Upgrading between major versions?

[roosmaa]

There doesn't seem to be a good way to upgrade between major versions of postgres. When sharing the volume with a new container with a newer version of postgres it won't run as the data directory hasn't been upgraded. pg_upgrade on the other hand requires (?) old installation binary files, so upgrading the data files from new server container is also difficult.

It would be nice if there was some suggested way of doing this in the readme. Maybe even some meta container which does the upgrading from version to version?

[md5]

The "Usage" section of this document describes what pg_upgrade does: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/pgupgrade.html

[roosmaa]

I guess my concern does not communicate well in the first comment... Lets try again.

pg_upgrade functionality is perfectly clear: you need to have both postgres [old] and [new] versions installed at the same time to upgrade the data structures on disk. But what is not clear is the best way of going about the upgrade when using containers, since every container only has a single version of postgres available/installed.

• Should one create a custom upgrade-from-X-to-Y container with both X and Y versions of postgres installed?
• Or should one just apt-get install new postgres version into the existing container, upgrade the data and then replace the container with one of the "vanilla" containers?
• Or some even more clever way of doing this?

It would be fairly useful to have a section in the Readme regarding how to approach this. (And what to avoid?)

[tianon]

I've been wondering about/looking out for a good way to handle this
myself. If someone's got a good flow that works well for them, I'm very
interested in getting something documented (and "transition images" added
if that's what's necessary here -- this is a common enough thing IMO that
it doesn't really make sense to have everyone create their own for their
one-off needs).

Perhaps for each "supported" version, we could add a variant that also
installs the latest major release, and then we document how to create your
own one-off transition container if you need a transition more esoteric
than that?

[md5]

@roosmaa: my comment wasn't so much directed at you as intended as background.

[kajmagnus]

+1 for major version upgrade instructions.

Yet another alternative, for smaller databases (?), should be that the old container runs pg_dumpall and saves the dump somewhere in the volume. Then one stops the container, starts a new one with the new major version, and it imports the dump.

[mpe]

Yeah this is a major pain ... at the moment. Would be great to get some official way to do it.

[belak]

Yeah, just nuked my postgres install on accident with an upgrade. Are there any plans for this?

[mkarg]

I am not a docker guru, but I could imagine that it is possible to add some script to the container that is started when the container starts. That script should check the database files, and when it detects the correct version, simply startup the postgresql engine. If not, it should decide to run pgupgrade or dump/reload. Shouldn't be rocket science?

[tianon]

The main problem as I understand it is that we need both the old version and the new version of the postgres binaries simultaneously in the same container (otherwise you can't pgdump the old data).

[dcbishop]

+1.

I'm just going to nuke what I have since it's just a personal server I don't really use, but this seems like a major pain maintenance wise.

[Dirbaio]

I've had success upgrading launching another postgres instance with the new version, and then using dumpall and psql to move all the data piping:

docker exec postgres-old pg_dumpall -U postgres | docker exec -i postgres-new psql -U postgres

It's rather simple :)

pg_upgrade is supposed to be faster though, I'm interested if someone has an easy way of using it.

[asprega]

I was attempting to hack up a bash script to manage the upgrade process between two containers of different versions by using pg_upgrade, but I hit a roadblock:

#!/bin/bash

#
# Script to migrate PostgreSQL data from one version to another
#

set -e

OLD_CONTAINER=$1
OLD_VOLUME=$2

NEW_CONTAINER=$3
NEW_VOLUME=$4

if [ -z "$OLD_CONTAINER" ] || [ -z "$OLD_VOLUME" ] || [ -z "$NEW_CONTAINER" ] || [ -z "$NEW_VOLUME" ]; then
  echo -e
  echo -e "Usage: ./pg_upgrade_docker.sh [old container name] [old volume name] [new container name] [new volume name]"
  echo -e "Example: ./pg_upgrade_docker.sh postgres94 postgres94_data postgres95 postgres95_data"
  echo -e
  exit 1;
fi

# Get the major version and the pg binaries out of the old postgres container
(docker start "$OLD_CONTAINER" || true) > /dev/null
OLD_MAJOR="$(docker exec "$OLD_CONTAINER" bash -c 'echo "$PG_MAJOR"')"

