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ethereum.xml
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ethereum.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V5.0//EN" "/usr/share/xml/docbook/schema/dtd/5.0/docbook.dtd" [
<!ENTITY article.author.xml SYSTEM "../common/article.author.xml">
<!ENTITY book.info.legalnotice.xml SYSTEM "../common/book.info.legalnotice.xml">
<!ENTITY book.info.abstract.xml SYSTEM "../common/book.info.abstract.xml">
]>
<article xml:base="http://netkiller.github.io/journal/" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xml:lang="zh-cn">
<articleinfo>
<title>以太坊私链入门</title>
<subtitle>本文作者最近在找工作，有意向致电 13113668890</subtitle>
&article.author.xml;
&book.info.legalnotice.xml;
<abstract>
<para>本文采用碎片化写作，原文会不定期更新，请尽量阅读原文。</para>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.netkiller.cn/journal/ethereum.html">http://www.netkiller.cn/journal/ethereum.html</ulink>
</para>
</abstract>
&book.info.abstract.xml;
<keywordset>
<keyword>ethereum</keyword>
<keyword>geth</keyword>
<keyword>browser-solidity</keyword>
<keyword>solidity</keyword>
</keywordset>
<pubdate>$Date$</pubdate>
<release>$Id$</release>
</articleinfo>
<section id="background">
<title>背景</title>
<para>区块链是什么？一句话，它是一种特殊的（非关系型）分布式数据库，这种数据库只能做插入和查找操作，并且没有管理员。</para>
<para>首先，区块链的主要作用是储存信息。任何需要保存的信息，都可以写入区块链，也可以从里面读取，所以它是数据库。</para>
<para>其次，任何人都可以架设服务器，加入区块链网络，成为一个节点。区块链的世界里面，没有中心节点，每个节点都是平等的，都保存着整个数据库。你可以向任何一个节点，写入/读取数据，因为所有节点最后都会同步，保证区块链一致。</para>
</section>
<section id="overview">
<title>软件安装与配置</title>
<section id="ubuntu">
<title>Ubuntu</title>
<section id="ubuntu.geth">
<title>安装 geth</title>
<para>安装环境</para>
<literallayout>
<![CDATA[
Ubuntu 17.10
]]>
</literallayout>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
sudo apt upgrade -y
sudo apt install software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
sudo apt update
sudo apt install ethereum
]]>
</screen>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~ % geth version
Geth
Version: 1.7.3-stable
Git Commit: 4bb3c89d44e372e6a9ab85a8be0c9345265c763a
Architecture: amd64
Protocol Versions: [63 62]
Network Id: 1
Go Version: go1.9.1
Operating System: linux
GOPATH=
GOROOT=/usr/lib/go-1.9
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="ubuntu.solc">
<title>安装 solc</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
sudo apt install solc -y
]]>
</screen>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~ % solc --version
solc, the solidity compiler commandline interface
Version: 0.4.19+commit.c4cbbb05.Linux.g++
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="centos">
<title>CentOS 7</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
yum update -y
yum install git wget bzip2 -y
yum install golang -y
cd /usr/local/src
git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum.git
cd go-ethereum/
gmake all
mv build /srv/go-ethereum
echo "export PATH=$PATH:$PWD/build/bin" >> /etc/profile
source /etc/profile
]]>
</screen>
<para>
上面安装版本是 unstable 版本，如果是生产环境请使用 Release 版本
<ulink url="https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tags">https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tags</ulink>
</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
wget https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/archive/v1.7.3.tar.gz
tar zxvf v1.7.3.tar.gz
cd go-ethereum-1.7.3/
gmake all
mv build /srv/go-ethereum-1.7.3
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="windows">
<title>Windows</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
访问 https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/
下载并安装 Geth for Windows
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="mac">
<title>Mac OS</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
brew update
brew upgrade
brew tap ethereum/ethereum
brew install ethereum
brew install solidity
]]>
</screen>
<section id="Ethereum Wallet">
<title>Ethereum Wallet</title>
<para>下载安装以太坊钱包（大陆网络可能下载有问题，需要翻墙）</para>
<ulink url="https://github.com/ethereum/mist/releases/download/v0.9.3/Ethereum-Wallet-macosx-0-9-3.dmg" />
<para>参数：</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@MacBook-Pro ~ % "/Applications/Ethereum Wallet.app/Contents/MacOS/Ethereum Wallet" --help
Usage: /Applications/Ethereum Wallet.app/Contents/MacOS/Ethereum Wallet --help
[Mist options] [Node options]
Mist options:
--mode, -m App UI mode: wallet, mist.[string] [default: "wallet"]
--node Node to use: geth, eth [string] [default: null]
--network Network to connect to: main, test
[string] [default: null]
--rpc Path to node IPC socket file OR HTTP RPC hostport (if
IPC socket file then --node-ipcpath will be set with
this value). [string]
--swarmurl URL serving the Swarm HTTP API. If null, Mist will
open a local node.
