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+---
+layout: post
+date: 2024-02-06
+title: "Build cache in EO and other build systems"
+author: Alekseeva Yana
+---
+
+
+## Introduction
+In [EO](https://github.com/objectionary/eo), caching is used to speed up program compilation.
+Recently we found a caching
+[bug](https://github.com/objectionary/eo/issues/2790) between goals in `eo-maven-plugin`
+for EO version `0.34.0`. The bug occurred because the old verification method
+used compilation time and caching time to search for a cached file.
+This is not the most reliable verification method,
+because caching time does not have to be equal to compilation time.
+We came to conclusion that we need caching with a reliable verification method.
+Furthermore, this verification method should refrain from reading the file content.
+
+The goal is to implement effective caching in EO.
+To achieve the goal, we will briefly look at how well-known used build systems (such as ccache, Maven, Gradle)
+in order to gain a deeper understanding of the caching concepts employed within them.
+
+
+
+## Caching in Other Build Systems
+
+### ccache/sccache
+In compiled programming languages, building a project with many source code files takes a long time.
+This time is spent on loading of libraries, preparing, optimizing, checking the code, and so on.
+Let's look at the assembly scheme using C++ as an example [Picture 1](/images/defaultCPhase.svg):
+
+
+
+
+
+1) First, preprocessor retrieves the source code files,
+which consist of both source files `.cpp` and header files `.h`.
+The result is a single file `.cpp` with human-readable code that the compiler will get.
+2) The compiler receives the file `.cpp` from the preprocessor and compiles it into an object file - `.obj`.
+At the compilation stage, parser checks whether the code matches rules of a specific programming language.
+To speed up compilation, different files of the same project might be compiled in parallel.
+3) Then, the [Linker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linker_(computing)) combines object files
+into an executable `.exe` file.
+
+To speed up the build of compiled languages, [ccache](https://ccache.dev)
+and [sccache](https://github.com/mozilla/sccache) are used.
+`ccache` uses the hash algorithm for the hashing of code at certain stages of the build.
+When compiling a file, its hash is calculated.
+If the file is already present in the registry of compiled files, the file will not be compiled again.
+Instead, the previously compiled binary file will be utilized.
+This approach can significantly accelerate the build process of certain packages.
+The [`ccache` hash](https://ccache.dev/manual/4.8.2.html#_common_hashed_information) is
+based on:
+* the file contents
+* the current directory of the file
+* the name of the compiler
+* the compiler’s size and modification time
+* extensions used by the compiler.
+
+Moreover, `ccache` has two types of the hashing:
+1) `Direct mode` - the hash is generated based on the source code only.
+When using this mode, the user must ensure that the external libraries used in a project have not changed.
+Otherwise, the project might fail to build, resulting in errors.
+2) `Preprocessor mode` - hash is generated based on the `.cpp` file received after the preprocessor step.
+
+`Sccache` is similar in purpose to `ccache` but provides more functionality.
+`Sccache` allows to store cached files not only locally, but also in a cloud data storage.
+And `sccache` supports a wider range of languages, while `ccache` focuses on caching C and C++ compiler.
+
+`ccache` cannot work with individual compilation tasks (e.g. `Maven goal` or `Gradle task`).
+However, the hashing approach and the concept of non-local data storage could potentially
+be incorporated during the development of the EO caching mechanism.
+
+### Gradle
+[Gradle](https://gradle.org) builds projects using a
+[task graph](https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/build_lifecycle.html) that allows for synchronous execution
+of certain tasks. A task represents a unit of work in `Gradle` project.
+
+`Gradle` employs
+[Incremental build](https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/incremental_build.html#sec:how_does_it_work),
+to speed up project builds.
+To enable an incremental build, the project tasks must specify their input and output files.
+`Incremental build` uses a hash to detect changes in the inputs and the outputs.
+The single hash contains the paths and the contents of all the input files or output files.
+1) Before executing a task, `Gradle` takes a hash of the input files and saves it.
+ The hash is considered valid if the last modification time and the size of the source files have not changed.
+2) Then `Gradle` executes the task and saves a hash of the output files.
+3) Then, when Gradle starts a project build again, it generates a new hash for the same files.
+ If the new hash is valid, Gradle can safely skip this task.
+ In the opposite case, the task performs an action again and rewrites outputs.
+
+In addition to `Incremental build`, `Gradle` also stores hash of each previous build, enabling quick project builds,
+for example when switching from one git branch to another. This feature is known as
+the [Build Cache](https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/build_cache.html).
+
+`Gradle Incremental build` can manage separate compilation tasks based on inputs and outputs.
+And the EO compiler consists of a unit of work in `Maven` (the last section contains a detailed description).
+Steps of the EO compiler can have input and output files.
+Building upon the concept of `Gradle Incremental Build`, we can use its principles to develop the EO caching mechanism.
+
+### Maven
+[Maven](https://maven.apache.org) automates and manages Java-project builds.
+`Maven` is based on the concept of
+[Maven LifeCycles](https://maven.apache.org/guides/introduction/introduction-to-the-lifecycle.html),
+which includes default, clean, and site lifecycles.
+
+In Maven, there are default phases and goals for building any projects:
+
+
+
+
+
+In Maven, the `phases` are inherently interconnected within the build lifecycle.
+A `phase` represents a specific task, and the execution order of `phases` is determined by the default Maven
+lifecycle bindings. Each `phase` functions as a series of individual tasks known as `goals`.
+There are `goals` tied to the Maven lifecycle, as shown in [Picture 2](/images/defaultPhaseMaven.svg).
+It's also possible to add a new `goal` to a desired phase by modifying the `pom.xml` file.