OLD_BIN_DIR="/tmp/pg_upgrade/bin/$OLD_MAJOR"
mkdir -p "$OLD_BIN_DIR"
rm -rf "$OLD_BIN_DIR"/*
docker cp "$OLD_CONTAINER":"/usr/lib/postgresql/$OLD_MAJOR/bin/." "$OLD_BIN_DIR"

(docker stop "$OLD_CONTAINER" || true) > /dev/null

# Get the major version out of the new postgres container
(docker start "$NEW_CONTAINER" || true) > /dev/null
NEW_MAJOR="$(docker exec "$NEW_CONTAINER" bash -c 'echo "$PG_MAJOR"')"
(docker stop "$NEW_CONTAINER" || true) > /dev/null

# Create a temp container running the new postgres version which we'll just use to migrate data from one volume to another.
# This container will use the old binaries we just extracted from the old container.
# We can't reuse the existing "new" container because we have to bind extra volumes for the update to work.
NEW_IMAGE="$(docker ps -a --filter "name=$NEW_CONTAINER" --format "{{.Image}}")"
docker run -v "$OLD_BIN_DIR":/tmp/old-pg-bin -v "$OLD_VOLUME":/tmp/old-pg-data -v "$NEW_VOLUME":/tmp/new-pg-data \
  --name temp_postgres_util "$NEW_IMAGE" su - postgres -c "cd /tmp && /usr/lib/postgresql/$NEW_MAJOR/bin/pg_upgrade \
    -b /tmp/old-pg-bin -B /usr/lib/postgresql/$NEW_MAJOR/bin \
    -d /tmp/old-pg-data/ -D /tmp/new-pg-data/ \
    -o \"-c config_file=/tmp/old-pg-data/postgresql.conf\" -O \"-c config_file=/tmp/new-pg-data/postgresql.conf\""

# Remove temp container
(docker stop temp_postgres_util) > /dev/null
(docker rm temp_postgres_util) > /dev/null

rm -rf "$OLD_BIN_DIR"

echo -e "Data migration from $OLD_MAJOR to $NEW_MAJOR is complete!"

the idea is a bit convoluted, because I'm extracting the binaries from the old version and mounting them into a new temporary container created from the same image of the container with the new version, along with data volumes from existing containers (the old and the new ones).
My idea was then to use that container to run pg_upgrade, then throw it away (and data would have been migrated through the two volumes).
When running the script, though, I get the following error:

Performing Consistency Checks
-----------------------------
Checking cluster versions                                   ok

*failure*
Consult the last few lines of "pg_upgrade_server.log" for
the probable cause of the failure.

connection to database failed: could not connect to server: No such file or directory
    Is the server running locally and accepting
    connections on Unix domain socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.50432"?


could not connect to old postmaster started with the command:
"/tmp/old-pg-bin/pg_ctl" -w -l "pg_upgrade_server.log" -D "/tmp/old-pg-data/" -o "-p 50432 -b -c config_file=/tmp/old-pg-data/postgresql.conf -c listen_addresses='' -c unix_socket_permissions=0700 -c unix_socket_directories='/tmp'" start
Failure, exiting

Any ideas?

[donnykurnia]

I'm using @Dirbaio tricks to dump all data from old container and restore it into the new container. Of course, this needs separate data volume and run fast with small data sets. I hope that pr_upgrade can be more 'intelligent', even better if the Postgres itself could do the upgrade by itself. I mean, when installing the new version, the apps should also know how old version format looks like. Maybe also include a necessary old version binary to do the data 'upgrade' then after the upgrade finished, just delete that old version binary.

[julienmathevet]

+1

[mkarg]

I think we should have a complete solution or none at all, as I doubt that most people always use the latest version.

From: Jonas Thiem [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Freitag, 20. Mai 2016 08:53
To: docker-library/postgres
Cc: Markus KARG; Comment
Subject: Re: [docker-library/postgres] Upgrading between major versions? (#37)

Ok so why can't the container be changed to simply have both the latest and the second-to-latest postgresql version installed? (e.g. just put a chroot into the docker container and install the older package from the distribution there or something. Once a script for that has be made that just needs to be passed the name of the respective older apt package, it shouldn't really be a lengthy process) At least that would cover the majority of users and it would allow to successfully convert the database for them automatically by the container.