[string] [default: "http://localhost:8500"]
--gethpath Path to Geth executable to use instead of default.
[string]
--ethpath Path to Eth executable to use instead of default.
[string]
--ignore-gpu-blacklist Ignores GPU blacklist (needed for some Linux
installations). [boolean]
--reset-tabs Reset Mist tabs to their default settings. [boolean]
--logfile Logs will be written to this file in addition to the
console. [string]
--loglevel Minimum logging threshold: info, debug, error, trace
(shows all logs, including possible passwords over
IPC!). [string] [default: "info"]
--syncmode Geth synchronization mode: [fast|light|full] [string]
--version, -v Display Mist version. [boolean]
--skiptimesynccheck Disable checks for the presence of automatic time sync
on your OS. [boolean]
Node options:
- To pass options to the underlying node (e.g. Geth) use the --node- prefix,
e.g. --node-datadir
Options:
-h, --help Show help [boolean]
]]>
</screen>
<para>钱包默认是连接到下面地址。</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
IPC endpoint opened: /Users/neo/Library/Ethereum/geth.ipc
]]>
</screen>
<para>连接到其他ipc地址</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
"/Applications/Ethereum Wallet.app/Contents/MacOS/Ethereum Wallet" --rpc /Users/other/Library/Ethereum/geth.ipc
]]>
</screen>
<para>如果需要连接到远程节点上，需要使用命令行，方法如下。启动钱包并连接到远程开发环境，localhost 改为你的IP地址即可。</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
"/Applications/Ethereum Wallet.app/Contents/MacOS/Ethereum Wallet" --rpc http://localhost:8545
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="make">
<title>编译安装</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
sudo apt-get install -y build-essential golang
cd go-ethereum
make geth
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>Netkiller OSCM 一键安装</title>
<para>适用于 CentOS 7</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/oscm/shell/master/blockchain/ethereum/centos/go-ethereum-1.7.3.sh | bash
]]>
</screen>
<para>安装完成后使用下面命令进入控制台</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
[root@localhost ~]# su - ethereum
Last login: Sat Feb 3 00:23:52 EST 2018 on pts/0
[ethereum@localhost ~]$ geth attach
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable/linux-amd64/go1.8.3
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
>
]]>
</screen>
<para></para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="genesis.json">
<title>创世区块</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
cd ~
mkdir -p ethereum
cd ethereum
]]>
</screen>
<section id="genesis.json.init">
<title>初始化创世区块</title>
<para>创建文件 genesis.json</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
{
"nonce": "0x0000000000000042",
"difficulty": "0x020000",
"mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"timestamp": "0x00",
"parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"extraData": "0x11bbe8db4e347b4e8c937c1c8370e4b5ed33adb3db69cbdb7a38e1e50b1b82fa",
"gasLimit": "0x4c4b40",
"config": {
"chainId": 15,
"homesteadBlock": 0,
"eip155Block": 0,
"eip158Block": 0
},
"alloc": { }
}
]]>
</screen>
<literallayout>
<![CDATA[
mixhash: 与nonce配合用于挖矿，由上一个区块的一部分生成的hash。注意他和nonce的设置需要满足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章节所描述的条件。.
