diff --git a/cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll b/cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll
index dd8d8ec073f4..7a44432965cb 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/lib/semmle/code/cpp/ir/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ private import Node0ToString
 private import ModelUtil
 private import semmle.code.cpp.models.interfaces.FunctionInputsAndOutputs as IO
 private import semmle.code.cpp.models.interfaces.DataFlow as DF
+private import semmle.code.cpp.dataflow.ExternalFlow as External
 
 cached
 private module Cached {
@@ -1060,16 +1061,6 @@ class DataFlowCallable extends TDataFlowCallable {
     result = this.asSummarizedCallable() or // SummarizedCallable = Function (in CPP)
     result = this.asSourceCallable()
   }
-
-  /** Gets a best-effort total ordering. */
-  int totalorder() {
-    this =
-      rank[result](DataFlowCallable c, string file, int startline, int startcolumn |
-        c.getLocation().hasLocationInfo(file, startline, startcolumn, _, _)
-      |
-        c order by file, startline, startcolumn
-      )
-  }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1276,15 +1267,6 @@ module IsUnreachableInCall {
     string toString() { result = "NodeRegion" }
 
     predicate contains(Node n) { this = n.getBasicBlock() }
-
-    int totalOrder() {
-      this =
-        rank[result](IRBlock b, int startline, int startcolumn |
-          b.getLocation().hasLocationInfo(_, startline, startcolumn, _, _)
-        |
-          b order by startline, startcolumn
-        )
-    }
   }
 
   predicate isUnreachableInCall(NodeRegion block, DataFlowCall call) {
@@ -1369,9 +1351,9 @@ predicate lambdaCall(DataFlowCall call, LambdaCallKind kind, Node receiver) {
 /** Extra data-flow steps needed for lambda flow analysis. */
 predicate additionalLambdaFlowStep(Node nodeFrom, Node nodeTo, boolean preservesValue) { none() }
 
-predicate knownSourceModel(Node source, string model) { none() }
+predicate knownSourceModel(Node source, string model) { External::sourceNode(source, _, model) }
 
-predicate knownSinkModel(Node sink, string model) { none() }
+predicate knownSinkModel(Node sink, string model) { External::sinkNode(sink, _, model) }
 
 /**
  * Holds if flow is allowed to pass from parameter `p` and back to itself as a
diff --git a/go/ql/lib/semmle/go/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll b/go/ql/lib/semmle/go/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll
index 369786498f7e..fd9c5e272061 100644
--- a/go/ql/lib/semmle/go/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll
+++ b/go/ql/lib/semmle/go/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll
@@ -318,16 +318,6 @@ class DataFlowCallable extends TDataFlowCallable {
     result = this.asFileScope().getLocation() or
     result = getCallableLocation(this.asSummarizedCallable())
   }
-
-  /** Gets a best-effort total ordering. */
-  int totalorder() {
-    this =
-      rank[result](DataFlowCallable c, string file, int startline, int startcolumn |
-        c.hasLocationInfo(file, startline, startcolumn, _, _)
-      |
-        c order by file, startline, startcolumn
-      )
-  }
 }
 
 private Location getCallableLocation(Callable c) {
@@ -420,15 +410,6 @@ class NodeRegion instanceof BasicBlock {
   string toString() { result = "NodeRegion" }
 
   predicate contains(Node n) { n.getBasicBlock() = this }
-
-  int totalOrder() {
-    this =
-      rank[result](BasicBlock b, int startline, int startcolumn |
-        b.hasLocationInfo(_, startline, startcolumn, _, _)
-      |
-        b order by startline, startcolumn
-      )
-  }
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/java/ql/lib/semmle/code/java/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll b/java/ql/lib/semmle/code/java/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll
index f509c8732b09..a380cb30402a 100644
--- a/java/ql/lib/semmle/code/java/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll
+++ b/java/ql/lib/semmle/code/java/dataflow/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll
@@ -400,21 +400,18 @@ class CastNode extends ExprNode {
   }
 }
 
-private predicate id_member(Member x, Member y) { x = y }
-
-private predicate idOf_member(Member x, int y) = equivalenceRelation(id_member/2)(x, y)
-
-private int summarizedCallableId(SummarizedCallable c) {
-  c =
-    rank[result](SummarizedCallable c0, int b, int i, string s |
-      b = 0 and idOf_member(c0.asCallable(), i) and s = ""
-      or
-      b = 1 and i = 0 and s = c0.asSyntheticCallable()
-    |
-      c0 order by b, i, s
-    )
+/** Holds if `n1` is the qualifier of a call to `clone()` and `n2` is the result. */
+predicate cloneStep(Node n1, Node n2) {
+  exists(MethodCall mc |
+    mc.getMethod() instanceof CloneMethod and
+    n1 = getInstanceArgument(mc) and
+    n2.asExpr() = mc
+  )
 }
 
