From e9ca64de2ffdffca538a8b5ccd9384f142d862a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Matt D'Souza Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2024 14:09:44 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] Bytecode DSL interpreter migration --- ci.jsonnet | 2 +- .../python/harness.py | 3 + .../freeze_modules.py | 24 +- .../graal/python/pegparser/scope/Scope.java | 6 +- .../pegparser/scope/ScopeEnvironment.java | 10 + .../integration/generator/GeneratorTests.java | 117 +- .../test/integration/grammar/AsyncTests.java | 66 + .../test/integration/grammar/ClassTests.java | 17 + .../test/integration/grammar/TryTests.java | 45 + .../python/test/compiler/CompilerTests.java | 10 + .../src/tests/cpyext/test_shutdown.py | 2 + .../src/tests/test_ssl_java_integration.py | 7 +- .../oracle/graal/python/PythonLanguage.java | 51 +- .../builtins/modules/BuiltinFunctions.java | 13 +- .../modules/GraalPythonModuleBuiltins.java | 18 +- .../modules/MarshalModuleBuiltins.java | 299 +- .../modules/cext/PythonCextCodeBuiltins.java | 2 +- .../objects/asyncio/GetAwaitableNode.java | 8 +- .../builtins/objects/asyncio/PAsyncGen.java | 2 +- .../builtins/objects/code/CodeBuiltins.java | 149 +- .../builtins/objects/code/CodeNodes.java | 46 +- .../python/builtins/objects/code/PCode.java | 118 +- .../python/builtins/objects/frame/PFrame.java | 43 +- .../builtins/objects/function/PArguments.java | 8 + .../generator/CommonGeneratorBuiltins.java | 109 +- .../objects/generator/GeneratorBuiltins.java | 33 +- .../objects/generator/PGenerator.java | 195 +- .../objects/module/PythonFrozenModule.java | 11 +- .../python/builtins/objects/set/SetNodes.java | 2 + .../objects/superobject/SuperBuiltins.java | 43 +- .../objects/traceback/LazyTraceback.java | 4 +- .../objects/traceback/PTraceback.java | 15 +- .../objects/traceback/TracebackBuiltins.java | 6 +- .../python/compiler/BytecodeCodeUnit.java | 649 +++ .../graal/python/compiler/CodeUnit.java | 655 +-- .../python/compiler/CompilationScope.java | 2 +- .../python/compiler/CompilationUnit.java | 22 +- .../graal/python/compiler/Compiler.java | 74 +- .../bytecode_dsl/BaseBytecodeDSLVisitor.java | 493 ++ .../bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLCompiler.java | 124 + .../bytecode_dsl/RootNodeCompiler.java | 4568 +++++++++++++++++ .../lib/PyObjectStrAsTruffleStringNode.java | 2 +- .../oracle/graal/python/nodes/PGuards.java | 6 + .../oracle/graal/python/nodes/PRootNode.java | 8 +- .../graal/python/nodes/StringLiterals.java | 1 + .../python/nodes/builtins/ListNodes.java | 2 + .../nodes/bytecode/BytecodeFrameInfo.java | 60 + .../python/nodes/bytecode/FrameInfo.java | 43 +- .../python/nodes/bytecode/GetANextNode.java | 6 +- .../nodes/bytecode/GetSendValueNode.java | 2 + .../python/nodes/bytecode/GetTPFlagsNode.java | 2 + .../nodes/bytecode/GetYieldFromIterNode.java | 8 +- .../python/nodes/bytecode/ImportFromNode.java | 2 + .../python/nodes/bytecode/ImportNode.java | 1 + .../nodes/bytecode/MakeFunctionNode.java | 8 +- .../nodes/bytecode/PBytecodeRootNode.java | 49 +- .../python/nodes/bytecode/PrintExprNode.java | 2 + .../python/nodes/bytecode/RaiseNode.java | 2 + .../nodes/bytecode/SetupAnnotationsNode.java | 2 + .../InstrumentationSupport.java | 4 +- .../bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLCodeUnit.java | 93 + .../bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLFrameInfo.java | 44 + ...PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode.java | 94 + .../bytecode_dsl/PBytecodeDSLRootNode.java | 4143 +++++++++++++++ .../graal/python/nodes/call/InvokeNode.java | 7 +- .../nodes/exception/ExceptMatchNode.java | 2 + .../exception/TopLevelExceptionHandler.java | 3 +- .../nodes/expression/BinaryArithmetic.java | 13 + .../python/nodes/expression/ContainsNode.java | 2 + .../expression/LookupAndCallInplaceNode.java | 1 + .../nodes/expression/UnaryArithmetic.java | 10 +- .../python/nodes/frame/DeleteGlobalNode.java | 4 +- .../nodes/frame/GetFrameLocalsNode.java | 86 +- .../nodes/frame/MaterializeFrameNode.java | 85 +- .../nodes/frame/ReadCallerFrameNode.java | 27 +- .../nodes/frame/ReadGlobalOrBuiltinNode.java | 4 +- .../python/nodes/frame/ReadNameNode.java | 4 +- .../python/nodes/frame/WriteGlobalNode.java | 4 +- .../python/nodes/frame/WriteNameNode.java | 2 +- .../graal/python/nodes/object/IsNode.java | 34 +- .../python/runtime/ExecutionContext.java | 52 +- .../graal/python/runtime/PythonContext.java | 65 +- .../graal/python/runtime/PythonOptions.java | 6 + .../runtime/exception/ExceptionUtils.java | 36 +- .../python/runtime/exception/PException.java | 96 +- .../runtime/object/PythonObjectFactory.java | 21 +- .../oracle/graal/python/util/PythonUtils.java | 8 +- .../lib-python/3/test/support/__init__.py | 11 + graalpython/lib-python/3/test/test_fstring.py | 1 - .../lib-python/3/test/test_sys_settrace.py | 1 + mx.graalpython/mx_graalpython.py | 127 +- mx.graalpython/mx_graalpython_benchmark.py | 4 + mx.graalpython/suite.py | 2 +- 93 files changed, 12258 insertions(+), 1115 deletions(-) create mode 100644 graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/AsyncTests.java create mode 100644 graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/BytecodeCodeUnit.java create mode 100644 graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/BaseBytecodeDSLVisitor.java create mode 100644 graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLCompiler.java create mode 100644 graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/RootNodeCompiler.java create mode 100644 graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/BytecodeFrameInfo.java create mode 100644 graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLCodeUnit.java create mode 100644 graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLFrameInfo.java create mode 100644 graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode.java create mode 100644 graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/PBytecodeDSLRootNode.java diff --git a/ci.jsonnet b/ci.jsonnet index 485d2adefb..c641e1aac7 100644 --- a/ci.jsonnet +++ b/ci.jsonnet @@ -1 +1 @@ -{ "overlay": "30d5ba16b38406ce47812fc298100be2e8fde4a3" } +{ "overlay": "f8f48d0547971200e52461178435f3581755a540" } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.benchmarks/python/harness.py b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.benchmarks/python/harness.py index 8d66b5e47f..15447459c2 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.benchmarks/python/harness.py +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.benchmarks/python/harness.py @@ -501,6 +501,9 @@ def run_benchmark(args): else: print("### no extra module search paths specified") + if GRAALPYTHON: + print(f"### using bytecode DSL interpreter: {__graalpython__.is_bytecode_dsl_interpreter}") + BenchRunner(bench_file, bench_args=bench_args, iterations=iterations, warmup=warmup, warmup_runs=warmup_runs, startup=startup, live_results=live_results).run() diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.frozen/freeze_modules.py b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.frozen/freeze_modules.py index 7804eb4554..e70bd47d15 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.frozen/freeze_modules.py +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.frozen/freeze_modules.py @@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ def relpath_for_posix_display(path, base): ####################################### # specs -def parse_frozen_specs(): +def parse_frozen_specs(suffix): seen = {} for section, specs in FROZEN: parsed = _parse_specs(specs, section, seen) @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def parse_frozen_specs(): try: source = seen[frozenid] except KeyError: - source = FrozenSource.from_id(frozenid, pyfile) + source = FrozenSource.from_id(frozenid, suffix, pyfile) seen[frozenid] = source else: assert not pyfile or pyfile == source.pyfile, item @@ -270,11 +270,11 @@ def iter_subs(): class FrozenSource(namedtuple('FrozenSource', 'id pyfile frozenfile deepfreezefile')): @classmethod - def from_id(cls, frozenid, pyfile=None): + def from_id(cls, frozenid, suffix, pyfile=None): if not pyfile: pyfile = os.path.join(STDLIB_DIR, *frozenid.split('.')) + '.py' #assert os.path.exists(pyfile), (frozenid, pyfile) - frozenfile = resolve_frozen_file(frozenid, FROZEN_MODULES_DIR) + frozenfile = resolve_frozen_file(frozenid, FROZEN_MODULES_DIR, suffix) return cls(frozenid, pyfile, frozenfile, STDLIB_DIR) @classmethod @@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ def isbootstrap(self): return self.id in BOOTSTRAP -def resolve_frozen_file(frozenid, destdir): +def resolve_frozen_file(frozenid, destdir, suffix): """Return the filename corresponding to the given frozen ID. For stdlib modules the ID will always be the full name @@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ def resolve_frozen_file(frozenid, destdir): raise ValueError(f'unsupported frozenid {frozenid!r}') # We use a consistent naming convention for all frozen modules. frozen_symbol = FrozenSource.resolve_symbol(frozenid) - frozenfile = f"Frozen{frozen_symbol}.bin" + frozenfile = f"Frozen{frozen_symbol}.{suffix}" if not destdir: return frozenfile @@ -633,11 +633,17 @@ def main(): STDLIB_DIR = os.path.abspath(parsed_args.python_lib) FROZEN_MODULES_DIR = os.path.abspath(parsed_args.binary_dir) + if __graalpython__.is_bytecode_dsl_interpreter: + suffix = "bin_dsl" + assert os.path.isdir(parsed_args.binary_dir), "Frozen modules for the DSL should be built after the manual bytecode interpreter." + else: + suffix = "bin" + shutil.rmtree(parsed_args.binary_dir, ignore_errors=True) + os.makedirs(parsed_args.binary_dir) + # create module specs - modules = list(parse_frozen_specs()) + modules = list(parse_frozen_specs(suffix)) - shutil.rmtree(parsed_args.binary_dir, ignore_errors=True) - os.makedirs(parsed_args.binary_dir) # write frozen module binary files containing the byte code and class files # used for importing the binary files for src in _iter_sources(modules): diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser/src/com/oracle/graal/python/pegparser/scope/Scope.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser/src/com/oracle/graal/python/pegparser/scope/Scope.java index d0c299cd24..b185bfb07e 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser/src/com/oracle/graal/python/pegparser/scope/Scope.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser/src/com/oracle/graal/python/pegparser/scope/Scope.java @@ -229,11 +229,15 @@ public boolean isNested() { } public HashMap getSymbolsByType(EnumSet expectedFlags, int start) { + return getSymbolsByType(expectedFlags, EnumSet.noneOf(DefUse.class), start); + } + + public HashMap getSymbolsByType(EnumSet expectedFlags, EnumSet unexpectedFlags, int start) { int i = start; HashMap mapping = new HashMap<>(); for (String key : getSortedSymbols()) { EnumSet keyFlags = getUseOfName(key); - if (!Collections.disjoint(expectedFlags, keyFlags)) { + if (!Collections.disjoint(expectedFlags, keyFlags) && Collections.disjoint(unexpectedFlags, keyFlags)) { mapping.put(key, i++); } } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser/src/com/oracle/graal/python/pegparser/scope/ScopeEnvironment.