nonce: nonce就是一个64位随机数，用于挖矿，注意他和mixhash的设置需要满足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章节所描述的条件。
difficulty: 设置当前区块的难度，如果难度过大，cpu挖矿就很难，这里设置较小难度
alloc: 用来预置账号以及账号的以太币数量，因为私有链挖矿比较容易，所以我们不需要预置有币的账号，需要的时候自己创建即可以。
coinbase: 矿工的账号，随便填
timestamp: 设置创世块的时间戳
parentHash: 上一个区块的hash值，因为是创世块，所以这个值是0
extraData: 附加信息，随便填，可以填你的个性信息
gasLimit: 该值设置对GAS的消耗总量限制，用来限制区块能包含的交易信息总和，因为我们是私有链，所以填最大。
]]>
</literallayout>
<para>初始化创世区块</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth init genesis.json
WARN [01-19|17:35:17] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Successfully wrote genesis state database=chaindata hash=611596…424d04
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:35:18] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [01-19|17:35:18] Successfully wrote genesis state database=lightchaindata hash=611596…424d04
]]>
</screen>
<para>默认目录是 /home/neo/.ethereum/ 你可以通过 --datadir 参数指定目录</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --datadir data init genesis.json
WARN [01-19|17:38:16] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default
INFO [01-19|17:38:16] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/ethereum/data/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Successfully wrote genesis state database=chaindata hash=611596…424d04
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/ethereum/data/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Successfully wrote genesis state database=lightchaindata hash=611596…424d04
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % find data
data
data/keystore
data/geth
data/geth/chaindata
data/geth/chaindata/LOCK
data/geth/chaindata/LOG
data/geth/chaindata/MANIFEST-000000
data/geth/chaindata/CURRENT
data/geth/chaindata/000001.log
data/geth/lightchaindata
data/geth/lightchaindata/LOCK
data/geth/lightchaindata/LOG
data/geth/lightchaindata/MANIFEST-000000
data/geth/lightchaindata/CURRENT
data/geth/lightchaindata/000001.log
]]>
</screen>
<para>目录结构</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
data
├── geth
│ ├── chaindata
│ │ ├── 000001.log
│ │ ├── CURRENT
│ │ ├── LOCK
│ │ ├── LOG
│ │ └── MANIFEST-000000
│ └── lightchaindata
│ ├── 000001.log
│ ├── CURRENT
│ ├── LOCK
│ ├── LOG
│ └── MANIFEST-000000
└── keystore
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="genesis.json.startup">
<title>启动节点</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpccorsdomain "*" --nodiscover console
WARN [01-19|17:47:06] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/neo/.ethash count=2
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local header number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local full block number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local fast block number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Starting P2P networking
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] RLPx listener up self="enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0"
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] HTTP endpoint opened: http://127.0.0.1:8545
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
> INFO [01-19|17:47:09] Mapped network port proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"
]]>
</screen>
<literallayout>
<![CDATA[
identity: 区块链的标示，随便填写，用于标示目前网络的名字
init: 指定创世块文件的位置，并创建初始块
datadir: 设置当前区块链网络数据存放的位置
port: 网络监听端口
rpc: 启动rpc通信，可以进行智能合约的部署和调试
rpcapi: 设置允许连接的rpc的客户端，一般为db,eth,net,web3
networkid: 设置当前区块链的网络ID，用于区分不同的网络，是一个数字
console: 启动命令行模式，可以在Geth中执行命令
]]>
</literallayout>
<section id="rpcaddr">
<title>rpcaddr</title>
<para>默认是 127.0.0.1 </para>
<para>HTTP endpoint closed: http://127.0.0.1:8545</para>
<para>通过 --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" 指定监听地址</para>
<para>HTTP endpoint opened: http://0.0.0.0:8545</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" --nodiscover console
INFO [01-20|01:41:33] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-20|01:41:33] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/neo/.ethash count=2
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local header number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local full block number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local fast block number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0
WARN [01-20|01:41:34] Blockchain not empty, fast sync disabled
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Starting P2P networking
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] RLPx listener up self="enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0"
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] HTTP endpoint opened: http://0.0.0.0:8545
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
at block: 531 (Tue, 14 Nov 2017 17:36:05 HST)
datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
> INFO [01-20|01:41:40] Mapped network port proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="genesis.json.miner">
<title>使用节点进行挖矿</title>
<section id="genesis.json.miner.start">
<title>启动矿工开始挖矿</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> miner.start(1)
]]>
</screen>
<para>这里的1表示只使用一个线程运行,第一次运行时将开始创建DAG文件，只需等待进度条到100，则将开始挖矿。
实际你看到的挖矿速度很快，这是因为我们已经在初始化创世区块时配置为:"nonce": "0x0000000000000042"。
“0x42”难度能让你在私有测试网链上快速挖以太币。</para>
<tip>
<para>挖矿时必然有矿工账户，而系统默认使用创建的第一个账号。</para>
</tip>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> miner.start(1)
INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Updated mining threads threads=1
INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=18000000000
INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Starting mining operation
null
> INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Commit new mining work number=1 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=717.552µs
INFO [01-19|21:06:46] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=0 percentage=91 elapsed=3.000s
INFO [01-19|21:06:46] Generated ethash verification cache epoch=0 elapsed=3.273s
INFO [01-19|21:06:51] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=0 elapsed=5.056s
INFO [01-19|21:06:56] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=1 elapsed=10.140s
INFO [01-19|21:07:01] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=2 elapsed=15.119s
INFO [01-19|21:07:06] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=3 elapsed=19.924s
