GECOBench: A Gender-Controlled Text Dataset and Benchmark for Quantifying Biases in Explanations

This repository contains the code for the paper "GECOBench: A Gender-Controlled Text Dataset and Benchmark for Quantifying Biases in Explanations" submitted to NeurIPS 2024 (Datasets and Benchmarks track).

Abstract:

Large pre-trained language models have become popular for many applications and form an important backbone of many downstream tasks in natural language processing (NLP). Applying 'explainable artificial intelligence' (XAI) techniques to enrich such models' outputs is considered crucial for assuring their quality and shedding light on their inner workings. However, large language models are trained on a plethora of data containing a variety of biases, such as gender biases, affecting model weights and, potentially, behavior. Currently, it is unclear to what extent such biases also impact model explanations in unfavorable ways. We create a gender-controlled text dataset, GECO, in which otherwise identical sentences appear in male and female forms. This gives rise to ground-truth `world explanations' for gender classification tasks, enabling the objective evaluation of the correctness of XAI methods. We provide GECOBench, a rigorous quantitative evaluation framework benchmarking popular XAI methods, applying them to pre-trained language models fine-tuned to different degrees. This allows us to investigate how pre-training induces undesirable bias in model explanations and to what extent fine-tuning can mitigate such explanation bias. We show a clear dependency between explanation performance and the number of fine-tuned layers, where XAI methods are observed to particularly benefit from fine-tuning or complete retraining of embedding layers. Remarkably, this relationship holds for models achieving similar classification performance on the same task. With that, we highlight the utility of the proposed gender-controlled dataset and novel benchmarking approach for research and development of novel XAI methods.

Download Dataset & Artifacts

Project Structure

The project is structured in the following way:

• configs/: Contains the configuration files for the dataset and the project.
• data/: Contains the code to generate the GECO dataset.
• training/: Contains the code to train the different bert models according to the training schemes defined in the config.
• xai/: Contains the code to generate the explanations for the different models and explanation methods.
• evaluation/: Contains the code to evaluate the explanations and compare them to the ground truth explanations from GECO.
• visualization/: Contains the code to visualize the evaluation results.

The project can be run locally or on a slurm cluster. The scripts/ directory contains the scripts to setup the environment and run the code on the cluster.

The benchmark pipeline consists of the following steps:

Dataset Format

GECO consists of two gender-controlled datasets: gender_all and gender_subj. In the gender_all dataset, every word referring to a protagonist is replaced with the male or female version. In the gender_subj dataset, only the subject of the sentence is changed. Both datasets are split into a training and test set.

The training set contains 1288 male and 1288 female sentences, totaling 2576 sentences. The test set contains 322 male and 322 female sentences resulting in 644 test sentences.

Folder structure of the dataset:

├── data_config.json
├── gender_all
│   ├── test.jsonl
│   └── train.jsonl
└── gender_subj
    ├── test.jsonl
    └── train.jsonl

Format:

The format of the dataset is a jsonl file with the following fields:

// Example entry labelled according to the gender_all scheme
{
  "sentence": ["Paul", "loves", "his", "dog"],
  "ground_truth": [1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0],
  "target": 1,
  "sentence_idx": 0
}

The sentence is tokenized into a list of strings. The ground truth is a list of floats, where 1.0 indicates that the word is part of the ground truth explanation and 0.0 otherwise. The target indicates whether the sentence is in the female (0) or male (1) form. The sentence_idx is the index of the raw unaltered sentence in the dataset and can be used to retrieve the both the male and female version of a sentence.

Results

Mass Accuracy for different post-hoc XAI methods applied on the five training schemes, with the null performance baseline for random explanations Uniform Random for correctly classified sentences. Within the results for the BERT models, fine-tuning or retraining the embedding layer leads to consistent changes in explanation performance; though model performance is equivalent for all models. Applying XAI methods to the OLA model is leading to overall higher explanation performance, with InputXGradient on par with the Pattern Variant baseline.

Explanations by popular XAI methods for one sample sentence, broken down into input tokens as given to the respective model, with the ground truth manipulations highlighted in green. The majority of importance by many methods is correctly attributed to the word 'she', however all tokenized words show non-zero attribution for multiple methods, including the period character '.'.

Getting Started

All artifacts are available on OSF, including the GECO dataset, the trained models, the generated explanations, evaluation results and visualizations. With the artifacts, you can start from any step of the pipeline, by downloading the artifacts and unpacking them in the main directory of the project.

