Citations.bib

@article{coates_tree_2002,
	title = {Tree recruitment in gaps of various size, clearcuts and undisturbed mixed forest of interior British Columbia, Canada},
	volume = {155},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112701005746},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-05-08},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Coates, K. Dave},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {387–398},
	file = {Coates_2002_Tree_recruitment_in_gaps_of_various_size,_clearcuts_and_undisturbed_mixed_forest_of_interior_British_Columbia,_Canada.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\86GSZUZD\Coates_2002_Tree_recruitment_in_gaps_of_various_size,_clearcuts_and_undisturbed_mixed_forest_of_interior_British_Columbia,_Canada.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{messier_functional_1999,
	title = {Functional ecology of advance regeneration in relation to light in boreal forests},
	volume = {29},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/x99-070},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-05-08},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Messier, Christian and Doucet, René and Ruel, Jean-Claude and Claveau, Yves and Kelly, Colin and Lechowicz, Martin J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {boreal, physiological ecology, regeneration},
	pages = {812–823},
	annote = {Summary
This paper reviews the functional ecology of various boreal species with the goal of summarizing their relative importance as advance regeneration species (ability to reach pole size in the shaded understory).
This paper makes the important point that the ability to grow quickly in shade may indicate lower potential for survival in persistent shade.
It concludes that the inability of pine and aspen to survive in shade appears to be related to shoot, crown, and tree levels rather than the leaf level.},
	file = {Messier et al. - 1999 - Functional ecology of advance regeneration in rela.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\NEBA2Z84\Messier et al. - 1999 - Functional ecology of advance regeneration in rela.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@misc{r_core_team_r:_2013,
	title = {R: A language and environment for statistical computing},
	url = {http://www.R-project.org},
	author = {R Core Team},
	year = {2013}
},

@article{coates_conifer_2000,
	title = {Conifer seedling response to northern temperate forest gaps},
	volume = {127},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112799001358},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-05-08},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Coates, K. Dave},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {249–269},
	file = {Coates_2000_Conifer_seedling_response_to_northern_temperate_forest_gaps.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\6HN9JMCT\Coates_2000_Conifer_seedling_response_to_northern_temperate_forest_gaps.pdf:application/pdf;FEM Editorial 2007 - Meeting the challenges of process-oriented forest management.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\JTUEMSWA\FEM Editorial 2007 - Meeting the challenges of process-oriented forest management.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@misc{bates_lme4:_2013,
	title = {lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes},
	url = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4},
	author = {Bates, Douglas M. and Maechler, Martin and Bolker, Ben},
	year = {2013}
},

