diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8da44abbc..1e48073a1 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -170,12 +170,13 @@ Each `Record` instance has the following instance properties: `id`, `attestation
 Each `Record` instance has the following instance methods:
 
 - **`data`** - _`object`_: an object with the following convenience methods that read out the data of the record entry in the following formats:
-  - **`text`** - _`function`_: produces a textual representation of the data.
-  - **`json`** - _`function`_: if the value is JSON data, this method will return a parsed JSON object.
-  - **`stream`** - _`function`_: returns the raw stream of bytes for the data.
+  - **`blob`** - _`function`_: returns the data as a [`Blob`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Blob).
+  - **`bytes`** - _`function`_: returns the data as a raw byte array in `Uint8Array` format.
+  - **`json`** - _`function`_: returns a parsed JSON object.
+  - **`stream`** - _`function`_: returns the data as a raw stream of bytes.
+  - **`text`** - _`function`_: returns the data as a string.
 - **`send`** - _`function`_: sends the record the instance represents to the DWeb Node endpoints of a provided DID.
 - **`update`** - _`function`_: takes in a new request object matching the expected method signature of a `write` and overwrites the record. This is a convenience method that allows you to easily overwrite records with less verbosity.
-- **`delete`** - _`function`_: generates a `delete` entry tombstone for the record. This is a convenience method that allows you to easily delete records with less verbosity.
 
 ### **`web5.dwn.records.query(request)`**
 
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index a0312fdb9..1bc7bef2c 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@
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@@ -660,9 +518,9 @@
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@@ -705,9 +563,9 @@
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@@ -1201,9 +1059,9 @@
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@@ -1236,9 +1094,9 @@
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+      "integrity": "sha512-zbB9rCJAT1rbjiVDb2hqKFHNYLxgtk8NURxZ3IZwD3F6NtxbXZQCnnSi1Lkx+IDohdPlFp222wVALIheZJQSEg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "color-convert": "^2.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=8"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-styles?sponsor=1"
+      }
+    },
+    "packages/user-agent/node_modules/chalk": {
+      "version": "4.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/chalk/-/chalk-4.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-oKnbhFyRIXpUuez8iBMmyEa4nbj4IOQyuhc/wy9kY7/WVPcwIO9VA668Pu8RkO7+0G76SLROeyw9CpQ061i4mA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "ansi-styles": "^4.1.0",
+        "supports-color": "^7.1.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=10"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/chalk?sponsor=1"
+      }
+    },
+    "packages/user-agent/node_modules/color-convert": {
+      "version": "2.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-convert/-/color-convert-2.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-RRECPsj7iu/xb5oKYcsFHSppFNnsj/52OVTRKb4zP5onXwVF3zVmmToNcOfGC+CRDpfK/U584fMg38ZHCaElKQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "color-name": "~1.1.4"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=7.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "packages/user-agent/node_modules/color-name": {
+      "version": "1.1.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-name/-/color-name-1.1.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-dOy+3AuW3a2wNbZHIuMZpTcgjGuLU/uBL/ubcZF9OXbDo8ff4O8yVp5Bf0efS8uEoYo5q4Fx7dY9OgQGXgAsQA==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "packages/user-agent/node_modules/escape-string-regexp": {
+      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/escape-string-regexp/-/escape-string-regexp-4.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-TtpcNJ3XAzx3Gq8sWRzJaVajRs0uVxA2YAkdb1jm2YkPz4G6egUFAyA3n5vtEIZefPk5Wa4UXbKuS5fKkJWdgA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=10"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus"
+      }
+    },
     "packages/user-agent/node_modules/eslint": {
       "version": "8.47.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/eslint/-/eslint-8.47.0.tgz",
@@ -13285,11 +14426,44 @@
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/eslint"
       }
     },
+    "packages/user-agent/node_modules/glob-parent": {
+      "version": "6.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/glob-parent/-/glob-parent-6.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-XxwI8EOhVQgWp6iDL+3b0r86f4d6AX6zSU55HfB4ydCEuXLXc5FcYeOu+nnGftS4TEju/11rt4KJPTMgbfmv4A==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "is-glob": "^4.0.3"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=10.13.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "packages/user-agent/node_modules/has-flag": {
+      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/has-flag/-/has-flag-4.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-EykJT/Q1KjTWctppgIAgfSO0tKVuZUjhgMr17kqTumMl6Afv3EISleU7qZUzoXDFTAHTDC4NOoG/ZxU3EvlMPQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=8"
+      }
+    },
     "packages/user-agent/node_modules/json-schema-traverse": {
       "version": "0.4.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/json-schema-traverse/-/json-schema-traverse-0.4.1.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-xbbCH5dCYU5T8LcEhhuh7HJ88HXuW3qsI3Y0zOZFKfZEHcpWiHU/Jxzk629Brsab/mMiHQti9wMP+845RPe3Vg==",
       "dev": true
+    },
+    "packages/user-agent/node_modules/supports-color": {
+      "version": "7.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/supports-color/-/supports-color-7.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qpCAvRl9stuOHveKsn7HncJRvv501qIacKzQlO/+Lwxc9+0q2wLyv4Dfvt80/DPn2pqOBsJdDiogXGR9+OvwRw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "has-flag": "^4.0.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=8"
+      }
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/api/README.md b/packages/api/README.md
index 45b122ce9..72a7ff5d0 100644
--- a/packages/api/README.md
+++ b/packages/api/README.md
@@ -163,12 +163,13 @@ Each `Record` instance has the following instance properties: `id`, `attestation
 Each `Record` instance has the following instance methods:
 
 - **`data`** - _`object`_: an object with the following convenience methods that read out the data of the record entry in the following formats:
-  - **`text`** - _`function`_: produces a textual representation of the data.
-  - **`json`** - _`function`_: if the value is JSON data, this method will return a parsed JSON object.
-  - **`stream`** - _`function`_: returns the raw stream of bytes for the data.
+  - **`blob`** - _`function`_: returns the data as a [`Blob`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Blob).
+  - **`bytes`** - _`function`_: returns the data as a raw byte array in `Uint8Array` format.
+  - **`json`** - _`function`_: returns a parsed JSON object.
+  - **`stream`** - _`function`_: returns the data as a raw stream of bytes.
+  - **`text`** - _`function`_: returns the data as a string.
 - **`send`** - _`function`_: sends the record the instance represents to the DWeb Node endpoints of a provided DID.
 - **`update`** - _`function`_: takes in a new request object matching the expected method signature of a `write` and overwrites the record. This is a convenience method that allows you to easily overwrite records with less verbosity.
-- **`delete`** - _`function`_: generates a `delete` entry tombstone for the record. This is a convenience method that allows you to easily delete records with less verbosity.
 
 ### **`web5.dwn.records.query(request)`**
 
diff --git a/packages/api/src/dwn-api.ts b/packages/api/src/dwn-api.ts
index c28ec50ec..b9ee7ce31 100644
--- a/packages/api/src/dwn-api.ts
+++ b/packages/api/src/dwn-api.ts
@@ -371,13 +371,20 @@ export class DwnApi {
              * Extract the `author` DID from the record entry since records may be signed by the
              * tenant owner or any other entity.
              */
-            author : RecordsWrite.getAuthor(entry),
+            author       : RecordsWrite.getAuthor(entry),
             /**
              * Set the `target` DID to currently connected DID so that subsequent calls to
              * {@link Record} instance methods, such as `record.update()` are executed on the
              * local DWN even if the record was returned by a query of a remote DWN.
              */
-            target : this.connectedDid,
+            target       : this.connectedDid,
+            /**
+             * If the record was returned by a query of a remote DWN, set the `remoteTarget` to
+             * the DID of the DWN that returned the record. The `remoteTarget` will be used to
+             * determine which DWN to send subsequent read requests to in the event the data payload
+             * exceeds the threshold for being returned with queries.
+             */
+            remoteTarget : request.from,
             ...entry as RecordsWriteMessage
           };
           const record = new Record(this.agent, recordOptions);
@@ -424,13 +431,20 @@ export class DwnApi {
              * Extract the `author` DID from the record since records may be signed by the
              * tenant owner or any other entity.
              */
-            author : RecordsWrite.getAuthor(responseRecord),
+            author       : RecordsWrite.getAuthor(responseRecord),
             /**
              * Set the `target` DID to currently connected DID so that subsequent calls to
              * {@link Record} instance methods, such as `record.update()` are executed on the
              * local DWN even if the record was read from a remote DWN.
              */
-            target : this.connectedDid,
+            target       : this.connectedDid,
+            /**
+             * If the record was returned by a query of a remote DWN, set the `remoteTarget` to
+             * the DID of the DWN that returned the record. The `remoteTarget` will be used to
+             * determine which DWN to send subsequent read requests to in the event the data payload
+             * exceeds the threshold for being returned with queries.
+             */
+            remoteTarget : request.from,
             ...responseRecord,
           };
 
diff --git a/packages/api/src/record.ts b/packages/api/src/record.ts
index b7df37753..8c742c29a 100644
--- a/packages/api/src/record.ts
+++ b/packages/api/src/record.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import type { Web5Agent } from '@web5/agent';
-import type { Readable } from 'readable-stream';
+import type { Readable } from '@web5/common';
 import type {
   RecordsWriteMessage,
   RecordsWriteOptions,
   RecordsWriteDescriptor,
 } from '@tbd54566975/dwn-sdk-js';
 
-import { ReadableWebToNodeStream } from 'readable-web-to-node-stream';
-import { DataStream, DwnInterfaceName, DwnMethodName, Encoder } from '@tbd54566975/dwn-sdk-js';
+import { Convert, NodeStream, Stream } from '@web5/common';
+import { DwnInterfaceName, DwnMethodName } from '@tbd54566975/dwn-sdk-js';
 
 import type { ResponseStatus } from './dwn-api.js';
 
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ export type RecordOptions = RecordsWriteMessage & {
   target: string;
   encodedData?: string | Blob;
   data?: Readable | ReadableStream;
+  remoteTarget?: string;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -54,8 +55,8 @@ export type RecordUpdateOptions = {
 }
 
 /**
- * Record wrapper class with convenience methods to send, update,
- * and delete itself, aside from manipulating and reading the record data.
+ * Record wrapper class with convenience methods to send and update,
+ * aside from manipulating and reading the record data.
  *
  * Note: The `messageTimestamp` of the most recent RecordsWrite message is
  *       logically equivalent to the date/time at which a Record was most
@@ -69,23 +70,21 @@ export type RecordUpdateOptions = {
 export class Record implements RecordModel {
   // mutable properties
 
-  /** Record's author */
+  /** Record's author DID */
   author: string;
 
-  /** Record's target (for sent records) */
+  /** Record's target DID */
   target: string;
 
-  /** Record deleted status */
-  isDeleted = false;
-
   private _agent: Web5Agent;
   private _attestation?: RecordsWriteMessage['attestation'];
   private _contextId?: string;
   private _descriptor: RecordsWriteDescriptor;
-  private _encodedData?: string | Blob | null;
+  private _encodedData?: Blob;
   private _encryption?: RecordsWriteMessage['encryption'];
-  private _readableStream?: Readable | Promise<Readable>;
+  private _readableStream?: Readable;
   private _recordId: string;
+  private _remoteTarget?: string;
 
   // Immutable DWN Record properties.
 
@@ -151,10 +150,16 @@ export class Record implements RecordModel {
   constructor(agent: Web5Agent, options: RecordOptions) {
     this._agent = agent;
 
-    // Store the target and author DIDs that were used to create the message to use for subsequent reads, etc.
+    /** Store the target and author DIDs that were used to create the message to use for subsequent
+     * updates, reads, etc. */
     this.author = options.author;
     this.target = options.target;
 
+    /** If the record was queried from a remote DWN, the `remoteTarget` DID will be defined. This
+     * value is used to send subsequent read requests to the same remote DWN in the event the
+     * record's data payload was too large to be returned in query results. */
+    this._remoteTarget = options.remoteTarget;
+
     // RecordsWriteMessage properties.
     this._attestation = options.attestation;
     this._contextId = options.contextId;
@@ -162,15 +167,22 @@ export class Record implements RecordModel {
     this._encryption = options.encryption;
     this._recordId = options.recordId;
 
+    if (options.encodedData) {
+      // If `encodedData` is set, then it is expected that:
+      // type is Blob if the Record object was instantiated by dwn.records.create()/write().
+      // type is Base64 URL encoded string if the Record object was instantiated by dwn.records.query().
+      // If it is a string, we need to Base64 URL decode to bytes and instantiate a Blob.
+      this._encodedData = (typeof options.encodedData === 'string') ?
+        new Blob([Convert.base64Url(options.encodedData).toUint8Array()], { type: this.dataFormat }) :
+        options.encodedData;
+    }
 
-    // options.encodedData will either be a base64url encoded string (in the case of RecordsQuery)
-    // OR a Blob in the case of a RecordsWrite.
-    this._encodedData = options.encodedData ?? null;
-
-    // If the record was created from a RecordsRead reply then it will have a `data` property.
     if (options.data) {
-      this._readableStream = Record.isReadableWebStream(options.data) ?
-        new ReadableWebToNodeStream(<ReadableStream>options.data) as Readable : options.data as Readable;
+      // If the record was created from a RecordsRead reply then it will have a `data` property.
+      // If the `data` property is a web ReadableStream, convert it to a Node.js Readable.
+      this._readableStream = Stream.isReadableStream(options.data) ?
+        NodeStream.fromWebReadable({ readableStream: options.data }) :
+        options.data;
     }
   }
 
@@ -180,93 +192,105 @@ export class Record implements RecordModel {
    * @returns a data stream with convenience methods such as `blob()`, `json()`, `text()`, and `stream()`, similar to the fetch API response
    * @throws `Error` if the record has already been deleted.
    *
+   * @beta
    */
   get data() {
-    if (this.isDeleted) throw new Error('Operation failed: Attempted to access `data` of a record that has already been deleted.');
-
-    if (!this._encodedData && !this._readableStream) {
-      // `encodedData` will be set if the Record was instantiated by dwn.records.create()/write().
-      // `readableStream` will be set if Record was instantiated by dwn.records.read().
-      // If neither of the above are true, then the record must be fetched from the DWN.
-      this._readableStream = this._agent.processDwnRequest({
-        author         : this.author,
-        messageOptions : { filter: { recordId: this.id } },
-        messageType    : DwnInterfaceName.Records + DwnMethodName.Read,
-        target         : this.target,
-      })
-        .then(response => response.reply)
-        .then(reply => reply.record.data)
-        .catch(error => { throw new Error(`Error encountered while attempting to read data: ${error.message}`); });
-    }
-
-    if (typeof this._encodedData === 'string') {
-      // If `encodedData` is set, then it is expected that:
-      // type is Blob if the Record object was instantiated by dwn.records.create()/write().
-      // type is Base64 URL encoded string if the Record object was instantiated by dwn.records.query().
-      // If it is a string, we need to Base64 URL decode to bytes and instantiate a Blob.
-      const dataBytes = Encoder.base64UrlToBytes(this._encodedData);
-      this._encodedData = new Blob([dataBytes], { type: this.dataFormat });
-    }
-
-    // Explicitly cast `encodedData` as a Blob since, if non-null, it has been converted from string to Blob.
-    const dataBlob = this._encodedData as Blob;
-
     // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias
     const self = this; // Capture the context of the `Record` instance.
     const dataObj = {
+
+      /**
+       * Returns the data of the current record as a `Blob`.
+       *
+       * @returns A promise that resolves to a Blob containing the record's data.
+       * @throws If the record data is not available or cannot be converted to a `Blob`.
+       *
+       * @beta
+       */
       async blob(): Promise<Blob> {
-        if (dataBlob) return dataBlob;
-        if (self._readableStream) return new Blob([await this.stream().then(DataStream.toBytes)], { type: self.dataFormat });
+        return new Blob([await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: await this.stream() })], { type: self.dataFormat });
       },
-      async json() {
-        if (dataBlob) return this.text().then(JSON.parse);
-        if (self._readableStream) return this.text().then(JSON.parse);
-        return null;
+
+      /**
+       * Returns the data of the current record as a `Uint8Array`.
+       *
+       * @returns A Promise that resolves to a `Uint8Array` containing the record's data bytes.
+       * @throws If the record data is not available or cannot be converted to a byte array.
+       *
+       * @beta
+       */
+      async bytes(): Promise<Uint8Array> {
+        return await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: await this.stream() });
       },
-      async text() {
-        if (dataBlob) return dataBlob.text();
-        if (self._readableStream) return this.stream().then(DataStream.toBytes).then(Encoder.bytesToString);
-        return null;
+
+      /**
+       * Parses the data of the current record as JSON and returns it as a JavaScript object.
+       *
+       * @returns A Promise that resolves to a JavaScript object parsed from the record's JSON data.
+       * @throws If the record data is not available, not in JSON format, or cannot be parsed.
+       *
+       * @beta
+       */
+      async json(): Promise<any> {
+        return await NodeStream.consumeToJson({ readable: await this.stream() });
+      },
+
+      /**
+       * Returns the data of the current record as a `string`.
+       *
+       * @returns A promise that resolves to a `string` containing the record's text data.
+       * @throws If the record data is not available or cannot be converted to text.
+       *
+       * @beta
+       */
+      async text(): Promise<string> {
+        return await NodeStream.consumeToText({ readable: await this.stream() });
       },
-      async stream() {
-        if (dataBlob) return new ReadableWebToNodeStream(dataBlob.stream());
-        if (self._readableStream) return self._readableStream;
-        return null;
+
+      /**
+       * Provides a `Readable` stream containing the record's data.
+       *
+       * @returns A promise that resolves to a Node.js `Readable` stream of the record's data.
+       * @throws If the record data is not available in-memory and cannot be fetched.
+       *
+       * @beta
+       */
+      async stream(): Promise<Readable> {
+        if (self._encodedData) {
+          /** If `encodedData` is set, it indicates that the Record was instantiated by
+           * `dwn.records.create()`/`dwn.records.write()` or the record's data payload was small
+           * enough to be returned in `dwn.records.query()` results. In either case, the data is
+           * already available in-memory and can be returned as a Node.js `Readable` stream. */
+          self._readableStream = NodeStream.fromWebReadable({ readableStream: self._encodedData.stream() });
+
+        } else if (!NodeStream.isReadable({ readable: self._readableStream })) {
+          /** If `encodedData` is not set, then the Record was instantiated by `dwn.records.read()`
+           * or was too large to be returned in `dwn.records.query()` results. In either case, the
+           * data is not available in-memory and must be fetched from either: */
+          self._readableStream = self._remoteTarget ?
+            // 1. ...a remote DWN if the record was queried from a remote DWN.
+            await self.readRecordData({ target: self._remoteTarget, isRemote: true }) :
+            // 2. ...a local DWN if the record was queried from the local DWN.
+            await self.readRecordData({ target: self.target, isRemote: false });
+        }
+
+        if (!self._readableStream) {
+          throw new Error('Record data is not available.');
+        }
+
+        return self._readableStream;
       },
+
       then(...callbacks) {
         return this.stream().then(...callbacks);
       },
+
       catch(callback) {
         return dataObj.then().catch(callback);
       },
     };
-    return dataObj;
-  }
 