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser/src/com/oracle/graal/python/pegparser/scope/ScopeEnvironment.java index 2005dd65e2..37882b7e37 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser/src/com/oracle/graal/python/pegparser/scope/ScopeEnvironment.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser/src/com/oracle/graal/python/pegparser/scope/ScopeEnvironment.java @@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ public class ScopeEnvironment { final HashMap blocks = new HashMap<>(); final ErrorCallback errorCallback; final EnumSet futureFeatures; + final HashMap parents = new HashMap<>(); public static ScopeEnvironment analyze(ModTy moduleNode, ErrorCallback errorCallback, EnumSet futureFeatures) { return new ScopeEnvironment(moduleNode, errorCallback, futureFeatures); @@ -128,6 +129,14 @@ public Scope lookupScope(SSTNode node) { return blocks.get(node); } + public Scope lookupParent(Scope scope) { + return parents.get(scope); + } + + public Scope getTopScope() { + return topScope; + } + private void analyzeBlock(Scope scope, HashSet bound, HashSet free, HashSet global) { HashSet local = new HashSet<>(); HashMap scopes = new HashMap<>(); @@ -328,6 +337,7 @@ private void enterBlock(String name, Scope.ScopeType type, SSTNode ast) { if (type == Scope.ScopeType.Annotation) { return; } + env.parents.put(scope, prev); if (prev != null) { prev.children.add(scope); } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/generator/GeneratorTests.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/generator/GeneratorTests.java index 4eaf2fd873..6fcd800263 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/generator/GeneratorTests.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/generator/GeneratorTests.java @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ public void desugared() { } @Test - public void testYieldFrom() { + public void testYieldFromSimple() { String source = "def gen1():\n" + " yield 1\n" + " yield 2\n" + @@ -83,4 +83,119 @@ public void testYieldFrom() { "print(list(gen2()))\n"; assertPrints("[1, 2]\n", source); } + + @Test + public void testYieldFromIterable() { + // yield from should extract an iterator from a non-generator argument + String source = "class Foo:\n" + + " def __init__(self, wrapped):\n" + + " self.wrapped = wrapped\n" + + " def __iter__(self):\n" + + " return iter(self.wrapped)\n" + + "def gen():\n" + + " foo = Foo([1,2,3])\n" + + " yield from foo\n" + + "\n" + + "print(list(gen()))\n"; + assertPrints("[1, 2, 3]\n", source); + } + + @Test + public void testYieldFromReturn() { + String source = "def gen1():\n" + + " yield 1\n" + + " yield 2\n" + + " return 3\n" + + "\n" + + "def gen2():\n" + + " final = yield from gen1()\n" + + " yield final\n" + + "\n" + + "print(list(gen2()))\n"; + assertPrints("[1, 2, 3]\n", source); + } + + @Test + public void testYieldFromSend() { + String source = "def gen1(x):\n" + + " yield (yield (yield x))\n" + + "\n" + + "def gen2():\n" + + " yield from gen1(2)\n" + + " yield 8\n" + + "\n" + + "gen = gen2()\n" + + "print(gen.send(None))\n" + + "print(gen.send(4))\n" + + "print(gen.send(6))\n" + + "print(gen.send(42))\n"; + assertPrints("2\n4\n6\n8\n", source); + } + + @Test + public void testYieldFromThrowCaught() { + String source = "def gen1():\n" + + " try:\n" + + " x = 1\n" + + " while True:\n" + + " x = yield x\n" + + " except ValueError:\n" + + " yield 42\n" + + "\n" + + "def gen2():\n" + + " yield from gen1()\n" + + "\n" + + "gen = gen2()\n" + + "print(gen.send(None))\n" + + "print(gen.send(2))\n" + + "print(gen.send(3))\n" + + "print(gen.throw(ValueError))\n"; + assertPrints("1\n2\n3\n42\n", source); + } + + @Test + public void testYieldFromThrowUncaught() { + String source = "def gen1():\n" + + " x = 1\n" + + " while True:\n" + + " x = yield x\n" + + "\n" + + "def gen2():\n" + + " yield from gen1()\n" + + "\n" + + "gen = gen2()\n" + + "print(gen.send(None))\n" + + "print(gen.send(2))\n" + + "print(gen.send(3))\n" + + "try:\n" + + " gen.throw(ValueError)\n" + + " print('error')\n" + + "except ValueError:\n" + + " print('success')\n"; + assertPrints("1\n2\n3\nsuccess\n", source); + } + + @Test + public void testYieldFromClose() { + String source = "def gen1():\n" + + " x = 1\n" + + " try:\n" + + " while True:\n" + + " x = yield x\n" + + " except GeneratorExit:\n" + + " print('gen1 exit')\n" + + "\n" + + "def gen2():\n" + + " try:\n" + + " yield from gen1()\n" + + " except GeneratorExit:\n" + + " print('gen2 exit')\n" + + "\n" + + "gen = gen2()\n" + + "print(gen.send(None))\n" + + "print(gen.send(2))\n" + + "print(gen.send(3))\n" + + "gen.close()\n"; + assertPrints("1\n2\n3\ngen1 exit\ngen2 exit\n", source); + } } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/AsyncTests.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/AsyncTests.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..25050feb7f --- /dev/null +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/AsyncTests.java @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +package com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration.grammar; + +import static com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration.PythonTests.assertPrints; + +import org.junit.Test; + +public class AsyncTests { + @Test + public void nativeCoroutine() { + String source = "import asyncio\n" + + "async def foo():\n" + + " return 42\n" + + "async def main():\n" + + " print(await foo())\n" + + "asyncio.run(main())"; + assertPrints("42\n", source); + } + + @Test + public void asyncWith() { + String source = "import asyncio\n" + + "class AsyncContextManager:\n" + + " async def __aenter__(self):\n" + + " await asyncio.sleep(0.01)\n" + + " print(\"entered\")\n" + + " async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):\n" + + " await asyncio.sleep(0.01)\n" + + " if exc_type:\n" + + " print(\"exited exceptionally\")\n" + + " else:\n" + + " print(\"exited normally\")\n" + + " return True\n" + + "async def main(shouldRaise):\n" + + " async with AsyncContextManager():\n" + + " print(\"inside\")\n" + + " if shouldRaise:\n" + + " raise ValueError\n" + + "asyncio.run(main(%s))"; + assertPrints("entered\ninside\nexited normally\n", String.format(source, "False")); + assertPrints("entered\ninside\nexited exceptionally\n", String.format(source, "True")); + } + + @Test + public void asyncWithExceptional() { + String source = "import asyncio\n" + + "class AsyncContextManager:\n" + + " async def __aenter__(self):\n" + + " await asyncio.sleep(0.01)\n" + + " print(\"entered\")\n" + + " async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):\n" + + " await asyncio.sleep(0.01)\n" + + " print(\"exited\")\n" + + " return False\n" + // don't handle exception + "async def main(shouldRaise):\n" + + " async with AsyncContextManager():\n" + + " print(\"inside\")\n" + + " if shouldRaise:\n" + + " raise ValueError\n" + + "try:\n" + + " asyncio.run(main(%s))\n" + + "except ValueError:\n" + + " print(\"rethrew\")\n"; + assertPrints("entered\ninside\nexited\n", String.format(source, "False")); + assertPrints("entered\ninside\nexited\nrethrew\n", String.format(source, "True")); + } +} diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/ClassTests.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/ClassTests.java index 2e279ae577..785c598ee8 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/ClassTests.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/ClassTests.java @@ -205,4 +205,21 @@ public void multipleInheritance() { assertPrints("common\n", source); } + @Test + public void classDecorator() { + String source = "def wrapper(cls):\n" + // + " orig_init = cls.__init__\n" + // + " def new_init(self):\n" + // + " print('wrapper')\n" + // + " orig_init(self)\n" + // + " cls.__init__ = new_init\n" + // + " return cls\n" + // + "@wrapper\n" + // + "class Foo:\n" + // + " def __init__(self):\n" + // + " print('Foo')\n" + // + "Foo()\n"; + assertPrints("wrapper\nFoo\n", source); + } + } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/TryTests.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/TryTests.java index 697baf7341..bf030aebc2 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/TryTests.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test.integration/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/integration/grammar/TryTests.java @@ -290,4 +290,49 @@ public void testExceptionState6() { "print(repr(sys.exc_info()[1]))\n"; assertPrints("None\nNone\n", source); } + + @Test + public void testNamedExceptionDeleted() { + String source = "ex = 42\n" + + "try:\n" + + " raise NameError\n" + + "except BaseException as ex:\n" + + " pass\n" + + "try:\n" + + " print(ex)\n" + + " print(\"expected NameError\")\n" + + "except NameError:\n" + + " print(\"hit NameError\")\n"; + assertPrints("hit NameError\n", source); + } + + @Test + public void testNamedExceptionNotDeleted() { + String source = "ex = 42\n" + + "try:\n" + + " print(\"nothing thrown\")\n" + + "except BaseException as ex:\n" + + " pass\n" + + "try:\n" + + " print(ex)\n" + + "except NameError:\n" + + " print(\"hit unexpected NameError\")\n"; + assertPrints("nothing thrown\n42\n", source); + } + + @Test + public void testNamedExceptionDeletedByHandler() { + String source = "ex = 42\n" + + "try:\n" + + " raise NameError\n" + + "except BaseException as ex:\n" + + " print(\"deleting exception\")\n" + + " del ex\n" + + "try:\n" + + " print(ex)\n" + + " print(\"expected NameError\")\n" + + "except NameError:\n" + + " print(\"hit NameError\")\n"; + assertPrints("deleting exception\nhit NameError\n", source); + } } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/compiler/CompilerTests.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/compiler/CompilerTests.java index a48efd2999..8759293c4a 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/compiler/CompilerTests.