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}</script><meta name="description" content="YARRRML (pronounced /jɑɹməl/) is a human readable text-based representation for declarative generation rules.
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<body class="h-entry"><div class="head">
<h1 class="title p-name" id="title">YARRRML</h1>
<h2 id="unofficial-draft-15-february-2023">Unofficial Draft <time class="dt-published" datetime="2023-02-15">15 February 2023</time></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Editors:</dt>
<dd class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="u-url url p-name fn" href="https://dylanvanassche.be/">Dylan Van Assche</a>, Ghent University - IDLab, imec, <a class="ed_mailto u-email email" href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></dd><dd class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="u-url url p-name fn" href="https://ben.de-meester.org">Ben De Meester</a>, Ghent University - IDLab, imec, <a class="ed_mailto u-email email" href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></dd><dd class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="u-url url p-name fn" href="https://pieterheyvaert.com">Pieter Heyvaert</a>, Ghent University - IDLab, imec, <a class="ed_mailto u-email email" href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></dd><dd class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="u-url url p-name fn" href="https://www.kuleuven.be/wieiswie/en/person/00142590">Anastasia Dimou</a>, KULeuven - DTAI-EAVISE, <a class="ed_mailto u-email email" href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></dd><dd class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="u-url url p-name fn" href="https://davidchavesfraga.com">David Chaves-Fraga</a>, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - OEG, <a class="ed_mailto u-email email" href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></dd><dd class="p-author h-card vcard"><a class="u-url url p-name fn" href="https://oeg.fi.upm.es/index.php/es/phdstudents/393-aiglesias/index.html">Ana Iglesias-Molina</a>, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - OEG, <a class="ed_mailto u-email email" href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></dd>
<dt>This Version:</dt><dd>
<a href="https://w3id.org/kg-construct/yarrrml/%thisDate%/">https://w3id.org/kg-construct/yarrrml/%thisDate%/</a>
</dd><dt>Previous Version:</dt><dd>
<a href="https://w3id.org/yarrrml/spec/%prevDate%/">https://w3id.org/yarrrml/spec/%prevDate%/</a>
</dd><dt>Website:</dt><dd>
<a href="https://w3id.org/kg-construct/yarrrml">https://w3id.org/kg-construct/yarrrml</a>
</dd>
</dl>
<p class="copyright">
This document is licensed under a
<a class="subfoot" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 License</a>.
</p>
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<section id="abstract" class="introductory"><h2 id="abstract-0">Abstract</h2>
<p>
YARRRML (pronounced /jɑɹməl/) is a human readable text-based representation for declarative generation rules.
It is a subset of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-YAML">YAML</a></cite>],
a widely used data serialization language designed to be human-friendly.
</p>
</section>
<section id="sotd" class="introductory"><h2 id="status-of-this-document">Status of This Document</h2><p>
This document is draft of a potential specification. It has no official standing of
any kind and does not represent the support or consensus of any standards organisation.
</p></section><nav id="toc"><h2 class="introductory" id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents</h2><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#terminology" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Terminology</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#profiles" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>Profiles</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#base-iri" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>Base IRI</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#prefixes-and-namespaces" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>Prefixes and namespaces</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#authors" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5. </span>Authors</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#template" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6. </span>Template</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-sources" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7. </span>Data sources</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#keys" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.1 </span>Keys</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#type-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.2 </span>Type</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#access-0" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.3 </span>Access</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#query-formulation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.4 </span>Query formulation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#query" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.5 </span>Query</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#reference-formulation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.6 </span>Reference formulation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iterator" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.7 </span>Iterator</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#delimiter" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.8 </span>Delimiter</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#encoding" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.9 </span>Encoding</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#credentials" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.10 </span>Credentials</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#content-type" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.11 </span>Content type</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#operation-type" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.12 </span>Operation type</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#security" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.13 </span>Security</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#query-formulation-vs-reference-formulation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.14 </span>Query formulation vs reference formulation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#examples" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.15 </span>Examples</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#targets" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8. </span>Targets</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#keys-0" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.1 </span>Keys</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#type-2" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.2 </span>Type</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#access-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.3 </span>Access</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#serialization" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.4 </span>Serialization</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#compression" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.5 </span>Compression</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#examples-0" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.6 </span>Examples</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#mappings" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9. </span>Mappings</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-sources-0" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.1 </span>Data sources</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#targets-0" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.2 </span>Targets</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#subjects" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.3 </span>Subjects</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#predicates-and-objects" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.4 </span>Predicates and objects</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#datatypes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.5 </span>Datatypes</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#languages" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.6 </span>Languages</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#referring-to-other-mappings" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.7 </span>Referring to other mappings</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#graphs" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.8 </span>Graphs</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#all-triples" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.8.1 </span>All triples</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#all-triples-with-a-specific-predicate-and-object" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.8.2 </span>All triples with a specific predicate and object</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#functions" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10. </span>Functions</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#conditions" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">11. </span>Conditions</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-star" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">12. </span>RDF-Star</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#keys-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">12.1 </span>Keys</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#examples-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">12.2 </span>Examples</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#external-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">13. </span>External references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#shortcuts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">14. </span>Shortcuts</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#keys-2" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">14.1 </span>Keys</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#predicates" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">14.2 </span>Predicates</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#implementations" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">15. </span>Implementations</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>References</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.1 </span>Informative references</a></li></ol></li></ol></nav>
<section id="terminology">
<!--OddPage--><h2 id="x1-terminology"><span class="secno">1. </span>Terminology</h2>
<dl>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-subject">subject</dfn></dt>
<dd>the subject of an RDF triple</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-predicate">predicate</dfn></dt>
<dd>the predicate of an RDF triple</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-object">object</dfn></dt>
<dd>the object of an RDF triple</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-class">class</dfn></dt>
<dd>the type of an entity</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-datatype">datatype</dfn></dt>
<dd>the type of a literal value</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-reference">reference</dfn></dt>
<dd>the reference to a data fraction in a data source</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-function">function</dfn></dt>
<dd>a programmatic function that takes 0 or more input parameters and returns a single result</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="profiles">
<!--OddPage--><h2 id="x2-profiles"><span class="secno">2. </span>Profiles</h2>
<p>
This specification includes the following main profiles for tools that process YARRRML documents:
</p>
<ul>
<li>R2RML: applies the semantics specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-R2RML">R2RML</a></cite>];</li>
<li>RML: applies the semantics specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RML">RML</a></cite>]; and</li>
<li>RMLT: applies the semantics specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RMLT">RMLT</a></cite>].</li>
<li>RMLStar: applies the semantics specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RMLStar">RMLStar</a></cite>].</li>
</ul>
<p>
These profiles can be extended with additional profiles, which cannot be used on their own:
</p>
<ul>
<li>FORMATS: applies the semantics specified by the <a href="http://w3.org/ns/formats">W3C Formats namespace</a>.</li>
<li>COMP: applies the semantics specified by the <a href="http://semweb.mmlab.be/ns/rml-compression#">Compression namespace</a>.</li>
<li>VOID: applies the semantics specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-VoID">VoID</a></cite>];</li>
<li>FnO: applies the semantics specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-FnO">FnO</a></cite>];</li>
<li>DCAT: applies the semantics specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DCAT">DCAT</a></cite>];</li>
<li>D2RQ: applies the semantics specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-D2RQ">D2RQ</a></cite>];</li>
<li>SD: applies the semantics specified by SD ([<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-sparql11-service-description">sparql11-service-description</a></cite>]); and</li>
<li>CSVW: applies the semantics specified by CSVW ([<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-csv2rdf">csv2rdf</a></cite>]).</li>
<li>WOT: applies the semantics specified by WoT Thing Description and WoT Security ([<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-wot-thing-description">wot-thing-description</a></cite>], [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-wot-security">wot-security</a></cite>])</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="base-iri">
<!--OddPage--><h2 id="x3-base-iri"><span class="secno">3. </span>Base IRI</h2>
<p>
A base IRI can be defined.
This IRI will be used for the creation of the IRIs of the term maps and sources of the [R2]RML rules.
</p>
<p>
A base IRI can be added by adding key <code>base</code> with as value the IRI itself to the root of the document.
In the following example the base IRI is set to <code>http://mybaseiri.com#</code>.