+bindingset[node1, node2]
+predicate validParameterAliasStep(Node node1, Node node2) { not cloneStep(node1, node2) }
+
 private newtype TDataFlowCallable =
   TSrcCallable(Callable c) or
   TSummarizedCallable(SummarizedCallable c) or
@@ -448,28 +445,10 @@ class DataFlowCallable extends TDataFlowCallable {
     result = this.asSummarizedCallable().getLocation() or
     result = this.asFieldScope().getLocation()
   }
-
-  /** Gets a best-effort total ordering. */
-  int totalorder() {
-    this =
-      rank[result](DataFlowCallable c, int b, int i |
-        b = 0 and idOf_member(c.asCallable(), i)
-        or
-        b = 1 and i = summarizedCallableId(c.asSummarizedCallable())
-        or
-        b = 2 and idOf_member(c.asFieldScope(), i)
-      |
-        c order by b, i
-      )
-  }
 }
 
 class DataFlowExpr = Expr;
 
-private predicate id_call(Call x, Call y) { x = y }
-
-private predicate idOf_call(Call x, int y) = equivalenceRelation(id_call/2)(x, y)
-
 private newtype TDataFlowCall =
   TCall(Call c) or
   TSummaryCall(SummarizedCallable c, FlowSummaryImpl::Private::SummaryNode receiver) {
@@ -559,16 +538,10 @@ class SummaryCall extends DataFlowCall, TSummaryCall {
   override Location getLocation() { result = c.getLocation() }
 }
 
-private predicate id(BasicBlock x, BasicBlock y) { x = y }
-
-private predicate idOf(BasicBlock x, int y) = equivalenceRelation(id/2)(x, y)
-
 class NodeRegion instanceof BasicBlock {
   string toString() { result = "NodeRegion" }
 
   predicate contains(Node n) { n.asExpr().getBasicBlock() = this }
-
-  int totalOrder() { idOf(this, result) }
 }
 
 /** Holds if `e` is an expression that always has the same Boolean value `val`. */
diff --git a/python/ql/lib/semmle/python/dataflow/new/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll b/python/ql/lib/semmle/python/dataflow/new/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll
index afbcacec6369..805960347cfa 100644
--- a/python/ql/lib/semmle/python/dataflow/new/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll
+++ b/python/ql/lib/semmle/python/dataflow/new/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll
@@ -344,16 +344,6 @@ abstract class DataFlowCallable extends TDataFlowCallable {
 
   /** Gets the location of this dataflow callable. */
   abstract Location getLocation();
-
-  /** Gets a best-effort total ordering. */
-  int totalorder() {
-    this =
-      rank[result](DataFlowCallable c, string file, int startline, int startcolumn |
-        c.getLocation().hasLocationInfo(file, startline, startcolumn, _, _)
-      |
-        c order by file, startline, startcolumn
-      )
-  }
 }
 
 /** A callable function. */
diff --git a/ruby/ql/lib/codeql/ruby/dataflow/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll b/ruby/ql/lib/codeql/ruby/dataflow/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll
index 9a426eea323e..bc7782e2d9da 100644
--- a/ruby/ql/lib/codeql/ruby/dataflow/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll
+++ b/ruby/ql/lib/codeql/ruby/dataflow/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll
@@ -113,16 +113,6 @@ class DataFlowCallable extends TDataFlowCallable {
     this instanceof TLibraryCallable and
     result instanceof EmptyLocation
   }
-
-  /** Gets a best-effort total ordering. */
-  int totalorder() {
-    this =
-      rank[result](DataFlowCallable c, string file, int startline, int startcolumn |
-        c.getLocation().hasLocationInfo(file, startline, startcolumn, _, _)
-      |
-        c order by file, startline, startcolumn
-      )
-  }
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/shared/dataflow/codeql/dataflow/DataFlow.qll b/shared/dataflow/codeql/dataflow/DataFlow.qll
index 680981ddb31f..36bd9596ec2f 100644
--- a/shared/dataflow/codeql/dataflow/DataFlow.qll
+++ b/shared/dataflow/codeql/dataflow/DataFlow.qll
@@ -97,9 +97,6 @@ signature module InputSig<LocationSig Location> {
 
     /** Gets the location of this callable. */
     Location getLocation();
-
-    /** Gets a best-effort total ordering. */
-    int totalorder();
   }
 
   class ReturnKind {
@@ -276,8 +273,6 @@ signature module InputSig<LocationSig Location> {
   class NodeRegion {
     /** Holds if this region contains `n`. */
     predicate contains(Node n);
-
-    int totalOrder();
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/swift/ql/lib/codeql/swift/dataflow/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll b/swift/ql/lib/codeql/swift/dataflow/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll
index 915334031169..687eb00d1efc 100644
--- a/swift/ql/lib/codeql/swift/dataflow/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll
+++ b/swift/ql/lib/codeql/swift/dataflow/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll
@@ -65,16 +65,6 @@ class DataFlowCallable extends TDataFlowCallable {
   Callable::TypeRange getUnderlyingCallable() {
     result = this.asSummarizedCallable() or result = this.asSourceCallable()
   }
-
-  /** Gets a best-effort total ordering. */
-  int totalorder() {
-    this =
-      rank[result](DataFlowCallable c, string file, int startline, int startcolumn |
-        c.getLocation().hasLocationInfo(file, startline, startcolumn, _, _)
-      |
-        c order by file, startline, startcolumn
-      )
-  }
 }
 
 cached