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/com/oracle/graal/python/test/compiler/CompilerTests.java @@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers; import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert; import org.junit.Assert; +import org.junit.Assume; +import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.Rule; import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.rules.TestName; @@ -64,6 +66,7 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.Parser; import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ModTy; import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.tokenizer.SourceRange; +import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions; import com.oracle.graal.python.test.GraalPythonEnvVars; import com.oracle.graal.python.test.PythonTests; @@ -71,6 +74,13 @@ public class CompilerTests extends PythonTests { public CompilerTests() { } + @Before + public void beforeTest() { + // These tests are coupled to the manual bytecode interpreter. They shouldn't run if we're + // using the Bytecode DSL interpreter. + Assume.assumeFalse(PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER); + } + @Rule public TestName name = new TestName(); @Test diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/tests/cpyext/test_shutdown.py b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/tests/cpyext/test_shutdown.py index 88ba72a09c..7be19de1cf 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/tests/cpyext/test_shutdown.py +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/tests/cpyext/test_shutdown.py @@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ ARGS = [] if sys.implementation.name == 'graalpy': ARGS = ['--python.EnableDebuggingBuiltins'] + if not __graalpython__.is_native and __graalpython__.is_bytecode_dsl_interpreter: + ARGS += ['--vm.Dpython.EnableBytecodeDSLInterpreter=true'] COMMAND = [sys.executable, *ARGS, str(MODULE_PATH)] diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/tests/test_ssl_java_integration.py b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/tests/test_ssl_java_integration.py index 6582d17f04..f21974b29c 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/tests/test_ssl_java_integration.py +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/tests/test_ssl_java_integration.py @@ -63,4 +63,9 @@ def test_load_default_verify_keystore(): """) env = os.environ.copy() env['JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS'] = f"-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStore={curdir}/ssldata/signing_keystore.jks" - subprocess.run([sys.executable, '-c', src], env=env, check=True) + + args = [] + if __graalpython__.is_bytecode_dsl_interpreter: + args += ['--vm.Dpython.EnableBytecodeDSLInterpreter=true'] + + subprocess.run([sys.executable, *args, '-c', src], env=env, check=True) diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/PythonLanguage.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/PythonLanguage.java index 44706ab10e..b2eeb9c6a3 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/PythonLanguage.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/PythonLanguage.java @@ -80,12 +80,16 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.type.PythonManagedClass; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.type.TpSlots; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.type.slots.TpSlot; +import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.BytecodeCodeUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CompilationUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.Compiler; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback; +import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLCompiler; +import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLCompiler.BytecodeDSLCompilerResult; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.HiddenAttr; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLCodeUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.CallNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.GenericInvokeNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.exception.TopLevelExceptionHandler; @@ -573,6 +577,7 @@ protected CallTarget parse(ParsingRequest request) { if (MIME_TYPE_BYTECODE.equals(source.getMimeType())) { byte[] bytes = source.getBytes().toByteArray(); CodeUnit code = MarshalModuleBuiltins.deserializeCodeUnit(bytes); + boolean internal = shouldMarkSourceInternal(context); // The original file path should be passed as the name String name = source.getName(); @@ -597,7 +602,18 @@ protected CallTarget parse(ParsingRequest request) { if (internal && !source.isInternal()) { source = Source.newBuilder(source).internal(true).build(); } - PBytecodeRootNode rootNode = PBytecodeRootNode.create(this, code, source); + RootNode rootNode = null; + + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + if (source.hasBytes()) { + // Force a character-based source so that source sections work as expected. + source = Source.newBuilder(source).content(Source.CONTENT_NONE).build(); + } + rootNode = ((BytecodeDSLCodeUnit) code).createRootNode(context, source); + } else { + rootNode = PBytecodeRootNode.create(this, (BytecodeCodeUnit) code, source); + } + return PythonUtils.getOrCreateCallTarget(rootNode); } @@ -639,7 +655,7 @@ public RootCallTarget parse(PythonContext context, Source source, InputType type Parser parser = Compiler.createParser(source.getCharacters().toString(), errorCb, type, interactiveTerminal); ModTy mod = (ModTy) parser.parse(); assert mod != null; - return compileForBytecodeInterpreter(context, mod, source, topLevel, optimize, argumentNames, errorCb, futureFeatures); + return compileModule(context, mod, source, topLevel, optimize, argumentNames, errorCb, futureFeatures); } catch (PException e) { if (topLevel) { PythonUtils.getOrCreateCallTarget(new TopLevelExceptionHandler(this, e)).call(); @@ -649,20 +665,19 @@ public RootCallTarget parse(PythonContext context, Source source, InputType type } @TruffleBoundary - public RootCallTarget compileForBytecodeInterpreter(PythonContext context, ModTy mod, Source source, boolean topLevel, int optimize, List argumentNames, + public RootCallTarget compileModule(PythonContext context, ModTy modIn, Source source, boolean topLevel, int optimize, List argumentNames, RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback errorCallback, int flags) { - return compileForBytecodeInterpreter(context, mod, source, topLevel, optimize, argumentNames, errorCallback, FutureFeature.fromFlags(flags)); + return compileModule(context, modIn, source, topLevel, optimize, argumentNames, errorCallback, FutureFeature.fromFlags(flags)); } @TruffleBoundary - public RootCallTarget compileForBytecodeInterpreter(PythonContext context, ModTy modIn, Source source, boolean topLevel, int optimize, List argumentNames, + public RootCallTarget compileModule(PythonContext context, ModTy modIn, Source source, boolean topLevel, int optimize, List argumentNames, RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback errorCallback, EnumSet futureFeatures) { RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback errorCb = errorCallback; if (errorCb == null) { errorCb = new RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback(source, PythonOptions.isPExceptionWithJavaStacktrace(this)); } try { - Compiler compiler = new Compiler(errorCb); boolean hasArguments = argumentNames != null && !argumentNames.isEmpty(); final ModTy mod; if (hasArguments) { @@ -670,9 +685,14 @@ public RootCallTarget compileForBytecodeInterpreter(PythonContext context, ModTy } else { mod = modIn; } - CompilationUnit cu = compiler.compile(mod, EnumSet.noneOf(Compiler.Flags.class), optimize, futureFeatures); - CodeUnit co = cu.assemble(); - RootNode rootNode = PBytecodeRootNode.create(this, co, source, errorCb); + + RootNode rootNode; + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + rootNode = compileForBytecodeDSLInterpreter(context, mod, source, optimize, errorCb, futureFeatures); + } else { + rootNode = compileForBytecodeInterpreter(mod, source, optimize, errorCb, futureFeatures); + } + if (topLevel) { GilNode gil = GilNode.getUncached(); boolean wasAcquired = gil.acquire(context, rootNode); @@ -697,6 +717,19 @@ public RootCallTarget compileForBytecodeInterpreter(PythonContext context, ModTy } } + private RootNode compileForBytecodeInterpreter(ModTy mod, Source source, int optimize, RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback errorCallback, EnumSet futureFeatures) { + Compiler compiler = new Compiler(errorCallback); + CompilationUnit cu = compiler.compile(mod, EnumSet.noneOf(Compiler.Flags.class), optimize, futureFeatures); + BytecodeCodeUnit co = cu.assemble(); + return PBytecodeRootNode.create(this, co, source, errorCallback); + } + + private RootNode compileForBytecodeDSLInterpreter(PythonContext context, ModTy mod, Source source, int optimize, + RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback errorCallback, EnumSet futureFeatures) { + BytecodeDSLCompilerResult result = BytecodeDSLCompiler.compile(this, context, mod, source, optimize, errorCallback, futureFeatures); + return result.rootNode(); + } + private static ModTy transformASTForExecutionWithArguments(List argumentNames, ModTy mod) { NodeFactory nodeFactory = new NodeFactory(); ArgTy[] astArgArray = new ArgTy[argumentNames.size()]; diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/BuiltinFunctions.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/BuiltinFunctions.java index 0879085729..630fa2ed0c 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/BuiltinFunctions.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/BuiltinFunctions.java @@ -203,6 +203,7 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.builtins.ListNodes.ConstructListNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.GetAIterNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.CallDispatchNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.CallNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.GenericInvokeNode; @@ -264,6 +265,7 @@ import com.oracle.truffle.api.HostCompilerDirectives.InliningCutoff; import com.oracle.truffle.api.RootCallTarget; import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleLanguage.Env; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy; import com.oracle.truffle.api.debug.Debugger; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached; @@ -1199,7 +1201,7 @@ Object generic(VirtualFrame frame, Object wSource, Object wFilename, TruffleStri if (AstModuleBuiltins.isAst(getContext(), wSource)) { ModTy mod = AstModuleBuiltins.obj2sst(getContext(), wSource, getParserInputType(mode, flags)); Source source = PythonUtils.createFakeSource(filename); - RootCallTarget rootCallTarget = getLanguage().compileForBytecodeInterpreter(getContext(), mod, source, false, optimize, null, null, flags); + RootCallTarget rootCallTarget = getLanguage().compileModule(getContext(), mod, source, false, optimize, null, null, flags); return wrapRootCallTarget(rootCallTarget, factory); } TruffleString source = sourceAsString(frame, inliningTarget, wSource, filename, interopLib, acquireLib, bufferLib, handleDecodingErrorNode, asStrNode, switchEncodingNode, factory, @@ -1210,8 +1212,12 @@ Object generic(VirtualFrame frame, Object wSource, Object wFilename, TruffleStri private static PCode wrapRootCallTarget(RootCallTarget rootCallTarget, PythonObjectFactory factory) { RootNode rootNode = rootCallTarget.getRootNode(); - if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode) { - ((PBytecodeRootNode) rootNode).triggerDeferredDeprecationWarnings(); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLRootNode bytecodeDSLRootNode) { + bytecodeDSLRootNode.triggerDeferredDeprecationWarnings(); + } + } else if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode) { + bytecodeRootNode.triggerDeferredDeprecationWarnings(); } return factory.createCode(rootCallTarget); } @@ -1997,6 +2003,7 @@ static Object repr(VirtualFrame frame, Object obj, // format(object, [format_spec]) @Builtin(name = J_FORMAT, minNumOfPositionalArgs = 1, parameterNames = {"object", "format_spec"}) @GenerateNodeFactory + @OperationProxy.Proxyable @ImportStatic(PGuards.class) public abstract static class FormatNode extends PythonBinaryBuiltinNode { diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/GraalPythonModuleBuiltins.