@article{coates_gap-based_1997,
	title = {A gap-based approach for development of silvicultural systems to address ecosystem management objectives},
	volume = {99},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112797001138},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-05-08},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Coates, K. Dave and Burton, Philip J.},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {337–354},
	file = {Coates_Burton_1997_Gap-based_approach.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\6JVFKMSP\Coates_Burton_1997_Gap-based_approach.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{awada_acclimation_2000,
	title = {Acclimation to light in planted and naturally regenerated populations of white spruce seedlings},
	volume = {78},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/b00-121},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Botany},
	author = {Awada, Tala and Redmann, Robert E.},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1495–1504},
	file = {Awada and Redmann - 2000 - Acclimation to light in planted and naturally rege.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\WKF9Z78M\Awada and Redmann - 2000 - Acclimation to light in planted and naturally rege.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{burton_sustainable_2006,
	title = {Sustainable management of Canada's boreal forests: Progress and prospects 1},
	volume = {13},
	shorttitle = {Sustainable management of Canada's boreal forests},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.2980/i1195-6860-13-2-234.1},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Ecoscience},
	author = {Burton, Philip J. and Messier, Christian and Adamowicz, Wiktor L. and Kuuluvainen, Timo},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {234–248},
	file = {Burton et al 2006 - Sustainable management of Canada's boreal forests.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\PPIAGB7F\Burton et al 2006 - Sustainable management of Canada's boreal forests.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{carlson_microclimate_1997,
	title = {Microclimate of clear-cut, forest interior, and small openings in trembling aspen forest},
	volume = {87},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192395023054},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
	author = {Carlson, Derek W. and Groot, Arthur},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {313–329},
	file = {Carlson and Groot 1997 - Microclimate of clear-cut, forest interior, and small openings in trembling aspen forest.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\IIMPGWBZ\Carlson and Groot 1997 - Microclimate of clear-cut, forest interior, and small openings in trembling aspen forest.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{fleming_examining_2011,
	title = {Examining 40-year stand development following vegetation control: white spruce planted in a trembling aspen dominated cutover},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0045-5067, 1208-6037},
	shorttitle = {Examining 40-year stand development following vegetation control},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x11-002},
	doi = {10.1139/x11-002},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Fleming, Robert L. and Smith, Allister D.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {728--739},
	file = {Fleming and Smith 2011 - Examining 40 year stand development following vegetation control - white spruce planted in a trembling aspen dominated cutover.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\VN6HAWT4\Fleming and Smith 2011 - Examining 40 year stand development following vegetation control - white spruce planted in a trembling aspen dominated cuto.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{grossnickle_importance_2005,
	title = {Importance of root growth in overcoming planting stress},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0169-4286, 1573-5095},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11056-004-8303-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s11056-004-8303-2},
	number = {2-3},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {New Forests},
	author = {Grossnickle, Steven C.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {273--294},
	file = {Grossnickle 2005 - Importance of root growth in overcoming planting stress.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\2MJEEHRD\Grossnickle 2005 - Importance of root growth in overcoming planting stress.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{grossnickle_water_1987,
	title = {Water relations and morphological development of bare-root jack pine and white spruce seedlings: seedling establishment on a boreal cut-over site},
	volume = {18},
	shorttitle = {Water relations and morphological development of bare-root jack pine and white spruce seedlings},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112787901332},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Forest ecology and management},
	author = {Grossnickle, Steven C. and Blake, Terence J.},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {299–318},
	file = {Grossnickle and Blake 1987 - Water relations and morphological development of bare-root jack pine and white spruce seedling establishment on a boreal cutover site.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\4SG2WHS3\Grossnickle and Blake 1987 - Water relations and morphological development of bare-root jack pine and white spruce seedling establishment on a borea.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@misc{xie_knitr:_2013,
	title = {knitr: A General-Purpose Tool for Dynamic Report Generation in R},
	shorttitle = {knitr},
	url = {https://bitbucket.org/stat/knitr/downloads/knitr-manual.pdf},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	author = {Xie, Yihui},
	year = {2013},
	file = {knitr-manual.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\NTNGTFWG\knitr-manual.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{milakovsky_influences_2011,
	title = {Influences of gap position, vegetation management and herbivore control on survival and growth of white spruce (\textit{Picea glauca} (Moench) Voss) seedlings},
	volume = {261},
	issn = {03781127},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112710006419},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2010.10.029},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Milakovsky, Brian and Frey, Brent R. and Ashton, Mark S. and Larson, Bruce C. and Schmitz, Oswald J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {440--446},
	file = {milakovsky et al 2011.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\I8SW58U9\milakovsky et al 2011.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{purdy_regeneration_2002,
	title = {The regeneration niche of white spruce following fire in the mixedwood boreal forest},
	volume = {36},
	url = {http://www.metla.eu/silvafennica/full/sf36/sf361289.pdf},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Silva Fennica},
	author = {Purdy, Brett G. and Macdonald, S. Ellen and Dale, Mark {RT}},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {289–306},
	file = {Purdy et al 2002 - The regeneration niche of white spruce following fire in the mixedwood boreal forest.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\Z9DRAXG5\Purdy et al 2002 - The regeneration niche of white spruce following fire in the mixedwood boreal forest.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{roberts_growth_2001,
	title = {Growth, morphology, and gas exchange in white spruce ({\<i\>Picea} glauca\</i\>) seedlings acclimated to different humidity conditions},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1208-6037, 0045-5067},
	url = {http://www.nrc.ca/cgi-bin/cisti/journals/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjfr_x01-043_31_ns_nf_cjfr31-01},
	doi = {10.1139/cjfr-31-6-1038},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Roberts, Jessica J. and Zwiazek, Janusz J.},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {1038--1045},
	file = {Roberts and Zwiazek 2001 - Growth, morphology, and gas exchange in white spruce seedlings acclimated to different humidity conditions.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\NMNZ2PIJ\Roberts and Zwiazek 2001 - Growth, morphology, and gas exchange in white spruce seedlings acclimated to different humidity conditions.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{voicu_microclimatic_2006,
	title = {Microclimatic and spruce growth gradients adjacent to young aspen stands},
	volume = {221},
	issn = {03781127},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112705005700},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2005.09.016},
	number = {1-3},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Voicu, Mihai F. and Comeau, Philip G.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {13--26},
	file = {Voicu and Comeau 2006 - Microclimatic and spruce growth gradients adjacent to young aspen stands.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\7ASP3UVH\Voicu and Comeau 2006 - Microclimatic and spruce growth gradients adjacent to young aspen stands.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{armstrong_stochastic_1999,
	title = {A stochastic characterisation of the natural disturbance regime of the boreal mixedwood forest with implications for sustainable forest management},
	volume = {29},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Armstrong, Glen},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {boreal, disturbance ecology, fire, mixed-species, Monte-Carlo methods, simulation},
	pages = {424--433},
	annote = {Summary
This paper models annual fire intensity (burn rate) as random draws from a lognormal distribution with mean and variance parameterized from historical burn rate data.
Monte Carlo simulations of various lengths are used to attempt to characterize the 'natural' fire intensity and age class distribution as a guide for management.
Simulations result in highly variable estimates of mean annual area burned and highly variable age structures regardless of simulation length. Author argues that assuming one 'natural' distribution of age classes may be unwarranted.},
	file = {Armstrong - 1999 - A stochastic characterisation of the natural distu.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\ZC8QVNXH\Armstrong - 1999 - A stochastic characterisation of the natural distu.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{sipe_gap_1995,
	title = {Gap Partitioning Among Maples (Acer) in Central New England: Survival and Growth},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1995 Ecological Society of America},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	shorttitle = {Gap Partitioning Among Maples (Acer) in Central New England},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1938160},
	doi = {10.2307/1938160},
	abstract = {We measured survival and growth of three shade-tolerant species of maple (Acer pensylvanicum, A. rubrum, and A. saccharum) in response to understory and experimentally created small canopy gaps of two sizes (8 x 12m, 75 m{\textasciicircum}2; 16 x 24 m, 300 m{\textasciicircum}2) in central New England. Seedlings of the three species (2160 total, 720 per species) were transplanted into five plot locations (center plus northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast gap edges) within all gap and understory sites. Measurements of microclimates, architecture, photosynthetic performance, survival, and growth were made over 1 yr before, and 2 yr following, gap release. Red maple (A. rubrum) survived better overall across the study due to greater persistence in the north and center plots of large gaps. The small gaps and understories showed no differences among the species. Survival rates exceeded 80\% in most sites and plots, with low values (30-65\%) only in the exposed plots of large gaps. There were no relationships between post-gap survival and previous age, height, or basal diameter. By the end of 2 yr of gap release, both gap sizes induced greater distinctions among the species in all growth variables than the understory. Striped maple (A. pensylvanicum) exhibited greater leader extension, absolute stem height, net height change, absolute basal diameter, and net basal diameter change than red maple and sugar maple (in that order) in nearly all sites and plots. The exception was large-gap center and north plots, where red maple equalled or exceeded striped maple in net basal diameter change, but not net height increase. Sugar maple (A. saccharum) was the least responsive of the species to the gap-understory gradient. As with survival, there were no predictable relationships between pregap age or size and post-gap growth. Photosynthetic performance paralleled growth by these species across the gradient, particularly for shoot assimilation. When growth variables were plotted against irradiance and temperature measured at seedling plot positions, there were consistent and clear distinctions among species across the gap-understory gradient, providing limited evidence for gap partitioning in our system. Striped maple appears to be a superior generalist, red maple is a weaker generalist, and sugar maple shows the poorest performance in a manner that is nearly insensitive to the gap-understory gradient, in our experimental system.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2013-09-05},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Sipe, T. W. and Bazzaz, F. A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1995},
	note = {{ArticleType:} research-article / Full publication date: Jul., 1995 / Copyright © 1995 Ecological Society of America},
	keywords = {gap dynamics, growth, Harvard Forest, New England, Northeast, regeneration, survival},
	pages = {1587--1602}
},