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[ghost]

Why is none at all any better? I would assume most people running a production server with some basic security consciousness will probably use at least some version of somewhere in the latest release cycle - such major upgrades aren't happening that often, right? (I'm thinking of the usual docker environment here optimized for flexibility and repeatability where upgrading and reverting if it goes wrong is usually less painful than for a regular oldschool server administrator) And if doing it for all versions is not feasible, at least doing it for the respective second-to-newest one should be doable..

If for the other cases where the upgrade can't be done there is a descriptive error message like there is now, I don't see how this wouldn't be at least a considerable improvement - although I agree that being able to upgrade from any arbitrary previous version automatically is of course better if it can be done.

[mkarg]

It binds resources better invested into developing a general solution, and it possibly could stand in the way when coming up with the general solution.

-Markus

From: Jonas Thiem [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Montag, 23. Mai 2016 17:53
To: docker-library/postgres
Cc: Markus KARG; Comment
Subject: Re: [docker-library/postgres] Upgrading between major versions? (#37)

Why is none at all any better? I would assume most people running a production server with some basic security consciousness will probably use at least the latest release - they aren't happening that often, right? And if doing it for all versions is not feasible, at least doing it for the respective second-to-newest one should be doable..

If for the other cases where the upgrade can't be done there is a descriptive error message like there is now, I don't see how this wouldn't be at least a considerable improvement - although I agree that being able to upgrade from any arbitrary previous version automatically is of course better if it can be done.

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[mkarg]

Yes, resignation is the right word. We just do not see how it could be solved in a good way.

[mkarg]

If you have time you can do whatever you like -- this is the nature of open source. Whether or not the project leads will accept your PR is a different question and not up to me to decide.

[tianon]

I'm a strong -1 on including the "second to last version" in every tag unless the size bloat by doing so is extremely minimal (which is why this solution hasn't been implemented before now).

[tianon]

I spent a little time working on a generic way to run pg_upgrade for somewhat arbitrary version combinations (only increasing, ie 9.0 to 9.5, but not the reverse), and here's the result:
tianon/postgres-upgrade
(might be easier to read directly over at https://github.com/tianon/docker-postgres-upgrade/blob/master/README.md)

[rosenfeld]

I haven't tested this yet but, since it's built on top of Debian, maybe an option would be to add some script to /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d like this, during the upgrade process (ideally making an snapshot of the original data first when using BTRFS for example):

Considering the current DB is on 9.4 and you want to migrate it to 9.5

apt-get update
apt-get install -y postgresql-9.5 postgresql-contrib-9.5
pg_dropcluster 9.5 main
pg_upgradecluster 9.4 main -m upgrade -k

This is the basic idea. However, this will add some unneccessary downtime. We could save some time by creating a temporary image:

FROM postgres:9.4
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y postgresql-9.5 postgresql-contrib-9.5
RUN echo "pg_dropcluster 9.5 main; pg_upgradecluster 9.4 main -m upgrade -k" > /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/zzz-upgrade.sh

This is just to simplify the explanation, I'd probably use COPY rather than echo ... > ......

The container running from this new image would then only execute the remaining steps and would be run only once during the upgrade after stopping the previous 9.4 container and before starting the new 9.5 container. pg_upgradecluster will reuse the previous configuration when creating the new cluster.

Maybe to reduce the impact on users, one might want to run the 9.4 cluster in a read-only transaction during the upgrade so that it would mostly work and handle the write errors in the application to tell the users the database is being upgraded and that it's currently not possible to write new data to it... If upgrading the cluster would take a while even with the --link/-k option, maybe a read-only mode might give users a better experience rather than presenting them a static maintainance page for a long while... Maybe it could switch the header to let users know that it's in read-only mode during the upgrade in the meanwhile... It's more effort, but a better user experience for some sort of applications.

[yosifkit]

@Jonast, The only complete way is to have images for each set of supported versions; to ensure users can upgrade between them. @tianon, has a set of them in tianon/docker-postgres-upgrade. The other major problem is that it requires two folders (volumes) in specific locations to upgrade your database, since pg_upgrade requires both servers to be running and cannot just upgrade in place. Tianon's repo has more information on the requirements of this, which includes how to do it with one volume (properly setup), so that pg_upgrade can take advantage of it being a single drive and "use hard links instead of copying files to the new cluster".