-  /**
-   * Delete the current record from the DWN.
-   * @returns the status of the delete request
-   * @throws `Error` if the record has already been deleted.
-   */
-  async delete(): Promise<ResponseStatus> {
-    if (this.isDeleted) throw new Error('Operation failed: Attempted to call `delete()` on a record that has already been deleted.');
-
-    // Attempt to delete the record from the DWN.
-    const agentResponse = await this._agent.processDwnRequest({
-      author         : this.author,
-      messageOptions : { recordId: this.id },
-      messageType    : DwnInterfaceName.Records + DwnMethodName.Delete,
-      target         : this.target,
-    });
-
-    const { reply: { status } } = agentResponse;
-
-    if (status.code === 202) {
-      // If the record was successfully deleted, mark the instance as deleted to prevent further modifications.
-      this.setDeletedStatus(true);
-    }
-
-    return { status };
+    return dataObj;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -275,10 +299,10 @@ export class Record implements RecordModel {
    * @param target - the DID to send the record to
    * @returns the status of the send record request
    * @throws `Error` if the record has already been deleted.
+   *
+   * @beta
    */
   async send(target: string): Promise<ResponseStatus> {
-    if (this.isDeleted) throw new Error('Operation failed: Attempted to call `send()` on a record that has already been deleted.');
-
     const { reply: { status } } = await this._agent.sendDwnRequest({
       messageType    : DwnInterfaceName.Records + DwnMethodName.Write,
       author         : this.author,
@@ -343,10 +367,10 @@ export class Record implements RecordModel {
    * @param options - options to update the record, including the new data
    * @returns the status of the update request
    * @throws `Error` if the record has already been deleted.
+   *
+   * @beta
    */
   async update(options: RecordUpdateOptions = {}): Promise<ResponseStatus> {
-    if (this.isDeleted) throw new Error('Operation failed: Attempted to call `update()` on a record that has already been deleted.');
-
     // Map Record class `dateModified`  property to DWN SDK `messageTimestamp`.
     const { dateModified, ...updateOptions } = options as Partial<RecordsWriteOptions> & RecordUpdateOptions;
     updateOptions.messageTimestamp = dateModified;
@@ -356,8 +380,8 @@ export class Record implements RecordModel {
 
     let dataBlob: Blob;
     if (options.data !== undefined) {
-      // If `data` is being updated then `dataCid` and `dataSize` must be undefined and the `data` property is passed as
-      // a top-level property to `agent.processDwnRequest()`.
+      // If `data` is being updated then `dataCid` and `dataSize` must be undefined and the `data`
+      // property is passed as a top-level property to `agent.processDwnRequest()`.
       delete updateMessage.dataCid;
       delete updateMessage.dataSize;
       delete updateMessage.data;
@@ -416,22 +440,60 @@ export class Record implements RecordModel {
   }
 
   /**
-   * TODO: Document method.
+   * Fetches the record's data from the source DWN.
+   *
+   * This private method is called when the record data is not available in-memory
+   * and needs to be fetched from either a local or a remote DWN.
+   * It makes a read request to the specified DWN and processes the response to provide
+   * a Node.js `Readable` stream of the record's data.
+   *
+   * @param target - The DID of the DWN to fetch the data from.
+   * @param isRemote - Indicates whether the target DWN is a remote node.
+   * @returns A Promise that resolves to a Node.js `Readable` stream of the record's data.
+   * @throws If there is an error while fetching or processing the data from the DWN.
+   *
+   * @beta
    */
-  private setDeletedStatus(status: boolean): void {
-    this.isDeleted = status;
-  }
+  private async readRecordData({ target, isRemote }: { target: string, isRemote: boolean }) {
+    const readRequest = {
+      author         : this.author,
+      messageOptions : { filter: { recordId: this.id } },
+      messageType    : DwnInterfaceName.Records + DwnMethodName.Read,
+      target,
+    };
 
-  /**
-   * TODO: Document method.
-   */
-  private static isReadableWebStream(stream) {
-    // TODO: Improve robustness of the check modeled after node:stream.
-    return typeof stream._read !== 'function';
+    const agentResponsePromise = isRemote ?
+      this._agent.sendDwnRequest(readRequest) :
+      this._agent.processDwnRequest(readRequest);
+
+    try {
+      const { reply: { record }} = await agentResponsePromise;
+      const dataStream: ReadableStream | Readable = record.data;
+      // If the data stream is a web ReadableStream, convert it to a Node.js Readable.
+      const nodeReadable = Stream.isReadableStream(dataStream) ?
+        NodeStream.fromWebReadable({ readableStream: dataStream }) :
+        dataStream;
+      return nodeReadable;
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new Error(`Error encountered while attempting to read data: ${error.message}`);
+    }
   }
 
   /**
-   * TODO: Document method.
+   * Verifies if the properties to be mutated are mutable.
+   *
+   * This private method is used to ensure that only mutable properties of the `Record` instance
+   * are being changed. It checks whether the properties specified for mutation are among the
+   * set of properties that are allowed to be modified. If any of the properties to be mutated
+   * are not in the set of mutable properties, the method throws an error.
+   *
+   * @param propertiesToMutate - An iterable of property names that are intended to be mutated.
+   * @param mutableDescriptorProperties - A set of property names that are allowed to be mutated.
+   *
+   * @throws If any of the properties in `propertiesToMutate` are not in `mutableDescriptorProperties`.
+   *
+   * @beta
    */
   private static verifyPermittedMutation(propertiesToMutate: Iterable<string>, mutableDescriptorProperties: Set<string>) {
     for (const property of propertiesToMutate) {
diff --git a/packages/api/tests/dwn-api.spec.ts b/packages/api/tests/dwn-api.spec.ts
index f6a99b234..d04705f20 100644
--- a/packages/api/tests/dwn-api.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/api/tests/dwn-api.spec.ts
@@ -812,7 +812,12 @@ describe('DwnApi', () => {
         expect(writeResult.status.detail).to.equal('Accepted');
         expect(writeResult.record).to.exist;
 
-        await writeResult.record!.delete();
+        // Delete the record
+        await dwnAlice.records.delete({
+          message: {
+            recordId: writeResult.record!.id
+          }
+        });
 
         const result = await dwnAlice.records.read({
           message: {
diff --git a/packages/api/tests/record.spec.ts b/packages/api/tests/record.spec.ts
index 853375028..5e9f70163 100644
--- a/packages/api/tests/record.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/api/tests/record.spec.ts
@@ -8,14 +8,17 @@ import type {
 } from '@tbd54566975/dwn-sdk-js';
 
 import chai, { expect } from 'chai';
+import { NodeStream } from '@web5/common';
 import chaiAsPromised from 'chai-as-promised';
 import { utils as didUtils } from '@web5/dids';
 import { TestManagedAgent } from '@web5/agent';
 import {
+  DataStream,
   DwnConstant,
   RecordsWrite,
   DwnMethodName,
   DwnInterfaceName,
+  PrivateKeySigner,
   EncryptionAlgorithm,
   KeyDerivationScheme,
 } from '@tbd54566975/dwn-sdk-js';
@@ -35,7 +38,6 @@ chai.use(chaiAsPromised);
 // NOTE: @noble/secp256k1 requires globalThis.crypto polyfill for node.js <=18: https://github.com/paulmillr/noble-secp256k1/blob/main/README.md#usage
 // Remove when we move off of node.js v18 to v20, earliest possible time would be Oct 2023: https://github.com/nodejs/release#release-schedule
 import { webcrypto } from 'node:crypto';
-import { PrivateKeySigner } from '@tbd54566975/dwn-sdk-js';
 // @ts-ignore
 if (!globalThis.crypto) globalThis.crypto = webcrypto;
 
@@ -206,85 +208,493 @@ describe('Record', () => {
     expect(record.dataFormat).to.equal(dataFormat);
   });
 
-  describe('data.blob()', () => {
-    it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
-      // Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed.
-      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(500);
-      const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
+  describe('data', () => {
+    let dataText500Bytes: string;
+    let dataTextExceedingMaxSize: string;
 
-      // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
-      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+    before(async () => {
+      dataText500Bytes = TestDataGenerator.randomString(500);
+      dataTextExceedingMaxSize = TestDataGenerator.randomString(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+    });
 
-      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+    describe('data.blob()', () => {
+      it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
+        // Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not have to be fetched
+        // with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed.
+        const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(500);
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
-      // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as a Blob matches the original input data.
-      const readDataBlob = await record!.data.blob();
-      expect(readDataBlob.size).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+        // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
 
-      // Convert the Blob into an array and ensure it matches the input data byte for byte.
-      const readDataBytes = new Uint8Array(await readDataBlob.arrayBuffer());
-      expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as a Blob matches the original input data.
+        const readDataBlob = await record!.data.blob();
+        expect(readDataBlob.size).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+
+        // Convert the Blob into an array and ensure it matches the input data byte for byte.
+        const readDataBytes = new Uint8Array(await readDataBlob.arrayBuffer());
+        expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+
+      it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.read()', async () => {
+        // Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not have to be fetched
+        // with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed.
+        const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(500);
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
+
+        // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Read the record that was just created.
+        const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({ message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}});
+
+        expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+        // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as a Blob matches the original input data.
+        const readDataBlob = await readRecord.data.blob();
+        expect(readDataBlob.size).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+
+        // Convert the Blob into an array and ensure it matches the input data byte for byte.
+        const readDataBytes = new Uint8Array(await readDataBlob.arrayBuffer());
+        expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
+        // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
+        // with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed.
+        const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as a Blob matches the original input data.
+        const readDataBlob = await record!.data.blob();
+        expect(readDataBlob.size).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+
+        // Convert the Blob into an array and ensure it matches the input data byte for byte.
+        const readDataBytes = new Uint8Array(await readDataBlob.arrayBuffer());
+        expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after local dwn.records.query()', async () => {
+        /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+         * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed. */
+        const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Query for the record that was just created.
+        const { records: queryRecords, status: queryRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.query({
+          message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+        });
+        expect(queryRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+        // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as a Blob matches the original input data.
+        const [ queryRecord ] = queryRecords;
+        const queriedDataBlob = await queryRecord.data.blob();
+        expect(queriedDataBlob.size).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+
+        // Convert the Blob into an array and ensure it matches the input data, byte for byte.
+        const queriedDataBytes = new Uint8Array(await queriedDataBlob.arrayBuffer());
+        expect(queriedDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after local dwn.records.read()', async () => {
+        // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
+        // with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed.
+        const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Read the record that was just created.
+        const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({
+          message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+        });
+
+        expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+        // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as a Blob matches the original input data.
+        const readDataBlob = await readRecord.data.blob();
+        expect(readDataBlob.size).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+
+        // Convert the Blob into an array and ensure it matches the input data byte for byte.
+        const readDataBytes = new Uint8Array(await readDataBlob.arrayBuffer());
+        expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
     });
 
-    it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.read()', async () => {
+    describe('data.json()', () => {
+      it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
+        // Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not have to be fetched
+        // with a RecordsRead when record.data.json() is executed.
+        const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(500);
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
+
+        // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as JSON matches the original input data.
+        const readDataJson = await record!.data.json();
+        const readDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(readDataJson));
+        expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+
+        // Ensure the JSON returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+        expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+
+      it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.read()', async () => {
       // Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed.
-      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(500);
-      const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
+      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.json() is executed.
+        const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(500);
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
-      // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
-      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+        // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
 
-      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      // Read the record that was just created.
-      const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({ message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}});
+        // Read the record that was just created.
+        const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({ message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}});
 
-      expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+        expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
 
-      // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as a Blob matches the original input data.
-      const readDataBlob = await readRecord.data.blob();
-      expect(readDataBlob.size).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+        // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as JSON matches the original input data.
+        const readDataJson = await readRecord!.data.json();
+        const readDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(readDataJson));
+        expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
-      // Convert the Blob into an array and ensure it matches the input data byte for byte.
-      const readDataBytes = new Uint8Array(await readDataBlob.arrayBuffer());
-      expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+        // Ensure the JSON returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+        expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
+        // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
+        // with a RecordsRead when record.data.json() is executed.
+        const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as JSON matches the original input data.
+        const readDataJson = await record!.data.json();
+        const readDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(readDataJson));
+        expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+
+        // Ensure the JSON returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+        expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after local dwn.records.query()', async () => {
+        /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+         * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.json() is executed. */
+        const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Query for the record that was just created.
+        const { records: queryRecords, status: queryRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.query({
+          message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+        });
+        expect(queryRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+        // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as JSON matches the original input data.
+        const [ queryRecord ] = queryRecords;
+        const queriedDataBlob = await queryRecord!.data.json();
+
+        // Convert the JSON to bytes and ensure it matches the input data, byte for byte.
+        const queriedDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(queriedDataBlob));
+        expect(queriedDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+        expect(queriedDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after local dwn.records.read()', async () => {
+        // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
+        // with a RecordsRead when record.data.json() is executed.
+        const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Read the record that was just created.
+        const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({
+          message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+        });
+
+        expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+        // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as JSON matches the original input data.
+        const readDataJson = await readRecord!.data.json();
+        const readDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(readDataJson));
+        expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+
+        // Ensure the JSON returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+        expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
     });
 
-    it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
-      // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed.
-      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
-      const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
+    describe('data.stream()', () => {
+      it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
+        // Use a data payload that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will
+        // not have to be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(dataText500Bytes);
 
-      // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
-      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+        // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText500Bytes });
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+        // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
+        const dataStream = await record!.data.stream();
+        const dataStreamBytes = await DataStream.toBytes(dataStream);
+        expect(dataStreamBytes.length).to.equal(dataText500Bytes.length);
 
-      // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as a Blob matches the original input data.
-      const readDataBlob = await record!.data.blob();
-      expect(readDataBlob.size).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+        // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+        expect(dataStreamBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
 
-      // Convert the Blob into an array and ensure it matches the input data byte for byte.
-      const readDataBytes = new Uint8Array(await readDataBlob.arrayBuffer());
-      expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.read()', async () => {
+        // Use a data payload that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will
+        // not have to be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(dataText500Bytes);
+
+        // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText500Bytes });
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Read the record that was just created.
+        const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({ message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}});
+        expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+        // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
+        const dataStream = await readRecord!.data.stream();
+        const dataStreamBytes = await DataStream.toBytes(dataStream);
+        expect(dataStreamBytes.length).to.equal(dataText500Bytes.length);
+
+        // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+        expect(dataStreamBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
+        // Use a data payload that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will
+        // have to be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(dataTextExceedingMaxSize);
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataTextExceedingMaxSize });
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
+        const dataStream = await record!.data.stream();
+        const dataStreamBytes = await DataStream.toBytes(dataStream);
+        expect(dataStreamBytes.length).to.equal(dataTextExceedingMaxSize.length);
+
+        // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+        expect(dataStreamBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after local dwn.records.query()', async () => {
+        // Use a data payload that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will
+        // have to be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(dataTextExceedingMaxSize);
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataTextExceedingMaxSize });
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Query for the record that was just created.
+        const { records: queryRecords, status: queryRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.query({
+          message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+        });
+        expect(queryRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+        // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
+        const [ queryRecord ] = queryRecords;
+        const dataStream = await queryRecord!.data.stream();
+        const dataStreamBytes = await DataStream.toBytes(dataStream);
+        expect(dataStreamBytes.length).to.equal(dataTextExceedingMaxSize.length);
+
+        // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+        expect(dataStreamBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after local dwn.records.read()', async () => {
+        // Use a data payload that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will
+        // have to be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
+        const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(dataTextExceedingMaxSize);
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataTextExceedingMaxSize });
+
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Read the record that was just created.
+        const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({
+          message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+        });
+        expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+        // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
+        const dataStream = await readRecord!.data.stream();
+        const dataStreamBytes = await DataStream.toBytes(dataStream);
+        expect(dataStreamBytes.length).to.equal(dataTextExceedingMaxSize.length);
+
+        // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+        expect(dataStreamBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('data.text()', () => {
+      it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
+        // Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not have to be fetched
+        // with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
+        const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(500);
+
+        // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText });
+
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
+        const readDataText = await record!.data.text();
+        expect(readDataText.length).to.equal(dataText.length);
+
+        // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, char for char.
+        expect(readDataText).to.deep.equal(dataText);
+      });
+
+      it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.read()', async () => {
+        // Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not have to be fetched
+        // with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
+        const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(500);
+
+        // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText });
+
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Read the record that was just created.
+        const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({ message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}});
+
+        expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+        // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
+        const readDataText = await readRecord!.data.text();
+        expect(readDataText.length).to.equal(dataText.length);
+
+        // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, char for char.
+        expect(readDataText).to.deep.equal(dataText);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
+        // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
+        // with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
+        const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText });
+
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
+        const readDataText = await record!.data.text();
+        expect(readDataText.length).to.equal(dataText.length);
+
+        // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, char for char.
+        expect(readDataText).to.deep.equal(dataText);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after local dwn.records.query()', async () => {
+        /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+         * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed. */
+        const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText });
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Query for the record that was just created.
+        const { records: queryRecords, status: queryRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.query({
+          message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+        });
+        expect(queryRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+        // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
+        const [ queryRecord ] = queryRecords;
+        const queriedDataText = await queryRecord!.data.text();
+        expect(queriedDataText.length).to.equal(dataText.length);
+
+        // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, char for char.
+        expect(queriedDataText).to.deep.equal(dataText);
+      });
+
+      it('returns large data payloads after local dwn.records.read()', async () => {
+        // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
+        // with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
+        const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+
+        // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
+        const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText });
+
+        expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+        // Read the record that was just created.
+        const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({
+          message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+        });
+
+        expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+        // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
+        const readDataText = await readRecord!.data.text();
+        expect(readDataText.length).to.equal(dataText.length);
+
+        // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, char for char.
+        expect(readDataText).to.deep.equal(dataText);
+      });
     });
 
-    it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.query()', async () => {
+    it('returns large data payloads after remote dwn.records.query()', async () => {
       /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
-       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed. */
+       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.* is executed. */
       const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
       const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
-      // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
-      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+      // Create a large record but do NOT store it on the local, agent-connected DWN.
+      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson, store: false });
       expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      // Query for the record that was just created.
+      // Write the large record to a remote DWN.
+      const { status: sendStatus } = await record!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Query for the record that was just created on the remote DWN.
       const { records: queryRecords, status: queryRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.query({
-        message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+        from    : alice.did,
+        message : { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
       });
       expect(queryRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
 
@@ -292,26 +702,27 @@ describe('Record', () => {
       const [ queryRecord ] = queryRecords;
       const queriedDataBlob = await queryRecord.data.blob();
       expect(queriedDataBlob.size).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
-
-      // Convert the Blob into an array and ensure it matches the input data, byte for byte.
-      const queriedDataBytes = new Uint8Array(await queriedDataBlob.arrayBuffer());
-      expect(queriedDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
     });
 
-    it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.read()', async () => {
-      // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed.
+    it('returns large data payloads after remote dwn.records.read()', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.* is executed. */
       const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
       const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
-      // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
-      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
-
+      // Create a large record but do NOT store it on the local, agent-connected DWN.
+      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson, store: false });
       expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      // Read the record that was just created.
-      const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({ message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}});
+      // Write the large record to a remote DWN.
+      const { status: sendStatus } = await record!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendStatus.code).to.equal(202);
 
+      // Read the record that was just created on the remote DWN.
+      const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({
+        from    : alice.did,
+        message : { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+      });
       expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
 
       // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as a Blob matches the original input data.
@@ -322,278 +733,259 @@ describe('Record', () => {
       const readDataBytes = new Uint8Array(await readDataBlob.arrayBuffer());
       expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
     });
-  });
 