@article{canham_light_1990,
	title = {Light regimes beneath closed canopies and tree-fall gaps in temperate and tropical forests},
	volume = {20},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Canham, Charles D. and Denslow, Julie Sloan and Platt, William J. and Runkle, James Reade and Spies, Thomas A. and White, Peter S.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {Mistik},
	pages = {620--631},
	file = {Canham et al. 1990 - Light regimes beneath closed canopies and tree-fall gaps.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\S7JFGMAI\Canham et al. 1990 - Light regimes beneath closed canopies and tree-fall gaps.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{whitmore_canopy_1989,
	title = {Canopy gaps and the two major groups of forest trees},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Whitmore, {T.C.}},
	year = {1989},
	keywords = {canopy gaps, climax, pioneer, succession},
	pages = {536--538},
	annote = {Summary
In this short paper, the author presents the classic dichotomy between 'pioneer' and 'climax' species, particularly their differences in morphology, life history characteristics, and roles in forest succession.},
	file = {Whitmore_1989-Canopy Gaps and the Two Major Groups of Forest Trees.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\4F3BGNSI\Whitmore_1989-Canopy Gaps and the Two Major Groups of Forest Trees.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{greene_review_1999,
	title = {A review of the regeneration dynamics of North American boreal forest tree species},
	volume = {29},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/x98-112},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Greene, D. F. and Zasada, John C. and Sirois, L. and Kneeshaw, D. and Morin, H. and Charron, I. and Simard, M.-J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {boreal, disturbance ecology, regeneration},
	pages = {824–839},
	annote = {Summary
This paper outlines parameters that the authors believe to be essential to any model of recruitment that predicts regeneration density following natural and human-based disturbance in the boreal forest. Specifically, they outline five biotic parameters:

Basal area (pre-disturbance)
Seed Mass
Asexual reproduction capacity
Dorman seed-bank capacity
Shade tolerance

They also outline four abiotic (disturbance) parameters:

Colonization distance (after disturbance)
Disturbance return time (affects seed production)
Severity
Specificity (e.g. spruce budworm damage limited to balsam fir and white spruce)

This paper discusses each of these parameters in some detail, and suggests a research agenda by which to incorporate them into landscape-scale forest models.
 },
	file = {Greene et al. - 1999 - A review of the regeneration dynamics of North Ame.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\4DIA384G\Greene et al. - 1999 - A review of the regeneration dynamics of North Ame.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{hill_canopy_2005,
	title = {Canopy gap disturbance and succession in trembling aspen dominated boreal forests in northeastern Ontario},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0045-5067, 1208-6037},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x05-126},
	doi = {10.1139/x05-126},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2013-09-02},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Hill, Steven B and Mallik, Azim U and Chen, Han {YH}},
	month = aug,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {aspen, boreal, canopy gaps, Ontario, succession},
	pages = {1942--1951},
	annote = {Summary
This paper characterizes the formation of canopy gaps in boreal aspen forests in Ontario at various times since fire. It examines the mechanisms behind the formation of canopy gaps (e.g. fungus, windthrow, etc.) as well as canopy gap transition probabilities for different species - the probability that the dominant vegetation would be a given species.
The authors conclude that the processes responsible for gap formation are consistent through time following fire events, that mean expanded gap area increased with time since fire, and that advance regeneration is an important component for transition probabilities.},
	file = {Hill et al. - 2005 - Canopy gap disturbance and succession in trembling.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\D98PRMKU\Hill et al. - 2005 - Canopy gap disturbance and succession in trembling.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{bergeron_species_2000,
	title = {Species and stand dynamics in the mixed woods of Quebec's sourthern Boreal forest},
	volume = {81},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Bergeron, Yves},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {boreal, mixed-species, stand dynamics},
	pages = {1500--1516},
	file = {Bergeron - 2000 - Species and stand dynamics in the mixed woods of Q.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\HIM9F3EW\Bergeron - 2000 - Species and stand dynamics in the mixed woods of Q.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{connell_mechanisms_1977,
	title = {Mechanisms of Succession in Natural Communities and Their Role in Community Stability and Organization},
	volume = {111},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1977 The University of Chicago},
	issn = {0003-0147},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2460259},
	doi = {10.2307/2460259},
	abstract = {The sequence of species observed after a relatively large space is opened up is a consequence of the following mechanisms. {"Opportunist"} species with broad dispersal powers and rapid growth to maturity usually arrive first and occupy empty space. These species cannot invade and grow in the presence of adults of their own or other species. Several alternative mechanisms may then determine which species replace these early occupants. Three models of such mechanisms have been proposed. The first "facilitation" model suggests that the entry and growth of the later species is dependent upon the earlier species "preparing the ground"; only after this can later species colonize. Evidence in support of this model applies mainly to certain primary successions and in heterotrophic succession. A second "tolerance" model suggests that a predictable sequence is produced by the existence of species that have evolved different strategies for exploiting resources. Later species will be those able to tolerate lower levels of resources than earlier ones. Thus they can invade and grow to maturity in the presence of those that preceded them. At present there exists little evidence in support of this model. A third "inhibition" model suggests that all species resist invasions of competitors. The first occupants preempt the space and will continue to exclude or inhibit later colonists until the former die or are damaged, thus releasing resources. Only then can later colonists reach maturity. A considerable body of evidence exists in support of this model. In the majority of natural communities succession is frequently interrupted by major disturbances, such as fires, storms, insect plagues, etc., starting the process all over again. However, if not interrupted, it eventually reaches a stage in which further change is on a small scale as individuals die and are replaced. The pattern of these changes will depend upon whether individuals are more likely to be replaced by a member of their own or another species. If the former, stability will be assured. However, in terrestrial communities, conditions in the soil in the immediate vicinity of long-lived plants may become modified in such a way that offspring of the same species are much less favored than those of other species. A likely cause is the buildup of host-specific pathogenic soil organisms near a long-lived plant. In this case, the species at each local site keep changing, producing local instability. Whether the average species composition of the whole tract does not change, exhibiting global stability, or whether it keeps changing has not yet been decided for any natural community.},
	number = {982},
	urldate = {2013-09-03},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	author = {Connell, Joseph H. and Slatyer, Ralph O.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1977},
	note = {{ArticleType:} research-article / Full publication date: Nov. - Dec., 1977 / Copyright © 1977 The University of Chicago},
	pages = {1119--1144},
	annote = {Summary
This classic paper identifies three different models of succession and discusses methods needed to test hypotheses related to these models. The models are:
Facilitation - colonizing species change the environment to favor other species
Inhibition - colonizing species keeps environment unsuitable for other species (e.g. allelopathy, shade)
Tolerance - 'climax' species colonize at the same time as pioneers but simply outlast them.},
	file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\KRV8QG6J\Connell and Slatyer - 1977 - Mechanisms of Succession in Natural Communities an.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{sipe_gap_1994,
	title = {Gap Partitioning among Maples (Acer) in Central New England: Shoot Architecture and Photosynthesis},
	volume = {75},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1994 Ecological Society of America},
	issn = {0012-9658},
	shorttitle = {Gap Partitioning among Maples (Acer) in Central New England},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1940887},
	doi = {10.2307/1940887},
	abstract = {We measured shoot architecture and photosynthesis by three species of maple (Acer pensylvanicum, A. rubrum, A. saccharum) in response to understory and small canopy gaps in the mixed deciduous forests of central New England. Trees were felled to create six cleared gaps of two sizes (8 @? 12 m, 75 m{\textasciicircum}2; 16 @? 24 m, 300 m{\textasciicircum}2). Seedlings of the three species (2160 total, 720 per species) were transplanted into five plot locations (center plus northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast gap edges) within all gaps and additional understory sites 1 yr before gap creation. Measurements of microclimates, architecture, photosynthetic performance and seedling survival and growth were made over 1 yr before, and 2 yr following, gap release. Architectural variation increased greatly over the 3-yr period. Striped maple (A. pensylvanicum) and red maple (A. rubrum) increased branch numbers, leaf numbers, and total leaf areas in gaps, especially large gaps, while sugar maple (A. saccharum) showed much smaller changes. Red maple tended to increase the number of leaves while leaf size decreased; striped maple increased leaf number but held leaf size constant. Diurnal patterns of photosynthesis by these species differed within and between gap and understory sites. Red maple showed higher photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area than striped and sugar maple in all site/plot combinations except the large-gap south plots, where striped maple exceeded red maple. Estimated diurnal shoot-level assimilation differentiated species more than unit area assimilation rates and also altered the rank order of performance, with striped maple {\textgreater} red maple {\textgreater} sugar maple in all microsites except the large gap north. Population-level assimilation vs. irradiance response curve exhibited a similar pattern, with red maple dominating unit area rates in most microsites. In contrast, shoot assimilation curves showed striped maple {\textgreater} red maple {\textgreater} sugar maple in all microsites except the large-gap north, where red maple {\textgreater} striped maple. Architectural variation among these species interacted with leaf-level assimilation rates to produce some differences among these species in shoot-level assimilation across the gap-understory microclimatic gradient. Since survival and growth patterns are usually correlated with differences in whole-plant carbon assimilation, our results suggest that there is some photosynthetic potential for gap partitioning among these three species of Acer.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2013-09-05},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Sipe, T. W. and Bazzaz, F. A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1994},
	note = {{ArticleType:} research-article / Full publication date: Dec., 1994 / Copyright © 1994 Ecological Society of America},
	keywords = {gap dynamics, Harvard Forest, maple, New England, Northeast, physiological ecology, regeneration},
	pages = {2318--2332},
	annote = {Summary
This paper examines the physiological ecology of 3 maple species across the gap environment, correlating photosynthesis rates, leaf areas, and heights to gap position.}
},