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/GraalPythonModuleBuiltins.java index e94feddaa6..82cfcd8e2d 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/GraalPythonModuleBuiltins.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/GraalPythonModuleBuiltins.java @@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRaiseNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.builtins.FunctionNodes.GetCallTargetNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.CallNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.classes.IsSubtypeNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.function.BuiltinFunctionRootNode; @@ -208,6 +209,7 @@ protected List> getNodeFa public void initialize(Python3Core core) { super.initialize(core); addBuiltinConstant("is_native", ImageInfo.inImageCode()); + addBuiltinConstant("is_bytecode_dsl_interpreter", PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER); PythonContext ctx = core.getContext(); TruffleString encodingOpt = ctx.getLanguage().getEngineOption(PythonOptions.StandardStreamEncoding); TruffleString standardStreamEncoding = null; @@ -529,8 +531,12 @@ public Object doIt(VirtualFrame frame, PFunction func, @TruffleBoundary public synchronized PFunction convertToBuiltin(PFunction func) { RootNode rootNode = CodeNodes.GetCodeRootNode.executeUncached(func.getCode()); - if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode) { - ((PBytecodeRootNode) rootNode).setPythonInternal(true); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLRootNode r) { + r.setPythonInternal(true); + } + } else if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode r) { + r.setPythonInternal(true); } func.setBuiltin(true); return func; @@ -545,8 +551,12 @@ public Object doIt(PFunction func, @Bind("this") Node inliningTarget, @Cached CodeNodes.GetCodeRootNode getRootNode) { RootNode rootNode = getRootNode.execute(inliningTarget, func.getCode()); - if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode) { - ((PBytecodeRootNode) rootNode).setPythonInternal(true); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLRootNode r) { + r.setPythonInternal(true); + } + } else if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode r) { + r.setPythonInternal(true); } return func; } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/MarshalModuleBuiltins.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/MarshalModuleBuiltins.java index 32ddad0ee3..230e61214d 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/MarshalModuleBuiltins.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/MarshalModuleBuiltins.java @@ -35,6 +35,11 @@ import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; +import java.io.DataInput; +import java.io.DataInputStream; +import java.io.DataOutputStream; +import java.io.EOFException; +import java.io.DataOutput; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream; import java.math.BigInteger; @@ -43,7 +48,9 @@ import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.List; +import java.util.function.Supplier; +import com.oracle.graal.python.PythonLanguage; import com.oracle.graal.python.annotations.ArgumentClinic; import com.oracle.graal.python.annotations.ArgumentClinic.ClinicConversion; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.Builtin; @@ -73,13 +80,16 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.common.SequenceStorageNodes.GetInternalObjectArrayNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.complex.PComplex; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.dict.PDict; +import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.ellipsis.PEllipsis; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.floats.PFloat; +import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PKeyword; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.ints.PInt; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.set.PBaseSet; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.str.PString; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.str.StringNodes; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.str.StringNodes.IsInternedStringNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.type.TypeNodes.IsSameTypeNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.BytecodeCodeUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.Compiler; import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyComplexCheckExactNode; @@ -95,6 +105,9 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyUnicodeCheckExactNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.ErrorMessages; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRaiseNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLCodeUnit; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNodeGen; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.LookupAndCallBinaryNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.function.PythonBuiltinBaseNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.function.PythonBuiltinNode; @@ -105,6 +118,7 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.ExecutionContext.IndirectCallContext; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.IndirectCallData; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext; +import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.ByteSequenceStorage; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.SequenceStorage; @@ -113,6 +127,11 @@ import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives; import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeConfig; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeRootNodes; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.serialization.BytecodeDeserializer; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.serialization.BytecodeSerializer; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.serialization.SerializationUtils; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateNodeFactory; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NeverDefault; @@ -122,13 +141,14 @@ import com.oracle.truffle.api.library.CachedLibrary; import com.oracle.truffle.api.memory.ByteArraySupport; import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.source.Source; import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.InternalByteArray; import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleString; import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleString.Encoding; @CoreFunctions(defineModule = "marshal") public final class MarshalModuleBuiltins extends PythonBuiltins { - static final int CURRENT_VERSION = 4; + static final int CURRENT_VERSION = 5; @Override protected List> getNodeFactories() { @@ -298,6 +318,10 @@ static final class Marshal { private static final char TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_CODE_UNIT = 'U'; private static final char TYPE_BIG_INTEGER = 'B'; private static final char TYPE_ARRAY = ']'; + // These are constants that show up in the Bytecode DSL interpreter. + private static final char TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_DSL_CODE_UNIT = 'D'; + private static final char TYPE_DSL_SOURCE = '$'; + private static final char TYPE_DSL_EMPTY_KEYWORDS = 'k'; private static final char ARRAY_TYPE_OBJECT = 'o'; private static final char ARRAY_TYPE_INT = 'i'; @@ -349,7 +373,7 @@ public final Throwable fillInStackTrace() { static byte[] dump(Object value, int version, Python3Core core) throws IOException, MarshalError { Marshal outMarshal = new Marshal(version, core.getTrue(), core.getFalse()); outMarshal.writeObject(value); - return outMarshal.out.toByteArray(); + return outMarshal.outData.toByteArray(); } @TruffleBoundary @@ -421,8 +445,9 @@ public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) { private static final PythonObjectFactory factory = PythonObjectFactory.getUncached(); final HashMap refMap; final ArrayList refList; - final ByteArrayOutputStream out; - final InputStream in; + final ByteArrayOutputStream outData; + final DataOutput out; + final DataInput in; final int version; final PInt pyTrue; final PInt pyFalse; @@ -430,50 +455,81 @@ public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) { final ByteArraySupport baSupport = ByteArraySupport.littleEndian(); byte[] buffer = new byte[Long.BYTES]; int depth = 0; + /* + * A DSL node needs access to its Source during deserialization, but we do not wish to + * actually encode it in the serialized representation. Instead, we supply a Source to the + * Marshal object and return it when the source is needed. + */ + Source source = null; Marshal(int version, PInt pyTrue, PInt pyFalse) { this.version = version; this.pyTrue = pyTrue; this.pyFalse = pyFalse; - this.out = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); + this.outData = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); + this.out = new DataOutputStream(outData); + this.refMap = new HashMap<>(); + this.in = null; + this.refList = null; + } + + Marshal(int version, PInt pyTrue, PInt pyFalse, DataOutput out) { + this.version = version; + this.pyTrue = pyTrue; + this.pyFalse = pyFalse; + this.outData = null; + this.out = out; this.refMap = new HashMap<>(); this.in = null; this.refList = null; } Marshal(byte[] in, int length) { - this.in = new ByteArrayInputStream(in, 0, length); - this.refList = new ArrayList<>(); - this.version = -1; - this.pyTrue = null; - this.pyFalse = null; - this.out = null; - this.refMap = null; + this(new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(in, 0, length)), null); } Marshal(Object in) { - this.in = new FileLikeInputStream(in); + this(new DataInputStream(new FileLikeInputStream(in)), null); + } + + Marshal(DataInput in, Source source) { + this.in = in; + this.source = source; this.refList = new ArrayList<>(); this.version = -1; this.pyTrue = null; this.pyFalse = null; + this.outData = null; this.out = null; this.refMap = null; } private void writeByte(int v) { - out.write(v); + try { + out.write(v); + } catch (IOException e) { + // The underlying output streams we use should not throw IOExceptions. + throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere(); + } } - private int readByte() { - int nextByte; + private void writeBytes(byte[] b, int off, int len) { try { - nextByte = in.read(); + out.write(b, off, len); } catch (IOException e) { + // The underlying output streams we use should not throw IOExceptions. throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere(); } - if (nextByte < 0) { + } + + private int readByte() { + int nextByte; + try { + nextByte = in.readUnsignedByte(); + } catch (EOFException e) { throw new MarshalError(PythonBuiltinClassType.EOFError, ErrorMessages.BAD_MARSHAL_DATA_EOF); + } catch (IOException e) { + throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere(); } return nextByte; } @@ -517,15 +573,13 @@ private byte[] readNBytes(int sz, byte[] output) { if (sz == 0) { return output; } - int read; try { - read = in.read(output, 0, sz); + in.readFully(output, 0, sz); + } catch (EOFException e) { + throw new MarshalError(PythonBuiltinClassType.EOFError, ErrorMessages.BAD_MARSHAL_DATA_EOF); } catch (IOException e) { throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere(); } - if (read < sz) { - throw new MarshalError(PythonBuiltinClassType.EOFError, ErrorMessages.BAD_MARSHAL_DATA_EOF); - } return output; } @@ -536,13 +590,13 @@ private byte[] readBytes() { private void writeInt(int v) { for (int i = 0; i < Integer.SIZE; i += Byte.SIZE) { - out.write((v >> i) & 0xff); + writeByte((v >> i) & 0xff); } } private void writeShort(short v) { for (int i = 0; i < Short.SIZE; i += Byte.SIZE) { - out.write((v >> i) & 0xff); + writeByte((v >> i) & 0xff); } } @@ -556,7 +610,7 @@ private short readShort() { private void writeLong(long v) { for (int i = 0; i < Long.SIZE; i += Byte.SIZE) { - out.write((int) ((v >>> i) & 0xff)); + writeByte((int) ((v >>> i) & 0xff)); } } @@ -582,7 +636,7 @@ private void writeBigInteger(BigInteger v) { } for (int digit : digits) { for (int i = 0; i < Short.SIZE; i += Byte.SIZE) { - out.write((digit >> i) & 0xff); + writeByte((digit >> i) & 0xff); } } } @@ -677,7 +731,7 @@ private void writeObject(Object v) throws IOException { writeByte(TYPE_NOVALUE); } else if (IsSameTypeNode.executeUncached(v, PythonBuiltinClassType.StopIteration)) { writeByte(TYPE_STOPITER); - } else if (IsSameTypeNode.executeUncached(v, PythonBuiltinClassType.PEllipsis)) { + } else if (v == PEllipsis.INSTANCE) { writeByte(TYPE_ELLIPSIS); } else if (v == Boolean.TRUE || v == pyTrue) { writeByte(TYPE_TRUE); @@ -826,6 +880,9 @@ private void writeComplexObject(Object v, int flag) { writeByte(TYPE_ARRAY | flag); writeByte(ARRAY_TYPE_STRING); writeStringArray((TruffleString[]) v); + } else if (v instanceof PKeyword[]) { + assert v == PKeyword.EMPTY_KEYWORDS; + writeByte(TYPE_DSL_EMPTY_KEYWORDS); } else if (v instanceof Object[]) { writeByte(TYPE_ARRAY | flag); writeByte(ARRAY_TYPE_OBJECT); @@ -845,8 +902,16 @@ private void writeComplexObject(Object v, int flag) { } writeBytes(lnotab); } else if (v instanceof CodeUnit) { - writeByte(TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_CODE_UNIT | flag); - writeCodeUnit((CodeUnit) v); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + writeByte(TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_DSL_CODE_UNIT | flag); + writeBytecodeDSLCodeUnit((BytecodeDSLCodeUnit) v); + } else { + writeByte(TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_CODE_UNIT | flag); + writeBytecodeCodeUnit((BytecodeCodeUnit) v); + } + } else if (v instanceof Source s) { + writeByte(TYPE_DSL_SOURCE | flag); + setSource(s); } else { PythonBufferAcquireLibrary acquireLib = PythonBufferAcquireLibrary.getFactory().getUncached(v); if (acquireLib.hasBuffer(v)) { @@ -967,7 +1032,7 @@ private Object readObject(int type, AddRefAndReturn addRef) throws NumberFormatE case TYPE_STOPITER: return PythonBuiltinClassType.StopIteration; case TYPE_ELLIPSIS: - return PythonBuiltinClassType.PEllipsis; + return PEllipsis.INSTANCE; case TYPE_FALSE: return false; case TYPE_TRUE: @@ -1059,10 +1124,15 @@ private Object readObject(int type, AddRefAndReturn addRef) throws NumberFormatE case TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_CODE: return addRef.run(readCode()); case TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_CODE_UNIT: - return addRef.run(readCodeUnit()); - case TYPE_ARRAY: { + return addRef.run(readBytecodeCodeUnit()); + case TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_DSL_CODE_UNIT: + return addRef.run(readBytecodeDSLCodeUnit()); + case TYPE_DSL_SOURCE: + return getSource(); + case TYPE_DSL_EMPTY_KEYWORDS: + return PKeyword.EMPTY_KEYWORDS; + case TYPE_ARRAY: return addRef.run(readJavaArray()); - } default: throw new MarshalError(ValueError, ErrorMessages.BAD_MARSHAL_DATA); } @@ -1082,7 +1152,7 @@ private void writeString(TruffleString v) { } InternalByteArray ba = v.switchEncodingUncached(encoding).getInternalByteArrayUncached(encoding); writeSize(ba.getLength()); - out.write(ba.getArray(), ba.getOffset(), ba.getLength()); + writeBytes(ba.getArray(), ba.getOffset(), ba.getLength()); } private TruffleString readString() { @@ -1215,6 +1285,24 @@ private Object[] readObjectArray() { return a; } + private void setSource(Source s) { + if (source == null) { + source = s; + } else if (source != s) { + throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere("attempted to serialize with multiple Source objects"); + } + } + + private Source getSource() { + if (source != null) { + return source; + } else { + // This should never happen when deserializing a bytecode DSL code unit, but could + // happen if the user tries to deserialize arbitrary bytes. + throw new MarshalError(ValueError, ErrorMessages.BAD_MARSHAL_DATA); + } + } + private void writeSparseTable(int[][] table) { writeInt(table.length); for (int i = 0; i < table.length; i++) { @@ -1239,6 +1327,21 @@ private int[][] readSparseTable() { } private CodeUnit readCodeUnit() { + int codeUnitType = readByte(); + return switch (codeUnitType) { + case TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_CODE_UNIT -> readBytecodeCodeUnit(); + case TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_DSL_CODE_UNIT -> readBytecodeDSLCodeUnit(); + default -> throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere(); + }; + } + + private BytecodeCodeUnit readBytecodeCodeUnit() { + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + throw new MarshalError(ValueError, + PythonUtils.tsLiteral( + "Attempted to deserialize a code object from the manual bytecode interpreter, but the DSL interpreter is enabled. Consider clearing or setting a different pycache folder.")); + } + int fileVersion = readByte(); if (fileVersion != Compiler.BYTECODE_VERSION) { throw new MarshalError(ValueError, ErrorMessages.BYTECODE_VERSION_MISMATCH, Compiler.BYTECODE_VERSION, fileVersion); @@ -1272,13 +1375,57 @@ private CodeUnit readCodeUnit() { byte[] variableShouldUnbox = readBytes(); int[][] generalizeInputsMap = readSparseTable(); int[][] generalizeVarsMap = readSparseTable(); - return new CodeUnit(name, qualname, argCount, kwOnlyArgCount, positionalOnlyArgCount, stacksize, code, srcOffsetTable, - flags, names, varnames, cellvars, freevars, cell2arg, constants, primitiveConstants, exceptionHandlerRanges, conditionProfileCount, - startLine, startColumn, endLine, endColumn, + return new BytecodeCodeUnit(name, qualname, argCount, kwOnlyArgCount, positionalOnlyArgCount, flags, names, varnames, + cellvars, freevars, cell2arg, constants, startLine, startColumn, endLine, endColumn, code, srcOffsetTable, + primitiveConstants, exceptionHandlerRanges, stacksize, conditionProfileCount, outputCanQuicken, variableShouldUnbox, generalizeInputsMap, generalizeVarsMap); } + private BytecodeDSLCodeUnit readBytecodeDSLCodeUnit() { + if (!PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + throw new MarshalError(ValueError, + PythonUtils.tsLiteral( + "Attempted to deserialize a code object from the Bytecode DSL interpreter, but the manual interpreter is enabled. Consider clearing or setting a different pycache folder.")); + } + + byte[] serialized = readBytes(); + TruffleString name = readString(); + TruffleString qualname = readString(); + int argCount = readInt(); + int kwOnlyArgCount = readInt(); + int positionalOnlyArgCount = readInt(); + int flags = readInt(); + TruffleString[] names = readStringArray(); + TruffleString[] varnames = readStringArray(); + TruffleString[] cellvars = readStringArray(); + TruffleString[] freevars = readStringArray(); + int[] cell2arg = readIntArray(); + if (cell2arg.length == 0) { + cell2arg = null; + } + Object[] constants = readObjectArray(); + int startLine = readInt(); + int startColumn = readInt(); + int endLine = readInt(); + int endColumn = readInt(); + int classcellIndex = readInt(); + int selfIndex = readInt(); + + return new BytecodeDSLCodeUnit(name, qualname, argCount, kwOnlyArgCount, positionalOnlyArgCount, flags, names, varnames, cellvars, freevars, cell2arg, constants, + startLine, startColumn, endLine, endColumn, classcellIndex, selfIndex, serialized, null); + } + private void writeCodeUnit(CodeUnit code) throws IOException { + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + writeByte(TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_DSL_CODE_UNIT); + writeBytecodeDSLCodeUnit((BytecodeDSLCodeUnit) code); + } else { + writeByte(TYPE_GRAALPYTHON_CODE_UNIT); + writeBytecodeCodeUnit((BytecodeCodeUnit) code); + } + } + + private void writeBytecodeCodeUnit(BytecodeCodeUnit code) throws IOException { writeByte(Compiler.BYTECODE_VERSION); writeString(code.name); writeString(code.qualname); @@ -1312,6 +1459,34 @@ private void writeCodeUnit(CodeUnit code) throws IOException { writeSparseTable(code.generalizeVarsMap); } + @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") + private void writeBytecodeDSLCodeUnit(BytecodeDSLCodeUnit code) throws IOException { + byte[] serialized = code.getSerialized(pyTrue, pyFalse); + writeBytes(serialized); + writeString(code.name); + writeString(code.qualname); + writeInt(code.argCount); + writeInt(code.kwOnlyArgCount); + writeInt(code.positionalOnlyArgCount); + writeInt(code.flags); + writeStringArray(code.names); + writeStringArray(code.varnames); + writeStringArray(code.cellvars); + writeStringArray(code.freevars); + if (code.cell2arg != null) { + writeIntArray(code.cell2arg); + } else { + writeIntArray(PythonUtils.EMPTY_INT_ARRAY); + } + writeObjectArray(code.constants); + writeInt(code.startLine); + writeInt(code.startColumn); + writeInt(code.endLine); + writeInt(code.endColumn); + writeInt(code.classcellIndex); + writeInt(code.selfIndex); + } + private PCode readCode() { TruffleString fileName = readString(); int flags = readInt(); @@ -1319,7 +1494,7 @@ private PCode readCode() { int codeLen = readSize(); byte[] codeString = new byte[codeLen + Long.BYTES]; try { - in.read(codeString, 0, codeLen); + in.readFully(codeString, 0, codeLen); } catch (IOException e) { throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere(); } @@ -1339,7 +1514,7 @@ public static byte[] serializeCodeUnit(CodeUnit code) { try { Marshal marshal = new Marshal(CURRENT_VERSION, null, null); marshal.writeCodeUnit(code); - return marshal.out.toByteArray(); + return marshal.outData.toByteArray(); } catch (IOException e) { throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere(e); } catch (Marshal.MarshalError me) { @@ -1358,4 +1533,48 @@ public static CodeUnit deserializeCodeUnit(byte[] bytes) { throw PRaiseNode.getUncached().raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.BAD_MARSHAL_DATA_S, e.getMessage()); } } + + public static BytecodeRootNodes deserializeBytecodeNodes(PythonLanguage language, Source