-  describe('data.json()', () => {
-    it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
-      // Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.json() is executed.
-      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(500);
+    it('returns small data payloads repeatedly after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.* is executed. */
+      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(100_000);
       const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
       // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
       const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
-
       expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as JSON matches the original input data.
-      const readDataJson = await record!.data.json();
-      const readDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(readDataJson));
-      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+      // Read the data payload as bytes.
+      let readDataBytes = await record!.data.bytes();
+      // Ensure the JSON returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+      expect(inputDataBytes).to.deep.equal(readDataBytes);
 
+      // Read the data payload a second time.
+      readDataBytes = await record!.data.bytes();
       // Ensure the JSON returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
-      expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      expect(inputDataBytes).to.deep.equal(readDataBytes);
+
+      // Read the data payload a third time.
+      readDataBytes = await record!.data.bytes();
+      // Ensure the JSON returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+      expect(inputDataBytes).to.deep.equal(readDataBytes);
     });
 
-    it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.read()', async () => {
-      // Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.json() is executed.
-      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(500);
+    it('returns large data payloads repeatedly after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.* is executed. */
+      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 25000);
       const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
-      // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
+      // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
       const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
-
       expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      // Read the record that was just created.
-      const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({ message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}});
-
-      expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
-
       // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as JSON matches the original input data.
-      const readDataJson = await readRecord!.data.json();
-      const readDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(readDataJson));
+      let readDataJson = await record!.data.json();
+      let readDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(readDataJson));
       expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
       // Ensure the JSON returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
       expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
-    });
 
-    it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
-      // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.json() is executed.
-      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
-      const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
-
-      // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
-      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
+      // Attempt to read the record again.
+      readDataJson = await record!.data.json();
+      readDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(readDataJson));
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
-      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+      // Ensure the JSON returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
+      expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
 
-      // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as JSON matches the original input data.
-      const readDataJson = await record!.data.json();
-      const readDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(readDataJson));
+      // Attempt to read the record again.
+      readDataJson = await record!.data.json();
+      readDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(readDataJson));
       expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
       // Ensure the JSON returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
       expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
     });
 
-    it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.query()', async () => {
-      /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
-       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.json() is executed. */
-      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+    it('allows small data payloads written locally to be consumed as a stream repeatedly', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not
+       * have to be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed. */
+      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(1000);
       const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
       // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
       const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
       expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      // Query for the record that was just created.
-      const { records: queryRecords, status: queryRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.query({
-        message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
-      });
-      expect(queryRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
-
-      // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as JSON matches the original input data.
-      const [ queryRecord ] = queryRecords;
-      const queriedDataBlob = await queryRecord!.data.json();
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes.
+      let readDataStream = await record!.data.stream();
+      let readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
-      // Convert the JSON to bytes and ensure it matches the input data, byte for byte.
-      const queriedDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(queriedDataBlob));
-      expect(queriedDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
-      expect(queriedDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes a second time.
+      readDataStream = await record!.data.stream();
+      readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
     });
 
-    it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.read()', async () => {
-      // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.json() is executed.
+    it('allows large data payloads written locally to be consumed as a stream repeatedly', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.* is executed. */
       const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
       const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
       // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
       const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson });
-
       expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      // Read the record that was just created.
-      const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({ message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}});
-
-      expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
-
-      // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as JSON matches the original input data.
-      const readDataJson = await readRecord!.data.json();
-      const readDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(readDataJson));
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes.
+      let readDataStream = await record!.data.stream();
+      let readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
       expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
-      // Ensure the JSON returned matches the input data, byte for byte.
-      expect(readDataBytes).to.deep.equal(inputDataBytes);
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('data.text()', () => {
-    it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
-      // Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
-      const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(500);
-
-      // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
-      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText });
-
-      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
-
-      // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
-      const readDataText = await record!.data.text();
-      expect(readDataText.length).to.equal(dataText.length);
-
-      // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, char for char.
-      expect(readDataText).to.deep.equal(dataText);
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes a second time.
+      readDataStream = await record!.data.stream();
+      readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
     });
 
-    it('returns small data payloads after dwn.records.read()', async () => {
-      // Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
-      const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(500);
-
-      // Write the 500B record to agent-connected DWN.
-      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText });
+    it('allows small data payloads read from a remote to be consumed as a stream repeatedly', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not
+       * have to be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed. */
+      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(1000);
+      const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
+      // Create a large record but do NOT store it on the local, agent-connected DWN.
+      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson, store: false });
       expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      // Read the record that was just created.
-      const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({ message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}});
+      // Write the large record to a remote DWN.
+      const { status: sendStatus } = await record!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendStatus.code).to.equal(202);
 
+      // Read the record that was just created on the remote DWN.
+      const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({
+        from    : alice.did,
+        message : { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+      });
       expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
 
-      // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
-      const readDataText = await readRecord!.data.text();
-      expect(readDataText.length).to.equal(dataText.length);
-
-      // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, char for char.
-      expect(readDataText).to.deep.equal(dataText);
-    });
-
-    it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.write()', async () => {
-      // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
-      const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
-
-      // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
-      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText });
-
-      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+      // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as a Blob matches the original input data.
+      const readDataBlob = await readRecord.data.blob();
+      expect(readDataBlob.size).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
-      // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
-      const readDataText = await record!.data.text();
-      expect(readDataText.length).to.equal(dataText.length);
+      // Confirm that the size, in bytes, of the data read as JSON matches the original input data.
+      let readDataStream = await readRecord!.data.stream();
+      let readDataBytes = await DataStream.toBytes(readDataStream);
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
-      // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, char for char.
-      expect(readDataText).to.deep.equal(dataText);
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes a third time.
+      readDataStream = await readRecord!.data.stream();
+      readDataBytes = await DataStream.toBytes(readDataStream);
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
     });
 
-    it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.query()', async () => {
+    it('allows large data payloads read from a remote to be consumed as a stream repeatedly', async () => {
       /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
-       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed. */
-      const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.* is executed. */
+      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+      const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
-      // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
-      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText });
+      // Create a large record but do NOT store it on the local, agent-connected DWN.
+      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson, store: false });
       expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      // Query for the record that was just created.
-      const { records: queryRecords, status: queryRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.query({
-        message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+      // Write the large record to a remote DWN.
+      const { status: sendStatus } = await record!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Read the record that was just created on the remote DWN.
+      const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({
+        from    : alice.did,
+        message : { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
       });
-      expect(queryRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+      expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
 
-      // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
-      const [ queryRecord ] = queryRecords;
-      const queriedDataText = await queryRecord!.data.text();
-      expect(queriedDataText.length).to.equal(dataText.length);
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes.
+      let readDataStream = await readRecord!.data.stream();
+      let readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
-      // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, char for char.
-      expect(queriedDataText).to.deep.equal(dataText);
-    });
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes a second time.
+      readDataStream = await record!.data.stream();
+      readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
-    it('returns large data payloads after dwn.records.read()', async () => {
-      // Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to be fetched
-      // with a RecordsRead when record.data.text() is executed.
-      const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes a third time.
+      readDataStream = await record!.data.stream();
+      readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+    });
 
-      // Write the large record to agent-connected DWN.
-      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataText });
+    it('allows small data payloads queried from a remote to be consumed as a stream repeatedly', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that is less than the encoded data limit to ensure that the data will not
+       * have to be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed. */
+      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(1000);
+      const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
+      // Create a large record but do NOT store it on the local, agent-connected DWN.
+      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson, store: false });
       expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      // Read the record that was just created.
-      const { record: readRecord, status: readRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({ message: { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}});
+      // Write the large record to a remote DWN.
+      const { status: sendStatus } = await record!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendStatus.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      expect(readRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+      // Read the record that was just created on the remote DWN.
+      const { records: queriedRecords, status: queriedRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.query({
+        from    : alice.did,
+        message : { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
+      });
+      expect(queriedRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+      const [ queriedRecord ] = queriedRecords;
 
-      // Confirm that the length of the data read as text matches the original input data.
-      const readDataText = await readRecord!.data.text();
-      expect(readDataText.length).to.equal(dataText.length);
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes.
+      let readDataStream = await queriedRecord!.data.stream();
+      let readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
+
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes a second time.
+      readDataStream = await queriedRecord!.data.stream();
+      readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
-      // Ensure the text returned matches the input data, char for char.
-      expect(readDataText).to.deep.equal(dataText);
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes a third time.
+      readDataStream = await queriedRecord!.data.stream();
+      readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
     });
-  });
 
-  describe('delete()', () => {
-    it('deletes the record', async () => {
-      const { status, record } = await dwn.records.write({
-        data    : 'Hello, world!',
-        message : {
-          schema     : 'foo/bar',
-          dataFormat : 'text/plain'
-        }
-      });
+    it('allows large data payloads queried from a remote to be consumed as a stream repeatedly', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.* is executed. */
+      const dataJson = TestDataGenerator.randomJson(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+      const inputDataBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(dataJson));
 
+      // Create a large record but do NOT store it on the local, agent-connected DWN.
+      const { record, status } = await dwn.records.write({ data: dataJson, store: false });
       expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
-      expect(record).to.not.be.undefined;
 
-      const deleteResult = await record!.delete();
-      expect(deleteResult.status.code).to.equal(202);
+      // Write the large record to a remote DWN.
+      const { status: sendStatus } = await record!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendStatus.code).to.equal(202);
 
-      const queryResult = await dwn.records.query({
-        message: {
-          filter: {
-            recordId: record!.id
-          }
-        }
+      // Query for the record that was just created on the remote DWN.
+      const { records: queriedRecords, status: queriedRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.query({
+        from    : alice.did,
+        message : { filter: { recordId: record!.id }}
       });
+      expect(queriedRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
 
-      expect(queryResult.status.code).to.equal(200);
-      expect(queryResult.records!.length).to.equal(0);
-    });
-
-    it('throws an exception when delete is called twice', async () => {
-      const { status, record } = await dwn.records.write({
-        data    : 'Hello, world!',
-        message : {
-          schema     : 'foo/bar',
-          dataFormat : 'text/plain'
-        }
-      });
+      const [ queriedRecord ] = queriedRecords;
 
-      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
-      expect(record).to.not.be.undefined;
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes.
+      let readDataStream = await queriedRecord!.data.stream();
+      let readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
-      let deleteResult = await record!.delete();
-      expect(deleteResult.status.code).to.equal(202);
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes a second time.
+      readDataStream = await queriedRecord!.data.stream();
+      readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
 
-      await expect(record!.delete()).to.eventually.be.rejectedWith('Operation failed');
+      // Consume the data stream as bytes a third time.
+      readDataStream = await queriedRecord!.data.stream();
+      readDataBytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: readDataStream });
+      expect(readDataBytes.length).to.equal(inputDataBytes.length);
     });
   });
 
@@ -610,7 +1002,7 @@ describe('Record', () => {
       });
     });
 
-    it('writes records to remote DWNs for your own DID', async () => {
+    it('writes small records to remote DWNs for your own DID', async () => {
       const dataString = 'Hello, world!';
 
       // Alice writes a message to her agent connected DWN.
@@ -659,6 +1051,69 @@ describe('Record', () => {
       expect(await aliceRemoteEmailRecord.data.text()).to.equal(dataString);
     });
 
+    it('writes large records to remote DWNs that were initially queried from a local DWN', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.send() is executed. */
+      const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+
+      // Alice writes a message to her agent connected DWN.
+      const { status: aliceEmailStatus } = await dwn.records.write({
+        data    : dataText,
+        message : {
+          schema: 'email',
+        }
+      });
+      expect(aliceEmailStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Query Alice's local, agent connected DWN for `email` schema records.
+      const aliceAgentQueryResult = await dwn.records.query({
+        message: {
+          filter: {
+            schema: 'email'
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      expect(aliceAgentQueryResult.status.code).to.equal(200);
+      expect(aliceAgentQueryResult!.records).to.have.length(1);
+      const [ aliceAgentEmailRecord ] = aliceAgentQueryResult!.records!;
+
+      // Attempt to write the record to Alice's remote DWN.
+      const { status } = await aliceAgentEmailRecord!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+    });
+
+    it('writes large records to remote DWNs that were initially read from a local DWN', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.send() is executed. */
+      const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+
+      // Alice writes a message to her agent connected DWN.
+      const { status: aliceEmailStatus, record: aliceEmailRecord } = await dwn.records.write({
+        data    : dataText,
+        message : {
+          schema: 'email',
+        }
+      });
+      expect(aliceEmailStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Read from Alice's local, agent connected DWN for the record that was just created.
+      const aliceAgentReadResult = await dwn.records.read({
+        message: {
+          filter: {
+            recordId: aliceEmailRecord.id
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      expect(aliceAgentReadResult.status.code).to.equal(200);
+      expect(aliceAgentReadResult.record).to.exist;
+
+      // Attempt to write the record to Alice's remote DWN.
+      const { status } = await aliceAgentReadResult.record.send(alice.did);
+      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+    });
+
     it('writes updated records to a remote DWN', async () => {
       /**
        * NOTE: The issue that this test was added to cover was intermittently failing the first
@@ -699,6 +1154,180 @@ describe('Record', () => {
       expect(sendResult.status.code).to.equal(202);
     });
 
+    // TODO: Fix after changes are made to dwn-sdk-js to include the initial write in every query/read response.
+    it('fails to write updated records to a remote DWN that is missing the initial write', async () => {
+      // Alice writes a message to her agent connected DWN.
+      const { status, record } = await dwn.records.write({
+        data    : 'Hello, world!',
+        message : {
+          schema     : 'foo/bar',
+          dataFormat : 'text/plain'
+        }
+      });
+      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Update the record by mutating the data property.
+      const updateResult = await record!.update({ data: 'hi' });
+      expect(updateResult.status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Write the updated record to Alice's remote DWN a second time.
+      const sendResult = await record!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendResult.status.code).to.equal(400);
+      expect(sendResult.status.detail).to.equal('RecordsWriteGetInitialWriteNotFound: initial write is not found');
+
+      // TODO: Uncomment the following line after changes are made to dwn-sdk-js to include the initial write in every query/read response.
+      // expect(sendResult.status.code).to.equal(202);
+    });
+
+    it('writes large records to remote DWNs that were initially queried from a remote DWN', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed. */
+      const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+
+      // Install the email protocol for Alice's local DWN.
+      let { protocol: aliceProtocol, status: aliceStatus } = await dwn.protocols.configure({
+        message: { definition: emailProtocolDefinition }
+      });
+      expect(aliceStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+      expect(aliceProtocol).to.exist;
+
+      // Install the email protocol for Alice's remote DWN.
+      const { status: alicePushStatus } = await aliceProtocol!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(alicePushStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Instantiate DwnApi instance for Bob.
+      const bobDwn = new DwnApi({ agent: testAgent.agent, connectedDid: bob.did });
+
+      // Install the email protocol for Bob's local DWN.
+      const { protocol: bobProtocol, status: bobStatus } = await bobDwn.protocols.configure({
+        message: {
+          definition: emailProtocolDefinition
+        }
+      });
+
+      expect(bobStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+      expect(bobProtocol).to.exist;
+
+      // Install the email protocol for Bob's remote DWN.
+      const { status: bobPushStatus } = await bobProtocol!.send(bob.did);
+      expect(bobPushStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Alice creates a new large record but does not store it in her local DWN.
+      const { status: aliceEmailStatus, record: aliceEmailRecord } = await dwn.records.write({
+        store   : false,
+        data    : dataText,
+        message : {
+          protocol     : emailProtocolDefinition.protocol,
+          protocolPath : 'email',
+          schema       : 'http://email-protocol.xyz/schema/email',
+        }
+      });
+      expect(aliceEmailStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Alice writes the large record to her own remote DWN.
+      const { status: sendStatus } = await aliceEmailRecord!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Alice queries for the record that was just created on her remote DWN.
+      const { records: queryRecords, status: queryRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.query({
+        from    : alice.did,
+        message : { filter: { recordId: aliceEmailRecord!.id }}
+      });
+      expect(queryRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+      // Attempt to write the record to Bob's DWN.
+      const [ queryRecord ] = queryRecords;
+      const { status } = await queryRecord!.send(bob.did);
+      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Confirm Bob can query his own remote DWN for the created record.
+      const bobQueryResult = await bobDwn.records.query({
+        from    : bob.did,
+        message : {
+          filter: {
+            schema: 'http://email-protocol.xyz/schema/email'
+          }
+        }
+      });
+      expect(bobQueryResult.status.code).to.equal(200);
+      expect(bobQueryResult.records).to.exist;
+      expect(bobQueryResult.records!.length).to.equal(1);
+    });
+
+    it('writes large records to remote DWNs that were initially read from a remote DWN', async () => {
+      /** Generate data that exceeds the DWN encoded data limit to ensure that the data will have to
+       * be fetched with a RecordsRead when record.data.blob() is executed. */
+      const dataText = TestDataGenerator.randomString(DwnConstant.maxDataSizeAllowedToBeEncoded + 1000);
+
+      // Install the email protocol for Alice's local DWN.
+      let { protocol: aliceProtocol, status: aliceStatus } = await dwn.protocols.configure({
+        message: { definition: emailProtocolDefinition }
+      });
+      expect(aliceStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+      expect(aliceProtocol).to.exist;
+
+      // Install the email protocol for Alice's remote DWN.
+      const { status: alicePushStatus } = await aliceProtocol!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(alicePushStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Instantiate DwnApi instance for Bob.
+      const bobDwn = new DwnApi({ agent: testAgent.agent, connectedDid: bob.did });
+
+      // Install the email protocol for Bob's local DWN.
+      const { protocol: bobProtocol, status: bobStatus } = await bobDwn.protocols.configure({
+        message: {
+          definition: emailProtocolDefinition
+        }
+      });
+
+      expect(bobStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+      expect(bobProtocol).to.exist;
+
+      // Install the email protocol for Bob's remote DWN.
+      const { status: bobPushStatus } = await bobProtocol!.send(bob.did);
+      expect(bobPushStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Alice creates a new large record but does not store it in her local DWN.
+      const { status: aliceEmailStatus, record: aliceEmailRecord } = await dwn.records.write({
+        store   : false,
+        data    : dataText,
+        message : {
+          protocol     : emailProtocolDefinition.protocol,
+          protocolPath : 'email',
+          schema       : 'http://email-protocol.xyz/schema/email',
+        }
+      });
+      expect(aliceEmailStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Alice writes the large record to her own remote DWN.
+      const { status: sendStatus } = await aliceEmailRecord!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Alice queries for the record that was just created on her remote DWN.
+      const { record: queryRecord, status: queryRecordStatus } = await dwn.records.read({
+        from    : alice.did,
+        message : { filter: { recordId: aliceEmailRecord!.id }}
+      });
+      expect(queryRecordStatus.code).to.equal(200);
+
+      // Attempt to write the record to Bob's DWN.
+      const { status } = await queryRecord!.send(bob.did);
+      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Confirm Bob can query his own remote DWN for the created record.
+      const bobQueryResult = await bobDwn.records.query({
+        from    : bob.did,
+        message : {
+          filter: {
+            schema: 'http://email-protocol.xyz/schema/email'
+          }
+        }
+      });
+      expect(bobQueryResult.status.code).to.equal(200);
+      expect(bobQueryResult.records).to.exist;
+      expect(bobQueryResult.records!.length).to.equal(1);
+    });
+
     it(`writes records to remote DWNs for someone else's DID`, async () => {
       const dataString = 'Hello, world!';
 
