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Definition Files

A {Singularity} Definition File (or "def file" for short) is like a set of blueprints explaining how to build a custom container. It includes specifics about the base OS to build or the base container to start from, software to install, environment variables to set at runtime, files to add from the host system, and container metadata.

Overview

A {Singularity} Definition file is divided into two parts:

  1. Header: The Header describes the core operating system to build within the container. Here you will configure the base operating system features needed within the container. You can specify, the Linux distribution, the specific version, and the packages that must be part of the core install (borrowed from the host system).
  2. Sections: The rest of the definition is comprised of sections, (sometimes called scriptlets or blobs of data). Each section is defined by a % character followed by the name of the particular section. All sections are optional, and a def file may contain more than one instance of a given section. Sections that are executed at build time are executed with the /bin/sh interpreter and can accept /bin/sh options. Similarly, sections that produce scripts to be executed at runtime can accept options intended for /bin/sh

For more in-depth and practical examples of def files, see the Singularity examples repository

For a comparison between Dockerfile and {Singularity} definition file, please see: :ref:`this section <sec:deffile-vs-dockerfile>`.

Header

The header should be written at the top of the def file. It tells {Singularity} about the base operating system that it should use to build the container. It is composed of several keywords.

The only keyword that is required for every type of build is Bootstrap. It determines the bootstrap agent that will be used to create the base operating system you want to use. For example, the library bootstrap agent will pull a container from the Container Library as a base. Similarly, the docker bootstrap agent will pull docker layers from Docker Hub as a base OS to start your image.

Starting with {Singularity} 3.2, the Bootstrap keyword needs to be the first entry in the header section. This breaks compatibility with older versions that allow the parameters of the header to appear in any order.

Depending on the value assigned to Bootstrap, other keywords may also be valid in the header. For example, when using the library bootstrap agent, the From keyword becomes valid. Observe the following example for building a Debian container from the Container Library:

Bootstrap: library
From: debian:7

A def file that uses an official mirror to install Centos-7 might look like this:

Bootstrap: yum
OSVersion: 7
MirrorURL: http://mirror.centos.org/centos-%{OSVERSION}/%{OSVERSION}/os/$basearch/
Include: yum

Each bootstrap agent enables its own options and keywords. You can read about them and see examples in the :ref:`appendix section<buildmodules>`:

Preferred bootstrap agents

Other bootstrap agents

SIF Image Verification / Fingerprints Header

If the bootstrap image is in the SIF format, then verification will be performed at build time. This verification checks whether the image has been signed. If it has been signed the integrity of the image is checked, and the signatures matched to public keys if available. This process is equivalent to running singularity verify on the bootstrap image.

By default a failed verification, e.g. against an unsigned image, or one that has been modified after signing, will produce a warning but the build will continue.

To enforce that the bootstrap image verifies correctly and has been signed by one or more keys, you can use the Fingerprints: header introduced in {Singularity} 3.7.

Bootstrap: localimage
From: test.sif
Fingerprints: 12045C8C0B1004D058DE4BEDA20C27EE7FF7BA84,22045C8C0B1004D058DE4BEDA20C27EE7FF7BA84

If, at build time, the image is not signed with keys corresponding to all of the listed fingerprints, the build will fail.

The Fingerprints: header can be used with bootstrap agents that provide a SIF image. The library agent always retrieves a SIF image. The localimage agent can be used to refer to SIF or other types of images.

The Fingerprints: header has no effect if the bootstrap image is not in SIF format.

Note

The verification occurs before the bootstrap image is extracted into a temporary directory for the build process. The fingerprint check ensures the correct image was retrieved for the build, but does not protect against malicious changes that could be made during the build process on a compromised machine.

Sections

The main content of the bootstrap file is broken into sections. Different sections add different content or execute commands at different times during the build process. Note that if any command fails, the build process will halt.

Here is an example definition file that uses every available section. We will discuss each section in turn. It is not necessary to include every section (or any sections at all) within a def file. Furthermore, multiple sections of the same name can be included and will be appended to one another during the build process.

Bootstrap: library
From: ubuntu:18.04
Stage: build

%setup
    touch /file1
    touch ${SINGULARITY_ROOTFS}/file2

%files
    /file1
    /file1 /opt

%environment
    export LISTEN_PORT=12345
    export LC_ALL=C

%post
    apt-get update && apt-get install -y netcat
    NOW=`date`
    echo "export NOW=\"${NOW}\"" >> $SINGULARITY_ENVIRONMENT

%runscript
    echo "Container was created $NOW"
    echo "Arguments received: $*"
    exec echo "$@"

%startscript
    nc -lp $LISTEN_PORT

%test
    grep -q NAME=\"Ubuntu\" /etc/os-release
    if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
        echo "Container base is Ubuntu as expected."
    else
        echo "Container base is not Ubuntu."
        exit 1
    fi

%labels
    Author [email protected]
    Version v0.0.1

%help
    This is a demo container used to illustrate a def file that uses all
    supported sections.