@techreport{rowe_forest_1972,
	address = {Ottawa},
	title = {Forest Regions of Canada},
	number = {1300},
	institution = {Canadian Forestry Service},
	author = {Rowe, {J.S.}},
	year = {1972},
	keywords = {boreal, Canada, forest classification}
},

@book{oliver_forest_1996,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Forest stand dynamics},
	isbn = {0471138339 9780471138334},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Oliver, Chadwick Dearing and Larson, Bruce C},
	year = {1996}
},

@article{johnstone_effects_2005,
	title = {Effects of aspen sucker removal on postfire conifer regeneration in central Alaska},
	volume = {35},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Johnstone, Jill F.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {483--486},
	file = {Johnstone 2005 - Effects of aspen sucker removal on postfire conifer regeneration in central Alaska.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\JUGF944U\Johnstone 2005 - Effects of aspen sucker removal on postfire conifer regeneration in central Alaska.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{pitt_early_2010,
	title = {Early vegetation control for the regeneration of a single-cohort, intimate mixture of white spruce and trembling aspen on upland boreal sites},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Pitt, Douglas G. and Comeau, Philip G and Parker, William C. and {MacIsaac}, Daniel and {McPherson}, Scott and Hoepting, Michael K. and Stinson, Al and Mihajlovich, Milo},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {549--564},
	file = {Pitt et al 2010 - Early vegetation control for the regeneration of a single-cohort, intimate mixture of white spruce and trembling aspen on upland boreal sites.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\D6ZVXFRR\Pitt et al 2010 - Early vegetation control for the regeneration of a single-cohort, intimate mixture of white spruce and trembling aspen on upland b.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{dix_roles_1971,
	title = {The roles of disturbance and succession in upland forest at Candle Lake, Saskatchewan},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0008-4026},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/doi/abs/10.1139/b71-103},
	doi = {10.1139/b71-103},
	abstract = {Eighty-nine upland forest stands were selected to cover the ranges of tree species composition, stand ages, understory composition, and site in the area. The role of each tree species as a pioneer, transient, or self-maintaining component of the forest was determined from the number of stems, their vigor, and distribution in tree, sapling, and seedling strata among all stands and from growth increment cores of trees and saplings in 39 stands. Conclusions are drawn regarding the species likely to dominate different sites following severe fire and the kinds of vegetational change likely to occur on them between disturbances. Changing patterns in the non-arboreal vascular flora, moss, and lichen cover were related to changes in tree species composition with site and time. The forest and its environment are linked in an irregular "pulse" strategy of alternating disturbance and regrowth that repeatedly rejuvenates the growing stock., non disponible},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2013-09-06},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Botany},
	author = {Dix, R. L. and Swan, J. M. A.},
	month = may,
	year = {1971},
	pages = {657--676},
	file = {NRC Research Press PDF fulltext:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\AX6HGIFD\Dix and Swan - 1971 - The roles of disturbance and succession in upland .pdf:application/pdf;NRC Research Press Snapshot:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\PQPRZDBT\b71-103.html:text/html}
},

