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EDA: Easy Data Augmentation Techniques for Boosting Performance on Text Classification Tasks

Conference

For a survey of data augmentation in NLP, see this repository/this paper.

This is the code for the EMNLP-IJCNLP paper EDA: Easy Data Augmentation techniques for boosting performance on text classification tasks.

A blog post that explains EDA is [here].

Update: find an external implementation of EDA in Chinese [here].

By Jason Wei and Kai Zou.

Note: Do not email me with questions, as I will not reply. Instead, open an issue.

We present EDA: easy data augmentation techniques for boosting performance on text classification tasks. These are a generalized set of data augmentation techniques that are easy to implement and have shown improvements on five NLP classification tasks, with substantial improvements on datasets of size N < 500. While other techniques require you to train a language model on an external dataset just to get a small boost, we found that simple text editing operations using EDA result in good performance gains. Given a sentence in the training set, we perform the following operations:

  • Synonym Replacement (SR): Randomly choose n words from the sentence that are not stop words. Replace each of these words with one of its synonyms chosen at random.
  • Random Insertion (RI): Find a random synonym of a random word in the sentence that is not a stop word. Insert that synonym into a random position in the sentence. Do this n times.
  • Random Swap (RS): Randomly choose two words in the sentence and swap their positions. Do this n times.
  • Random Deletion (RD): For each word in the sentence, randomly remove it with probability p.

drawing

Average performance on 5 datasets with and without EDA, with respect to percent of training data used.

Usage

You can run EDA any text classification dataset in less than 5 minutes. Just two steps:

Install NLTK (if you don't have it already):

Pip install it.

pip install -U nltk

Download WordNet.

python
>>> import nltk; nltk.download('wordnet')

Run EDA

You can easily write your own implementation, but this one takes input files in the format label\tsentence (note the \t). So for instance, your input file should look like this (example from stanford sentiment treebank):

1   neil burger here succeeded in making the mystery of four decades back the springboard for a more immediate mystery in the present 
0   it is a visual rorschach test and i must have failed 
0   the only way to tolerate this insipid brutally clueless film might be with a large dose of painkillers
...

Now place this input file into the data folder. Run

python code/augment.py --input=<insert input filename>

The default output filename will append eda_ to the front of the input filename, but you can specify your own with --output. You can also specify the number of generated augmented sentences per original sentence using --num_aug (default is 9). Furthermore, you can specify different alpha parameters, which approximately means the percent of words in the sentence that will be changed according to that rule (default is 0.1 or 10%). So for example, if your input file is sst2_train.txt and you want to output to sst2_augmented.txt with 16 augmented sentences per original sentence and replace 5% of words by synonyms (alpha_sr=0.05), delete 10% of words (alpha_rd=0.1, or leave as the default) and do not apply random insertion (alpha_ri=0.0) and random swap (alpha_rs=0.0), you would do:

python code/augment.py --input=sst2_train.txt --output=sst2_augmented.txt --num_aug=16 --alpha_sr=0.05 --alpha_rd=0.1 --alpha_ri=0.0 --alpha_rs=0.0

Note that at least one augmentation operation is applied per augmented sentence regardless of alpha (if greater than zero). So if you do alpha_sr=0.001 and your sentence only has four words, one augmentation operation will still be performed. Of course, if one particular alpha is zero, nothing will be done. Best of luck!

Citation

If you use EDA in your paper, please cite us:

@inproceedings{wei-zou-2019-eda,
    title = "{EDA}: Easy Data Augmentation Techniques for Boosting Performance on Text Classification Tasks",
    author = "Wei, Jason  and
      Zou, Kai",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1670",
    pages = "6383--6389",
}

Experiments

The code is not documented, but is here for all experiments used in the paper. See this issue for limited guidance.