx
git fetch --all --prune
git reset --hard origin/main

Test and reload the config with Signals.

nginx -t
nginx -s reload

Work on API Instances

Install build tools for node binaries (node-gyp) etc.

sudo apt install build-essential

First Install

Provisioning VMs with the Code

Install Node LTS.

Update npm and install PM2 and setup logrotate and startup on boot

npm i -g npm
npm i -g pm2
pm2 install pm2-logrotate
pm2 startup

Clone freeCodeCamp, setup env and keys.

git clone https://github.com/freeCodeCamp/freeCodeCamp.git
cd freeCodeCamp
git checkout prod-current # or any other branch to be deployed

Create the .env from the secure credentials storage.
Create the google-credentials.json from the secure credentials storage.
Install dependencies
```
npm ci
```

Build the server

npm run ensure-env && npm run build:server

Start Instances

cd api-server
pm2 start production-start.js -i max --max-memory-restart 600M --name org

Logging and Monitoring

pm2 logs

pm2 monit

Updating Instances (Maintenance)

Code changes need to be deployed to the API instances from time to time. It can be a rolling update or a manual update. The later is essential when changing dependencies or adding enviroment variables.

[!DANGER] The automated pipelines are not handling dependencies updates at the minute. We need to do a manual update before any deployment pipeline runs.

1. Manual Updates - Used for updating dependencies, env variables.

Stop all instances

pm2 stop all

Install dependencies

npm ci

Build the server

npm run ensure-env && npm run build:server

Start Instances

pm2 start all --update-env && pm2 logs

2. Rolling updates - Used for logical changes to code.

pm2 reload all --update-env && pm2 logs

[!NOTE] We are handling rolling updates to code, logic, via pipelines. You should not need to run these commands. These are here for documentation.

Work on Client Instances

Install build tools for node binaries (node-gyp) etc.

sudo apt install build-essential

First Install

Provisioning VMs with the Code

Install Node LTS.

Update npm and install PM2 and setup logrotate and startup on boot

npm i -g npm
npm i -g pm2
npm install -g serve
pm2 install pm2-logrotate
pm2 startup

Clone client config, setup env and keys.

git clone https://github.com/freeCodeCamp/client-config.git client
cd client

git clone https://github.com/freeCodeCamp/client-config.git client
cd client

Start placeholder instances for the web client, these will be updated with artifacts from the Azure pipline.

Todo: This setup needs to move to S3 or Azure Blob storage

echo "serve -c ../../serve.json www -p 50505" >> client-start-primary.sh
chmod +x client-start-primary.sh
pm2 delete client-primary
pm2 start  ./client-start-primary.sh --name client-primary
echo "serve -c ../../serve.json www -p 52525" >> client-start-secondary.sh
chmod +x client-start-secondary.sh
pm2 delete client-secondary
pm2 start  ./client-start-secondary.sh --name client-secondary

Logging and Monitoring

pm2 logs

pm2 monit

Updating Instances (Maintenance)

Code changes need to be deployed to the API instances from time to time. It can be a rolling update or a manual update. The later is essential when changing dependencies or adding enviroment variables.

[!DANGER] The automated pipelines are not handling dependencies updates at the minute. We need to do a manual update before any deployment pipeline runs.

1. Manual Updates - Used for updating dependencies, env variables.

Stop all instances
```
pm2 stop all
```
Install or update dependencies
Start Instances
```
pm2 start all --update-env && pm2 logs
```

2. Rolling updates - Used for logical changes to code.

pm2 reload all --update-env && pm2 logs

[!NOTE] We are handling rolling updates to code, logic, via pipelines. You should not need to run these commands. These are here for documentation.

Files

devops.md

Latest commit

History

devops.md

File metadata and controls

DevOps Handbook

Flight Manual - Code deployments

Building the codebase - Mapping Git Branches to Deployments.

Testing changes - Integration and User Acceptance Testing.

Deploying Changes - Pushing changes to servers.

Trigger a build, test and deploy

Pushing changes to Staging Applications.

Pushing changes to Production Applications.

Build, Test and Deployment Status

Early access and beta testing

Identifying the upcoming version of the platforms

Identifying the current version of the platforms

Known Limitations

All data / personal progress on these beta platforms will NOT be saved or carried over to production.

There are no guarantees on the uptime and reliability of the beta platforms.

Do not send regular users to this site as a measure of confirming a fix

Sign in page may look different than production

Reporting issues and leaving feedback

Flight Manual - Server Maintenance

Get a list of the VMs

Azure

Digital Ocean

Spin a VM (or VM Scale Set)

Keep VMs updated

Work on Web Servers (Proxy)

First Install

1. (Optional) Install NGINX and configure from repository.

2. Install Cloudflare origin certificates and upstream application config.

3. Setup networking and firewalls.

4. Add the VM to the load balancer backend pool.

Logging and Monitoring

https://amplify.nginx.com

Updating Instances (Maintenance)

Work on API Instances

First Install

Logging and Monitoring

Updating Instances (Maintenance)

1. Manual Updates - Used for updating dependencies, env variables.

2. Rolling updates - Used for logical changes to code.

Work on Client Instances

First Install

Logging and Monitoring

Updating Instances (Maintenance)

1. Manual Updates - Used for updating dependencies, env variables.

2. Rolling updates - Used for logical changes to code.

All data / personal progress on these beta platforms `will NOT be saved or carried over` to production.