@article{li_post-fire_2009,
	title = {Post-fire natural regeneration of young stands on clearcut and partial-cut and uncut sites of boreal mixedwoods},
	volume = {258},
	issn = {0378-1127},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112709002801},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2009.04.012},
	abstract = {Boreal mixedwoods are an important element and the most productive forest type in the Canadian boreal forests. However, they experience frequent disturbances. In order to better understand the responses of boreal mixedwoods to different combinations of anthropogenic and natural disturbances, we investigated the natural regeneration of boreal mixedwoods that were previously subjected to three different harvesting treatments (clearcut, partial-cut and uncut control) and naturally regenerated, but subsequently burnt by a severe natural fire 6 years later. The study was conducted 8 years following the fire. Significant interactions were found among harvesting method, species and block in several regeneration variables. There were a total of 12 woody species (trees and shrubs) regenerated, but not all the species were present in all the sites. In general, the species richness and species diversity of the new stands were lowest on clearcut sites while the differences between partial-cut and control varied with blocks. However, the combined total density for all species was lowest on uncut control sites. Density and regeneration index data show that trembling aspen was the predominant tree species in all stands except at one uncut control site where jack pine was the dominant species. The density of trembling aspen generally declined from clearcut to partial to the uncut control. Pincherry, beaked hazel and mountain maple were the dominant shrub species in the new stands, but no general patterns were found in terms of variations in density with harvesting methods for any of the shrub species. Jack pine and white birch were the tallest tree species in the clearcut treatment while white birch was taller than jack pine in the partial-cut and control. The results suggest that active measures are necessary to restore the complex structure of the initial mixedwoods.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-09-06},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Li, Junlin and Dang, Qing-Lai and Ambebe, Titus Fondo},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Boreal forest, Harvesting, Jack pine, Natural and anthropogenic disturbances, Trembling aspen},
	pages = {256--262},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\ZAHXNP4D\S0378112709002801.html:text/html}
},

@article{solarik_seed_2010,
	title = {Seed tree density, variable retention, and stand composition influence recruitment of white spruce in boreal mixedwood forests},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0045-5067},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/doi/abs/10.1139/X10-125},
	doi = {10.1139/X10-125},
	abstract = {In an operational-scale experiment, we examined natural regeneration of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) under various degrees of variable retention harvesting across different overstory canopy compositions. We sampled four types of overstory canopy compositions (ranging from deciduous dominated to conifer dominated) and six rates of retention (2\%, 10\%, 20\%, 50\%, 75\% and 100\%). Spruce seedling densities, maximum height, and stocking rates were assessed in 432 transects and were found to be lowest in the deciduous stands and with 100\% canopy retention (control). Regression tree analysis indicated that densities, maximum height, and stocking of spruce seedlings were greatest with higher availability of seed trees ({\textgreater}30·ha–1) and on machine corridors; in these circumstances stocking reached 74\%. By contrast, stocking was less than 14\% on retention strips with no machine traffic, when seed tree density was less than 11 seed trees·ha–1. However, stocking also declined with higher density of residual tr..., À l’aide d’une expérience à l’échelle opérationnelle, nous avons étudié la régénération naturelle de l’épinette blanche (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) en fonction de différents degrés de coupe à rétention variable et de différentes compositions du couvert dominant. Nous avons échantillonné quatre types de composition du couvert dominant (allant d’un couvert dominé par des feuillus à un couvert dominé par des conifères) et six taux de rétention (2, 10, 20, 50, 75 et 100 \%). La densité de semis d’épinette, la hauteur maximale et le coefficient de distribution de la régénération ({CDR)} ont été estimés le long de 432 transects. La densité de semis d’épinette, la hauteur maximale et le {CDR} avaient les plus basses valeurs dans les peuplements feuillus et dans le traitement à rétention de 100 \% (témoin). Une analyse par arbre de régression a indiqué qua la densité, la hauteur maximale et le {CDR} des semis d’épinette atteignaient les valeurs les plus élevées lorsque la disponibilité des arbres semenciers était élevée...},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2013-09-06},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Solarik, Kevin A. and Lieffers, Victor J. and Volney, W. Jan A. and Pelletier, Rick and Spence, John R.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1821--1832},
	file = {NRC Research Press PDF fulltext:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\TK4GXFHA\Solarik et al. - 2010 - Seed tree density, variable retention, and stand c.pdf:application/pdf;NRC Research Press Snapshot:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\DDVB6WM2\X10-125.html:text/html}
},

@incollection{seymour_principles_1999,
	title = {Principles of ecological forestry},
	booktitle = {Managing Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Seymour, R. S. and Hunter, M. L.},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {22--61},
	file = {Seymour Hunter 1999.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\AUUXXQF2\Seymour Hunter 1999.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{frey_analysis_2003,
	title = {An analysis of sucker regeneration of trembling aspen},
	volume = {33},
	copyright = {Copyright National Research Council of Canada Jul 2003},
	issn = {00455067},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/docview/230529301/14058825E59562388D0/17?accountid=14583},
	abstract = {Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is a clonal tree species that commonly regenerates via root suckering after disturbance. This paper reviews the literature and identifies critical gaps in our understanding of the dynamics of aspen root suckering. The role of plant growth regulators (e.g., hormones, carbohydrates), environmental conditions (e.g., soil moisture, temperature, nutrient availability), overstory disturbance (e.g., harvesting, wildfire), ground disturbance (e.g., soil compaction, wounding or severing of roots), vegetation competition, predisturbance stand condition, and clonal (genetic) differences are discussed as they relate to sucker initiation, sucker growth, and (or) patterns of site establishment. The paper presents a series of conceptual figures summarizing our knowledge of the factors controlling suckering dynamics and identifies areas of future research. [{PUBLICATION} {ABSTRACT]}},
	language = {English},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2013-09-06},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Frey, Brent R. and Lieffers, Victor J. and Landhausser, Simon M. and Comeau, Phil G. and Greenway, Ken J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {aspen, Environmental conditions, Forest management, Forestry, Forests And Forestry, Research, Roots (Botany), Trees},
	pages = {1169--1179},
	file = {Snapshot:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\J8I4R77R\17.html:text/html}
},