</p>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title marker"><span>Example 1</span><span style="text-transform: none">: base IRI</span></div><pre id="example-base-iri" class="nohighlight">base: http://mybaseiri.com#</pre></div>
</section>
<section id="prefixes-and-namespaces">
<!--OddPage--><h2 id="x4-prefixes-and-namespaces"><span class="secno">4. </span>Prefixes and namespaces</h2>
<p>
A set of prefixes and namespaces are predefined by default in every YARRRML document.
There are the same as the predefined prefixes for <a href="https://www.w3.org/2011/rdfa-context/rdfa-1.1">RDFa</a>.
</p>
<p>
Custom prefixes can be added by adding the collection <code>prefixes</code> to the root of the document.
Each combination of a prefix and namespace is added to this collection as a key-value pair.
In the following example two prefixes are defined: <code>ex</code> and <code>test</code>.
</p>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title marker"><span>Example 2</span><span style="text-transform: none">: custom prefixes</span></div><pre id="example-custom-prefixes" class="nohighlight">prefixes:
ex: http://www.example.com
test: http://www.test.com</pre></div>
</section>
<section id="authors">
<!--OddPage--><h2 id="x5-authors"><span class="secno">5. </span>Authors</h2>
<p>
The authors of the YARRRML rules can be added via the key <code>authors</code>.
The value is an array with an object for each author.
Each author can have the following keys:
</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-name">name</dfn></dt>
<dd>the name of the author</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-email">email</dfn></dt>
<dd>the email of the author</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-website">website</dfn></dt>
<dd>the website of the author</dd>
</dl>
<p>
In the following example two authors are defined.
</p>
<div id="tabs-author" class="nanotabs">
<ul>
<li><a href="#tab-author-1" class="selected">YARRRML</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab-author-2" class="">RML</a></li>
</ul>
<div id="tab-author-1" style="display: block;">
<div class="example"><div class="example-title marker"><span>Example 3</span><span style="text-transform: none">: mapping with multiple authors</span></div><pre id="example-author-yarrrml" class="nohighlight">authors:
- name: John Doe
email: [email protected]
- name: Jane Doe
website: https://janedoe.com</pre></div>
</div>
<div id="tab-author-2" style="display: none;">
<div class="example"><div class="example-title marker"><span>Example 4</span><span style="text-transform: none">: mapping with multiple authors</span></div><pre id="example-author-rml" class="hljs css" aria-busy="false">:Rules a void:Dataset;
void:exampleResource <#TM>; # linking all Triples Maps
dcterms:contributor [
a foaf:Person;
rdfs:label <span class="hljs-string">"John Doe"</span>;
foaf:mbox <mailto:[email protected]>
], [
a foaf:Person;
rdfs:label <span class="hljs-string">"Jane Doe"</span>;
foaf:homepage <https://janedoe.com>
].</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
A string template exists that provides a shortcut version: <code>name <email> (website)</code>.
In the following example the same two authors are defined.
</p>
<div id="tabs-author-sc" class="nanotabs">
<ul>
<li><a href="#tab-author-sc-1" class="selected">YARRRML</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab-author-sc-2" class="">RML</a></li>
</ul>
<div id="tab-author-sc-1" style="display: block;">
<div class="example"><div class="example-title marker"><span>Example 5</span><span style="text-transform: none">: mapping with multiple authors</span></div><pre id="example-author-yarrrml-sc" class="nohighlight">authors:
- John Doe <[email protected]>
- Jane Doe (https://janedoe.com)</pre></div>
</div>
<div id="tab-author-sc-2" style="display: none;">
<div class="example"><div class="example-title marker"><span>Example 6</span><span style="text-transform: none">: mapping with multiple authors</span></div><pre id="example-author-rml-sc" class="hljs css" aria-busy="false">:Rules a void:Dataset;
void:exampleResource <#TM>; # linking all Triples Maps
dcterms:contributor [
a foaf:Person;
rdfs:label <span class="hljs-string">"John Doe"</span>;
foaf:mbox <mailto:[email protected]>
], [
a foaf:Person;
rdfs:label <span class="hljs-string">"Jane Doe"</span>;
foaf:homepage <https://janedoe.com>>
].</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
In the case that authors have a WebID, it can be used instead of providing the name, email and so on.
In the following example the same two authors are added via their WebIDs.