source, byte[] serialized) { + try { + Supplier supplier = () -> SerializationUtils.createDataInput(ByteBuffer.wrap(serialized)); + return PBytecodeDSLRootNodeGen.deserialize(language, BytecodeConfig.WITH_SOURCE, supplier, new MarshalModuleBuiltins.PBytecodeDSLDeserializer(source)); + } catch (IOException e) { + throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere("Deserialization error."); + } + } + + public static class PBytecodeDSLSerializer implements BytecodeSerializer { + private final PInt pyTrue; + private final PInt pyFalse; + + public PBytecodeDSLSerializer(PInt pyTrue, PInt pyFalse) { + this.pyTrue = pyTrue; + this.pyFalse = pyFalse; + } + + public void serialize(SerializerContext context, DataOutput buffer, Object object) throws IOException { + /* + * NB: Since the deserializer uses a fresh Marshal instance for each object (see below) + * we must also do the same here. Otherwise, the encoding may be different (e.g., a + * reference for an already-emitted object). + */ + new Marshal(CURRENT_VERSION, pyTrue, pyFalse, buffer).writeObject(object); + } + } + + public static class PBytecodeDSLDeserializer implements BytecodeDeserializer { + final Source source; + + public PBytecodeDSLDeserializer(Source source) { + this.source = source; + } + + public Object deserialize(DeserializerContext context, DataInput buffer) throws IOException { + /* + * NB: Since a DSL node may reparse multiple times, we cannot reuse a common Marshal + * object across calls (each call may take a different buffer). + */ + return new Marshal(buffer, source).readObject(); + } + } } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/cext/PythonCextCodeBuiltins.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/cext/PythonCextCodeBuiltins.java index 4c53354244..cd67388846 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/cext/PythonCextCodeBuiltins.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/modules/cext/PythonCextCodeBuiltins.java @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ static int addr2line(PCode code, int lasti) { if (lasti < 0) { return code.co_firstlineno(); } - return code.bciToLine(code.lastiToBci(lasti)); + return code.lastiToLine(lasti); } } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/asyncio/GetAwaitableNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/asyncio/GetAwaitableNode.java index f48c021293..f729a18383 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/asyncio/GetAwaitableNode.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/asyncio/GetAwaitableNode.java @@ -51,20 +51,22 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.CallUnaryMethodNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.LookupSpecialMethodSlotNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.GetClassNode; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Exclusive; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateUncached; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.ImportStatic; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization; -import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame; import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node; @GenerateUncached @ImportStatic(SpecialMethodSlot.class) +@OperationProxy.Proxyable @SuppressWarnings("truffle-inlining") public abstract class GetAwaitableNode extends Node { - public abstract Object execute(Frame frame, Object arg); + public abstract Object execute(VirtualFrame frame, Object arg); @Specialization public static Object doGenerator(PGenerator generator, @@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ public static Object doGenerator(PGenerator generator, } @Specialization - public static Object doGeneric(Frame frame, Object awaitable, + public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object awaitable, @Bind("this") Node inliningTarget, @Exclusive @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNoAwait, @Exclusive @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNotIter, diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/asyncio/PAsyncGen.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/asyncio/PAsyncGen.java index bfeca4b659..e15483e01c 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/asyncio/PAsyncGen.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/asyncio/PAsyncGen.java @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public static PAsyncGen create(PythonLanguage lang, TruffleString name, TruffleS } private PAsyncGen(PythonLanguage lang, TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, PBytecodeRootNode rootNode, RootCallTarget[] callTargets, Object[] arguments) { - super(lang, name, qualname, rootNode, callTargets, arguments, PythonBuiltinClassType.PAsyncGenerator, false); + super(lang, name, qualname, arguments, PythonBuiltinClassType.PAsyncGenerator, false, new BytecodeState(rootNode, callTargets)); } public boolean isClosed() { diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/CodeBuiltins.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/CodeBuiltins.java index 013bdc4b46..beae2b7281 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/CodeBuiltins.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/CodeBuiltins.java @@ -50,12 +50,14 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.str.StringNodes.InternStringNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.str.StringUtils.SimpleTruffleStringFormatNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.tuple.PTuple; +import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.BytecodeCodeUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodes; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.SourceMap; import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectGetIter; import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectHashNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PGuards; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.function.PythonBuiltinBaseNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.function.builtins.PythonBinaryBuiltinNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.function.builtins.PythonClinicBuiltinNode; @@ -64,9 +66,13 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.util.CastToTruffleStringNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.IndirectCallData; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext; +import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory; import com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils; import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeNode; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.Instruction; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.SourceInformationTree; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Fallback; @@ -76,6 +82,7 @@ import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame; import com.oracle.truffle.api.library.CachedLibrary; import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.source.SourceSection; import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleString; @CoreFunctions(extendClasses = PythonBuiltinClassType.PCode) @@ -300,26 +307,107 @@ static Object lines(PCode self) { PTuple tuple; CodeUnit co = self.getCodeUnit(); if (co != null) { - SourceMap map = co.getSourceMap(); - List lines = new ArrayList<>(); - if (map != null && map.startLineMap.length > 0) { - IteratorData data = new IteratorData(); - data.line = map.startLineMap[0]; - co.iterateBytecode((int bci, OpCodes op, int oparg, byte[] followingArgs) -> { - int nextStart = bci + op.length(); - if (map.startLineMap[bci] != data.line || nextStart == co.code.length) { - lines.add(factory.createTuple(new int[]{data.start, nextStart, data.line})); - data.line = map.startLineMap[bci]; - data.start = nextStart; - } - }); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode = (PBytecodeDSLRootNode) self.getRootNodeForExtraction(); + List lines = computeLinesForBytecodeDSLInterpreter(rootNode, factory); + tuple = factory.createTuple(lines.toArray()); + } else { + BytecodeCodeUnit bytecodeCo = (BytecodeCodeUnit) co; + SourceMap map = bytecodeCo.getSourceMap(); + List lines = new ArrayList<>(); + if (map != null && map.startLineMap.length > 0) { + IteratorData data = new IteratorData(); + data.line = map.startLineMap[0]; + bytecodeCo.iterateBytecode((int bci, OpCodes op, int oparg, byte[] followingArgs) -> { + int nextStart = bci + op.length(); + if (map.startLineMap[bci] != data.line || nextStart == bytecodeCo.code.length) { + lines.add(factory.createTuple(new int[]{data.start, nextStart, data.line})); + data.line = map.startLineMap[bci]; + data.start = nextStart; + } + }); + } + tuple = factory.createTuple(lines.toArray()); } - tuple = factory.createTuple(lines.toArray()); } else { tuple = factory.createEmptyTuple(); } return PyObjectGetIter.executeUncached(tuple); } + + private static List computeLinesForBytecodeDSLInterpreter(PBytecodeDSLRootNode root, PythonObjectFactory factory) { + BytecodeNode bytecodeNode = root.getBytecodeNode(); + List triples = new ArrayList<>(); + SourceInformationTree sourceInformationTree = bytecodeNode.getSourceInformationTree(); + assert sourceInformationTree.getSourceSection() != null; + traverseSourceInformationTree(sourceInformationTree, triples); + return convertTripleBcisToInstructionIndices(bytecodeNode, factory, triples); + } + + /** + * This function traverses the source information tree recursively to compute a list of + * consecutive bytecode ranges with their corresponding line numbers. + *

+ * Each node in the tree covers a bytecode range. Each child covers some sub-range. The + * bytecodes covered by a particular node are the bytecodes within its range that are *not* + * covered by the node's children. + *