The reason mariadb works to "upgrade automatically" is that the mariadb team has to put in extra work to make newer versions able to read older data directories, whereas postgres can make backwards incompatible changes in newer releases and not have to worry about file formats from older versions. This is why postgres data is usually stored under a directory of its version, but that would over complicate volume mounts if every version of postgres had a different volume.

@rosenfeld, unfortunately pg_dropcluster and pg_upgradecluster are specific tooling for the Debian provided packages and do not work with the Postgres provided apt/deb packages. Even after writing a new entrypoint to run the upgrade I just get failures, since it is assume specific directory structures and probably an init system:

$ # script:
#!/bin/bash

gosu postgres pg_ctl -D "$PGDATA" \
    -o "-c listen_addresses='localhost'" \
    -w start

gosu postgres pg_dropcluster 9.5 main
gosu postgres pg_upgradecluster 9.4 main -m upgrade -k

gosu postgres pg_ctl -D "$PGDATA" -m fast -w stop
exec gosu postgres "$@"

$ # shortened ouput (after initializing the db folder with a regular postgres image)
...
waiting for server to start....LOG:  database system was shut down at 2016-10-03 18:22:33 UTC
LOG:  MultiXact member wraparound protections are now enabled
LOG:  database system is ready to accept connections
LOG:  autovacuum launcher started
 done
server started
Error: specified cluster does not exist
Error: specified cluster does not exist

[rosenfeld]

Hi @yosifkit. I don't understand why you think pg_upgradecluster being specific to Debian is a problem since the official PG images are based on Debian. As a matter of fact this is how I upgraded my PG servers from 9.5.4 to 9.6:

docker pull postgresql:9.6 # so we can easily start it after the upgrade is finished
docker run -it --rm --name pg-upgrade -v /mnt/pg/data:/var/lib/postgresql \
  -v /mnt/pg/config:/etc/postgresql --entrypoint bash postgres:9.5.4

# in the bash session in the container I installed 9.6:
apt-get update && apt-get install -y postgresql-9.6 postgresql-contrib-9.6
# Then, in another session, I stopped the server running current PG in order to
# start the upgrade (it's always a good idea to perform a back-up of the data
# before upgrading anyway).
pg_upgradecluster -m upgrade --link 9.5 main
# optionally: pg_dropcluster 9.5 main

After the upgrade is finished just start the new 9.6 container with the same arguments.

Here's how I run the container:

docker run --name pg -v /mnt/pg/scripts:/pg-scripts \
  -v /mnt/pg/data:/var/lib/postgresql \
  -v /mnt/pg/config:/etc/postgresql -p 5432:5432 \
  postgresql:9.6 /pg-scripts/start-pg 9.6 10.0.1.0/24

I stop it with docker exec pg pg_ctlcluster -f 9.6 main stop.

Here's how start-pg looks like:

#!/bin/bash
version=$1
net=$2
setup_db(){
  pg_createcluster $version main -o listen_addresses='*' -o wal_level=hot_standby \
    -o max_wal_senders=3 -o hot_standby=on -- -A trust
  pghba=/etc/postgresql/$version/main/pg_hba.conf
  echo -e "host\tall\tpguser\t$net\ttrust" >> $pghba
  echo -e "host\treplication\tpguser\t$net\ttrust" >> $pghba
  pg_ctlcluster $version main start
  psql -U postgres -c '\du' postgres|grep -q pguser || \
    createuser -U postgres -l -s pguser
  pg_ctlcluster $version main stop
}
[ -d /var/lib/postgresql/$version/main ] || setup_db
exec pg_ctlcluster --foreground $version main start

The server is actually managed by some systemd unit files, but this is basically how it works behind the scene.

[fabiand]

What about a solution where the new container is using an image with an older postgresql version to launch the older version, then use the regular flow to perform the update?
(This is basically nesting the older postgresql container inside the new postgresql container).

It might be tricky to get it right, but at least the new postgresql image does not need to contain any previous postgresql version.

[dschilling]

I love the simplicity of @Dirbaio's approach. You wouldn't have to know what two versions you're migrating between for it to work. If you're worried about the speed of that approach, it sounds like the Upgrade via Replication approach described in the docs would be the best option, over pg_upgrade, in terms of actual downtime.