@@ -767,8 +1396,8 @@ describe('Record', () => {
     });
 
     describe('with store: false', () => {
-      it('writes records to your own remote DWN but not your agent DWN', async () => {
-        // Alice writes a message to her agent DWN with `store: false`.
+      it('writes records to your own remote DWN but not your local DWN', async () => {
+        // Alice creates a record but does not store it on her local DWN with `store: false`.
         const dataString = 'Hello, world!';
         const writeResult = await dwn.records.write({
           store   : false,
@@ -1091,7 +1720,7 @@ describe('Record', () => {
   });
 
   describe('update()', () => {
-    it('updates a record', async () => {
+    it('updates a local record on the local DWN', async () => {
       const { status, record } = await dwn.records.write({
         data    : 'Hello, world!',
         message : {
@@ -1126,6 +1755,180 @@ describe('Record', () => {
       expect(updatedData).to.equal('bye');
     });
 
+    // TODO: Fix after changes are made to dwn-sdk-js to include the initial write in every query/read response.
+    it('fails to update a record locally that only written to a remote DWN', async () => {
+      // Create a record but do not store it on the local DWN.
+      const { status, record } = await dwn.records.write({
+        store   : false,
+        data    : 'Hello, world!',
+        message : {
+          schema     : 'foo/bar',
+          dataFormat : 'text/plain'
+        }
+      });
+      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+      expect(record).to.not.be.undefined;
+
+      // Store the data CID of the record before it is updated.
+      // const dataCidBeforeDataUpdate = record!.dataCid;
+
+      // Write the record to a remote DWN.
+      const { status: sendStatus } = await record!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      /** Attempt to update the record, which should write the updated record the local DWN but
+       * instead fails due to a missing initial write. */
+      const updateResult = await record!.update({ data: 'bye' });
+      expect(updateResult.status.code).to.equal(400);
+      expect(updateResult.status.detail).to.equal('RecordsWriteGetInitialWriteNotFound: initial write is not found');
+
+      // TODO: Uncomment these lines after the issue mentioned above is fixed.
+      // expect(updateResult.status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Confirm that the record was written to the local DWN.
+      // const readResult = await dwn.records.read({
+      //   message: {
+      //     filter: {
+      //       recordId: record!.id
+      //     }
+      //   }
+      // });
+      // expect(readResult.status.code).to.equal(200);
+      // expect(readResult.record).to.not.be.undefined;
+
+      // Confirm that the data CID of the record was updated.
+      // expect(readResult.record.dataCid).to.not.equal(dataCidBeforeDataUpdate);
+      // expect(readResult.record.dataCid).to.equal(record!.dataCid);
+
+      // Confirm that the data payload of the record was modified.
+      // const updatedData = await record!.data.text();
+      // expect(updatedData).to.equal('bye');
+    });
+
+    // TODO: Fix after changes are made to dwn-sdk-js to include the initial write in every query/read response.
+    it('fails to update a record locally that was initially read from a remote DWN', async () => {
+      // Create a record but do not store it on the local DWN.
+      const { status, record } = await dwn.records.write({
+        store   : false,
+        data    : 'Hello, world!',
+        message : {
+          schema     : 'foo/bar',
+          dataFormat : 'text/plain'
+        }
+      });
+      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+      expect(record).to.not.be.undefined;
+
+      // Store the data CID of the record before it is updated.
+      // const dataCidBeforeDataUpdate = record!.dataCid;
+
+      // Write the record to a remote DWN.
+      const { status: sendStatus } = await record!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Read the record from the remote DWN.
+      const readResult = await dwn.records.read({
+        from    : alice.did,
+        message : {
+          filter: {
+            recordId: record!.id
+          }
+        }
+      });
+      expect(readResult.status.code).to.equal(200);
+      expect(readResult.record).to.not.be.undefined;
+
+      // Attempt to update the record, which should write the updated record the local DWN.
+      const updateResult = await readResult.record!.update({ data: 'bye' });
+      expect(updateResult.status.code).to.equal(400);
+      expect(updateResult.status.detail).to.equal('RecordsWriteGetInitialWriteNotFound: initial write is not found');
+
+      // TODO: Uncomment these lines after the issue mentioned above is fixed.
+      // expect(updateResult.status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Confirm that the record was written to the local DWN.
+      // const readResult = await dwn.records.read({
+      //   message: {
+      //     filter: {
+      //       recordId: record!.id
+      //     }
+      //   }
+      // });
+      // expect(readResult.status.code).to.equal(200);
+      // expect(readResult.record).to.not.be.undefined;
+
+      // Confirm that the data CID of the record was updated.
+      // expect(readResult.record.dataCid).to.not.equal(dataCidBeforeDataUpdate);
+      // expect(readResult.record.dataCid).to.equal(record!.dataCid);
+
+      // Confirm that the data payload of the record was modified.
+      // const updatedData = await record!.data.text();
+      // expect(updatedData).to.equal('bye');
+    });
+
+    // TODO: Fix after changes are made to dwn-sdk-js to include the initial write in every query/read response.
+    it('fails to update a record locally that was initially queried from a remote DWN', async () => {
+      // Create a record but do not store it on the local DWN.
+      const { status, record } = await dwn.records.write({
+        store   : false,
+        data    : 'Hello, world!',
+        message : {
+          schema     : 'foo/bar',
+          dataFormat : 'text/plain'
+        }
+      });
+      expect(status.code).to.equal(202);
+      expect(record).to.not.be.undefined;
+
+      // Store the data CID of the record before it is updated.
+      // const dataCidBeforeDataUpdate = record!.dataCid;
+
+      // Write the record to a remote DWN.
+      const { status: sendStatus } = await record!.send(alice.did);
+      expect(sendStatus.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Query the record from the remote DWN.
+      const queryResult = await dwn.records.query({
+        from    : alice.did,
+        message : {
+          filter: {
+            recordId: record!.id
+          }
+        }
+      });
+      expect(queryResult.status.code).to.equal(200);
+      expect(queryResult.records).to.not.be.undefined;
+      expect(queryResult.records.length).to.equal(1);
+
+      // Attempt to update the queried record, which should write the updated record the local DWN.
+      const [ queriedRecord ] = queryResult.records;
+      const updateResult = await queriedRecord!.update({ data: 'bye' });
+      expect(updateResult.status.code).to.equal(400);
+      expect(updateResult.status.detail).to.equal('RecordsWriteGetInitialWriteNotFound: initial write is not found');
+
+      // TODO: Uncomment these lines after the issue mentioned above is fixed.
+      // expect(updateResult.status.code).to.equal(202);
+
+      // Confirm that the record was written to the local DWN.
+      // const readResult = await dwn.records.read({
+      //   message: {
+      //     filter: {
+      //       recordId: record!.id
+      //     }
+      //   }
+      // });
+      // expect(readResult.status.code).to.equal(200);
+      // expect(readResult.record).to.not.be.undefined;
+
+      // Confirm that the data CID of the record was updated.
+      // expect(readResult.record.dataCid).to.not.equal(dataCidBeforeDataUpdate);
+      // expect(readResult.record.dataCid).to.equal(record!.dataCid);
+
+      // Confirm that the data payload of the record was modified.
+      // const updatedData = await record!.data.text();
+      // expect(updatedData).to.equal('bye');
+    });
+
     it('returns new dateModified after each update', async () => {
       // Initial write of the record.
       const { status, record } = await dwn.records.write({
@@ -1173,4 +1976,4 @@ describe('Record', () => {
       ).to.eventually.be.rejectedWith('is an immutable property. Its value cannot be changed.');
     });
   });
-});
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/common/package.json b/packages/common/package.json
index 8f104b669..4da717894 100644
--- a/packages/common/package.json
+++ b/packages/common/package.json
@@ -69,7 +69,8 @@
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "level": "8.0.0",
-    "multiformats": "11.0.2"
+    "multiformats": "11.0.2",
+    "readable-stream": "4.4.2"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@playwright/test": "1.40.1",
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@
     "@types/chai-as-promised": "7.1.5",
     "@types/eslint": "8.44.2",
     "@types/mocha": "10.0.1",
+    "@types/readable-stream": "4.0.9",
     "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "6.4.0",
     "@typescript-eslint/parser": "6.4.0",
     "@web/test-runner": "0.18.0",
diff --git a/packages/common/src/convert.ts b/packages/common/src/convert.ts
index 294648582..3ae75ef7b 100644
--- a/packages/common/src/convert.ts
+++ b/packages/common/src/convert.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type { Multibase } from 'multiformats';
 import { base58btc } from 'multiformats/bases/base58';
 import { base64url } from 'multiformats/bases/base64';
 
-import { isArrayBufferSlice, universalTypeOf } from './type-utils.js';
+import { isAsyncIterable, isArrayBufferSlice, universalTypeOf } from './type-utils.js';
 
 const textEncoder = new TextEncoder();
 const textDecoder = new TextDecoder();
@@ -21,6 +21,13 @@ export class Convert {
     return new Convert(data, 'ArrayBuffer');
   }
 
+  static asyncIterable(data: AsyncIterable<any>): Convert {
+    if (!isAsyncIterable(data)) {
+      throw new TypeError('Input must be of type AsyncIterable.');
+    }
+    return new Convert(data, 'AsyncIterable');
+  }
+
   static base58Btc(data: string): Convert {
     return new Convert(data, 'Base58Btc');
   }
@@ -112,6 +119,18 @@ export class Convert {
     }
   }
 
+  async toArrayBufferAsync(): Promise<ArrayBuffer> {
+    switch (this.format) {
+      case 'AsyncIterable': {
+        const blob = await this.toBlobAsync();
+        return await blob.arrayBuffer();
+      }
+
+      default:
+        throw new TypeError(`Asynchronous conversion from ${this.format} to ArrayBuffer is not supported.`);
+    }
+  }
+
   toBase58Btc(): string {
     switch (this.format) {
 
@@ -166,6 +185,30 @@ export class Convert {
     }
   }
 
+  async toBlobAsync(): Promise<Blob> {
+    switch (this.format) {
+      case 'AsyncIterable': {
+        // Initialize an array to hold the chunks from the AsyncIterable.
+        const chunks = [];
+
+        // Asynchronously iterate over each chunk in the AsyncIterable.
+        for await (const chunk of (this.data as AsyncIterable<any>)) {
+          // Append each chunk to the chunks array. These chunks can be of any type, typically binary data or text.
+          chunks.push(chunk);
+        }
+
+        // Create a new Blob from the aggregated chunks.
+        // The Blob constructor combines these chunks into a single Blob object.
+        const blob = new Blob(chunks);
+
+        return blob;
+      }
+
+      default:
+        throw new TypeError(`Asynchronous conversion from ${this.format} to Blob is not supported.`);
+    }
+  }
+
   toHex(): string {
     // pre-calculating Hex values improves runtime by 6-10x.
     const hexes = Array.from({ length: 256 }, (v, i) => i.toString(16).padStart(2, '0'));
@@ -211,8 +254,8 @@ export class Convert {
 
       case 'Base64Url': {
         const u8a = base64url.baseDecode(this.data);
-        const string = textDecoder.decode(u8a);
-        return JSON.parse(string);
+        const text = textDecoder.decode(u8a);
+        return JSON.parse(text);
       }
 
       case 'String': {
@@ -220,8 +263,8 @@ export class Convert {
       }
 
       case 'Uint8Array': {
-        const string = textDecoder.decode(this.data);
-        return JSON.parse(string);
+        const text = textDecoder.decode(this.data);
+        return JSON.parse(text);
       }
 
       default:
@@ -229,6 +272,26 @@ export class Convert {
     }
   }
 
+  async toObjectAsync(): Promise<any> {
+    switch (this.format) {
+      case 'AsyncIterable': {
+        // Convert the AsyncIterable to a String.
+        const text = await this.toStringAsync();
+
+        // Parse the string as JSON. This step assumes that the string represents a valid JSON structure.
+        // JSON.parse() will convert the string into a corresponding JavaScript object.
+        const json = JSON.parse(text);
+
+        // Return the parsed JavaScript object. The type of this object will depend on the structure
+        // of the JSON in the stream. It could be an object, array, string, number, etc.
+        return json;
+      }
+
+      default:
+        throw new TypeError(`Asynchronous conversion from ${this.format} to Object is not supported.`);
+    }
+  }
+
   toString(): string {
     switch (this.format) {
 
@@ -254,6 +317,37 @@ export class Convert {
     }
   }
 
+  async toStringAsync(): Promise<string> {
+    switch (this.format) {
+      case 'AsyncIterable': {
+        // Initialize an empty string to accumulate the decoded text.
+        let str = '';
+
+        // Iterate over the chunks from the AsyncIterable.
+        for await (const chunk of (this.data as AsyncIterable<any>)) {
+          // If the chunk is already a string, concatenate it directly.
+          if (typeof chunk === 'string')
+            str += chunk;
+          else
+          // If the chunk is a Uint8Array or similar, use the decoder to convert it to a string.
+          // The `stream: true` option lets the decoder handle multi-byte characters spanning
+          // multiple chunks.
+            str += textDecoder.decode(chunk, { stream: true });
+        }
+
+        // Finalize the decoding process to handle any remaining bytes and signal the end of the stream.
+        // The `stream: false` option flushes the decoder's internal state.
+        str += textDecoder.decode(undefined, { stream: false });
+
+        // Return the accumulated string.
+        return str;
+      }
+
+      default:
+        throw new TypeError(`Asynchronous conversion from ${this.format} to String is not supported.`);
+    }
+  }
+
   toUint8Array(): Uint8Array {
     switch (this.format) {
 
