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Frontend Development Guide

Prerequisite: this guide assumes that you have read the backend development guide.

Frontend development for Delphi can be more challenging than backend development for a number of reasons:

  • Dynamic content is implemented with a combination of PHP and JavaScript, neither of which currently has unit test support at Delphi (unlike python, for example). This means we rely on integration tests, which provide more sparse coverage and are generally more complex.
  • The serving stack consists of bulky and tightly-coupled components, like databases and web servers.
  • Serving code is driven asynchronously by external requests.
  • In the case of scripting and rendering, results are often device- and browser-dependent.

This guide provides an alternative to the perhaps tempting approach of committing untested code accompanied by testing in production. Here, you'll learn the basics of how to spin up a local instance of Delphi's serving stack and run integration tests against that stack.

A much more in-depth guide to frontend development is available for the Epidata API.

setup

docker

Install Docker and select an empty directory as your workspace per the backend development guide.

networking

Frontend development involves the use of multiple coordinating containers (e.g. apache and mysql), but by default containers can't see any other services running on the host machine. To allow the containers to communicate with each other, we need to use a virtual network. To separate Delphi instances from other instances you may happen to be running, and to allow for resolution of container instances by name (rather than by IP address), we'll create a new "bridge" network. This is done using the docker network command.

docker network create --driver bridge delphi-net

You can verify that the network was created like this:

# show all networks
docker network ls

# show details for the `delphi-net` network
docker network inspect delphi-net

If you'd like to remove this network later, run:

docker network remove delphi-net

repositories

For working on just about any frontend, you'll need at least two Delphi repositories:

  • operations, which contains Dockerfiles and assets for generic Delphi images
  • the particular repo for the frontend that you want to work on, which contains Dockerfiles, assets, and integration tests specific to that frontend

build images

For frontend development, you'll always need a web server, and usually a database.

From the root of your workspace, the images can be built as follows:

docker build -t delphi_web \
  -f repos/delphi/operations/dev/docker/web/Dockerfile .

docker build -t delphi_database \
  -f repos/delphi/operations/dev/docker/database/Dockerfile .

Note that these images aren't very useful at this point. Each frontend will extend and customize these images as necessary to replicate the server's environment for that frontend.

test

After the images specific to your frontend have been built, you're ready to bring the stack online.

Here's a basic example of how to launch a serving container. Note the -p flag, which makes the containers visible for manual testing (e.g. in a web browser). The external, or host, port is given first, and the internal, or container, port is given second. For automated integration testing, the -p flag can optionally be omitted.

# launch an empty database
docker run --rm -p 13306:3306 \
  --network delphi-net --name delphi_database \
  delphi_database

Note that web servers and databases are heavy processes and startup can take a little while. For example, the database can take on the order of ~15 seconds to become ready.

To stop servers in containers, a simple ctrl+c may suffice, depending on how the container handles the signal. A more canonical (and guaranteed to succeed) way to stop a container is to use the docker stop command. The command takes either a container name or ID. You can find these details using the docker ps command. For example:

# show running containers
docker ps

# stop the database which was started above
docker stop delphi_database

As you implement your changes, you'll periodically want to test things out. To apply your code changes to the local stack, any affected containers have to be stopped, the corresponding images have to be rebuilt, and the containers have to be started again.

manual

Manual testing is a good way to confirm during development that new changes are working as intended. However, it can be very tedious. After development is finished, integration tests should be written and added to the project. This ensures that future developers can quickly and easily repeat your tests without having to follow a detailed step-by-step guide, which is both wasteful of time and error-prone.

Manual testing is ad hoc by nature. The integration tests for the particular piece of code you're working on often don't yet exist, and so the only way to test your changes is through one-off manual testing. For this reason, this guide doesn't prescribe any particular sequence of steps for manual testing.

In the most general terms, manual testing begins with launching the appropriate containers and is followed by assessing the behavior of the code under test. The latter could involve, for example, observing the output of curl or using a web browser to interactively exercise particular code paths.

integration

Automated integration testing can help to validate (short-term) and protect (long-term) complex execution paths that span multiple coordinating components, as are frequent in frontend code.

For Delphi, integration tests are something of a hybrid between unit testing and manual testing. The test procedure typically goes something like this:

  1. Write a python unit test which interacts with the frontend and makes assertions on the results. Interaction can happen, for example, using the requests module, the epidata client, or the selenium web driver.

Note that such tests use python's built-in unit testing machinery for convenience, even though they're not truly unit tests. To reflect this, and to prevent unintentionally running integration tests at the same time as unit tests, integration tests are stored under a repo's integrations/ directory, which is a sibling to the tests/ directory for unit tests.

  1. Build images containing both the tests (i.e. the delphi_python image) and the frontend under test (i.e. some image like delphi_web_<name> and probably also an image like delphi_database_<name>).

  2. Launch containers to bring a local instance of the frontend online. (e.g. docker run ... delphi_web_<name>)

  3. Run a container that executes tests against the local frontend instance. (e.g. docker run ... delphi_python)

  4. Cleanup by bringing the stack down and removing any unused containers and images. (e.g. docker stop, docker rmi, etc.)

Integration testing is much more involved than unit testing, and so it is therefore not performed as frequently. Still, best practice is to run all integration tests for a given repo at minimum prior to code review. New integration tests should accompany all nontrivial frontend code changes.