[rosenfeld]

@dschilling yes, if you can afford the time to set up slony (I started to read its documentation once but found it very complicated) or if you can't afford any downtime window, that's probably the best plan. Since I'm not comfortable with setting up Slony I preferred to use the method I explained above because the downtime is much smaller when you use pg_upgrade with --link. Since it can only upgrade the full cluster rather than a single database I decided to use our production database in a dedicated cluster so that the downtime would be as small as possible while using the pg_upgrade approach.

[thijslemmens]

Instead of Slony, you could use pglogical:
https://2ndquadrant.com/en/resources/pglogical/

I plan to try this approach, using a HAProxy to switch from the old to the new version. Pglogical should be easier to use than Slony, but I still need to validate.

[justinclift]

Yeah, that's fair. 😄

[wuast94]

I would argue that if I set a version tag, there will never be any upgrade. Therefore, upgrading between major versions MUST be intentional because I force it by changing the major version tag. In this case, the upgrade should be handled automatically in some way. The same applies to the latest tag.

Adding an environment variable to disable automatic upgrades and perform them manually wouldn't hurt anybody.

Also, when an automatic upgrade process starts, it should dump the old database just in case, providing an easy way back. This could also be automated when downgrading back to the old major version tag.

In my opinion, this is a solution that shouldn't hurt anybody but makes life much easier. The current way in a containerized world is just painful.

[mbreese]

Well, they probably shouldn't be using a container literally called pgautoupgrade then. The standard PostgreSQL containers will work better for them.

And that's why I'm not posting comments on that project. The expectations for pgautoupgrade are very different from what I'd expect from a "docker-library/postgres" container.

[justinclift]

Also, when an automatic upgrade process starts, it should dump the old database just in case, providing an easy way back.

That would need to be thought through pretty carefully. For larger sized databases that could delay the upgrade process significantly, and could potentially cause other (serious) issues like running the filesystem out of space (etc).

The pgautoupgrade container uses --link to do an in-place upgrade (very quick), but yeah... I'm not totally happy about having no backup done either.

[mbreese]

In most software (at least using semver) it's expected that major version is "breaking" (changes in API, data migration) so if someone explicitly changes from one major to another major then it should be assumed that user also expect some sort of migration... If you upgrade your OS or any app do you expect it to NOT perform data migration?

Postgres isn't most software. And just because I update a version of Word, I still expect to be able to read and write Word documents with the older version. Those storage formats are stable.

There is a big difference between upgrading programs and data formats on disk. Changing data on disk (when upgrading) is surprising to most users.

Hiding the upgrade behind an env flag is the most unsurprising thing that still makes the behavior available to those who want it.

[woj-tek]

I propose that all the tags which are an auto-upgrade bundle, must have the auto-upgrade or upgrade ... tag.

To me, that sounds pretty sensible if the official PostgreSQL containers gain the upgrade ability. 😄

Pondering it a bit more I think there is a consensus that it would be great if original pg containers would have some sort of automatic upgrade functionality. There seems to be the consensus that there could/should be a flag/variable, that would control the process. Right now the discussion seems to be about preferred default (upgrade by default or warn/stop by default).

IMHO, while I would prefer and argue for auto upgrade by default, if there is a flag I could setup my deployments to have the flag and set to "true" so I would get those upgrades "hassle" free sot that would also work for me (still, less than ideal ;) ).

[mbreese]

if there is a flag I could setup my deployments to have the flag and set to "true" so I would get those upgrades "hassle" free sot that would also work for me (still, less than ideal ;) ).

That's (obviously) what I'd argue for. It's an extra flag for those who know what will happen (eg -e PG_AUTO_UPGRADE_DB=1), but still enable automatic upgrades. And it's entirely unsurprising to those who don't know about it. Even better, if there was an error message, when the flag is needed, those users would then learn about the flag and why it is needed.

I default to being conservative when it comes to changing data on storage volumes. Especially when you have potentially non-downgradeable changes.

(Upgraded binaries and ephemeral data are entirely different)

[justinclift]

Especially when you have potentially non-downgradeable changes.

On that note, I'm not sure that downgrades aren't possible. Haven't tried it out personally (yet), but I wouldn't be surprised if pg_upgrade to an older (major) version worked fine.