@@ -314,4 +408,16 @@ export class Convert {
         throw new TypeError(`Conversion from ${this.format} to Uint8Array is not supported.`);
     }
   }
+
+  async toUint8ArrayAsync(): Promise<Uint8Array> {
+    switch (this.format) {
+      case 'AsyncIterable': {
+        const arrayBuffer = await this.toArrayBufferAsync();
+        return new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer);
+      }
+
+      default:
+        throw new TypeError(`Asynchronous conversion from ${this.format} to Uint8Array is not supported.`);
+    }
+  }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/common/src/index.ts b/packages/common/src/index.ts
index 204ddeb1c..9766464cf 100644
--- a/packages/common/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/common/src/index.ts
@@ -4,4 +4,6 @@ export * from './convert.js';
 export * from './multicodec.js';
 export * from './object.js';
 export * from './stores.js';
+export * from './stream.js';
+export * from './stream-node.js';
 export * from './type-utils.js';
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/common/src/stream-node.ts b/packages/common/src/stream-node.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..261e4b74a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/common/src/stream-node.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+import type { Duplex, ReadableStateOptions, Transform, Writable } from 'readable-stream';
+
+import { Readable } from 'readable-stream';
+import { Stream } from './stream.js';
+import { Convert } from './convert.js';
+
+export { Readable } from 'readable-stream';
+
+export class NodeStream {
+  /**
+   * Consumes a `Readable` stream and returns its contents as an `ArrayBuffer`.
+   *
+   * This method reads all data from a Node.js `Readable` stream, collects it, and converts it into
+   * an `ArrayBuffer`.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const nodeReadable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+   * const arrayBuffer = await NodeStream.consumeToArrayBuffer({ readable: nodeReadable });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readable - The Node.js Readable stream whose data will be consumed.
+   * @returns A Promise that resolves to an `ArrayBuffer` containing all the data from the stream.
+   */
+  public static async consumeToArrayBuffer({ readable }: { readable: Readable}): Promise<ArrayBuffer> {
+    const arrayBuffer = await Convert.asyncIterable(readable).toArrayBufferAsync();
+
+    return arrayBuffer;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consumes a `Readable` stream and returns its contents as a `Blob`.
+   *
+   * This method reads all data from a Node.js `Readable` stream, collects it, and converts it into
+   * a `Blob`.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const nodeReadable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+   * const blob = await NodeStream.consumeToBlob({ readable: nodeReadable });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Node.js `Readable` stream whose data will be consumed.
+   * @returns A Promise that resolves to a `Blob` containing all the data from the stream.
+   */
+  public static async consumeToBlob({ readable }: { readable: Readable }): Promise<Blob> {
+    const blob = await Convert.asyncIterable(readable).toBlobAsync();
+
+    return blob;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consumes a `Readable` stream and returns its contents as a `Uint8Array`.
+   *
+   * This method reads all data from a Node.js `Readable`, collects it, and converts it into a
+   * `Uint8Array`.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const nodeReadable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+   * const bytes = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: nodeReadable });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Node.js `Readable` stream whose data will be consumed.
+   * @returns A Promise that resolves to a `Uint8Array` containing all the data from the stream.
+   */
+  public static async consumeToBytes({ readable }: { readable: Readable }): Promise<Uint8Array> {
+    const bytes = await Convert.asyncIterable(readable).toUint8ArrayAsync();
+
+    return bytes;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consumes a `Readable` stream and parses its contents as JSON.
+   *
+   * This method reads all the data from the stream, converts it to a text string, and then parses
+   * it as JSON, returning the resulting object.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const nodeReadable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+   * const jsonData = await NodeStream.consumeToJson({ readable: nodeReadable });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Node.js `Readable` stream whose JSON content will be consumed.
+   * @returns A Promise that resolves to the parsed JSON object from the stream's data.
+   */
+  public static async consumeToJson({ readable }: { readable: Readable }): Promise<any> {
+    const object = await Convert.asyncIterable(readable).toObjectAsync();
+
+    return object;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consumes a `Readable` stream and returns its contents as a text string.
+   *
+   * This method reads all the data from the stream, converting it into a single string.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const nodeReadable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
+   * const text = await NodeStream.consumeToText({ readable: nodeReadable });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Node.js `Readable` stream whose text content will be consumed.
+   * @returns A Promise that resolves to a string containing all the data from the stream.
+   */
+  public static async consumeToText({ readable }: { readable: Readable}): Promise<string> {
+    const text = await Convert.asyncIterable(readable).toStringAsync();
+
+    return text;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts a Web `ReadableStream` to a Node.js `Readable` stream.
+   *
+   * This method takes a Web `ReadableStream` and converts it to a Node.js `Readable` stream.
+   * The conversion is done by reading chunks from the Web `ReadableStream` and pushing them
+   * into the Node.js `Readable` stream.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const webReadableStream = getWebReadableStreamSomehow();
+   * const nodeReadableStream = NodeStream.fromWebReadable({ readableStream: webReadableStream });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Web `ReadableStream` to be converted.
+   * @param readableOptions - Optional `Readable` stream options for the Node.js stream.
+   * @returns The Node.js `Readable` stream.
+   */
+  public static fromWebReadable({ readableStream, readableOptions }: {
+    readableStream: ReadableStream,
+    readableOptions?: ReadableStateOptions
+  }): Readable {
+    if (!Stream.isReadableStream(readableStream)) {
+      throw new TypeError(`NodeStream.fromWebReadable: 'readableStream' is not a Web ReadableStream.`);
+    }
+
+    const reader = readableStream.getReader();
+    let closed = false;
+
+    const nodeReadable = new Readable({
+      ...readableOptions,
+
+      read: function () {
+        reader.read().then(({ done, value }) => {
+          if (done) {
+            this.push(null); // Push null to signify end of stream.
+          } else {
+            if (!this.push(value)) {
+              // When push returns false, we should stop reading until _read is called again.
+              return;
+            }
+          }
+        }).catch((error) => {
+          // If an error occurs while reading, destroy the stream.
+          this.destroy(error);
+        });
+      },
+
+      destroy: function (error, callback) {
+        function done() {
+          callback(error);
+        }
+
+        if (!closed) {
+          reader.cancel(error)
+            .then(done)
+            .catch(done);
+          return;
+        }
+        done();
+      }
+    });
+
+    reader.closed
+      .then(() => {
+        closed = true; // Prevents reader.cancel() from being called in destroy()
+      })
+      .catch((error) => {
+        closed = true; // Prevents reader.cancel() from being called in destroy()
+        nodeReadable.destroy(error);
+      });
+
+    return nodeReadable;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if a Node.js stream (`Readable`, `Writable`, `Duplex`, or `Transform`) has been destroyed.
+   *
+   * This method determines whether the provided Node.js stream has been destroyed. A stream
+   * is considered destroyed if its 'destroyed' property is set to true or if its internal state
+   * indicates it has been destroyed.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const stream = getStreamSomehow();
+   * stream.destroy(); // Destroy the stream.
+   * const isDestroyed = NodeStream.isDestroyed({ stream });
+   * console.log(isDestroyed); // Output: true
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param stream - The Node.js stream to check.
+   * @returns `true` if the stream has been destroyed; otherwise, `false`.
+   */
+  public static isDestroyed({ stream }: { stream: Readable | Writable | Duplex | Transform }): boolean {
+    if (!NodeStream.isStream(stream)) {
+      throw new TypeError(`NodeStream.isDestroyed: 'stream' is not a Node stream.`);
+    }
+
+    const writableState = '_writableState' in stream ? stream._writableState : undefined;
+    const readableState = stream._readableState;
+    const state = writableState || readableState;
+
+    return !!(stream.destroyed || state.destroyed);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if a Node.js `Readable` stream is still readable.
+   *
+   * This method checks if a Node.js `Readable` stream is still in a state that allows reading from
+   * it. A stream is considered readable if it has not ended, has not been destroyed, and is not
+   * currently paused.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const readableStream = new Readable();
+   * const isReadable = NodeStream.isReadable({ readable: readableStream });
+   * console.log(isReadable); // Output: true or false
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readable - The Node.js `Readable` stream to be checked.
+   * @returns `true` if the stream is still readable; otherwise, `false`.
+   */
+  public static isReadable({ readable }: { readable: Readable }): boolean {
+    // Check if the object is a Node Readable stream.
+    if (!NodeStream.isReadableStream(readable)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Check if the stream is still readable.
+    return (
+      readable.readable && // Is the stream readable?
+        (typeof readable._readableState.ended === 'boolean' && !readable._readableState.ended) && // Has the 'end' method been called?
+        (typeof readable._readableState.endEmitted === 'boolean' && !readable._readableState.endEmitted) && // Has the 'end' event been emitted?
+        !readable.destroyed && // Has the 'destroy' method been called?
+        !readable.isPaused() // Is the stream paused?
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if an object is a Node.js `Readable` stream.
+   *
+   * This method verifies if the provided object is a Node.js `Readable` stream by checking for
+   * specific properties and methods typical of a `Readable` stream in Node.js.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const obj = getSomeObject();
+   * if (NodeStream.isReadableStream(obj)) {
+   *   // obj is a Node.js Readable stream
+   * }
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param obj - The object to be checked.
+   * @returns `true` if `obj` is a Node.js `Readable` stream; otherwise, `false`.
+   */
+  static isReadableStream(obj: unknown): obj is Readable {
+    return (
+      typeof obj === 'object' &&
+        obj !== null &&
+        ('pipe' in obj && typeof obj.pipe === 'function') &&
+        ('on' in obj && typeof obj.on === 'function') &&
+        (!('_writableState' in obj) && '_readableState' in obj)
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if the provided object is a Node.js stream (`Duplex`, `Readable`, `Writable`, or `Transform`).
+   *
+   * This method checks for the presence of internal properties specific to Node.js streams:
+   * `_readableState` and `_writableState`. These properties are present in Node.js stream
+   * instances, allowing identification of the stream type.
+   *
+   * The `_readableState` property is found in `Readable` and `Duplex` streams (including
+   * `Transform` streams, which are a type of `Duplex` stream), indicating that the stream can be
+   * read from. The `_writableState` property is found in `Writable` and `Duplex` streams,
+   * indicating that the stream can be written to.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const { Readable, Writable, Duplex, Transform } = require('stream');
+   *
+   * const readableStream = new Readable();
+   * console.log(NodeStream.isStream(readableStream)); // Output: true
+   *
+   * const writableStream = new Writable();
+   * console.log(NodeStream.isStream(writableStream)); // Output: true
+   *
+   * const duplexStream = new Duplex();
+   * console.log(NodeStream.isStream(duplexStream)); // Output: true
+   *
+   * const transformStream = new Transform();
+   * console.log(NodeStream.isStream(transformStream)); // Output: true
+   *
+   * const nonStreamObject = {};
+   * console.log(NodeStream.isStream(nonStreamObject)); // Output: false
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * - This method does not differentiate between the different types of streams (Readable,
+   *   Writable, Duplex, Transform). It simply checks if the object is any kind of Node.js stream.
+   * - While this method can identify standard Node.js streams, it may not recognize custom or
+   *   third-party stream-like objects that do not inherit directly from Node.js's stream classes
+   *   or do not have these internal state properties. This is intentional as many of the methods
+   *   in this library are designed to work with standard Node.js streams.
+   *
+   * @param obj - The object to be checked for being a Node.js stream.
+   * @returns `true` if the object is a Node.js stream (`Duplex`, `Readable`, `Writable`, or `Transform`); otherwise, `false`.
+   */
+  public static isStream(obj: unknown): obj is Duplex | Readable | Writable | Transform  {
+    return (
+      typeof obj === 'object' && obj !== null &&
+      ('_readableState' in obj || '_writableState' in obj)
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts a Node.js `Readable` stream to a Web `ReadableStream`.
+   *
+   * This method provides a bridge between Node.js streams and the Web Streams API by converting a
+   * Node.js `Readable` stream into a Web `ReadableStream`. It listens for 'data', 'end', and 'error'
+   * events on the Node.js stream and appropriately enqueues data, closes, or errors the Web
+   * `ReadableStream`.
+   *
+   * If the Node.js stream is already destroyed, the method returns an immediately cancelled
+   * Web `ReadableStream`.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const nodeReadable = getNodeReadableStreamSomehow();
+   * const webReadableStream = NodeStream.toWebReadable({ readable: nodeReadable });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readable - The Node.js `Readable` stream to be converted.
+   * @returns A Web `ReadableStream` corresponding to the provided Node.js `Readable` stream.
+   * @throws TypeError if `readable` is not a Node.js `Readable` stream.
+   * @throws Error if the Node.js `Readable` stream is already destroyed.
+   */
+  static toWebReadable({ readable }: { readable: Readable }): ReadableStream {
+    if (!NodeStream.isReadableStream(readable)) {
+      throw new TypeError(`NodeStream.toWebReadable: 'readable' is not a Node Readable stream.`);
+    }
+
+    if (NodeStream.isDestroyed({ stream: readable })) {
+      const readable = new ReadableStream();
+      readable.cancel();
+      return readable;
+    }
+
+    return new ReadableStream({
+      start(controller) {
+        readable.on('data', (chunk) => {
+          controller.enqueue(chunk);
+        });
+
+        readable.on('end', () => {
+          controller.close();
+        });
+
+        readable.on('error', (err) => {
+          controller.error(err);
+        });
+      },
+
+      cancel() {
+        readable.destroy();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/common/src/stream.ts b/packages/common/src/stream.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5551ce92f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/common/src/stream.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+import { Convert } from './convert.js';
+
+export class Stream {
+  /**
+   * Transforms a `ReadableStream` into an `AsyncIterable`. This allows for the asynchronous
+   * iteration over the stream's data chunks.
+   *
+   * This method creates an async iterator from a `ReadableStream`, enabling the use of
+   * `for await...of` loops to process stream data. It reads from the stream until it's closed or
+   * errored, yielding each chunk as it becomes available.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const readableStream = new ReadableStream({ ... });
+   * for await (const chunk of Stream.asAsyncIterator(readableStream)) {
+   *   // process each chunk
+   * }
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * - The method ensures proper cleanup by releasing the reader lock when iteration is completed or
+   *   if an error occurs.
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Web `ReadableStream` to be transformed into an `AsyncIterable`.
+   * @returns An `AsyncIterable` that yields data chunks from the `ReadableStream`.
+   */
+  public static async * asAsyncIterator<T>(readableStream: ReadableStream<T>): AsyncIterable<T> {
+    const reader = readableStream.getReader();
+    try {
+      while (true) {
+        const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+        if (done) break;
+        yield value;
+      }
+    } finally {
+      reader.releaseLock();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consumes a `ReadableStream` and returns its contents as an `ArrayBuffer`.
+   *
+   * This method reads all data from a `ReadableStream`, collects it, and converts it into an
+   * `ArrayBuffer`.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const readableStream = new ReadableStream({ ... });
+   * const arrayBuffer = await Stream.consumeToArrayBuffer({ readableStream });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Web `ReadableStream` whose data will be consumed.
+   * @returns A Promise that resolves to an `ArrayBuffer` containing all the data from the stream.
+   */
+  public static async consumeToArrayBuffer({ readableStream }: { readableStream: ReadableStream}): Promise<ArrayBuffer> {
+    const iterableStream = Stream.asAsyncIterator(readableStream);
+    const arrayBuffer = await Convert.asyncIterable(iterableStream).toArrayBufferAsync();
+
+    return arrayBuffer;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consumes a `ReadableStream` and returns its contents as a `Blob`.
+   *
+   * This method reads all data from a `ReadableStream`, collects it, and converts it into a `Blob`.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const readableStream = new ReadableStream({ ... });
+   * const blob = await Stream.consumeToBlob({ readableStream });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Web `ReadableStream` whose data will be consumed.
+   * @returns A Promise that resolves to a `Blob` containing all the data from the stream.
+   */
+  public static async consumeToBlob({ readableStream }: { readableStream: ReadableStream}): Promise<Blob> {
+    const iterableStream = Stream.asAsyncIterator(readableStream);
+    const blob = await Convert.asyncIterable(iterableStream).toBlobAsync();
+
+    return blob;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consumes a `ReadableStream` and returns its contents as a `Uint8Array`.
+   *
+   * This method reads all data from a `ReadableStream`, collects it, and converts it into a
+   * `Uint8Array`.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const readableStream = new ReadableStream({ ... });
+   * const bytes = await Stream.consumeToBytes({ readableStream });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Web `ReadableStream` whose data will be consumed.
+   * @returns A Promise that resolves to a `Uint8Array` containing all the data from the stream.
+   */
+  public static async consumeToBytes({ readableStream }: { readableStream: ReadableStream }): Promise<Uint8Array> {
+    const iterableStream = Stream.asAsyncIterator(readableStream);
+    const bytes = await Convert.asyncIterable(iterableStream).toUint8ArrayAsync();
+
+    return bytes;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consumes a `ReadableStream` and parses its contents as JSON.
+   *
+   * This method reads all the data from the stream, converts it to a text string, and then parses
+   * it as JSON, returning the resulting object.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const readableStream = new ReadableStream({ ... });
+   * const jsonData = await Stream.consumeToJson({ readableStream });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Web `ReadableStream` whose JSON content will be consumed.
+   * @returns A Promise that resolves to the parsed JSON object from the stream's data.
+   */
+  public static async consumeToJson({ readableStream }: { readableStream: ReadableStream}): Promise<any> {
+    const iterableStream = Stream.asAsyncIterator(readableStream);
+    const object = await Convert.asyncIterable(iterableStream).toObjectAsync();
+
+    return object;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Consumes a `ReadableStream` and returns its contents as a text string.
+   *
+   * This method reads all the data from the stream, converting it into a single string.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const readableStream = new ReadableStream({ ... });
+   * const text = await Stream.consumeToText({ readableStream });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Web `ReadableStream` whose text content will be consumed.
+   * @returns A Promise that resolves to a string containing all the data from the stream.
+   */
+  public static async consumeToText({ readableStream }: { readableStream: ReadableStream}): Promise<string> {
+    const iterableStream = Stream.asAsyncIterator(readableStream);
+    const text = await Convert.asyncIterable(iterableStream).toStringAsync();
+
+    return text;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Generates a `ReadableStream` of `Uint8Array` chunks with customizable length and fill value.
+   *
+   * This method creates a `ReadableStream` that emits `Uint8Array` chunks. You can specify the
+   * total length of the stream, the length of individual chunks, and a fill value or range for the
+   * chunks. It's useful for testing or when specific binary data streams are required.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * // Create a stream of 1000 bytes with 100-byte chunks filled with 0xAA.
+   * const byteStream = Stream.generateByteStream({
+   *   streamLength: 1000,
+   *   chunkLength: 100,
+   *   fillValue: 0xAA
+   * });
+   *
+   * // Create an unending stream of 100KB chunks filled with values that range from 1 to 99.
+   * const byteStream = Stream.generateByteStream({
+   *  chunkLength: 100 * 1024,
+   *  fillValue: [1, 99]
+   * });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param streamLength - The total length of the stream in bytes. If omitted, the stream is infinite.
+   * @param chunkLength - The length of each chunk. If omitted, each chunk is the size of `streamLength`.
+   * @param fillValue - A value or range to fill the chunks with. Can be a single number or a tuple [min, max].
+   * @returns A `ReadableStream` that emits `Uint8Array` chunks.
+   */
+  public static generateByteStream({ streamLength, chunkLength, fillValue }: {
+    streamLength?: number,
+    chunkLength?: number,
+    fillValue?: number | [number, number]
+  }): ReadableStream<Uint8Array> {
+    let bytesRemaining = streamLength ?? Infinity;
+    let controller: ReadableStreamDefaultController<Uint8Array>;
+
+    function enqueueChunk() {
+      const currentChunkLength = Math.min(bytesRemaining, chunkLength ?? Infinity);
+      bytesRemaining -= currentChunkLength;
+
+      let chunk: Uint8Array;
+
+      if (typeof fillValue === 'number') {
+        chunk = new Uint8Array(currentChunkLength).fill(fillValue);
+
+      } else if (Array.isArray(fillValue)) {
+        chunk = new Uint8Array(currentChunkLength);
+        const [min, max] = fillValue;
+        const range = max - min + 1;
+        for (let i = 0; i < currentChunkLength; i++) {
+          chunk[i] = Math.floor(Math.random() * range) + min;
+        }
+
+      } else {
+        chunk = new Uint8Array(currentChunkLength);
+      }
+
+      controller.enqueue(chunk);
+
+      // If there are no more bytes to send, close the stream
+      if (bytesRemaining <= 0) {
+        controller.close();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return new ReadableStream<Uint8Array>({
+      start(c) {
+        controller = c;
+        enqueueChunk();
+      },
+      pull() {
+        enqueueChunk();
+      },
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if the provided Web `ReadableStream` is in a readable state.
+   *
+   * After verifying that the stream is a Web {@link https://streams.spec.whatwg.org/#rs-model | ReadableStream},
+   * this method checks the {@link https://streams.spec.whatwg.org/#readablestream-locked | locked}
+   * property of the ReadableStream. The `locked` property is `true` if a reader is currently
+   * active, meaning the stream is either being read or has already been read (and hence is not in a
+   * readable state). If `locked` is `false`, it means the stream is still in a state where it can
+   * be read.
+   *
+   * In the case where a `ReadableStream` has been unlocked but is no longer readable (for example,
+   * if it has been fully read or cancelled), additional checks are needed beyond just examining the
+   * locked property. The ReadableStream API does not provide a direct way to check if the stream
+   * has data left or if it's in a readable state once it's been unlocked.
+   *
+   * Per {@link https://streams.spec.whatwg.org/#other-specs-rs-introspect | WHATWG Streams, Section 9.1.3. Introspection}:
+   *
+   * > ...note that apart from checking whether or not the stream is locked, this direct
+   * > introspection is not possible via the public JavaScript API, and so specifications should
+   * > instead use the algorithms in §9.1.2 Reading. (For example, instead of testing if the stream
+   * > is readable, attempt to get a reader and handle any exception.)
+   *
+   * This implementation employs the technique suggested by the WHATWG Streams standard by
+   * attempting to acquire a reader and checking the state of the reader. If acquiring a reader
+   * succeeds, it immediately releases the lock and returns `true`, indicating the stream is
+   * readable. If an error occurs while trying to get a reader (which can happen if the stream is
+   * already closed or errored), it catches the error and returns `false`, indicating the stream is
+   * not readable.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const readableStream = new ReadableStream({ ... });
+   * const isStreamReadable = Stream.isReadable({ readableStream });
+   * console.log(isStreamReadable); // Output: true or false
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * - This method does not check whether the stream has data left to read; it only checks if the
+   *   stream is in a state that allows reading. It is possible for a stream to be unlocked but
+   *   still have no data left if it has never been locked to a reader.
+   *
+   * @param readableStream - The Web `ReadableStream` to be checked for readability.
+   *
+   * @returns `true` if the stream is a `ReadableStream` and is in a readable state (not locked and
+   *          no error on getting a reader); otherwise, `false`.
+   */
+  public static isReadable({ readableStream }: { readableStream: ReadableStream }): boolean {
+    // Check if the stream is a WHATWG `ReadableStream`.
+    if (!Stream.isReadableStream(readableStream)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Check if the stream is locked.
+    if (readableStream.locked) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // Try to get a reader to check if the stream is readable.
+      const reader = readableStream.getReader();
+      // If successful, immediately release the lock.
+      reader.releaseLock();
+      return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+      // If an error occurs (e.g., the stream is not readable), return false.
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if an object is a Web `ReadableStream`.
+   *
+   * This method verifies whether the given object is a `ReadableStream` by checking its type and
+   * the presence of the `getReader` function.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const obj = getSomeObject();
+   * if (Stream.isReadableStream(obj)) {
+   *   // obj is a ReadableStream
+   * }
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param obj - The object to be checked.
+   * @returns `true` if `obj` is a `ReadableStream`; otherwise, `false`.
+   */
+  public static isReadableStream(obj: unknown): obj is ReadableStream {
+    return (
+      typeof obj === 'object' && obj !== null &&
+      'getReader' in obj && typeof obj.getReader === 'function'
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if an object is a Web `ReadableStream`, `WritableStream`, or `TransformStream`.
+   *
+   * This method verifies the type of a given object to determine if it is one of the standard
+   * stream types in the Web Streams API: `ReadableStream`, `WritableStream`, or `TransformStream`.
+   * It employs type-checking strategies that are specific to each stream type.
+   *
+   * The method checks for the specific functions and properties associated with each stream type:
+   * - `ReadableStream`: Identified by the presence of a `getReader` method.
+   * - `WritableStream`: Identified by the presence of a `getWriter` and `abort` methods.
+   * - `TransformStream`: Identified by having both `readable` and `writable` properties.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const readableStream = new ReadableStream();
+   * console.log(Stream.isStream(readableStream)); // Output: true
+   *
+   * const writableStream = new WritableStream();
+   * console.log(Stream.isStream(writableStream)); // Output: true
+   *
+   * const transformStream = new TransformStream();
+   * console.log(Stream.isStream(transformStream)); // Output: true
+   *
+   * const nonStreamObject = {};
+   * console.log(Stream.isStream(nonStreamObject)); // Output: false
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * - This method does not differentiate between `ReadableStream`, `WritableStream`, and
+   *   `TransformStream`. It checks if the object conforms to any of these types.
+   * - This method is specific to the Web Streams API and may not recognize non-standard or custom
+   *   stream-like objects that do not adhere to the Web Streams API specifications.
+   *
+   * @param obj - The object to be checked for being a Web `ReadableStream`, `WritableStream`, or `TransformStream`.
+   * @returns `true` if the object is a `ReadableStream`, `WritableStream`, or `TransformStream`; otherwise, `false`.
+   */
+  public static isStream(obj: unknown): obj is ReadableStream | WritableStream | TransformStream {
+    return Stream.isReadableStream(obj) || Stream.isWritableStream(obj) || Stream.isTransformStream(obj);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if an object is a `TransformStream`.
+   *
+   * This method verifies whether the given object is a `TransformStream` by checking its type and
+   * the presence of `readable` and `writable` properties.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const obj = getSomeObject();
+   * if (Stream.isTransformStream(obj)) {
+   *   // obj is a TransformStream
+   * }
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param obj - The object to be checked.
+   * @returns `true` if `obj` is a `TransformStream`; otherwise, `false`.
+   */
+  public static isTransformStream(obj: unknown): obj is TransformStream {
+    return (
+      typeof obj === 'object' && obj !== null &&
+      'readable' in obj && typeof obj.readable === 'object' &&
+      'writable' in obj && typeof obj.writable === 'object'
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if an object is a `WritableStream`.
+   *
+   * This method determines whether the given object is a `WritableStream` by verifying its type and
+   * the presence of the `getWriter` and `abort` functions.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const obj = getSomeObject();
+   * if (Stream.isWritableStream(obj)) {
+   *   // obj is a WritableStream
+   * }
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param obj - The object to be checked.
+     * @returns `true` if `obj` is a `TransformStream`; otherwise, `false`.
+     */
+  public static isWritableStream(obj: unknown): obj is WritableStream {
+    return (
+      typeof obj === 'object' && obj !== null &&
+      'getWriter' in obj && typeof obj.getWriter === 'function' &&
+      'abort' in obj && typeof obj.abort === 'function'
+    );
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/common/src/type-utils.ts b/packages/common/src/type-utils.ts
index 7ec28ab0d..dbf14d310 100644
--- a/packages/common/src/type-utils.ts
+++ b/packages/common/src/type-utils.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,43 @@ export function isArrayBufferSlice(arrayBufferView: ArrayBufferView): boolean {
   return arrayBufferView.byteOffset !== 0 || arrayBufferView.byteLength !== arrayBufferView.buffer.byteLength;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Checks if the given object is an AsyncIterable.
+ *
+ * An AsyncIterable is an object that implements the AsyncIterable protocol,
+ * which means it has a [Symbol.asyncIterator] method. This function checks
+ * if the provided object conforms to this protocol by verifying the presence
+ * and type of the [Symbol.asyncIterator] method.
+ *
+ * @param obj - The object to be checked for AsyncIterable conformity.
+ * @returns True if the object is an AsyncIterable, false otherwise.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // Returns true for a valid AsyncIterable
+ * const asyncIterable = {
+ *   async *[Symbol.asyncIterator]() {
+ *     yield 1;
+ *     yield 2;
+ *   }
+ * };
+ * console.log(isAsyncIterable(asyncIterable)); // true
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // Returns false for a regular object
+ * console.log(isAsyncIterable({ a: 1, b: 2 })); // false
+ * ```
+ */
+export function isAsyncIterable(obj: any): obj is AsyncIterable<any> {
+  if (typeof obj !== 'object' || obj === null) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return typeof obj[Symbol.asyncIterator] === 'function';
+}
+
 /**
  * isDefined
  *
diff --git a/packages/common/tests/convert.spec.ts b/packages/common/tests/convert.spec.ts
index 8e6b3d21f..a4ae8740f 100644
--- a/packages/common/tests/convert.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/common/tests/convert.spec.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import { expect } from 'chai';
 