INFO [01-19|21:07:11] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=4 elapsed=24.739s
INFO [01-19|21:07:16] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=5 elapsed=29.473s
INFO [01-19|21:07:22] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=6 elapsed=35.641s
INFO [01-19|21:07:26] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=7 elapsed=40.374s
INFO [01-19|21:07:31] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=8 elapsed=45.134s
INFO [01-19|21:07:36] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=9 elapsed=49.908s
INFO [01-19|21:07:41] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=10 elapsed=54.633s
......
......
......
INFO [01-19|21:22:43] Generated ethash verification cache epoch=0 elapsed=15m57.328s
INFO [01-19|21:22:47] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=17 elapsed=3.031s
INFO [01-19|21:22:50] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=34 elapsed=6.056s
INFO [01-19|21:22:53] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=49 elapsed=9.562s
INFO [01-19|21:22:57] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=70 elapsed=13.115s
INFO [01-19|21:23:00] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=90 elapsed=16.123s
INFO [01-19|21:23:01] Generated ethash verification cache epoch=1 elapsed=17.576s
INFO [01-19|21:23:19] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=0 elapsed=18.198s
INFO [01-19|21:23:32] Successfully sealed new block number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe
INFO [01-19|21:23:32] 🔨 mined potential block number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe
INFO [01-19|21:23:32] Commit new mining work number=2 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=1.188ms
INFO [01-19|21:23:37] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=1 elapsed=35.913s
INFO [01-19|21:23:41] Successfully sealed new block number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50
INFO [01-19|21:23:41] 🔨 mined potential block number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50
INFO [01-19|21:23:41] Commit new mining work number=3 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=772.239µs
INFO [01-19|21:23:43] Successfully sealed new block number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2
INFO [01-19|21:23:43] 🔨 mined potential block number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2
INFO [01-19|21:23:43] Commit new mining work number=4 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=1.002ms
INFO [01-19|21:23:55] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=2 elapsed=53.757s
INFO [01-19|21:24:13] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=3 elapsed=1m11.561s
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=4 elapsed=1m28.986s
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Successfully sealed new block number=4 hash=681970…462135
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] 🔨 mined potential block number=4 hash=681970…462135
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Commit new mining work number=5 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=833.629µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:36] Successfully sealed new block number=5 hash=7b058b…d2f07a
INFO [01-19|21:24:36] 🔨 mined potential block number=5 hash=7b058b…d2f07a
INFO [01-19|21:24:36] Commit new mining work number=6 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=897.815µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] Successfully sealed new block number=6 hash=a5fc3d…b1221e
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] 🔗 block reached canonical chain number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] 🔨 mined potential block number=6 hash=a5fc3d…b1221e
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] Commit new mining work number=7 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=758.061µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] Successfully sealed new block number=7 hash=003b02…e886fd
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] 🔗 block reached canonical chain number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] 🔨 mined potential block number=7 hash=003b02…e886fd
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] Commit new mining work number=8 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=920.862µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:48] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=5 elapsed=1m46.827s
INFO [01-19|21:25:06] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=6 elapsed=2m4.338s
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Successfully sealed new block number=8 hash=fd23c9…361c65
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] 🔗 block reached canonical chain number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] 🔨 mined potential block number=8 hash=fd23c9…361c65
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Commit new mining work number=9 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=825.737µs
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=7 elapsed=2m22.061s
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="genesis.json.miner.stop">
<title>停止挖矿</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> miner.stop()
true
>
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="genesis.json.eth.getBalance">
<title>查看所挖金额</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
70000000000000000000
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="genesis.json.alloc">
<title>在创世链中制定矿工账号并为它充值</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
"alloc": {
"0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607": {
"balance": "300000"
},
"0x013b5e735e1b48421dd3de3b931d6f03e769e22b": {
"balance": "400000"
}
}
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="geth">
<title>geth 命令</title>
<section id="geth.console">
<title>控制台</title>
<subtitle>Geth JavaScript console</subtitle>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 console
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/neo/.ethash count=2
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local header number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local full block number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local fast block number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0