[justinclift]

Ugh. pg_upgrade actually has a check in it which stops downgrading:

Performing Consistency Checks
-----------------------------
Checking cluster versions                                   
This utility cannot be used to downgrade to older major PostgreSQL versions.
Failure, exiting

That was when attempting to go from 15 to 14. Same happens with 15 to 10.

Seems like an unnecessary restriction (to me). 😦

[justinclift]

New home for the "pgautoupgrade" project on GitHub. Created a "pgautoupgrade" organisation for it:

https://github.com/pgautoupgrade/docker-pgautoupgrade

If anyone wants to help out in the development, let me know. Happy to add people to the project to help kick it into shape. 😄

Also, some initial discussion (prior to implementation) for how to potentially do an (optional) backup prior to the automatic upgrade:

pgautoupgrade/docker-pgautoupgrade#6

To me, the concept there sounds like a reasonable first go. But more people casting their eyes over it first would be good. 😄

[daveisfera]

Pondering it a bit more I think there is a consensus that it would be great if original pg containers would have some sort of automatic upgrade functionality. There seems to be the consensus that there could/should be a flag/variable, that would control the process. Right now the discussion seems to be about preferred default (upgrade by default or warn/stop by default).

As has already been pointed out, the issue is with how pg_upgrade works. It requires binaries from both the old and new version to work. So you have to use something like https://github.com/tianon/docker-postgres-upgrade to be able to do the upgrade inside of containers

[woj-tek]

As has already been pointed out, the issue is with how pg_upgrade works.

I'm aware, and it would be awesome if Postgres would support upgrading between versions like other databases (enabled conditioned on flag, off by default)…

[tianon]

I agree completely -- however, we (the maintainers of this repository where we're all discussing this) don't maintain PostgreSQL, but merely package it for use in Docker containers (hence being "stuck" with the limitations of the upstream pg_upgrade tool / upstream behavior) 😅

[justinclift]

If anyone's interested in trying an "automatic upgrade" image that works for Debian based PostgreSQL containers, we've just added 16-bookworm and 15-bookworm docker images here:

https://hub.docker.com/r/pgautoupgrade/pgautoupgrade

These new Debian based images are thanks to the efforts of @andyundso, who's been diligently improving all kinds of stuff in the project. 😄

To use either of these two new Docker images, pick which version of PostgreSQL you want to upgrade to (15 or 16), and change your existing PostgreSQL docker image to match.

For example, to upgrade your database to PostgreSQL 15 (and keep on 15):

pgautoupgrade/pgautoupgrade:15-bookworm

Whereas to upgrade your database to PostgreSQL 16, and keep on 16, you should use:

pgautoupgrade/pgautoupgrade:16-bookworm

To re-iterate, these new images are for people currently using a Debian based PostgreSQL image. If you're instead using an Alpine based PostgreSQL image, use our existing images instead:

pgautoupgrade/pgautoupgrade:16-alpine

[AndrewSav]

And do not forget the images from @tianon that has been available on https://github.com/tianon/docker-postgres-upgrade (also on docker hub) for quite awhile. Very recently I had to implement generic automated (or how I call it script-assisted) postgres upgrade solution as part of a bigger project and I used these images as the base for what we needed, customizing them to meet our specific requirements.

[justinclift]

Oh, looks like I forgot to mention that the pgautoupgrade images support both x86_64 and ARM64 these days too.

The ARM64 support was added (by @andyundso 😀) a while ago, and is known to work on M-series macOS, and likely other ARM64 things. 😄

[justinclift]

@tianon The "automatic upgrade" approach we've been working on in the pgautoupgrade repo seems to be working decently well.

Would the team for the official Postgres repo (ie here) be open to adding some kind of official "automatic upgrade" images? We can create the needed PR's (etc).

Note that the license of the pgautoupgrade repo is identical to the one here (on purpose), just to keep things easy for grabbing pieces from if needed.

[Lukas-J]

It is an old issue, but still very relevant. I was just wondering why my app stopped working.
It would be very convenient that the data migration would be done automatically. An approach similar to https://github.com/pgautoupgrade/docker-pgautoupgrade would be desirable so that we users don't have to worry about any updates :)