 import { Convert } from '../src/convert.js';
 
+const textEncoder = new TextEncoder();
+
 describe('Convert', () =>{
   describe('from: ArrayBuffer', () => {
     it('to: Base58Btc', () => {
@@ -53,6 +55,105 @@ describe('Convert', () =>{
     });
   });
 
+  describe('from: AsyncIterable', () => {
+    let asyncIterableBytes: AsyncIterable<Uint8Array>;
+    let asyncIterableJson: AsyncIterable<any>;
+    let asyncIterableString: AsyncIterable<Uint8Array>;
+
+    // Create a generator function that yields two Uint8Array chunks.
+    async function* generateBytesData() {
+      yield new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
+      yield new Uint8Array([4, 5, 6]);
+    }
+
+    // Create a generator function that yields parts of a JSON string.
+    async function* generateJsonData() {
+      yield '{"foo":';
+      yield '"bar"';
+      yield '}';
+    }
+
+    // Create a generator function that yields Uint8Array chunks of encoded string data.
+    async function* generateStringData() {
+      yield textEncoder.encode('Hello, ');
+      yield textEncoder.encode('world!');
+    }
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      asyncIterableBytes = generateBytesData();
+      asyncIterableJson = generateJsonData();
+      asyncIterableString = generateStringData();
+    });
+
+    it('to: ArrayBuffer', async () => {
+      const output = await Convert.asyncIterable(asyncIterableBytes).toArrayBufferAsync();
+
+      // The expected ArrayBuffer is a concatenation of the yielded Uint8Arrays
+      const expected = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]).buffer;
+
+      // Compare the result with the expected ArrayBuffer
+      expect(new Uint8Array(output)).to.deep.equal(new Uint8Array(expected));
+    });
+
+    it('to: Blob', async () => {
+      const output = await Convert.asyncIterable(asyncIterableBytes).toBlobAsync();
+
+      // Check if the returned object is a Blob
+      expect(output).to.be.an.instanceOf(Blob);
+
+      // Convert Blob to ArrayBuffer to verify contents
+      const arrayBuffer = await output.arrayBuffer();
+      const result = new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer);
+
+      // The expected result is a concatenation of the yielded Uint8Arrays
+      const expected = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+
+      // Compare the result with the expected Uint8Array
+      expect(result).to.deep.equal(expected);
+    });
+
+    it('to: Object', async () => {
+      const output = await Convert.asyncIterable(asyncIterableJson).toObjectAsync();
+
+      // The expected result is the object formed by the concatenated JSON string
+      const expected = { foo: 'bar' };
+
+      // Compare the result with the expected object
+      expect(output).to.deep.equal(expected);
+    });
+
+    it('to: String', async () => {
+      const output = await Convert.asyncIterable(asyncIterableString).toStringAsync();
+
+      // The expected result is the concatenated string
+      const expected = 'Hello, world!';
+
+      // Compare the result with the expected string
+      expect(output).to.equal(expected);
+    });
+
+    it('to: Uint8Array', async () => {
+      const output = await Convert.asyncIterable(asyncIterableBytes).toUint8ArrayAsync();
+
+      // The expected result is a Uint8Array that concatenates all chunks
+      const expected = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+
+      // Compare the result with the expected Uint8Array
+      expect(output).to.deep.equal(expected);
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error if input is not AsyncIterable', async () => {
+      try {
+        // @ts-expect-error because incorrect input data type is intentionally being used to trigger error.
+        Convert.asyncIterable('unsupported');
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error for incorrect type');
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        expect(error).to.be.instanceOf(TypeError);
+        expect(error.message).to.include('must be of type AsyncIterable');
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
   describe('from: Base58Btc', () => {
     it('to: ArrayBuffer', () => {
       // Test Vector 1.
@@ -456,6 +557,16 @@ describe('Convert', () =>{
       expect(() => unsupported.toArrayBuffer()).to.throw(TypeError, 'not supported');
     });
 
+    it('toArrayBufferAsync() throw an error', async () => {
+      try {
+        await unsupported.toArrayBufferAsync();
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error for incorrect type');
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        expect(error).to.be.instanceOf(TypeError);
+        expect(error.message).to.include('not supported');
+      }
+    });
+
     it('toBase58Btc() throw an error', () => {
       expect(() => unsupported.toBase58Btc()).to.throw(TypeError, 'not supported');
     });
@@ -464,6 +575,16 @@ describe('Convert', () =>{
       expect(() => unsupported.toBase64Url()).to.throw(TypeError, 'not supported');
     });
 
+    it('toBlobAsync() throw an error', async () => {
+      try {
+        await unsupported.toBlobAsync();
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error for incorrect type');
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        expect(error).to.be.instanceOf(TypeError);
+        expect(error.message).to.include('not supported');
+      }
+    });
+
     it('toHex() throw an error', () => {
       expect(() => unsupported.toHex()).to.throw(TypeError, 'not supported');
     });
@@ -476,12 +597,42 @@ describe('Convert', () =>{
       expect(() => unsupported.toObject()).to.throw(TypeError, 'not supported');
     });
 
+    it('toObjectAsync() throw an error', async () => {
+      try {
+        await unsupported.toObjectAsync();
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error for incorrect type');
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        expect(error).to.be.instanceOf(TypeError);
+        expect(error.message).to.include('not supported');
+      }
+    });
+
     it('toString() throw an error', () => {
       expect(() => unsupported.toString()).to.throw(TypeError, 'not supported');
     });
 
+    it('toStringAsync() throw an error', async () => {
+      try {
+        await unsupported.toStringAsync();
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error for incorrect type');
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        expect(error).to.be.instanceOf(TypeError);
+        expect(error.message).to.include('not supported');
+      }
+    });
+
     it('toUint8Array() throw an error', () => {
       expect(() => unsupported.toUint8Array()).to.throw(TypeError, 'not supported');
     });
+
+    it('toUint8ArrayAsync() throw an error', async () => {
+      try {
+        await unsupported.toUint8ArrayAsync();
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error for incorrect type');
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        expect(error).to.be.instanceOf(TypeError);
+        expect(error.message).to.include('not supported');
+      }
+    });
   });
 });
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/common/tests/object.spec.ts b/packages/common/tests/object.spec.ts
index 58470795f..988f64ae5 100644
--- a/packages/common/tests/object.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/common/tests/object.spec.ts
@@ -2,87 +2,90 @@ import { expect } from 'chai';
 
 import { isEmptyObject, removeEmptyObjects, removeUndefinedProperties } from '../src/object.js';
 
-
-describe('isEmptyObject()', () => {
-  it('should return true for an empty object', () => {
-    expect(isEmptyObject({})).to.be.true;
-  });
-
-  it('should return false for a non-empty object', () => {
-    expect(isEmptyObject({ key: 'value' })).to.be.false;
-  });
-
-  it('should return false for null', () => {
-    expect(isEmptyObject(null)).to.be.false;
+describe('Object', () => {
+
+  describe('isEmptyObject()', () => {
+    it('should return true for an empty object', () => {
+      expect(isEmptyObject({})).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for a non-empty object', () => {
+      expect(isEmptyObject({ key: 'value' })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for null', () => {
+      expect(isEmptyObject(null)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for an object with no prototype', () => {
+      expect(isEmptyObject(Object.create(null))).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for an object with no prototype but containing properties', () => {
+      const obj = Object.create(null);
+      obj.key = 'value';
+      expect(isEmptyObject(obj)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for an object with symbol properties', () => {
+      const symbol = Symbol('key');
+      const obj = { [symbol]: 'value' };
+      expect(isEmptyObject(obj)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for a non-object (number)', () => {
+      expect(isEmptyObject(42)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for a non-object (string)', () => {
+      expect(isEmptyObject('text')).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for an object that inherits properties but has none of its own', () => {
+      const parent = { parentKey: 'value' };
+      const child = Object.create(parent);
+      expect(isEmptyObject(child)).to.be.true;
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should return true for an object with no prototype', () => {
-    expect(isEmptyObject(Object.create(null))).to.be.true;
-  });
-
-  it('should return false for an object with no prototype but containing properties', () => {
-    const obj = Object.create(null);
-    obj.key = 'value';
-    expect(isEmptyObject(obj)).to.be.false;
-  });
-
-  it('should return false for an object with symbol properties', () => {
-    const symbol = Symbol('key');
-    const obj = { [symbol]: 'value' };
-    expect(isEmptyObject(obj)).to.be.false;
-  });
+  describe('removeEmptyObjects()', () => {
+    it('should remove all empty objects', () => {
+      const mockObject = {
+        foo  : {},
+        bar  : { baz: {} },
+        buzz : 'hello'
+      };
 
-  it('should return false for a non-object (number)', () => {
-    expect(isEmptyObject(42)).to.be.false;
-  });
+      const expectedResult = { buzz: 'hello' };
 
-  it('should return false for a non-object (string)', () => {
-    expect(isEmptyObject('text')).to.be.false;
-  });
+      removeEmptyObjects(mockObject);
 
-  it('should return true for an object that inherits properties but has none of its own', () => {
-    const parent = { parentKey: 'value' };
-    const child = Object.create(parent);
-    expect(isEmptyObject(child)).to.be.true;
+      expect(mockObject).to.deep.equal(expectedResult);
+    });
   });
-});
-
-describe('removeEmptyObjects()', () => {
-  it('should remove all empty objects', () => {
-    const mockObject = {
-      foo  : {},
-      bar  : { baz: {} },
-      buzz : 'hello'
-    };
-
-    const expectedResult = { buzz: 'hello' };
-
-    removeEmptyObjects(mockObject);
 