WARN [01-19|22:14:52] Blockchain not empty, fast sync disabled
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Starting P2P networking
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] UDP listener up self=enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@101.232.64.12:30303
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] RLPx listener up self=enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@101.232.64.12:30303
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
at block: 14 (Fri, 19 Jan 2018 21:27:16 HST)
datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
>
> INFO [01-19|22:14:56] Mapped network port proto=udp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="geth.attach">
<title>连接控制台</title>
<para>一般测试启动我们使用 console，如果是正式启动无需使用 console。同事我们使用&符号使其进入后台运行。</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" --nodiscover &
]]>
</screen>
<para>进入控制台</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth attach
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
at block: 531 (Tue, 14 Nov 2017 17:36:05 HST)
datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
]]>
</screen>
<para>退出控制台</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> exit
]]>
</screen>
<section id="geth.ipcpath">
<title>指定 geth.ipc 文件位置</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
geth --ipcpath ~/.ethereum/geth.ipc attach
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="geth.attach.ipc">
<title>IPC 方式连接</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~ % geth attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
>
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="geth.tcp.remote">
<title>TCP 连接控制台</title>
<para>连接远程控制台</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --exec 'eth.coinbase' attach http://172.16.0.10:8545
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="geth.account">
<title>账号管理</title>
<section id="new">
<title>新建账号</title>
<para>查看账号</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account list
Account #0: {83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2018-01-20T04-04-06.786586541Z--83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
]]>
</screen>
<para>创建账号</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account new
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase:
Repeat passphrase:
Address: {e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607}
]]>
</screen>
<para>指定密码</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
$ echo "abc123" > password
$ geth --password /path/to/password account new
]]>
</screen>
<para>账号创建在 ~/.ethereum/keystore 目录下</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
Mac: ~/Library/Ethereum/keystore
Linux: ~/.ethereum/keystore
Windows: %APPDATA%/Ethereum/keystore
]]>
</screen>
<programlisting>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/.ethereum/keystore % ll
total 8.0K
-rw------- 1 neo neo 491 Jan 19 18:04 UTC--2018-01-20T04-04-06.786586541Z--83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
-rw------- 1 neo neo 491 Jan 19 20:11 UTC--2018-01-20T06-11-23.608902164Z--e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607
]]>
</programlisting>
</section>
<section id="list">
<title>查看账号</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account list
Account #0: {83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2018-01-20T04-04-06.786586541Z--83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
Account #1: {e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2018-01-20T06-11-23.608902164Z--e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="geth.rpc">
<title>api 相关参数</title>
<para>rpcapi 启动后允许连接到系统的API协议</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
geth --networkid 100000 --rpc --rpcapi "db,eth,net,web3" --rpccorsdomain "*" --datadir "/app/chain" --port "30303" console
]]>
</screen>
<para>系统默认监听 127.0.0.1 如果希望外部访问本机，需要通过--rpcaddr指定监听地址。</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" --nodiscover
]]>
</screen>
<para>--rpcapi 可以控制访问内容</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
$ geth --rpcapi personal,db,eth,net,web3 --rpc --rinkeby
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="geth.password">
<title>配置自动解锁账号</title>
<para>创建password文件，在里面输入密码，每个账号一行密码如：</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
123456
123456
123456
]]>
</screen>
<para>启动参数</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
geth --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain="*" --unlock '0,1,2' --password ~/.ethereum/password --nodiscover --maxpeers '5' --networkid '12345' --datadir '~/.ethereum' console
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="geth.exec">
<title>运行JS</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --exec "eth.blockNumber" attach
531
]]>
</screen>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
$ geth --exec 'loadScript("/tmp/checkbalances.js")' attach http://123.123.123.123:8545
$ geth --jspath "/tmp" --exec 'loadScript("checkbalances.js")' attach http://123.123.123.123:8545
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="geth.bootnodes">
<title>节点管理</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
geth --bootnodes enode://pubkey1@ip1:port1,enode://pubkey2@ip2:port2,enode://pubkey3@ip3:port3
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="geth.mine">
<title>启动挖矿</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
geth --mine
]]>
</screen>
<section id="geth.minerthreads">
<title>挖矿线程数</title>
<para>默认为 2</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
geth --mine --minerthreads=16
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="geth.etherbase">
<title>指定旷工账号</title>
<para>默认是第一个账号</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
geth --mine --minerthreads=16 --etherbase=0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="geth.log">
<title>日志</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" 2>> /tmp/geth.log
]]>
</screen>
<para>后台运行</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
neo@netkiller ~ % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" 2>> /tmp/geth.log &
[1] 30075
neo@netkiller ~ % tail -f /tmp/geth.log
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Got interrupt, shutting down...