@article{marsden_effect_1996,
	title = {The effect of humidity on photosynthesis and water relations of white spruce seedlings during the early establishment phase},
	volume = {26},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Marsden, {B.J.} and Lieffers, V. J. and Zwiazek, Janusz J.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {1015--1021},
	file = {Marsden et al 1996 - The effect of humidity on photosynthesis and water relations of white spruce seedlings during the early establishment phase.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\U5AZHG5J\Marsden et al 1996 - The effect of humidity on photosynthesis and water relations of white spruce seedlings during the early establishment phase.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{marenholtz_evaporative_2010,
	title = {Evaporative demand across a range of microsites in partial-cut boreal forests},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {0282-7581, 1651-1891},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02827581003730765},
	doi = {10.1080/02827581003730765},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-09-06},
	journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Marenholtz, Eckehart H. and Lieffers, Victor J. and Silins, Uldis},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {118--126},
	file = {Marenholtz et al 2010 - Evaporative demand across a range of microsites in partial-cut boreal forests.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\ZNCFIHH3\Marenholtz et al 2010 - Evaporative demand across a range of microsites in partial-cut boreal forests.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{landhausser_photosynthesis_2001,
	title = {Photosynthesis and carbon allocation of six boreal tree species grown in understory and open conditions},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0829-{318X}, 1758-4469},
	url = {http://treephys.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/4/243},
	doi = {10.1093/treephys/21.4.243},
	abstract = {One-year-old seedlings of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Pinus {contortaLoudon}, Betula papyrifera Marsh., Populus tremuloides Michx. and Populus balsamifera L. were transplanted in the spring, in pots, to the understory of a mixed P. {tremuloides–P.} balsamifera stand or to an adjacent open site. Growth and leaf characteristics were measured and photosynthetic light response curves determined in mid-August. Overall, the coniferous seedlings showed less photosynthetic plasticity in response to growth conditions than the deciduous species. Abies balsamea, P. glauca and B. papyrifera responded to the understory environment with higher leaf area ratios, and lower photosynthetic light saturation points and area-based leaf respiration relative to values for open-grown seedlings, while they matched or exceeded the height growth of open-grown seedlings. In contrast, seedlings of Pinus contorta, P. tremuloides and P. balsamifera displayed characteristics that were not conducive to survival in the understory. These characteristics included a high light saturation point and leaf dark respiration rate in P. contorta, and lower leaf area variables combined with higher carbon allocation to roots in P. tremuloides and P. balsamifera. By the second growing season, all seedlings of P. tremuloides and P. balsamifera growing in the understory had died.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2013-09-06},
	journal = {Tree Physiology},
	author = {Landhäusser, Simon M. and Lieffers, Victor J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2001},
	note = {{PMID:} 11276418},
	keywords = {Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Boreal forest, light response curves, Picea glauca, Pinus contorta, Populus balsamifera, Populus tremuloides, shade tolerance},
	pages = {243--250},
	file = {Full Text PDF:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\6UR3N9PU\Landhäusser and Lieffers - 2001 - Photosynthesis and carbon allocation of six boreal.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\QRAXE22Q\243.html:text/html}
},

@article{bokalo_early_2007,
	title = {Early development of tended mixtures of aspen and spruce in western Canadian boreal forests},
	volume = {242},
	issn = {0378-1127},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707000448},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2007.01.038},
	abstract = {In 1992, the Western Boreal Growth and Yield Association ({WESBOGY)} began a long-term study to evaluate the dynamics of regenerated aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)—white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) mixedwood stands following manipulation of aspen to a range of densities. In this study six levels of aspen (0, 200, 500, 1500, 4000 stems ha−1 and natural) and three levels of spruce (0, 500 and 1000 stems ha−1) densities have been created.

Data from four locations demonstrate substantial variation in initial aspen densities following clearcutting of aspen dominated stands. After 9 years densities begin to converge with the highest rates of mortality associated with high starting densities. A model was developed that shows a significant relationship between the proportion of trees surviving to the end of a year and the density at the beginning of the year. Size-density relationships based on quadratic mean root collar diameter, mean tree volume and mean tree height are presented.

Three to four years following spacing of aspen to densities ranging from 200 to 4000 stems ha−1 there were no significant effects of density on aspen size. In addition, spacing of the aspen had no significant effect on spruce height at year 9 (3–4 years after spacing), but spruce root collar diameter ({RCD)} was significantly smaller in the unspaced compared to the spaced plots. The ratio of height to root collar diameter ({HDR)} for white spruce showed a significant and clear response to aspen density and increased with increasing aspen density.},
	number = {2–3},
	urldate = {2013-09-09},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Bokalo, Mike and Comeau, Philip G. and Titus, Stephen J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Boreal mixedwood, Juvenile spacing, Maximum size-density relationship, Self-thinning, Trembling aspen, White spruce},
	pages = {175--184},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\9XZXBCBD\S0378112707000448.html:text/html}
},

@techreport{peterson_ecology_1992,
	type = {Special Report},
	title = {Ecology, management, and use of aspen and balsam poplar in the prairie provinces},
	number = {1},
	institution = {Forestry Canada},
	author = {Peterson, E. B. and Peterson, N. M.},
	year = {1992},
	file = {Peterson and Peterson - Ecology, management, and use of aspen and balsam poplar.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\RAKT3QJK\Peterson and Peterson - Ecology, management, and use of aspen and balsam poplar.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{lieffers_age_1996,
	title = {Age structure and growth of understory white spruce under aspen},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0045-5067},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-110},
	doi = {10.1139/x26-110},
	abstract = {Juvenile white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) under an aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) overstory were studied in nine boreal mixedwood stands in west-central Alberta. In each stand, 50 understory white spruce were cut for stem analysis at ground level, 30, 70, 130 cm, and every 100 cm to tree height. In four stands, recruitment of these understory spruce occurred immediately after the disturbance, while in others the recruitment was delayed several decades. The period of recruitment was as short as 15–20 years or continued for decades, producing an uneven-aged understory. Trees initiated on rotten logs had a slightly lower initial annual diameter increment but did not differ in height growth compared with those initiated on normal forest floor. The annual height increment increased as the trees grew in height, presumably as they overtopped successive layers of shading vegetation. When seedlings were less than 30 cm tall they grew less than 10 cm per year, but attained growth rates of 30 cm per year ..., Des épinettes blanches (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) juvéniles croissant sous un couvert de peuplier (Populustremuloides Michx.) ont été étudiées dans neuf peuplements mixtes de la forêt boréale dans le Centre-Ouest de {l'Alberta.} Dans chaque peuplement, 50 épinettes blanches de l'étage dominé ont été abattues et des analyses de tige ont été effectuées au niveau du sol, à 30, 70 et 130 cm, puis à tous les 100 cm jusqu'au sommet de l'arbre. Dans quatre peuplements, le recrutement des épinettes de l'étage dominé est survenu immédiatement après la perturbation tandis que dans les autres peuplements le recrutement a été retardé de plusieurs décennies. La période de recrutement était aussi courte que 15–20 ans ou s'est poursuivie pendant des dizaines d'années produisant un étage dominé où tous les âges étaient représentés. Les arbres qui s'étaient établis sur des billes en décomposition avaient un accroissement annuel initial en diamètre légèrement plus faible mais ils avaient la même croissance en hauteur que ce...},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-09-09},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Lieffers, Victor J. and Stadt, Kenneth J. and Navratil, Stan},
	month = jun,
	year = {1996},
	pages = {1002--1007},
	file = {NRC Research Press PDF fulltext:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\VJPJ23NS\Lieffers et al. - 1996 - Age structure and growth of understory white spruc.pdf:application/pdf;NRC Research Press Snapshot:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\QSH2S5GR\x26-110.html:text/html}
},