Although the order of the sections in the def file is unimportant, they have been documented below in the order of their execution during the build process for logical understanding.

%setup

During the build process, commands in the %setup section are first executed on the host system outside of the container after the base OS has been installed. You can reference the container file system with the $SINGULARITY_ROOTFS environment variable in the %setup section.

Note

Be careful with the %setup section! This scriptlet is executed outside of the container on the host system itself, and is executed with elevated privileges. Commands in %setup can alter and potentially damage the host.

Consider the example from the definition file above:

%setup
    touch /file1
    touch ${SINGULARITY_ROOTFS}/file2

Here, file1 is created at the root of the file system on the host. We'll use file1 to demonstrate the usage of the %files section below. The file2 is created at the root of the file system within the container.

In later versions of {Singularity} the %files section is provided as a safer alternative to copying files from the host system into the container during the build. Because of the potential danger involved in running the %setup scriptlet with elevated privileges on the host system during the build, it's use is generally discouraged.

%files

The %files section allows you to copy files into the container with greater safety than using the %setup section. Its general form is:

%files [from <stage>]
    <source> [<destination>]
    ...

Each line is a <source> and <destination> pair. The <source> is either:

  1. A valid path on your host system
  2. A valid path in a previous stage of the build

while the <destination> is always a path into the current container. If the <destination> path is omitted it will be assumed to be the same as <source>. To show how copying from your host system works, let's consider the example from the definition file above:

%files
    /file1
    /file1 /opt

file1 was created in the root of the host file system during the %setup section (see above). The %files scriptlet will copy file1 to the root of the container file system and then make a second copy of file1 within the container in /opt.

Files can also be copied from other stages by providing the source location in the previous stage and the destination in the current container.

%files from stage_name
  /root/hello /bin/hello

The only difference in behavior between copying files from your host system and copying them from previous stages is that in the former case symbolic links are always followed during the copy to the container, while in the latter symbolic links are preserved.

Files in the %files section are always copied before the %post section is executed so that they are available during the build and configuration process.

%app*

In some circumstances, it may be redundant to build different containers for each app with nearly equivalent dependencies. {Singularity} supports installing apps within internal modules based on the concept of the Scientific Filesystem (SCIF). More information on defining and using SCIF Apps :ref:`here <apps>`.

%post

This section is where you can download files from the internet with tools like git and wget, install new software and libraries, write configuration files, create new directories, etc.

Consider the example from the definition file above:

%post
    apt-get update && apt-get install -y netcat
    NOW=`date`
    echo "export NOW=\"${NOW}\"" >> $SINGULARITY_ENVIRONMENT

This %post scriptlet uses the Ubuntu package manager apt to update the container and install the program netcat (that will be used in the %startscript section below).

The script is also setting an environment variable at build time. Note that the value of this variable cannot be anticipated, and therefore cannot be set during the %environment section. For situations like this, the $SINGULARITY_ENVIRONMENT variable is provided. Redirecting text to this variable will cause it to be written to a file called /.singularity.d/env/91-environment.sh that will be sourced at runtime.

%test

The %test section runs at the very end of the build process to validate the container using a method of your choice. You can also execute this scriptlet through the container itself, using the test command.

Consider the example from the def file above:

%test
    grep -q NAME=\"Ubuntu\" /etc/os-release
    if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
        echo "Container base is Ubuntu as expected."
    else
        echo "Container base is not Ubuntu."
        exit 1
    fi

This (somewhat silly) script tests if the base OS is Ubuntu. You could also write a script to test that binaries were appropriately downloaded and built, or that software works as expected on custom hardware. If you want to build a container without running the %test section (for example, if the build system does not have the same hardware that will be used on the production system), you can do so with the --notest build option:

$ sudo singularity build --notest my_container.sif my_container.def

Running the test command on a container built with this def file yields the following:

$ singularity test my_container.sif
Container base is Ubuntu as expected.

One common use of the %test section is to run a quick check that the programs you intend to install in the container are present. If you installed the program samtools, which shows a usage screen when run without any options, you might test it can be run with:

%test
    # Run samtools - exits okay with usage screen if installed
    samtools

If samtools is not successfully installed in the container then the singularity test will exit with an error such as samtools: command not found.