+ * For example, consider a node covering [0, 20] with children covering [4, 9] and [15, 18]. + * The node itself covers the ranges [0, 4], [9, 15], and [18, 20]. These ranges are + * assigned the line number of the node. + */ + private static void traverseSourceInformationTree(SourceInformationTree tree, List triples) { + int startIndex = tree.getStartBytecodeIndex(); + int startLine = tree.getSourceSection().getStartLine(); + for (SourceInformationTree child : tree.getChildren()) { + if (startIndex < child.getStartBytecodeIndex()) { + // range before child.start is uncovered + triples.add(new int[]{startIndex, child.getStartBytecodeIndex(), startLine}); + } + // recursively handle [child.start, child.end] + traverseSourceInformationTree(child, triples); + startIndex = child.getEndBytecodeIndex(); + } + + if (startIndex < tree.getEndBytecodeIndex()) { + // range after last_child.end is uncovered + triples.add(new int[]{startIndex, tree.getEndBytecodeIndex(), startLine}); + } + } + + /** + * The bci ranges in the triples are not stable and can change when the bytecode is + * instrumented. We create new triples with stable instruction indices by walking the + * instructions. + */ + private static List convertTripleBcisToInstructionIndices(BytecodeNode bytecodeNode, PythonObjectFactory factory, List triples) { + List result = new ArrayList<>(triples.size()); + int tripleIndex = 0; + int[] triple = triples.get(0); + assert triple[0] == 0 : "the first bytecode range should start from 0"; + + int startInstructionIndex = 0; + int instructionIndex = 0; + for (Instruction instruction : bytecodeNode.getInstructions()) { + if (instruction.getBytecodeIndex() == triple[1] /* end bci */) { + result.add(factory.createTuple(new int[]{startInstructionIndex, instructionIndex, triple[2]})); + startInstructionIndex = instructionIndex; + triple = triples.get(++tripleIndex); + assert triple[0] == instruction.getBytecodeIndex() : "bytecode ranges should be consecutive"; + } + + if (!instruction.isInstrumentation()) { + // Emulate CPython's fixed 2-word instructions. + instructionIndex += 2; + } + } + + result.add(factory.createTuple(new int[]{startInstructionIndex, instructionIndex, triple[2]})); + assert tripleIndex == triples.size() : "every bytecode range should have been converted to an instruction range"; + + return result; + } + } @Builtin(name = "co_positions", minNumOfPositionalArgs = 1) @@ -333,13 +421,34 @@ Object positions(PCode self) { PTuple tuple; CodeUnit co = self.getCodeUnit(); if (co != null) { - SourceMap map = co.getSourceMap(); List lines = new ArrayList<>(); - if (map != null && map.startLineMap.length > 0) { - byte[] bytecode = co.code; - for (int i = 0; i < bytecode.length;) { - lines.add(factory.createTuple(new int[]{map.startLineMap[i], map.endLineMap[i], map.startColumnMap[i], map.endColumnMap[i]})); - i += OpCodes.fromOpCode(bytecode[i]).length(); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode = (PBytecodeDSLRootNode) self.getRootNodeForExtraction(); + for (Instruction instruction : rootNode.getBytecodeNode().getInstructions()) { + if (instruction.isInstrumentation()) { + // Skip instrumented instructions. The co_positions array should agree + // with the logical instruction index. + continue; + } + SourceSection section = rootNode.getSourceSectionForLocation(instruction.getLocation()); + lines.add(factory.createTuple(new int[]{ + section.getStartLine(), + section.getEndLine(), + // 1-based inclusive to 0-based inclusive + section.getStartColumn() - 1, + // 1-based inclusive to 0-based exclusive (-1 + 1 = 0) + section.getEndColumn() + })); + } + } else { + BytecodeCodeUnit bytecodeCo = (BytecodeCodeUnit) co; + SourceMap map = bytecodeCo.getSourceMap(); + if (map != null && map.startLineMap.length > 0) { + byte[] bytecode = bytecodeCo.code; + for (int i = 0; i < bytecode.length;) { + lines.add(factory.createTuple(new int[]{map.startLineMap[i], map.endLineMap[i], map.startColumnMap[i], map.endColumnMap[i]})); + i += OpCodes.fromOpCode(bytecode[i]).length(); + } } } tuple = factory.createTuple(lines.toArray()); diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/CodeNodes.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/CodeNodes.java index e216da0c4e..f04ccf460a 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/CodeNodes.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/CodeNodes.java @@ -50,15 +50,20 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.code.CodeNodesFactory.GetCodeRootNodeGen; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PFunction; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.Signature; +import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.BytecodeCodeUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PNodeWithContext; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLCodeUnit; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.util.BadOPCodeNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.ExecutionContext.IndirectCallContext; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.IndirectCallData; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext; +import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory; import com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils; import com.oracle.graal.python.util.Supplier; @@ -143,7 +148,7 @@ private static PCode createCode(PythonLanguage language, PythonContext context, parameterNames, kwOnlyNames); } else { - ct = create().deserializeForBytecodeInterpreter(language, codedata, cellvars, freevars); + ct = create().deserializeForBytecodeInterpreter(language, context, codedata, cellvars, freevars); signature = ((PRootNode) ct.getRootNode()).getSignature(); } if (filename != null) { @@ -154,20 +159,31 @@ private static PCode createCode(PythonLanguage language, PythonContext context, } @SuppressWarnings("static-method") - private RootCallTarget deserializeForBytecodeInterpreter(PythonLanguage language, byte[] data, TruffleString[] cellvars, TruffleString[] freevars) { - CodeUnit code = MarshalModuleBuiltins.deserializeCodeUnit(data); - if (cellvars != null && !Arrays.equals(code.cellvars, cellvars) || freevars != null && !Arrays.equals(code.freevars, freevars)) { - code = new CodeUnit(code.name, code.qualname, code.argCount, code.kwOnlyArgCount, code.positionalOnlyArgCount, code.stacksize, code.code, - code.srcOffsetTable, code.flags, code.names, code.varnames, - cellvars != null ? cellvars : code.cellvars, freevars != null ? freevars : code.freevars, - code.cell2arg, code.constants, code.primitiveConstants, code.exceptionHandlerRanges, code.conditionProfileCount, - code.startLine, code.startColumn, code.endLine, code.endColumn, - code.outputCanQuicken, code.variableShouldUnbox, - code.generalizeInputsMap, code.generalizeVarsMap); - } - RootNode rootNode = PBytecodeRootNode.create(language, code, PythonUtils.createFakeSource()); - if (code.isGeneratorOrCoroutine()) { - rootNode = new PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode(language, rootNode.getFrameDescriptor(), (PBytecodeRootNode) rootNode, code.name); + private RootCallTarget deserializeForBytecodeInterpreter(PythonLanguage language, PythonContext context, byte[] data, TruffleString[] cellvars, TruffleString[] freevars) { + CodeUnit codeUnit = MarshalModuleBuiltins.deserializeCodeUnit(data); + RootNode rootNode = null; + + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + BytecodeDSLCodeUnit code = (BytecodeDSLCodeUnit) codeUnit; + rootNode = code.createRootNode(context, PythonUtils.createFakeSource()); + if (code.isGeneratorOrCoroutine()) { + rootNode = new PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode(language, rootNode.getFrameDescriptor(), (PBytecodeDSLRootNode) rootNode, code.name); + } + } else { + BytecodeCodeUnit code = (BytecodeCodeUnit) codeUnit; + if (cellvars != null && !Arrays.equals(code.cellvars, cellvars) || freevars != null && !Arrays.equals(code.freevars, freevars)) { + code = new BytecodeCodeUnit(code.name, code.qualname, code.argCount, code.kwOnlyArgCount, code.positionalOnlyArgCount, code.flags, code.names, + code.varnames, cellvars != null ? cellvars : code.cellvars, freevars != null ? freevars : code.freevars, code.cell2arg, + code.constants, code.startLine, + code.startColumn, code.endLine, code.endColumn, code.code, code.srcOffsetTable, + code.primitiveConstants, code.exceptionHandlerRanges, code.stacksize, code.conditionProfileCount, + code.outputCanQuicken, code.variableShouldUnbox, + code.generalizeInputsMap, code.generalizeVarsMap); + } + rootNode = PBytecodeRootNode.create(language, code, PythonUtils.createFakeSource()); + if (code.isGeneratorOrCoroutine()) { + rootNode = new PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode(language, rootNode.getFrameDescriptor(), (PBytecodeRootNode) rootNode, code.name); + } } return PythonUtils.getOrCreateCallTarget(rootNode); } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/PCode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/PCode.java index 01c3431132..d9bc902235 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/PCode.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/code/PCode.java @@ -59,15 +59,20 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.Signature; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.object.PythonBuiltinObject; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.tuple.PTuple; +import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.BytecodeCodeUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit; import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodes; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLCodeUnit; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.IsForeignObjectNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.GilNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext; +import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.BoolSequenceStorage; import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.DoubleSequenceStorage; @@ -79,6 +84,9 @@ import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives; import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal; import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeLocation; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeNode; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.ContinuationRootNode; import com.oracle.truffle.api.RootCallTarget; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Exclusive; @@ -169,12 +177,18 @@ public PCode(Object cls, Shape instanceShape, Supplier callTargetSup this.filename = filename; } - public PCode(Object cls, Shape instanceShape, RootCallTarget callTarget, Signature signature, CodeUnit codeUnit) { + public PCode(Object cls, Shape instanceShape, RootCallTarget callTarget, Signature signature, BytecodeCodeUnit codeUnit) { this(cls, instanceShape, callTarget, signature, codeUnit.varnames.length, -1, -1, null, null, null, null, null, null, codeUnit.name, codeUnit.qualname, -1, codeUnit.srcOffsetTable); } + public PCode(Object cls, Shape instanceShape, RootCallTarget callTarget, Signature signature, BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit) { + this(cls, instanceShape, callTarget, signature, codeUnit.varnames.length, -1, -1, null, null, + null, null, null, null, + codeUnit.name, codeUnit.qualname, -1, null); + } + public PCode(Object cls, Shape instanceShape, RootCallTarget callTarget, Signature signature, int nlocals, int stacksize, int flags, Object[] constants, TruffleString[] names, TruffleString[] varnames, TruffleString[] freevars, TruffleString[] cellvars, @@ -266,13 +280,14 @@ private static String getSourceSectionFileName(SourceSection src) { @TruffleBoundary private static int extractFirstLineno(RootNode rootNode) { RootNode funcRootNode = rootNodeForExtraction(rootNode); - if (funcRootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode) { - CodeUnit co = ((PBytecodeRootNode) funcRootNode).getCodeUnit(); + CodeUnit co = getCodeUnit(funcRootNode); + if (co != null) { if ((co.flags & CO_GRAALPYHON_MODULE) != 0) { return 1; } return co.startLine; } + SourceSection sourceSection = funcRootNode.getSourceSection(); if (sourceSection != null) { return sourceSection.getStartLine(); @@ -288,10 +303,15 @@ private static TruffleString extractName(RootNode rootNode) { @TruffleBoundary private static int