</p>
<div id="tabs-author-webid" class="nanotabs">
<ul>
<li><a href="#tab-author-webid-1" class="selected">YARRRML</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab-author-webid-2" class="">RML</a></li>
</ul>
<div id="tab-author-webid-1" style="display: block;">
<div class="example"><div class="example-title marker"><span>Example 7</span><span style="text-transform: none">: mapping with multiple authors</span></div><pre id="example-author-yarrrml-webid" class="nohighlight">authors:
- http://johndoe.com/#me
- http://janedoe.com/#me</pre></div>
</div>
<div id="tab-author-webid-2" style="display: none;">
<div class="example"><div class="example-title marker"><span>Example 8</span><span style="text-transform: none">: mapping with multiple authors</span></div><pre id="example-author-rml-webid" class="hljs css" aria-busy="false">:Rules a void:Dataset;
void:exampleResource <#TM>; # linking all Triples Maps
dcterms:contributor <http://johndoe.com/#me>,
<http://janedoe.com/#me>.</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
In all the above cases when there is only author, an array is not needed.
In the following example one author is defined.
</p>
<div id="tabs-author-sc-single" class="nanotabs">
<ul>
<li><a href="#tab-author-sc-single-1" class="selected">YARRRML</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab-author-sc-single-2" class="">RML</a></li>
</ul>
<div id="tab-author-sc-single-1" style="display: block;">
<div class="example"><div class="example-title marker"><span>Example 9</span><span style="text-transform: none">: mapping with multiple authors</span></div><pre id="example-author-yarrrml-sc-single" class="nohighlight">authors: John Doe <[email protected]></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="tab-author-sc-single-2" style="display: none;">
<div class="example"><div class="example-title marker"><span>Example 10</span><span style="text-transform: none">: mapping with multiple authors</span></div><pre id="example-author-rml-sc-single" class="hljs css" aria-busy="false">:Rules a void:Dataset;
void:exampleResource <#TM>; # linking all Triples Maps
dcterms:contributor [
a foaf:Person;
rdfs:label <span class="hljs-string">"John Doe"</span>;
foaf:mbox <mailto:[email protected]>
].</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="template">
<!--OddPage--><h2 id="x6-template"><span class="secno">6. </span>Template</h2>
<p>
A template contains 0 or more constant strings and 0 or more references to data in a data.
References are prefixed with <code>$(</code> and suffixed with <code>)</code>.
For example, <code>foo</code> is a template with one constant string.
<code>$(id)</code> is a template with one reference to <code>id</code>.
<code>foo-$(id)</code> is a template with one constant string <code>foo-</code> and one reference to <code>id</code>.
</p>
</section>
<section id="data-sources">
<!--OddPage--><h2 id="x7-data-sources"><span class="secno">7. </span>Data sources</h2>
<p>
The data sources are defined in the <code>sources</code> collection in the root of the document.
Each source is added to this collection via a key-value pair.
The key has to be unique for every source.
The value is a collection with the keys described below.
</p>
<section id="keys">
<h3 id="x7-1-keys"><span class="secno">7.1 </span>Keys</h3>
<dl>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-type">type</dfn></dt>
<dd>Type of the data source.<br>
Required profiles: RML. <br>
Datatype: string.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-access">access</dfn></dt>
<dd>Local or remote location of the data source. <br>
Required profiles: RML. <br>
Datatype: string.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-credentials">credentials</dfn></dt>
<dd>Credentials required to access the data source.<br>
Required profiles: RML. <br>
Datatype: collection.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-queryformulation">queryFormulation</dfn></dt>
<dd>Query formulation used to query the data source. <br>
Required profiles: RML or R2RML. <br>
Datatype: string.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-query">query</dfn></dt>
<dd>Query to execute on the data source to retrieve the desired data. <br>
Required profiles: RML or R2RML. <br>
Datatype: string.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-encoding">encoding</dfn></dt>
<dd>Encoding used by the data. <br>
Required profiles: RML and CSVW. <br>
Datatype: string.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-delimiter">delimiter</dfn></dt>
<dd>Delimiter to separate fields in a record. <br>
Required profiles: RML and CSVW. <br>
Datatype: string.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-contenttype">contentType</dfn></dt>
<dd>Content type to expect expressed as MIME types. <br>
Required profiles: RML and WOT. <br>
Datatype: string.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-operationtype">operationType</dfn></dt>
<dd>Indicates the operation type of the Web of Things description. <br>
Required profiles: RML and WOT. <br>
Datatype: string.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-referenceformulation">referenceFormulation</dfn></dt>
<dd>Reference formulation used to access the data retrieved from the data source. <br>
Required profiles: RML. <br>
Datatype: string.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" id="dfn-iterator">iterator</dfn></dt>
<dd>Path to the records over which to iterate. <br>
Required profiles: RML. <br>
Datatype: string.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="type-1">
<h3 id="x7-2-type"><span class="secno">7.2 </span>Type</h3>
<p>
This key's value describes what type of data source is used,
so that the correct way of connecting to the data source can be determined.