Some programs return an error code when run without mandatory options. If you want to ignore this, and just check the program is present and can be called, you can run it as myprog || true in your test:

%test
    # Run bwa - exits with error code if installed and run without
    # options
    bwa || true

The || true means that if the command before it is found but returns an error code it will be ignored, and replaced with the error code from true - which is always 0 indicating success.

Because the %test section is a shell scriptlet, complex tests are possible. Your scriptlet should usually be written so it will exit with a non-zero error code if there is a problem during the tests.

Now, the following sections are all inserted into the container filesystem in single step:

%environment

The %environment section allows you to define environment variables that will be set at runtime. Note that these variables are not made available at build time by their inclusion in the %environment section. This means that if you need the same variables during the build process, you should also define them in your %post section. Specifically:

  • during build: The %environment section is written to a file in the container metadata directory. This file is not sourced.
  • during runtime: The file in the container metadata directory is sourced.

You should use the same conventions that you would use in a .bashrc or .profile file. Consider this example from the def file above:

%environment
    export LISTEN_PORT=12345
    export LC_ALL=C

The $LISTEN_PORT variable will be used in the %startscript section below. The $LC_ALL variable is useful for many programs (often written in Perl) that complain when no locale is set.

After building this container, you can verify that the environment variables are set appropriately at runtime with the following command:

$ singularity exec my_container.sif env | grep -E 'LISTEN_PORT|LC_ALL'
LISTEN_PORT=12345
LC_ALL=C

In the special case of variables generated at build time, you can also add environment variables to your container in the %post section.

At build time, the content of the %environment section is written to a file called /.singularity.d/env/90-environment.sh inside of the container. Text redirected to the $SINGULARITY_ENVIRONMENT variable during %post is added to a file called /.singularity.d/env/91-environment.sh.

At runtime, scripts in /.singularity/env are sourced in order. This means that variables in the %post section take precedence over those added via %environment.

See :ref:`Environment and Metadata <environment-and-metadata>` for more information about the {Singularity} container environment.

%startscript

Similar to the %runscript section, the contents of the %startscript section is written to a file within the container at build time. This file is executed when the instance start command is issued.

Consider the example from the def file above.

%startscript
    nc -lp $LISTEN_PORT

Here the netcat program is used to listen for TCP traffic on the port indicated by the $LISTEN_PORT variable (set in the %environment section above). The script can be invoked like so:

$ singularity instance start my_container.sif instance1
INFO:    instance started successfully

$ lsof | grep LISTEN
nc        19061               vagrant    3u     IPv4             107409      0t0        TCP *:12345 (LISTEN)

$ singularity instance stop instance1
Stopping instance1 instance of /home/vagrant/my_container.sif (PID=19035)

%runscript

The contents of the %runscript section are written to a file within the container that is executed when the container image is run (either via the singularity run command or by executing the container directly as a command). When the container is invoked, arguments following the container name are passed to the runscript. This means that you can (and should) process arguments within your runscript.

Consider the example from the def file above:

%runscript
    echo "Container was created $NOW"
    echo "Arguments received: $*"
    exec echo "$@"

In this runscript, the time that the container was created is echoed via the $NOW variable (set in the %post section above). The options passed to the container at runtime are printed as a single string ($*) and then they are passed to echo via a quoted array ($@) which ensures that all of the arguments are properly parsed by the executed command. The exec preceding the final echo command replaces the current entry in the process table (which originally was the call to {Singularity}). Thus the runscript shell process ceases to exist, and only the process running within the container remains.

Running the container built using this def file will yield the following:

$ ./my_container.sif
Container was created Thu Dec  6 20:01:56 UTC 2018
Arguments received:

$ ./my_container.sif this that and the other
Container was created Thu Dec  6 20:01:56 UTC 2018
Arguments received: this that and the other
this that and the other

%labels

The %labels section is used to add metadata to the file /.singularity.d/labels.json within your container. The general format is a name-value pair.

Consider the example from the def file above:

%labels
    Author [email protected]
    Version v0.0.1
    MyLabel Hello World

Note that labels are defined by key-value pairs. To define a label just add it on the labels section and after the first space character add the correspondent value to the label.

In the previous example, the first label name is Author` with a value of [email protected]. The second label name is Version with a value of v0.0.1. Finally, the last label named MyLabel has the value of Hello World.

To inspect the available labels on your image you can do so by running the following command:

$ singularity inspect my_container.sif

{
  "Author": "[email protected]",
  "Version": "v0.0.1",
  "MyLabel": "Hello World",
  "org.label-schema.build-date": "Thursday_6_December_2018_20:1:56_UTC",
  "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
  "org.label-schema.usage": "/.singularity.d/runscript.help",
  "org.label-schema.usage.singularity.deffile.bootstrap": "library",
  "org.label-schema.usage.singularity.deffile.from": "ubuntu:18.04",
  "org.label-schema.usage.singularity.runscript.help": "/.singularity.d/runscript.help",
  "org.label-schema.usage.singularity.version": "3.0.1"
}

Some labels that are captured automatically from the build process. You can read more about labels and metadata :ref:`here <environment-and-metadata>`.