+Additionally, Maven also supports `goals` that are not bound to any build phase
+and can be executed outside the build lifecycle, directly through the command line.
+
+`Maven` can utilize caching mechanisms through the `takari-lifecycle-plugin` and `maven-build-cache-extension`:
+* The [takari-lifecycle-plugin](http://takari.io/book/40-lifecycle.html) is an alternative to the default Maven lifecycle
+(building JAR files). Its distinct feature lies in the use of a single universal plugin with the equivalent
+functionality to plugins for the standard lifecycle, but with significantly fewer dependencies. This plugin leverages
+[The Takari Incremental API](https://github.com/takari/io.takari.incrementalbuild),
+which introduces the concept of `builders`. These `builders` are user-provided public non-abstract
+top-level classes that implement specific build actions. `Builders` work as part of the Maven lifecycle.
+When a `builder` is run for a given set of inputs, it produces and saves to the specified directory the same outputs.
+Any changes in the inputs result in the removal of outputs.
+They can produce various types of outputs, including generated/output files on the filesystem,
+build messages, and project model mutations.
+* The [maven-build-cache-extension](https://maven.apache.org/extensions/maven-build-cache-extension/)
+is utilized for large Maven projects that have a significant number of small `modules`.
+A `module` refers to a subproject within a larger project.
+Each `module` has its own `pom.xm` file, and there is an aggregator `pom.xml` that consolidates all the `modules`.
+This plugin takes a hash from `module` inputs and stores outputs in the cache.
+The cache restores unchanged `modules`.
+In the opposite case, the cache seamlessly delegates the build work to the standard Maven core,
+without interfering with the build execution logic.
+
+Let's clarify upfront that the Maven Build Cache Extension is not suitable for caching EO compilation stages,
+as it is designed for caching at the module level within a project and not for individual tasks.
+
+Special attention should be given to the Takari Incremental API.
+This API can be applied to cache EO compilation stages as it operates with `goals`.
+It does not use hashing algorithms, which can slow down project build times,
+and it does not have separate cache directories. The Takari checks the last modification time of the input files.
+It doesn't create a hash.
+
+### EO build cache
+
+The EO code uses the `Maven` for building projects.
+For this purpose, there is the `eo-maven-plugin` containing the essential goals for working with EO code.
+As previously mentioned, the build of projects in Maven follows a specific order of phases.
+Below is a diagram illustrating the main phases and their corresponding goals for the EO:
+
+
+
+
+
+In [Picture 3](/images/EO.svg) the goals of the `eo-maven-plugin` are highlighted in green.
+
+However, the actual work with EO code takes place in `AssembleMojo`.
+`AssembleMojo` is the goal consisting of other goals that work with the EO file, as shown in
+[Picture 4](/images/AssembleMojo.svg).
+
+
+
+
+
+Each goal within `AssembleMojo` is a distinct compilation step for EO code.
+These goals happen one after the other. Each goal has directories for input and output data,
+as well as a directory for storing cached data.
+Using the program name, each goal can receive and store data.
+
+The previous caching mechanism in EO made use of distinct interfaces, specifically `Footprint` and `Optimization`.
+These caching interfaces shared similar logic, but with minor differences.
+For instance, `Footprint` verifies the EO version of the compiler, whereas the remaining checks are identical.
+Additionally, the conditions for searching data in the cache had errors.
+Due to this issue, the program behaved incorrectly, because saving the goal's result to the cache is not instantaneous.
+After conducting an in-depth analysis of the project's incorrect operation,
+several disadvantages of the previous EO caching mechanism were brought to light:
+* Incorrect search conditions for data in the cache.
+* The verification method requires reading the file content, which results in inefficiencies.
+* The presence of multiple caching mechanisms creates challenges in identifying and rectifying caching errors.
+* Employing multiple caching mechanisms for similar entities is a suboptimal practice,
+leading to redundancy and complicating the caching infrastructure.
+
+In tackling caching challenges within EO, we conducted a thorough evaluation of current caching systems.
+Most existing caching systems are not suitable for the EO project.
+However, one candidate emerged as a potential solution for caching EO compilation stages: the Takari Incremental API.
+The Takari Incremental API exhibits key similarities with the EO caching system,
+notably in its utilization of inputs and outputs directories, absence of a hash for data storage and retrieval,
+and compatibility with Maven goals.
+However, it diverges from the EO caching approach in one significant aspect – the absence of a distinct cache directory.
+
+We can try to use this API or implement our own caching approach, correcting the disadvantages found.
+The envisioned approach involves the creation of a singular class responsible
+for storing and retrieving data from the cache.
+The logic for checking the relevance of cached data is presented below:
+1) We create EO program, named "example".
+ Intermediate files during compilation of this program will have the same name, but not the format
+ (e.g. `example.eo`, `example.xml`).
+ When the EO compiler assembles this program task, it saves files of compilation steps into cache.
+ Each compilation step has its own caching directory and an input file directory.
+2) When the EO compiler starts a project build again, it will check if there is the input file, named "example",
+ in the cache of step. If such a file exists,
+ then it is enough to check that the last modification time of cached file at the current step
+ is later than the input file. If this condition is true,
+ then the finished file can be retrieved from the cache.
+ Below is a diagram illustrating the EO compilation steps, which have caching directory for EO version `0.34.0`:
+
+
+
+
+
+4) If the EO program file [Picture 5](/images/RewritingInCacheEO1.svg)
+ or any input file [Picture 6](/images/RewritingInCacheEO2.svg) have changed,
+ then the previously cached files become invalid.
+ In this case, the compilation step performs an action again and rewrites outputs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
diff --git a/images/AssembleMojo.svg b/images/AssembleMojo.svg
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