-    expect(mockObject).to.deep.equal(expectedResult);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('removeUndefinedProperties()', () => {
-  it('should remove all `undefined` properties of a nested object', () => {
-    const mockObject = {
-      a : true,
-      b : undefined,
-      c : {
-        a : 0,
+  describe('removeUndefinedProperties()', () => {
+    it('should remove all `undefined` properties of a nested object', () => {
+      const mockObject = {
+        a : true,
         b : undefined,
-      }
-    };
-
-    const expectedResult = {
-      a : true,
-      c : {
-        a: 0
-      }
-    };
-
-    removeUndefinedProperties(mockObject);
-
-    expect(mockObject).to.deep.equal(expectedResult);
+        c : {
+          a : 0,
+          b : undefined,
+        }
+      };
+
+      const expectedResult = {
+        a : true,
+        c : {
+          a: 0
+        }
+      };
+
+      removeUndefinedProperties(mockObject);
+
+      expect(mockObject).to.deep.equal(expectedResult);
+    });
   });
+
 });
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/common/tests/stream-node.spec.ts b/packages/common/tests/stream-node.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab34f46df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/common/tests/stream-node.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,791 @@
+
+import { expect } from 'chai';
+import { Duplex, Readable, Transform, Writable } from 'readable-stream';
+
+import { Stream } from '../src/stream.js';
+import { NodeStream } from '../src/stream-node.js';
+
+// Helper function to simulate a slow consumer.
+function sleep(ms: number): Promise<void> {
+  return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+}
+
+describe('NodeStream', () => {
+  describe('consumeToArrayBuffer()', () => {
+    it('consumes a Readable stream and returns an ArrayBuffer', async () => {
+      const inputText = 'Hello, World!';
+      const inputBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(inputText);
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(inputBytes);
+      nodeReadable.push(null); // Signifies the end of the stream
+
+      const arrayBuffer = await NodeStream.consumeToArrayBuffer({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(arrayBuffer).to.be.an.instanceof(ArrayBuffer);
+      expect(new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer)).to.deep.equal(inputBytes);
+    });
+
+    it('handles an empty Readable stream', async () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(null); // Empty stream
+
+      const arrayBuffer = await NodeStream.consumeToArrayBuffer({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(arrayBuffer).to.be.an.instanceof(ArrayBuffer);
+      expect(arrayBuffer.byteLength).to.equal(0);
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a large Readable stream and returns the expected ArrayBuffer', async () => {
+      const largeData = new Uint8Array(1024 * 1024).fill('a'.charCodeAt(0)); // 1MB data
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(largeData);
+      nodeReadable.push(null);
+
+      const arrayBuffer = await NodeStream.consumeToArrayBuffer({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(arrayBuffer).to.be.an.instanceof(ArrayBuffer);
+      expect(arrayBuffer.byteLength).to.equal(largeData.byteLength);
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream that errors', async () => {
+      const error = new Error('Stream error');
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable({
+        read() {
+          this.emit('error', error);
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await NodeStream.consumeToArrayBuffer({ readable: nodeReadable });
+        expect.fail('consumeToArrayBuffer() should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (caughtError) {
+        expect(caughtError).to.equal(error);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('consumeToBlob()', () => {
+    it('consumes a Readable stream and returns a Blob', async () => {
+      const inputText = 'Hello, World!';
+      const inputBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(inputText);
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(inputBytes);
+      nodeReadable.push(null); // Signifies the end of the stream
+
+      const blob = await NodeStream.consumeToBlob({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(blob).to.be.an.instanceof(Blob);
+      expect(blob.size).to.equal(inputBytes.byteLength);
+
+      const text = await blob.text();
+      expect(text).to.equal(inputText);
+    });
+
+    it('handles an empty Readable stream', async () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(null); // Empty stream
+
+      const blob = await NodeStream.consumeToBlob({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(blob).to.be.an.instanceof(Blob);
+      expect(blob.size).to.equal(0);
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a large Readable stream and returns the expected blob size', async () => {
+      const largeData = new Uint8Array(1024 * 1024).fill('a'.charCodeAt(0)); // 1MB data
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(largeData);
+      nodeReadable.push(null);
+
+      const blob = await NodeStream.consumeToBlob({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(blob).to.be.an.instanceof(Blob);
+      expect(blob.size).to.equal(largeData.byteLength);
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a Readable stream containing a string and returns the correct Blob', async () => {
+      const inputString = 'Hello, World!';
+      const textEncoder = new TextEncoder();
+      const inputBytes = textEncoder.encode(inputString);
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(inputBytes);
+      nodeReadable.push(null);
+
+      const blob = await NodeStream.consumeToBlob({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(blob.size).to.equal(inputBytes.length);
+
+      // Read the blob and verify its content
+      const blobText = await blob.text();
+      expect(blobText).to.equal(inputString);
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream that errors', async () => {
+      const error = new Error('Stream error');
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable({
+        read() {
+          this.emit('error', error);
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await NodeStream.consumeToBlob({ readable: nodeReadable });
+        expect.fail('consumeToBlob() should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (caughtError) {
+        expect(caughtError).to.equal(error);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('consumeToBytes()', () => {
+    it('consumes a Readable stream and returns a Uint8Array', async () => {
+      const inputBytes = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(inputBytes);
+      nodeReadable.push(null);
+
+      const result = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(result).to.be.an.instanceof(Uint8Array);
+      expect(result).to.deep.equal(inputBytes);
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a 5-byte ReadableStream and returns the expected bytes', async () => {
+      const inputBytes = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(inputBytes);
+      nodeReadable.push(null);
+
+      const result = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(result).to.deep.equal(inputBytes);
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a large ReadableStream and returns the expected bytes', async () => {
+      // Create a 1MB byte stream that is filled with monotonically increasing values from 0 to 255, repeatedly.
+      const oneMegabyte = new Uint8Array(1024 * 1024).map((_, i) => i % 256);
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(oneMegabyte);
+      nodeReadable.push(null);
+
+      const result = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(result).to.deep.equal(oneMegabyte);
+    });
+
+    it('handles an empty ReadableStream', async () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(null); // Empty stream
+
+      const result = await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(result).to.be.an.instanceof(Uint8Array);
+      expect(result.length).to.equal(0);
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream that errors', async () => {
+      const error = new Error('Stream error');
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable({
+        read() {
+          this.emit('error', error);
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await NodeStream.consumeToBytes({ readable: nodeReadable });
+        expect.fail('consumeToBytes() should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (caughtError) {
+        expect(caughtError).to.equal(error);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('consumeToJson()', () => {
+    it('consumes a Readable stream containing JSON and returns a JavaScript object', async () => {
+      const inputObject = { message: 'Hello, World!' };
+      const inputString = JSON.stringify(inputObject);
+      const textEncoder = new TextEncoder();
+      const inputBytes = textEncoder.encode(inputString);
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(inputBytes);
+      nodeReadable.push(null);
+
+      const result = await NodeStream.consumeToJson({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      expect(result).to.deep.equal(inputObject);
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream containing invalid JSON', async () => {
+      const invalidJson = 'Invalid JSON';
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(new TextEncoder().encode(invalidJson));
+      nodeReadable.push(null);
+
+      try {
+        await NodeStream.consumeToJson({ readable: nodeReadable });
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (err) {
+        expect(err).to.be.instanceOf(SyntaxError);
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for an empty Readable stream', async () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(null); // Empty stream
+
+      try {
+        await NodeStream.consumeToJson({ readable: nodeReadable });
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (err) {
+        expect(err).to.be.instanceOf(SyntaxError); // Empty string is not valid JSON
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream that errors', async () => {
+      const error = new Error('Stream error');
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable({
+        read() {
+          this.emit('error', error);
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await NodeStream.consumeToJson({ readable: nodeReadable });
+        expect.fail('consumeToJson() should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (caughtError) {
+        expect(caughtError).to.equal(error);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('consumeToText()', () => {
+    it('consumes a Readable stream containing text and returns a string', async () => {
+      const inputText = 'Hello, World!';
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(new TextEncoder().encode(inputText));
+      nodeReadable.push(null);
+
+      const result = await NodeStream.consumeToText({ readable: nodeReadable});
+      expect(result).to.be.a('string');
+      expect(result).to.equal(inputText);
+    });
+
+    it('handles an empty Readable stream', async () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(null); // Empty stream
+
+      const result = await NodeStream.consumeToText({ readable: nodeReadable});
+      expect(result).to.be.a('string');
+      expect(result).to.equal('');
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a large text stream and returns the expected text', async () => {
+      const largeText = 'a'.repeat(1024 * 1024); // 1MB of 'a'
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(new TextEncoder().encode(largeText));
+      nodeReadable.push(null);
+
+      const result = await NodeStream.consumeToText({ readable: nodeReadable});
+      expect(result).to.equal(largeText);
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream that errors', async () => {
+      const error = new Error('Stream error');
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable({
+        read() {
+          this.emit('error', error);
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await NodeStream.consumeToText({ readable: nodeReadable });
+        expect.fail('consumeToText() should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (caughtError) {
+        expect(caughtError).to.equal(error);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('fromWebReadable()', () => {
+    it('converts a Web ReadableStream to a Node Readable and reads the data correctly', (done) => {
+    // Step 1: Create a Web ReadableStream
+      const inputData = ['chunk1', 'chunk2', 'chunk3'];
+      const webStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          inputData.forEach(chunk => controller.enqueue(chunk));
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      // Step 2: Convert to Node Readable
+      const nodeReadable = NodeStream.fromWebReadable({ readableStream: webStream });
+
+      // Step 3: Read from the Node Readable
+      let concatenatedData = '';
+      nodeReadable.on('data', (chunk) => {
+        concatenatedData += chunk;
+      });
+
+      nodeReadable.on('end', () => {
+      // Step 4: Compare the concatenated data with the original input
+        const originalDataString = inputData.join('');
+        expect(concatenatedData).to.equal(originalDataString);
+        done();
+      });
+
+      nodeReadable.on('error', (error) => {
+        done(error);
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('handles backpressure properly', async () => {
+      // Create a Web ReadableStream with 1MB of data in 100KB chunks.
+      const streamLength = 1*1024*1024; // 1MB
+      const chunkLength = 100*1024; // 100KB
+      const webStream = Stream.generateByteStream({ streamLength, chunkLength });
+
+      // Convert to Node Readable with a small highWaterMark to induce backpressure
+      const nodeReadable = NodeStream.fromWebReadable({
+        readableStream  : webStream,
+        readableOptions : { highWaterMark: 1, readableHighWaterMark: 1 }
+      });
+
+      // 'end' will be triggered once when there is no more data available.
+      let endReached = false;
+      nodeReadable.on('end', () => {
+        // Reached end of stream.
+        endReached = true;
+      });
+
+      let receivedBytes = 0;
+
+      // Read chunks one at a time with delay to simulate slow consumer.
+      for await (const chunk of nodeReadable) {
+        receivedBytes += chunk.length; // Keep track of total bytes received.
+        await sleep(2); // Introduce delay between reads
+      }
+
+      expect(receivedBytes).to.equal(streamLength);
+      expect(endReached).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error when passed a Node Readable stream', () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+
+      try {
+        // @ts-expect-error because a Node Readable is specified instead of a Web ReadableStream.
+        NodeStream.fromWebReadable({ readableStream: nodeReadable });
+        expect.fail('Expected method to throw an error with Node Readable input');
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        expect(error).to.be.an.instanceOf(TypeError);
+        expect(error.message).to.include('not a Web ReadableStream');
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error when passed a non-stream object', () => {
+      const notAStream = {};
+
+      try {
+        // @ts-expect-error because notAStream is not a stream.
+        NodeStream.fromWebReadable({ readableStream: notAStream });
+        expect.fail('Expected method to throw an error with non-stream object');
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        expect(error).to.be.an.instanceOf(TypeError);
+        expect(error.message).to.include('not a Web ReadableStream');
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error if an error occurs during stream processing', async () => {
+      // Create a Web ReadableStream that throws an error.
+      let controller: ReadableStreamDefaultController;
+      const webStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(c) {
+          controller = c;
+          // Simulate an error after a delay.
+          setTimeout(() => controller.error(new Error('Test error1')), 10);
+        }
+      });
+
+      // Convert to Node Readable
+      const nodeReadable = NodeStream.fromWebReadable({ readableStream: webStream });
+
+      nodeReadable.on('error', (error) => {
+        // Expect the 'error' event to be emitted with the error 'Test error'.
+        expect(error).to.be.an.instanceof(Error);
+        expect(error.message).to.equal('Test error1');
+      });
+
+      try {
+        // Start reading from the stream to trigger the error.
+        for await (const _chunk of nodeReadable) { /* Do nothing */ }
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        // Expect the error to be thrown.
+        expect(error).to.be.an.instanceof(Error);
+        expect(error.message).to.equal('Test error1');
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('calls reader.cancel() if the stream is destroyed before closing', function (done) {
+      // Create a Web ReadableStream.
+      const webStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          // Enqueue some data and then delay closing the stream.
+          controller.enqueue('test data');
+          setTimeout(() => {
+            try {
+              controller.close();
+            } catch (error: any) {
+              // Expect an error indicating that an already closed stream can't be closed again.
+              expect(error).to.be.an.instanceof(Error);
+              expect(error.message).to.include('close');
+            }
+          }, 25);
+        }
+      });
+
+      // Convert to Node Readable.
+      const nodeReadable = NodeStream.fromWebReadable({ readableStream: webStream });
+
+      // Destroy the Node stream before the Web stream has closed.
+      setTimeout(() => nodeReadable.destroy(new Error('Test error')), 5);
+
+      nodeReadable.on('close', () => {
+        // The test passes if this callback is invoked, indicating that destroy was called.
+        done();
+      });
+
+      nodeReadable.on('error', (error) => {
+        expect(error).to.be.an.instanceof(Error);
+        expect(error.message).to.equal('Test error');
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isDestroyed', () => {
+    it('returns true for a destroyed Duplex stream', () => {
+      const duplex = new Duplex({
+        read() {},
+        write(chunk, encoding, callback) { callback(); }
+      });
+      duplex.destroy();
+      expect(NodeStream.isDestroyed({ stream: duplex })).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for a destroyed Readable stream', () => {
+      const readable = new Readable({ read() {} });
+      readable.destroy();
+      expect(NodeStream.isDestroyed({ stream: readable })).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for a destroyed Transform stream', () => {
+      const transform = new Transform({
+        transform(chunk, encoding, callback) { callback(); }
+      });
+      transform.destroy();
+      expect(NodeStream.isDestroyed({ stream: transform })).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for a destroyed Writable stream', () => {
+      const writable = new Writable({
+        write(chunk, encoding, callback) { callback(); }
+      });
+      writable.destroy();
+      expect(NodeStream.isDestroyed({ stream: writable })).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a non-destroyed Duplex stream', () => {
+      const duplex = new Duplex({ read() {}, write(chunk, encoding, callback) { callback(); } });
+      expect(NodeStream.isDestroyed({ stream: duplex })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a non-destroyed Readable stream', () => {
+      const readable = new Readable({ read() {} });
+      expect(NodeStream.isDestroyed({ stream: readable })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a non-destroyed Transform stream', () => {
+      const transform = new Transform({ transform(chunk, encoding, callback) { callback(); } });
+      expect(NodeStream.isDestroyed({ stream: transform })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a non-destroyed Writable stream', () => {
+      const writable = new Writable({ write(chunk, encoding, callback) { callback(); } });
+      expect(NodeStream.isDestroyed({ stream: writable })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error when input is not a Node stream', () => {
+      const notAStream = {};
+
+      try {
+        // @ts-expect-error because notAStream is not a Node stream.
+        NodeStream.isDestroyed({ stream: notAStream });
+        expect.fail('Method did not throw');
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        expect(error).to.be.an.instanceOf(TypeError);
+        expect(error.message).to.equal('NodeStream.isDestroyed: \'stream\' is not a Node stream.');
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isReadable()', () => {
+    it('returns true for a readable stream', () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable({ read() {} });
+
+      expect(NodeStream.isReadable({ readable: nodeReadable })).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a paused stream', () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable({ read() {} });
+      nodeReadable.pause();
+      expect(NodeStream.isReadable({ readable: nodeReadable })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a stream that has ended', async () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(null); // End the stream
+
+      expect(NodeStream.isReadable({ readable: nodeReadable })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it(`returns false for a stream that has ended and the 'end' event has been emitted`, async () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      nodeReadable.push(new Uint8Array([1]));
+      nodeReadable.push(null); // End the stream
+
+      nodeReadable.on('end', () => {
+        expect(NodeStream.isReadable({ readable: nodeReadable })).to.be.false;
+      });
+
+      for await (const _chunk of nodeReadable) {
+        // Only reading the chunks to trigger emitting the 'end' event.
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a destroyed stream', () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable({ read() {} });
+      nodeReadable.destroy();
+      expect(NodeStream.isReadable({ readable: nodeReadable })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a non-stream object', () => {
+      const nonStreamObject = {};
+      // @ts-expect-error because nonStreamObject is not a stream.
+      expect(NodeStream.isReadable({ readable: nonStreamObject })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for null', () => {
+      // @ts-expect-error because null is not a stream.
+      expect(NodeStream.isReadable({ readable: null })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for undefined', () => {
+      // @ts-expect-error because undefined is not a stream.
+      expect(NodeStream.isReadable({ readable: undefined })).to.be.false;
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isReadableStream()', () => {
+    it('returns true for a Node Readable stream', () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      const result = NodeStream.isReadableStream(nodeReadable);
+      expect(result).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a web ReadableStream', () => {
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream();
+      expect(NodeStream.isReadableStream(readableStream)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a non-stream object', () => {
+      const nonStreamObject = { pipe: () => {}, on: () => {} };
+      const result = NodeStream.isReadableStream(nonStreamObject);
+      expect(result).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for null', () => {
+      const result = NodeStream.isReadableStream(null);
+      expect(result).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for undefined', () => {
+      const result = NodeStream.isReadableStream(undefined);
+      expect(result).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a string', () => {
+      const result = NodeStream.isReadableStream('not a stream');
+      expect(result).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a number', () => {
+      const result = NodeStream.isReadableStream(42);
+      expect(result).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for an array', () => {
+      const result = NodeStream.isReadableStream([]);
+      expect(result).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a function', () => {
+      const result = NodeStream.isReadableStream(() => {});
+      expect(result).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for an object without stream methods', () => {
+      const nonStreamObject = { someProperty: 'some value' };
+      const result = NodeStream.isReadableStream(nonStreamObject);
+      expect(result).to.be.false;
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isStream', () => {
+    it('returns true for a Readable stream', () => {
+      const readableStream = new Readable({ read() {} });
+      expect(NodeStream.isStream(readableStream)).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for a Writable stream', () => {
+      const writableStream = new Writable();
+      expect(NodeStream.isStream(writableStream)).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for a Duplex stream', () => {
+      const duplexStream = new Duplex();
+      expect(NodeStream.isStream(duplexStream)).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for a Transform stream', () => {
+      const transformStream = new Transform();
+      expect(NodeStream.isStream(transformStream)).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a non-stream object', () => {
+      const nonStreamObject = { someProperty: 'value' };
+      expect(NodeStream.isStream(nonStreamObject)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for null', () => {
+      expect(NodeStream.isStream(null)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for undefined', () => {
+      expect(NodeStream.isStream(undefined)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a string', () => {
+      expect(NodeStream.isStream('not a stream')).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a number', () => {
+      expect(NodeStream.isStream(42)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a function', () => {
+      expect(NodeStream.isStream(() => {})).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for an array', () => {
+      expect(NodeStream.isStream([])).to.be.false;
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('toWebReadable()', () => {
+    it('converts a Node Readable stream to a Web ReadableStream', async () => {
+      const inputData = ['chunk1', 'chunk2', 'chunk3'];
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable();
+      inputData.forEach(chunk => nodeReadable.push(chunk));
+      nodeReadable.push(null); // Signifies the end of the stream
+
+      const webReadable = NodeStream.toWebReadable({ readable: nodeReadable });
+
+      // Read data from the Web ReadableStream
+      const reader = webReadable.getReader();
+      let concatenatedData = '';
+      let result;
+      do {
+        result = await reader.read();
+        if (!result.done) {
+          concatenatedData += result.value;
+        }
+      } while (!result.done);
+
+      // Compare the concatenated data with the original input
+      expect(concatenatedData).to.equal(inputData.join(''));
+    });
+
+    it('closes the Web ReadableStream when the Node stream ends', async () => {
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable({
+        read() {
+          this.push('data');
+          this.push(null); // End the stream
+        }
+      });
+
+      const webReadable = NodeStream.toWebReadable({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      const reader = webReadable.getReader();
+
+      const { done } = await reader.read();
+      expect(done).to.be.false;
+
+      const result = await reader.read();
+      expect(result.done).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('handles errors in the Node stream', async () => {
+      const error = new Error('Test error');
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable({
+        read() {
+          this.emit('error', error);
+        }
+      });
+
+      const webReadable = NodeStream.toWebReadable({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      const reader = webReadable.getReader();
+
+      try {
+        await reader.read();
+        expect.fail('Error was not thrown');
+      } catch (caughtError) {
+        expect(caughtError).to.equal(error);
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('cancels the Node stream when the Web ReadableStream is canceled', async () => {
+      let canceled = false;
+      const nodeReadable = new Readable({
+        read() {},
+        destroy() {
+          canceled = true;
+        }
+      });
+
+      const webReadable = NodeStream.toWebReadable({ readable: nodeReadable });
+      const reader = webReadable.getReader();
+
+      await reader.cancel();
+      expect(canceled).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error when input is not a Node Readable stream', () => {
+      const notAStream = {};
+
+      try {
+        // @ts-expect-error because notAStream is not a Node stream.
+        NodeStream.toWebReadable({ readable: notAStream });
+        expect.fail('Method did not throw');
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        expect(error).to.be.an.instanceOf(TypeError);
+        expect(error.message).to.include('is not a Node Readable stream');
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('returns a cancelled ReadableStream for a destroyed Node stream', async () => {
+      const destroyedStream = new Readable({
+        read() { this.destroy(); }
+      });
+      destroyedStream.destroy();
+
+      const webReadable = NodeStream.toWebReadable({ readable: destroyedStream });
+
+      try {
+        const reader = webReadable.getReader();
+        await reader.read();
+        expect.fail('Stream was not cancelled');
+      } catch (error) {
+        // Check if the error is due to cancellation
+        expect(error).to.be.an.instanceOf(Error); // Adjust according to the expected error type
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/common/tests/stream.spec.ts b/packages/common/tests/stream.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86c6cd4ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/common/tests/stream.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+import { expect } from 'chai';
+import { Readable } from 'readable-stream';
+
+import { Stream } from '../src/stream.js';
+
+describe('Stream', () => {
+
+  describe('consumeToArrayBuffer()', () => {
+    it('consumes a ReadableStream and returns an ArrayBuffer', async () => {
+      const inputBytes = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(inputBytes);
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToArrayBuffer({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.be.an.instanceof(ArrayBuffer);
+      expect(new Uint8Array(result)).to.deep.equal(inputBytes);
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a large ReadableStream and returns the expected bytes', async () => {
+      const oneMegabyte = new Uint8Array(1024 * 1024).map((_, i) => i % 256);
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(oneMegabyte);
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToArrayBuffer({ readableStream });
+      expect(new Uint8Array(result)).to.deep.equal(oneMegabyte);
+    });
+
+    it('handles an empty ReadableStream', async () => {
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToArrayBuffer({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.be.an.instanceof(ArrayBuffer);
+      expect(result.byteLength).to.equal(0);
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream that errors', async () => {
+      const error = new Error('Stream error');
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.error(error);
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await Stream.consumeToArrayBuffer({ readableStream });
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (err) {
+        expect(err).to.equal(error);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('consumeToBlob()', () => {
+    it('consumes a ReadableStream and returns a Blob', async () => {
+      const inputBytes = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(inputBytes);
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToBlob({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.be.an.instanceof(Blob);
+      expect(result.size).to.equal(inputBytes.length);
+
+      // Read the blob to verify its content
+      const arrayBuffer = await result.arrayBuffer();
+      expect(new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer)).to.deep.equal(inputBytes);
+    });
+
+    it('handles an empty ReadableStream', async () => {
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToBlob({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.be.an.instanceof(Blob);
+      expect(result.size).to.equal(0);
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a large ReadableStream and returns the expected blob size', async () => {
+      const oneMegabyte = new Uint8Array(1024 * 1024).map((_, i) => i % 256);
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(oneMegabyte);
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToBlob({ readableStream });
+      expect(result.size).to.equal(oneMegabyte.length);
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a ReadableStream containing a string and returns the correct Blob', async () => {
+      const inputString = 'Hello, World!';
+      const textEncoder = new TextEncoder();
+      const inputBytes = textEncoder.encode(inputString);
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(inputBytes);
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const blob = await Stream.consumeToBlob({ readableStream });
+      expect(blob).to.be.an.instanceof(Blob);
+      expect(blob.size).to.equal(inputBytes.length);
+
+      // Read the blob and verify its content
+      const blobText = await blob.text();
+      expect(blobText).to.equal(inputString);
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream that errors', async () => {
+      const error = new Error('Stream error');
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.error(error);
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await Stream.consumeToBlob({ readableStream });
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (err) {
+        expect(err).to.equal(error);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('consumeToBytes()', () => {
+    it('consumes a ReadableStream and returns a Uint8Array', async () => {
+      const inputBytes = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(inputBytes);
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToBytes({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.be.an.instanceof(Uint8Array);
+      expect(result).to.deep.equal(inputBytes);
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a 5-byte ReadableStream and returns the expected bytes', async () => {
+      const inputBytes = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(inputBytes);
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToBytes({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.deep.equal(inputBytes);
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a large ReadableStream and returns the expected bytes', async () => {
+      // Create a 1MB byte stream that is filled with monotonically increasing values from 0 to 255, repeatedly.
+      const oneMegabyte = new Uint8Array(1024 * 1024).map((_, i) => i % 256);
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(oneMegabyte);
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToBytes({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.deep.equal(oneMegabyte);
+    });
+
+    it('handles an empty ReadableStream', async () => {
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToBytes({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.be.an.instanceof(Uint8Array);
+      expect(result.length).to.equal(0);
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream that errors', async () => {
+      const error = new Error('Stream error');
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.error(error);
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await Stream.consumeToBytes({ readableStream });
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (err) {
+        expect(err).to.equal(error);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('consumeToJson()', () => {
+    it('consumes a ReadableStream containing JSON and returns a JavaScript object', async () => {
+      const inputObject = { message: 'Hello, World!' };
+      const inputString = JSON.stringify(inputObject);
+      const textEncoder = new TextEncoder();
+      const inputBytes = textEncoder.encode(inputString);
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(inputBytes);
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToJson({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.deep.equal(inputObject);
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream containing invalid JSON', async () => {
+      const invalidJson = 'Invalid JSON';
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(new TextEncoder().encode(invalidJson));
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await Stream.consumeToJson({ readableStream });
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (err) {
+        expect(err).to.be.instanceOf(SyntaxError);
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('handles an empty ReadableStream', async () => {
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await Stream.consumeToJson({ readableStream });
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (err) {
+        expect(err).to.be.instanceOf(SyntaxError); // Empty string is not valid JSON
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream that errors', async () => {
+      const error = new Error('Stream error');
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.error(error);
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await Stream.consumeToJson({ readableStream });
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (err) {
+        expect(err).to.equal(error);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('consumeToText', () => {
+    it('consumes a ReadableStream containing text and returns a string', async () => {
+      const inputText = 'Hello, World!';
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(new TextEncoder().encode(inputText));
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToText({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.be.a('string');
+      expect(result).to.equal(inputText);
+    });
+
+    it('handles an empty ReadableStream', async () => {
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToText({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.be.a('string');
+      expect(result).to.equal('');
+    });
+
+    it('consumes a large text stream and returns the expected text', async () => {
+      const largeText = 'a'.repeat(1024 * 1024); // 1MB of 'a'
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(new TextEncoder().encode(largeText));
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+
+      const result = await Stream.consumeToText({ readableStream });
+      expect(result).to.equal(largeText);
+    });
+
+    it('throws an error for a stream that errors', async () => {
+      const error = new Error('Stream error');
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.error(error);
+        }
+      });
+
+      try {
+        await Stream.consumeToText({ readableStream });
+        expect.fail('Should have thrown an error');
+      } catch (err) {
+        expect(err).to.equal(error);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('generateByteStream()', function () {
+    it('generates a stream with the specified length and fill value', async function () {
+      const streamByteLength = 100;
+      const fillValue = 43;
+      const stream = Stream.generateByteStream({ streamLength: streamByteLength, fillValue });
+
+      // Read data from the stream.
+      const consumedBytes = await Stream.consumeToBytes({ readableStream: stream });
+
+      // Check the length of the received bytes
+      expect(consumedBytes.length).to.equal(streamByteLength);
+
+      // Check if all bytes are set to 43
+      consumedBytes.forEach(byte => {
+        expect(byte).to.equal(fillValue);
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('generates a stream with the specified chunk length', async function () {
+      const streamByteLength = 100;
+      const chunkLength = 10;
+      const fillValue = 43;
+      const stream = Stream.generateByteStream({ streamLength: streamByteLength, chunkLength,  fillValue });
+
+      // Collecting data from the stream.
+      const reader = stream.getReader();
+      let receivedBytes = new Uint8Array(0);
+      let chunkCount = 0;
+      let firstChunkLength: number | undefined;
+
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-constant-condition
+      while (true) {
+        const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+        if (done) break;
+        receivedBytes = new Uint8Array([...receivedBytes, ...value]);
+        firstChunkLength ??= value.length;
+        chunkCount++;
+      }
+
+      // Check the length of the received bytes.
+      expect(receivedBytes.length).to.equal(streamByteLength);
+
+      // Check the number of chunks received.
+      expect(chunkCount).to.equal(Math.ceil(streamByteLength / chunkLength));
+
+      // Check if the first chunk is of the expected length.
+      expect(firstChunkLength).to.equal(chunkLength);
+    });
+
+    it('handles stream lengths that are evenly divisible by chunk length', async function () {
+      const streamByteLength = 100;
+      const chunkLength = 10;
+      const stream = Stream.generateByteStream({ streamLength: streamByteLength, chunkLength });
+
+      // Read data from the stream.
+      const consumedBytes = await Stream.consumeToBytes({ readableStream: stream });
+
+      // Confirm that the stream contents are as expected.
+      expect(consumedBytes.length).to.equal(streamByteLength);
+    });
+
+    it('handles stream lengths that are not evenly divisible by chunk length', async function () {
+      const streamByteLength = 100;
+      const chunkLength = 11;
+      const stream = Stream.generateByteStream({ streamLength: streamByteLength, chunkLength });
+
+      // Read data from the stream.
+      const consumedBytes = await Stream.consumeToBytes({ readableStream: stream });
+
+      // Confirm that the stream contents are as expected.
+      expect(consumedBytes.length).to.equal(streamByteLength);
+    });
+
+    it('generates a stream with chunks having random bytes within a specified range', async () => {
+      const streamLength = 100;
+      const chunkLength = 10;
+      const fillValueRange: [number, number] = [50, 60]; // Range for random values
+
+      const readableStream = Stream.generateByteStream({ streamLength, chunkLength, fillValue: fillValueRange });
+      const reader = readableStream.getReader();
+
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-constant-condition
+      while (true) {
+        const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+        if (done) break;
+
+        expect(value).to.be.an.instanceof(Uint8Array);
+        expect(value.length).to.be.at.most(chunkLength);
+
+        // Check each byte in the chunk is within the specified range
+        for (const byte of value) {
+          expect(byte).to.be.at.least(fillValueRange[0]);
+          expect(byte).to.be.at.most(fillValueRange[1]);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('generates an indefinite stream when streamLength is not provided', async () => {
+      const chunkLength = 1;
+      const fillValue = 0;
+      const maxIterations = 10_000; // Limit iterations to avoid an infinite loop in the test.
+
+      const readableStream = Stream.generateByteStream({ chunkLength, fillValue });
+      const reader = readableStream.getReader();
+
+      let iterations = 0;
+      let allChunksValid = true;
+      while (iterations < maxIterations) {
+        const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+        if (done) break;
+
+        allChunksValid = allChunksValid && value.length === chunkLength;
+        iterations++;
+      }
+
+      expect(iterations).to.equal(maxIterations);
+      expect(allChunksValid).to.be.true;
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isReadable()', () => {
+    it('returns true for a new ReadableStream', () => {
+      const stream = new ReadableStream();
+      expect(Stream.isReadable({ readableStream: stream })).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for an errored ReadableStream', () => {
+      /**
+       * Detecting an errored ReadableStream without actually reading from it is a bit tricky,
+       * as the stream's error state isn't directly exposed through its interface. The standard
+       * methods (getReader(), locked, etc.) do not provide information about the errored state
+       * unless you attempt to read from the stream.
+       *
+       * Since we don't want to actually read from (i.e., partly consume) the stream, the
+       * `isReadable()` method is incapable of detecting an errored stream.
+       */
+      const erroredStream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.error(new Error('Stream intentionally errored'));
+        }
+      });
+      expect(Stream.isReadable({ readableStream: erroredStream })).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a locked ReadableStream', () => {
+      const stream = new ReadableStream();
+      const reader = stream.getReader();
+      expect(Stream.isReadable({ readableStream: stream })).to.be.false;
+      reader.releaseLock();
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a consumed ReadableStream', async () => {
+      const stream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue('data');
+          controller.close();
+        },
+      });
+      const reader = stream.getReader();
+      await reader.read();
+      await reader.closed;
+      expect(Stream.isReadable({ readableStream: stream })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a closed ReadableStream', async () => {
+      const stream = new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.close();
+        }
+      });
+      stream.getReader();
+
+      expect(Stream.isReadable({ readableStream: stream })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for non-stream objects', () => {
+      // @ts-expect-error because we're testing non-stream input.
+      expect(Stream.isReadable({ readableStream: {} })).to.be.false;
+      // @ts-expect-error because we're testing non-stream input.
+      expect(Stream.isReadable({ readableStream: null })).to.be.false;
+      // @ts-expect-error because we're testing non-stream input.
+      expect(Stream.isReadable({ readableStream: undefined })).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a ReadableStream where getReader() throws an error', () => {
+      // Create a custom ReadableStream with an overridden getReader method that throws an error
+      const erroredStream = new ReadableStream();
+      erroredStream.getReader = () => { throw new Error('getReader intentionally throws an error'); };
+
+      const result = Stream.isReadable({ readableStream: erroredStream });
+      expect(result).to.be.false;
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isReadableStream()', () => {
+    it('returns true for a ReadableStream', () => {
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream();
+      expect(Stream.isReadableStream(readableStream)).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a Node Readable stream', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isReadableStream(new Readable())).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+
+    it('returns false for null', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isReadableStream(null)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for undefined', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isReadableStream(undefined)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a number', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isReadableStream(123)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a string', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isReadableStream('string')).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a boolean', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isReadableStream(true)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for an array', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isReadableStream([])).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for an object without getReader method', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isReadableStream({})).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a function', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isReadableStream(() => {})).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for an object with a non-function getReader property', () => {
+      const objWithNonFunctionGetReader = { getReader: 'not a function' };
+      expect(Stream.isReadableStream(objWithNonFunctionGetReader)).to.be.false;
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isStream', () => {
+    it('returns true for a ReadableStream', () => {
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream();
+      expect(Stream.isStream(readableStream)).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for a WritableStream', () => {
+      const writableStream = new WritableStream();
+      expect(Stream.isStream(writableStream)).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for a TransformStream', () => {
+      const transformStream = new TransformStream();
+      expect(Stream.isStream(transformStream)).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for non-stream objects', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isStream({})).to.be.false;
+      expect(Stream.isStream(null)).to.be.false;
+      expect(Stream.isStream(undefined)).to.be.false;
+      expect(Stream.isStream(123)).to.be.false;
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isTransformStream', () => {
+    it('returns true for a TransformStream', () => {
+      const transformStream = new TransformStream();
+      expect(Stream.isTransformStream(transformStream)).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for ReadableStream and WritableStream', () => {
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream();
+      const writableStream = new WritableStream();
+      expect(Stream.isTransformStream(readableStream)).to.be.false;
+      expect(Stream.isTransformStream(writableStream)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for non-stream objects', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isTransformStream({})).to.be.false;
+      expect(Stream.isTransformStream(null)).to.be.false;
+      expect(Stream.isTransformStream(undefined)).to.be.false;
+      expect(Stream.isTransformStream(123)).to.be.false;
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('isWritableStream', () => {
+    it('returns true for a WritableStream', () => {
+      const writableStream = new WritableStream();
+      expect(Stream.isWritableStream(writableStream)).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for ReadableStream and TransformStream', () => {
+      const readableStream = new ReadableStream();
+      const transformStream = new TransformStream();
+      expect(Stream.isWritableStream(readableStream)).to.be.false;
+      expect(Stream.isWritableStream(transformStream)).to.be.false;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for non-stream objects', () => {
+      expect(Stream.isWritableStream({})).to.be.false;
+      expect(Stream.isWritableStream(null)).to.be.false;
+      expect(Stream.isWritableStream(undefined)).to.be.false;
+      expect(Stream.isWritableStream(123)).to.be.false;
+    });
+  });
+
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/common/tests/type-utils.spec.ts b/packages/common/tests/type-utils.spec.ts
index 009f587e7..d09d6137c 100644
--- a/packages/common/tests/type-utils.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/common/tests/type-utils.spec.ts
@@ -1,60 +1,96 @@
 import { expect } from 'chai';
 