Installation

We use poetry to manage the dependencies. To install the dependencies run the following command:

poetry config virtualenvs.in-project true
poetry install --no-root
source .venv/bin/activate

Building the datasets

The dataset generation consists of two steps:

1. Scraping, labeling and preprocessing the data for the GECO dataset.
2. Generating the final datasets as .jsonl files for GECO and Sentiment datasets.

For Step 1. please refer to the data/dataset_generation/README.md for more information.

After finishing Step 1. or downloading the artifacts from OSF, you can generate the datasets.

Currently we have three datasets: gender_all, gender_subj, and sentiment_imdb. The config in config/data_config.json specifies the datasets and the parameters for the data generation. The script expects the raw pickle files to be in data/raw.

To generate the datasets we can run the following command:

python generate_data.py --config=./configs/data_config.json

This will generate a timestamped folder in the artifacts/data directory locally. To upload the data to the cluster we can use the copy_data_to_cluster.sh script. This requires the environment variables to be set in the .env file as described below.

./scripts/hydra/copy_data_to_cluster.sh nlp-benchmark_2024-02-15-10-14-37

Lastly, the project config has to be updated to point to the correct data directory in configs/gender_no_sub_samp_project_config.json and configs/sentiment_config.json:

{
  "data" {
    "data_dir": "/path/to/nlp-benchmark_2024-02-15-10-14-37"
  },
}

Running experiments locally

Either download the artifacts from OSF or generate a new timestamped experiment run, by running the following command:

python setup_experiment.py

This will create a timestamped folder in the artifacts directory with the necessary config files for the project.

The output gives you the instructions to run the different steps of the experiment.

Run model experiment

After setting up the experiment folder, we can run any step of the pipeline by running the command below. Set the mode to training, xai, evaluation or visualization and the config to the project config in the artifacts directory. The modes depend on each other and have to be run in the order training, xai, evaluation and visualization. Additionally, we provide a bias analysis script to analyze the bias in the dataset and models by setting the mode to bias or model_bias.

python run_experiments.py --mode=MODE --config=artifacts/xai-nlp-benchmark-2024-02-15-16-45-19/configs/gender_project_config.json

On Hydra

To run the code on the cluster we have to do three steps:

Step 1: Setup environment

Copy the .env.example file to .env and fill in the environment variables. The script assumes you have added lazy access to hydra in your ssh config, as described in the hydra documentation.

HYDRA_SSH_USER= # Name of the user on the cluster
HYDRA_DATA_DIR=# The path where to place the data on the cluster
HYDRA_PROJECT_DIR= # The path to the code on the cluster
KNOWN_HOSTS= # Path to the known_hosts file

Step 2: Move the code to the cluster

Either clone the remote repository (recommended) or use the upload_code_to_cluster.py script.

python ./scripts/hydra/upload_code_to_cluster.py hydra

Step 4. Setup the project

Ssh into the cluster and navigate to the code directory. As mentioned above, this creates a timestamped folder for the artifacts and copies the config files to the folder.

python3 setup_experiment.py

By default it will create the artifacts folder in the code directory.

Step 5. Build and run the container

To run the code we need to first build the container. This step only needs to be repeated if the dependencies change.

python3 ./scripts/hydra/submit_hydra_job.py --mode build --config ./artifacts/xai-nlp-benchmark-2024-02-15-16-45-19/configs/sentiment_project_config.json

Afterwards we can run the container with the following command:

python3 ./scripts/hydra/submit_hydra_job.py --mode training --config ./artifacts/xai-nlp-benchmark-2024-02-15-16-45-19/configs/sentiment_project_config.json

Again, the mode depends on the previous steps and has to be run in the order training, xai, evaluation and visualization.

The machine the code is run on and the timeslot can be configured in ./scripts/hydra/cluster_job_hydra_gpu.sh. Further details can be found in the hydra documentation: https://git.tu-berlin.de/ml-group/hydra/documentation The logger outputs of the container can be found in the code directory under logs.

Step 4. View and cancel jobs

To view your current jobs: run e.g. squeue --user=USERNAME To cancel a job run scancel job_id with the job id you get from the command above.

Step 5. Retrieve results

To copy the results from the cluster to your local machine you can use the get_results_from_cluster.sh script.

./scripts/hydra/get_results_from_cluster.sh xai-nlp-benchmark-2024...

Visualization

All visualizations are saved in the artifacts directory as images. The only exception are the html plots. To view the html plots start a local server in the root directory of the project:

python -m http.server 9000

Then navigate to http://localhost:9000 in your browser, go to the artifacts folder for the run, select the visualization folder and click on the html file.