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] HTTP endpoint closed: http://0.0.0.0:8545
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] IPC endpoint closed: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Blockchain manager stopped
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Stopping Ethereum protocol
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Ethereum protocol stopped
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Transaction pool stopped
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Database closed database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Mapped network port proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"
WARN [02-02|21:19:00] Already shutting down, interrupt more to panic. times=9
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="javascript.console">
<title>JavaScript Console</title>
<section id="personal">
<title>personal 管理</title>
<section id="personal.newAccount">
<title>创建账号</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> personal.newAccount()
Passphrase:
Repeat passphrase:
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
]]>
</screen>
<para>指定密码创建用户</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
personal.newAccount("123")
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="personal.listAccounts">
<title>列出账号</title>
<para>列出所有账号</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> personal.listAccounts
["0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607"]
]]>
</screen>
<para>列出指定账号</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> personal.listAccounts[1]
"0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607"
> personal.listAccounts[0]
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="personal.unlockAccount">
<title>解锁账号</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[0],"password")
]]>
</screen>
<para>指定过期时间，单位是毫秒，下面例子是 20 分钟</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[0],"password", 1000*60*20)
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="eth">
<title>eth 管理</title>
<section id="eth.coinbase">
<title>矿工账号</title>
<para>查看默认旷工账号，系统中的第一个账号。</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> eth.coinbase
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
]]>
</screen>
<para>查看账号列表</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> eth.accounts
["0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607"]
> eth.accounts[0]
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section id="eth.getBalance">
<title>余额</title>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
70000000000000000000
]]>
</screen>
<section>
<title>单位转换</title>
<para>eth.getBalance()返回的余额是以太币的最小面额wei，将wei转换为以太币ether。</para>
<programlisting>
<![CDATA[
primary = eth.accounts[0]
balance = web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(primary), "ether");
]]>
</programlisting>
<para>演示</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> primary = eth.accounts[0]
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
> balance = web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(primary), "ether");
70
]]>
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>一次检查所有账号余额</title>
<para>定义函数</para>
<programlisting>
<![CDATA[
function checkAllBalances() {
web3.eth.getAccounts(function(err, accounts) {
accounts.forEach(function(id) {
web3.eth.getBalance(id, function(err, balance) {
console.log("" + id + ":\tbalance: " + web3.fromWei(balance, "ether") + " ether");
});
});
});
};
]]>
</programlisting>
<para>运行函数</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
checkAllBalances()
]]>
</screen>
<para>输出演示</para>
<screen>
<![CDATA[
> function checkAllBalances() {
... web3.eth.getAccounts(function(err, accounts) {
......... accounts.forEach(function(id) {
............... web3.eth.getBalance(id, function(err, balance) {
..................... console.log("" + id + ":\tbalance: " + web3.fromWei(balance, "ether") + " ether");
..................... });
............... });
......... });
... };
undefined
> checkAllBalances()
0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6: balance: 929 ether
0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607: balance: 11 ether
undefined
]]>
</screen>
</section>
</section>
<section id="eth.sendTransaction">
<title>转账</title>