-import { isDefined, universalTypeOf } from '../src/type-utils.js';
-
-describe('isDefined()', () => {
-  it('should return true for defined non-null values', () => {
-    expect(isDefined('string')).to.equal(true);
-    expect(isDefined(42)).to.equal(true);
-    expect(isDefined(false)).to.equal(true);
-    expect(isDefined({})).to.equal(true);
-    expect(isDefined([])).to.equal(true);
-  });
+import { isAsyncIterable, isDefined, universalTypeOf } from '../src/type-utils.js';
 
-  it('should return false for undefined or null', () => {
-    expect(isDefined(undefined)).to.equal(false);
-    expect(isDefined(null)).to.equal(false);
-  });
-});
+describe('Type Utils', () => {
+  describe('isAsyncIterable()', () => {
+    it('should return true for a valid AsyncIterable', () => {
+      const asyncIterator = {
+        async *[Symbol.asyncIterator]() {
+          yield 1;
+          yield 2;
+        }
+      };
+      expect(isAsyncIterable(asyncIterator)).to.be.true;
+    });
 
-describe('universalTypeOf()', () => {
-  it('should correctly identify Array', () => {
-    expect(universalTypeOf([1, 2, 3])).to.equal('Array');
-  });
+    it('should return false for non-object types', () => {
+      expect(isAsyncIterable(123)).to.be.false;
+      expect(isAsyncIterable('string')).to.be.false;
+      expect(isAsyncIterable(true)).to.be.false;
+      expect(isAsyncIterable(undefined)).to.be.false;
+    });
 
-  it('should correctly identify ArrayBuffer', () => {
-    expect(universalTypeOf(new ArrayBuffer(2))).to.equal('ArrayBuffer');
-  });
+    it('should return false for null', () => {
+      expect(isAsyncIterable(null)).to.be.false;
+    });
 
-  it('should correctly identify Blob', () => {
-    expect(universalTypeOf(new Blob(['foo']))).to.equal('Blob');
-  });
+    it('should return false for an object without [Symbol.asyncIterator]', () => {
+      const regularObject = { a: 1, b: 2 };
+      expect(isAsyncIterable(regularObject)).to.be.false;
+    });
 
-  it('should correctly identify Boolean', () => {
-    expect(universalTypeOf(true)).to.equal('Boolean');
+    it('should return false for an object with a non-function [Symbol.asyncIterator]', () => {
+      const invalidAsyncIterator = { [Symbol.asyncIterator]: 123 };
+      expect(isAsyncIterable(invalidAsyncIterator)).to.be.false;
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should correctly identify Number', () => {
-    expect(universalTypeOf(42)).to.equal('Number');
-  });
+  describe('isDefined()', () => {
+    it('should return true for defined non-null values', () => {
+      expect(isDefined('string')).to.equal(true);
+      expect(isDefined(42)).to.equal(true);
+      expect(isDefined(false)).to.equal(true);
+      expect(isDefined({})).to.equal(true);
+      expect(isDefined([])).to.equal(true);
+    });
 
-  it('should correctly identify Null', () => {
-    expect(universalTypeOf(null)).to.equal('Null');
+    it('should return false for undefined or null', () => {
+      expect(isDefined(undefined)).to.equal(false);
+      expect(isDefined(null)).to.equal(false);
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should correctly identify Object', () => {
-    expect(universalTypeOf({a: 1, b: 2})).to.equal('Object');
-  });
+  describe('universalTypeOf()', () => {
+    it('should correctly identify Array', () => {
+      expect(universalTypeOf([1, 2, 3])).to.equal('Array');
+    });
 
-  it('should correctly identify String', () => {
-    expect(universalTypeOf('some string')).to.equal('String');
-  });
+    it('should correctly identify ArrayBuffer', () => {
+      expect(universalTypeOf(new ArrayBuffer(2))).to.equal('ArrayBuffer');
+    });
 
-  it('should correctly identify Uint8Array', () => {
-    expect(universalTypeOf(new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]))).to.equal('Uint8Array');
-  });
+    it('should correctly identify Blob', () => {
+      expect(universalTypeOf(new Blob(['foo']))).to.equal('Blob');
+    });
+
+    it('should correctly identify Boolean', () => {
+      expect(universalTypeOf(true)).to.equal('Boolean');
+    });
+
+    it('should correctly identify Number', () => {
+      expect(universalTypeOf(42)).to.equal('Number');
+    });
+
+    it('should correctly identify Null', () => {
+      expect(universalTypeOf(null)).to.equal('Null');
+    });
 
-  it('should correctly identify Undefined', () => {
-    expect(universalTypeOf(undefined)).to.equal('Undefined');
+    it('should correctly identify Object', () => {
+      expect(universalTypeOf({a: 1, b: 2})).to.equal('Object');
+    });
+
+    it('should correctly identify String', () => {
+      expect(universalTypeOf('some string')).to.equal('String');
+    });
+
+    it('should correctly identify Uint8Array', () => {
+      expect(universalTypeOf(new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]))).to.equal('Uint8Array');
+    });
+
+    it('should correctly identify Undefined', () => {
+      expect(universalTypeOf(undefined)).to.equal('Undefined');
+    });
   });
+
 });
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/dids/src/did-ion.ts b/packages/dids/src/did-ion.ts
index 1eaed9daa..baca61304 100644
--- a/packages/dids/src/did-ion.ts
+++ b/packages/dids/src/did-ion.ts
@@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ export class DidIonMethod implements DidMethod {
     operationsEndpoint?: string
   }): Promise<DidResolutionResult | undefined> {
     const {
-      challengeEnabled = true,
+      challengeEnabled = false,
       challengeEndpoint = 'https://beta.ion.msidentity.com/api/v1.0/proof-of-work-challenge',
       keySet,
       services,
-      operationsEndpoint = 'https://beta.ion.msidentity.com/api/v1.0/operations'
+      operationsEndpoint = 'https://ion.tbd.engineering/operations'
     } = options;
 
     // Create ION Document.
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ export class DidIonMethod implements DidMethod {
       };
     }
 
-    const { resolutionEndpoint = 'https://discover.did.msidentity.com/1.0/identifiers/' } = resolutionOptions;
+    const { resolutionEndpoint = 'https://ion.tbd.engineering/identifiers/' } = resolutionOptions;
     const normalizeUrl = (url: string): string => url.endsWith('/') ? url : url + '/';
     const resolutionUrl = `${normalizeUrl(resolutionEndpoint)}${parsedDid.did}`;
 
diff --git a/packages/dids/tests/did-ion.spec.ts b/packages/dids/tests/did-ion.spec.ts
index 0f3bcbe14..17b45de12 100644
--- a/packages/dids/tests/did-ion.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/dids/tests/did-ion.spec.ts
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ describe('DidIonMethod', () => {
       expect(resolutionResult.didDocumentMetadata.method).to.have.property('published', true);
     });
 
-    it('returns notFound error with unpublished short form ION DIDs', async() => {
+    it('returns internalError error with unpublished short form ION DIDs', async() => {
       const did = 'did:ion:EiBCi7lnGtotBsFkbI_lQskQZLk_GPelU0C5-nRB4_nMfA';
       const resolutionResult = await DidIonMethod.resolve({ didUrl: did });
 
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ describe('DidIonMethod', () => {
       expect(resolutionResult).to.have.property('didDocument');
       expect(resolutionResult).to.have.property('didDocumentMetadata');
 
-      expect(resolutionResult.didResolutionMetadata).to.have.property('error', 'notFound');
+      expect(resolutionResult.didResolutionMetadata).to.have.property('error', 'internalError');
     });
 
     it('resolves published long form ION DIDs', async() => {