By default a local file is assumed when the <code>access</code> value is a path such as <code>file.json</code>.
The value of type is then implicitly <code>localfile</code>.
By default a remote file is assumed and retrieved via an HTTP GET when a URL is given such as <code>http://example.org/file.json</code>.
The value of type is then implicitly <code>remotefile</code>.
The following values are supported:
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Data source type</th><th>Value</th><th>Required profiles</th></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/">Oracle Database</a></td><td>oracle</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://www.mysql.com/">MySQL</a></td><td>mysql</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://hsqldb.org/">HSQLDB</a></td><td>hsql</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/">PostgreSQL</a></td><td>postgresql</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://www.ibm.com/products/db2-database">IBM DB2</a></td><td>db2</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://www.ibm.com/products/informix">IBM Informix</a></td><td>informix</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://www.actian.com/data-management/actian-x-hybrid-rdbms/">Ingres</a></td><td>ingres</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://www.sap.com/products/sybase-ase.html">SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise</a></td><td>sapase</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://www.sap.com/products/sql-anywhere.html">SAP SQL Anywhere</a></td><td>sapsqlanywhere</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://firebirdsql.org/">Firebird</a></td><td>firebird</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/sql-server/sql-server-2019">Microsoft SQL Server</a></td><td>mssqlserver</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://virtuoso.openlinksw.com/">Virtuoso</a></td><td>virtuoso</td><td>RML and D2RQ</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://www.w3.org/WoT/">Web of Things</a></td><td>wot</td><td>RML and WOT</td></tr>
<tr><td>SPARQL endpoint</td><td>sparql</td><td>RML and SD</td></tr>
<tr><td>Local file</td><td>localfile</td><td>RML</td></tr>
<tr><td>Remote file</td><td>remotefile</td><td>RML</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="note"><div role="heading" class="note-title marker" id="h-note" aria-level="4"><span>Note</span></div><div class="">
<p>
R2RML rules do not include this information:
it is supplied directly to the used R2RML processor.
Also, it does not support SPARQL endpoints, local files, and remote files.
</p>
</div></div>
</section>
<section id="access-0">
<h3 id="x7-3-access"><span class="secno">7.3 </span>Access</h3>
<p>
This key's value describes where the data source can be accessed.
Examples are <code>file.json</code> and <code>http://example.org/my/db</code>.
</p>
</section>
<section id="query-formulation">
<h3 id="x7-4-query-formulation"><span class="secno">7.4 </span>Query formulation</h3>
<p>
Query formulations define what type of query is used query to a data source.
This key's supported values are the same as the values for the type,
together with the additional values below.
Therefore, if only a type is provided the query formulation is implicitly the same.
But if you want for example to use a MySQL query with an Oracle Database,
then you need to specify both the type and the query formulation.
</p>
<p>
In the case of SPARQL endpoints, defined by the value <code>sparql</code> for type,
the query formulation is by default <code>sparql11</code>: the data sources are queried
via a <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/">SPARQL 1.1 query</a>.
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Query formulation</th><th>Value</th><th>Required profiles</th></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/">SPARQL 1.1 query</a> (default for SPARQL endpoint)</td><td>sparql11</td><td>RML and SD</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL:2008">SQL:2008</a></td><td>sql2008</td><td>RML and D2RQ, or R2RML</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL:2011">SQL:2011</a></td><td>sql2011</td><td>RML and D2RQ, or R2RML</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL:2016">SQL:2016</a></td><td>sql2016</td><td>RML and D2RQ, or R2RML</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</section>
<section id="query">
<h3 id="x7-5-query"><span class="secno">7.5 </span>Query</h3>