%help

Any text in the %help section is transcribed into a metadata file in the container during the build. This text can then be displayed using the run-help command.

Consider the example from the def file above:

%help
    This is a demo container used to illustrate a def file that uses all
    supported sections.

After building the help can be displayed like so:

$ singularity run-help my_container.sif
    This is a demo container used to illustrate a def file that uses all
    supported sections.

Multi-Stage Builds

Starting with {Singularity} v3.2 multi-stage builds are supported where one environment can be used for compilation, then the resulting binary can be copied into a final environment. This allows a slimmer final image that does not require the entire development stack.

Bootstrap: docker
From: golang:1.12.3-alpine3.9
Stage: devel

%post
  # prep environment
  export PATH="/go/bin:/usr/local/go/bin:$PATH"
  export HOME="/root"
  cd /root

  # insert source code, could also be copied from the host with %files
  cat << EOF > hello.go
  package main
  import "fmt"

  func main() {
    fmt.Printf("Hello World!\n")
  }
EOF

  go build -o hello hello.go


# Install binary into the final image
Bootstrap: library
From: alpine:3.9
Stage: final

# install binary from stage one
%files from devel
  /root/hello /bin/hello

The names of stages are arbitrary. Each of these sections will be executed in the same order as described for a single stage build except the files from the previous stage are copied before %setup section of the next stage. Files can only be copied from stages declared before the current stage in the definition. E.g., the devel stage in the above definition cannot copy files from the final stage, but the final stage can copy files from the devel stage.

SCIF Apps

SCIF is a standard for encapsulating multiple apps into a container. A container with SCIF apps has multiple entry points, and you can choose which to run easily. Each entry point can carry out a different task with its own environment, metadata etc., without the need for a collection of different containers.

{Singularity} implements SCIF, and you can read more about how to use it below.

SCIF is not specific to {Singularity}. You can learn more about it at the project's site: https://sci-f.github.io/ which includes extended tutorials, the specification, and other information.

SCIF %app* sections

SCIF apps within a {Singularity} container are created using %app* sections in a definition file. These %app* sections, which will impact the way the container runs a specific --app can exist alongside any of the primary sections (i.e. %post,``%runscript``, %environment, etc.). As with the other sections, the ordering of the %app* sections isn’t important.

The following runscript demonstrates how to build 2 different apps into the same container using SCIF modules:

Bootstrap: docker
From: ubuntu

%environment
    GLOBAL=variables
    AVAILABLE="to all apps"

##############################
# foo
##############################

%apprun foo
    exec echo "RUNNING FOO"

%applabels foo
   BESTAPP FOO

%appinstall foo
   touch foo.exec

%appenv foo
    SOFTWARE=foo
    export SOFTWARE

%apphelp foo
    This is the help for foo.

%appfiles foo
   foo.txt

##############################
# bar
##############################

%apphelp bar
    This is the help for bar.

%applabels bar
   BESTAPP BAR

%appinstall bar
    touch bar.exec

%appenv bar
    SOFTWARE=bar
    export SOFTWARE

An %appinstall section is the equivalent of %post but for a particular app. Similarly, %appenv equates to the app version of %environment and so on.

After installing apps into modules using the %app* sections, the --app option becomes available allowing the following functions:

To run a specific app within the container:

% singularity run --app foo my_container.sif
RUNNING FOO

The same environment variable, $SOFTWARE is defined for both apps in the def file above. You can execute the following command to search the list of active environment variables and grep to determine if the variable changes depending on the app we specify:

$ singularity exec --app foo my_container.sif env | grep SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE=foo

$ singularity exec --app bar my_container.sif env | grep SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE=bar

Best Practices for Build Recipes

When crafting your recipe, it is best to consider the following:

  1. Always install packages, programs, data, and files into operating system locations (e.g. not /home, /tmp , or any other directories that might get commonly binded on).
  2. Document your container. If your runscript doesn’t supply help, write a %help or %apphelp section. A good container tells the user how to interact with it.
  3. If you require any special environment variables to be defined, add them to the %environment and %appenv sections of the build recipe.
  4. Files should always be owned by a system account (UID less than 500).
  5. Ensure that sensitive files like /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow do not contain secrets.
  6. Build production containers from a definition file instead of a sandbox that has been manually changed. This ensures the greatest possibility of reproducibility and mitigates the "black box" effect.