@article{lieffers_semi-natural_1994,
	title = {A semi-natural approach to mixedwood management in the Prairie Provinces},
	volume = {70},
	journal = {Forestry Chronicle},
	author = {Lieffers, {V.J.} and Beck, {J.A.}},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {260--264}
},

@article{robichaud_black-throated_1999,
	title = {Do Black-Throated Green Warblers Prefer Conifers? Meso- and Microhabitat Use in a Mixedwood Forest},
	volume = {101},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1999 Cooper Ornithological Society},
	issn = {0010-5422},
	shorttitle = {Do Black-Throated Green Warblers Prefer Conifers?},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1369989},
	doi = {10.2307/1369989},
	abstract = {Throughout most of its range, the Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens) is generally associated with coniferous forests, but it also breeds in mixedwood and deciduous stands. To measure the relative use of deciduous and coniferous trees in pristine boreal mixedwood stands of northern Alberta, we examined the influence of conifer distribution on territory placement at the mesohabitat scale (25-ha study plots) and substrate use for singing and foraging at the microhabitat scale (within individual territories). Black-throated Green Warblers clustered their territories where conifers reached their highest density, and tended to avoid areas where conifers were rare or absent. At the microhabitat scale, logistic regression models indicate that tree species and diameter at breast height were significant predictors of tree use; Black-throated Green Warblers mainly used large white spruce (Picea glauca) trees as songposts and foraging substrates. For foraging, trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and balsam poplar (P. balsamifera), the two most abundant tree species in our plots, were less frequently used than white spruce, whereas paper birch (Betula papyrifera) was used according to its availability. These results indicate that Black-throated Green Warblers were relatively stereotyped in their substrate use, in spite of the availability of both deciduous and coniferous trees. However, the treefall gaps and dense deciduous shrub layer typical of old boreal mixedwood stands might be important at the fledgling stage. Thus, the conversion of mixedwood forests into pure deciduous stands and conifer plantations could have negative impacts on this and other ecologically-similar species in the boreal forest.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-09-09},
	journal = {The Condor},
	author = {Robichaud, Isabelle and Villard, Marc-André},
	month = may,
	year = {1999},
	note = {{ArticleType:} research-article / Full publication date: May, 1999 / Copyright © 1999 Cooper Ornithological Society},
	pages = {262--271},
	file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\AR7J8KZF\Robichaud and Villard - 1999 - Do Black-Throated Green Warblers Prefer Conifers .pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{mills_predictors_2004,
	title = {Predictors of Moss and Liverwort Species Diversity of Microsites in Conifer-Dominated Boreal Forest},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2004 International Association for Vegetation Science},
	issn = {1100-9233},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3236753},
	doi = {10.2307/3236753},
	abstract = {Patterns of moss and liverwort species diversity species richness and species turnover (ß-diversity) - in three conifer-dominated boreal forest stands of northern Alberta, Canada are described. We examined the relationship between bryophyte species diversity and micro-environment at two sample grains, the microsite - substrate types for moss colonization; logs, stumps, tree bases, undisturbed patches of forest floor (dominated by feather moss species), and disturbed patches of forest floor - and the mesosite (25 m x 25 m plots). Microsite type and properties (e.g. decay class, hardwood vs softwood, {pH)} were the principal predictors of bryophyte species diversity and not micro-environment variation among mesosites. Microsite type was the strongest predictor of microsite species richness and ß-diversity was higher among microsites and types and within microsites than among mesosites or stands. Microsite properties were significant predictors of species richness for all microsite types. Log and stump decay classes, influenced also by hardwood vs soft-wood predicted species richness of woody microsite types and soil {pH} and moisture predicted species richness of forest floor microsites. ß-diversity was highest for tree bases and disturbed patches of forest floor and lowest for logs. Mesosite ßdiversity was lower than that among microsites, and mesosite species richness was not well explained by measured environmental parameters. Results suggest that in conifer-dominated boreal stands, species richness of microsites is only negligibly influenced by within-stand variation at the mesosite grain and that substrate characteristics are the most important predictors of bryophyte species diversity in this ecosystem.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-09-09},
	journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
	author = {Mills, Suzanne E. and Macdonald, S. Ellen},
	month = apr,
	year = {2004},
	note = {{ArticleType:} research-article / Full publication date: Apr., 2004 / Copyright © 2004 International Association for Vegetation Science},
	pages = {189--198},
	file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\DSRT8DED\Mills and Macdonald - 2004 - Predictors of Moss and Liverwort Species Diversity.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{chavez_partitioning_2012,
	title = {Partitioning vascular understory diversity in mixedwood boreal forests: The importance of mixed canopies for diversity conservation},
	volume = {271},
	issn = {0378-1127},
	shorttitle = {Partitioning vascular understory diversity in mixedwood boreal forests},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112711007857},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2011.12.038},
	abstract = {Progress in understanding the patterns of plant diversity requires a conceptualization and quantification of the hierarchy of patch configuration that exists in plant communities across levels of observation. In order to identify the scales at which vascular plant diversity is maximized, we investigated the hierarchical organization of understory vascular plant diversity in relation to canopy patch types in mature boreal mixedwood forests in western Canada. In each of two study areas within a 30 km2 landscape (55° N, 112° E) we sampled four canopy patch types: conifer, mixed conifer-broadleaf, broadleaf and canopy gaps. Understory diversity (richness and Shannon’s (H′) index) was additively partitioned in relation to these four canopy patch types across a hierarchy of four scales; α-individual patch + β1-among patches within canopy patch type + β2-among canopy patch types within area + β3-between areas. We also examined understory species abundance patterns by means of rank-abundance plots fitted to relative abundance models. The largest partition of species richness was among patches within canopy patch type (β1). For Shannon diversity index, the largest partition was at the within-individual patch level (α1) indicating that evenness was high at the patch level but that dominance increased at higher levels in the hierarchy. The assessment of relative abundance by means of rank abundance plots suggested that the canopy patch types differed in terms of the ecological mechanisms influencing diversity patterns. Considering plant diversity within a hierarchical framework is critical for the understanding and management of biodiversity as maximum levels of plant richness and evenness do not necessarily occur at the same observational scales. Management practices which retain the natural hierarchies of vegetation patches will help conserve plant community richness and diversity.},
	urldate = {2013-09-09},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Chávez, Virginia and Macdonald, S. Ellen},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Additive partitioning, Alpha and beta diversity, Dominant species, Mixedwood forests, Relative abundance, Understory communities},
	pages = {19--26},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\V3VSWTQT\S0378112711007857.html:text/html}
},

@article{kabzems_growing_2011,
	title = {Growing Space Management in Boreal Mixedwood Forests: 11-Year Results},
	volume = {26},
	copyright = {Copyright Society of American Foresters Apr 2011},
	issn = {08856095},
	shorttitle = {Growing Space Management in Boreal Mixedwood Forests},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/docview/864044778},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-09-09},
	journal = {Western Journal of Applied Forestry},
	author = {Kabzems, Richard D. and Harper, George and Fielder, Peter},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Forests And Forestry},
	pages = {82--90},
	file = {Snapshot:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\D6K5GIRB\864044778.html:text/html}
},

@article{martin-demoor_natural_2010,
	title = {Natural regeneration of white spruce in aspen-dominated boreal mixedwoods following harvesting},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0045-5067, 1208-6037},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/X10-016},
	doi = {10.1139/X10-016},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2013-09-09},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Martin-{DeMoor}, Jonathan and Lieffers, Victor J. and Macdonald, S. Ellen},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {585--594},
	file = {Martin-DeMoor et al. - 2010 - Natural regeneration of white spruce in aspen-domi.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\XBDRBNWP\Martin-DeMoor et al. - 2010 - Natural regeneration of white spruce in aspen-domi.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{macdonald_case_1995,
	title = {The Case for Boreal Mixedwood Management: An Ontario Perspective},
	volume = {71},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Forestry Chronicle},
	author = {{MacDonald}, G. Blake},
	year = {1995}
},

@article{lieffers_semi-natural_1996,
	title = {Semi-natural and intensive silvicultural systems for the boreal mixedwood fores},
	volume = {72},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Forestry Chronicle},
	author = {Lieffers, {V.J.} and Macmillan, {R.B.} and {MacPherson}, D. and Branter, K. and Stewart, {J.D.}},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {286--292},
	file = {Lierffers et al 1996 - Semi-natural and intensive silvicultural systems for the boreal mixedwood forest.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\NACW8262\Lierffers et al 1996 - Semi-natural and intensive silvicultural systems for the boreal mixedwood forest.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{lieffers_predicting_1999,
	title = {Predicting and managing light in the understory of boreal forests},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {Copyright National Research Council of Canada Jun 1999},
	issn = {00455067},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/docview/230531262},
	language = {English},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2013-09-10},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Lieffers, V. J. and Messier, C. and Stadt, K. J. and Gendron, F. and Comeau, P. G.},
	month = jun,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Forests And Forestry},
	pages = {796},
	file = {Snapshot:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\4XJ57XC4\230531262.html:text/html}
},

@article{groot_influence_1996,
	title = {Influence of shelter on night temperatures, frost damage, and bud break of white spruce seedlings},
	volume = {26},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Groot, Arthur and Carlson, Derek W.},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {1531--1538},
	file = {Groot and Carlson 1996 - Influence of shelter on night temperatures, frost damage, and bud break of white spruce seedlings.pdf:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\CESF6JAH\Groot and Carlson 1996 - Influence of shelter on night temperatures, frost damage, and bud break of white spruce seedlings.pdf:application/pdf}
},

@article{groot_effects_1999,
	title = {Effects of shelter and competition on the early growth of planted white spruce (Picea glauca)},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0045-5067},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/doi/abs/10.1139/x99-064},
	doi = {10.1139/x99-064},
	abstract = {Overstory manipulation and vegetation control treatments were applied at three experimental locations in northern Ontario, Canada, to examine shelter and competition effects on planted white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Overstories were nearly pure trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) or aspen-conifer mixedwoods. Overstory treatments included clear-cutting, uniform shelterwood (40\% canopy removal), strip shelterwood (widths from 0.5 to {1.0H}, where H is the height of dominants), patch shelterwood (diameter about {1.0H)}, narrow strips (width {0.25H)}, and intact overstory. Vegetation-control treatments included herbicide and no-herbicide treatments. Second-year seedling growth was poorest under intact overstories and in {0.25H} strips, and vegetation control had little effect on growth in this situation. Vegetation control in clearcuts increased seedling diameter but not height growth. In shelterwood treatments, however, vegetation control often increased both diameter and height growth. Greatest..., Des traitements impliquant la modification de l'étage dominant et le contrôle de la végétation ont été appliqués à trois sites expérimentaux du nord de {l'Ontario}, au Canada, en vue d'examiner les effets d'abri et de concurrence sur l'épinette blanche (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) plantée. L'étage dominant était formé soit de peuplier faux-tremble pur (Populus tremuloides Michx.), soit d'une forêt mixte de peupliers et de conifères. Les traitements de l'étage dominant comprenaient la coupe à blanc, la coupe progressive uniforme (prélèvement de 40\% de la canopée), la coupe progressive par bandes (largeurs de 0,5 à {1,0H}, où H représente la hauteur des dominants), la coupe progressive par bouquets (diamètre d'environ {1,0H)}, la coupe par bandes étroites (largeur de {0,25H)} et l'absence de traitement laissant l'étage dominant intact. Le contrôle de la végétation comprenait des traitements avec et sans herbicides. La croissance des semis au cours de la deuxième année était la plus faible sous les étages dominants ...},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2013-09-16},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Groot, Arthur},
	month = aug,
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1002--1014},
	file = {NRC Research Press PDF fulltext:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\JTVVE7NA\Groot - 1999 - Effects of shelter and competition on the early gr.pdf:application/pdf;NRC Research Press Snapshot:G:\Documents\literature\zotero\storage\42THH434\x99-064.html:text/html}
},

@misc{daroczi_pander:_2013,
	title = {pander: an R Pandoc Writer.},
	url = {http://cran.r-project.org/package=pander},
	author = {Daroczi, Gergely},
	year = {2013}
}