extractStackSize(RootNode rootNode) { RootNode funcRootNode = rootNodeForExtraction(rootNode); - if (funcRootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode) { - CodeUnit code = ((PBytecodeRootNode) funcRootNode).getCodeUnit(); + if (funcRootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode) { + BytecodeCodeUnit code = bytecodeRootNode.getCodeUnit(); return code.stacksize + code.varnames.length + code.cellvars.length + code.freevars.length; } + /** + * NB: This fallback case includes PBytecodeDSLRootNode. The Bytecode DSL stack does not + * mirror a CPython stack (it's an operand stack for its own instruction set), so the frame + * size is our best estimate. + */ return funcRootNode.getFrameDescriptor().getNumberOfSlots(); } @@ -307,8 +327,18 @@ private static TruffleString[] extractVarnames(RootNode node) { @TruffleBoundary private static Object[] extractConstants(RootNode node) { RootNode rootNode = rootNodeForExtraction(node); - if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode) { - CodeUnit co = ((PBytecodeRootNode) rootNode).getCodeUnit(); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLRootNode bytecodeDSLRootNode) { + BytecodeDSLCodeUnit co = bytecodeDSLRootNode.getCodeUnit(); + List constants = new ArrayList<>(); + for (int i = 0; i < co.constants.length; i++) { + Object constant = convertConstantToPythonSpace(rootNode, co.constants[i]); + constants.add(constant); + } + return constants.toArray(new Object[0]); + } + } else if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode) { + BytecodeCodeUnit co = bytecodeRootNode.getCodeUnit(); Set bytecodeConstants = new HashSet<>(); for (int bci = 0; bci < co.code.length;) { OpCodes op = OpCodes.fromOpCode(co.code[bci]); @@ -355,11 +385,20 @@ private static TruffleString[] extractNames(RootNode node) { } private static RootNode rootNodeForExtraction(RootNode rootNode) { - if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode) { - return ((PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode) rootNode).getBytecodeRootNode(); - } - if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode) { - return ((PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode) rootNode).getBytecodeRootNode(); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode generatorFunctionRootNode) { + return generatorFunctionRootNode.getBytecodeRootNode(); + } + if (rootNode instanceof ContinuationRootNode generatorRootNode) { + return (RootNode) generatorRootNode.getSourceRootNode(); + } + } else { + if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode generatorFunctionRootNode) { + return generatorFunctionRootNode.getBytecodeRootNode(); + } + if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode generatorRootNode) { + return generatorRootNode.getBytecodeRootNode(); + } } return rootNode; } @@ -376,8 +415,12 @@ private static int extractFlags(RootNode node) { private static CodeUnit getCodeUnit(RootNode node) { RootNode rootNode = rootNodeForExtraction(node); - if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode) { - return ((PBytecodeRootNode) rootNode).getCodeUnit(); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLRootNode bytecodeDSLRootNode) { + return bytecodeDSLRootNode.getCodeUnit(); + } + } else if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode) { + return bytecodeRootNode.getCodeUnit(); } return null; } @@ -386,6 +429,10 @@ RootNode getRootNode() { return getRootCallTarget().getRootNode(); } + RootNode getRootNodeForExtraction() { + return rootNodeForExtraction(getRootNode()); + } + public TruffleString[] getFreeVars() { if (freevars == null) { freevars = extractFreeVars(getRootNode()); @@ -433,23 +480,19 @@ public int getFirstLineNo() { } @TruffleBoundary - public int bciToLine(int bci) { + public int lastiToLine(int lasti) { RootNode funcRootNode = rootNodeForExtraction(getRootNode()); - if (funcRootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode) { - return bytecodeRootNode.bciToLine(bci); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + if (funcRootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLRootNode bytecodeDSLRootNode) { + BytecodeNode bytecodeNode = bytecodeDSLRootNode.getBytecodeNode(); + return bytecodeDSLRootNode.bciToLine(PBytecodeDSLRootNode.lastiToBci(lasti, bytecodeNode), bytecodeNode); + } + } else if (funcRootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode) { + return bytecodeRootNode.bciToLine(bytecodeRootNode.lastiToBci(lasti)); } return -1; } - @TruffleBoundary - public int lastiToBci(int lasti) { - RootNode funcRootNode = rootNodeForExtraction(getRootNode()); - if (funcRootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode) { - return bytecodeRootNode.lastiToBci(lasti); - } - return lasti; - } - public TruffleString getName() { if (name == null) { name = extractName(getRootNode()); @@ -529,9 +572,15 @@ public Object[] getConstants() { private static Object convertConstantToPythonSpace(RootNode rootNode, Object o) { PythonObjectFactory factory = PythonObjectFactory.getUncached(); if (o instanceof CodeUnit) { - CodeUnit code = ((CodeUnit) o); - PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode = PBytecodeRootNode.create(PythonLanguage.get(rootNode), code, getSourceSection(rootNode).getSource()); - return factory.createCode(bytecodeRootNode.getCallTarget(), bytecodeRootNode.getSignature(), code); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + BytecodeDSLCodeUnit code = (BytecodeDSLCodeUnit) o; + PBytecodeDSLRootNode root = code.createRootNode(PythonContext.get(rootNode), getSourceSection(rootNode).getSource()); + return factory.createCode(root.getCallTarget(), root.getSignature(), code); + } else { + BytecodeCodeUnit code = (BytecodeCodeUnit) o; + PBytecodeRootNode root = PBytecodeRootNode.create(PythonLanguage.get(rootNode), code, getSourceSection(rootNode).getSource()); + return factory.createCode(root.getCallTarget(), root.getSignature(), code); + } } else if (o instanceof BigInteger) { return factory.createInt((BigInteger) o); } else if (o instanceof int[]) { @@ -694,15 +743,20 @@ public String toString() { @TruffleBoundary public String toDisassembledString(boolean quickened) { RootNode rootNode = getRootCallTarget().getRootNode(); + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + return "dis not implemented for the Bytecode DSL interpreter"; + } + if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode r) { rootNode = r.getBytecodeRootNode(); } else if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode r) { rootNode = r.getBytecodeRootNode(); } - if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode) { - CodeUnit code = ((PBytecodeRootNode) rootNode).getCodeUnit(); + + if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode r) { + BytecodeCodeUnit code = r.getCodeUnit(); if (quickened) { - return code.toString(((PBytecodeRootNode) rootNode).getBytecode()); + return code.toString(r.getBytecode()); } return code.toString(); } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/frame/PFrame.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/frame/PFrame.java index 9dcfce8caf..633ea5a027 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/frame/PFrame.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/frame/PFrame.java @@ -50,22 +50,28 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.object.PythonObject; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.GetFrameLocalsNode; import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.MaterializeFrameNode; +import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions; import com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils; import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary; import com.oracle.truffle.api.RootCallTarget; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeNode; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.Instruction; import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.MaterializedFrame; import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node; public final class PFrame extends PythonBuiltinObject { + private static final int UNINITIALIZED_LINE = -2; + private Object[] arguments; private final MaterializedFrame locals; private Object localsDict; private final Reference virtualFrameInfo; private Node location; private RootCallTarget callTarget; - private int line = -2; + private int line = UNINITIALIZED_LINE; private int bci = -1; /* @@ -187,7 +193,7 @@ public PFrame(PythonLanguage lang, @SuppressWarnings("unused") Object threadStat this.virtualFrameInfo = curFrameInfo; curFrameInfo.setPyFrame(this); this.location = GetCodeRootNode.executeUncached(code); - this.line = this.location == null ? code.getFirstLineNo() : -2; + this.line = this.location == null ? code.getFirstLineNo() : UNINITIALIZED_LINE; this.arguments = frameArgs; this.locals = null; this.localsDict = localsDict; @@ -251,11 +257,16 @@ public boolean didJump() { @TruffleBoundary public int getLine() { - if (line == -2) { + if (line == UNINITIALIZED_LINE) { if (location == null) { line = -1; - } else if (location instanceof PBytecodeRootNode) { - return ((PBytecodeRootNode) location).bciToLine(bci); + } else if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + if (location instanceof BytecodeNode bytecodeNode) { + PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode = (PBytecodeDSLRootNode) bytecodeNode.getRootNode(); + return rootNode.bciToLine(bci, bytecodeNode); + } + } else if (location instanceof PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode) { + return bytecodeRootNode.bciToLine(bci); } } return line; @@ -301,6 +312,10 @@ public Node getLocation() { return location; } + public BytecodeNode getBytecodeNode() { + return (location instanceof BytecodeNode bytecodeNode) ? bytecodeNode : null; + } + public int getBci() { return bci; } @@ -310,15 +325,21 @@ public void setBci(int bci) { } public int getLasti() { - return bciToLasti(bci); + return bciToLasti(bci, location); } @TruffleBoundary - public int bciToLasti(int bci) { - if (location instanceof PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode) { - return bytecodeRootNode.bciToLasti(bci); - } else if (location instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode generatorRootNode) { - return generatorRootNode.getBytecodeRootNode().bciToLasti(bci); + public static int bciToLasti(int bci, Node location) { + if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) { + if (bci >= 0 && location instanceof BytecodeNode bytecodeNode) { + return PBytecodeDSLRootNode.bciToLasti(bci, bytecodeNode); + } + } else { + if (location instanceof PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode) { + return bytecodeRootNode.bciToLasti(bci); + } else if (location instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode generatorRootNode) { + return generatorRootNode.getBytecodeRootNode().bciToLasti(bci); + } } return -1; } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/function/PArguments.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/function/PArguments.java index 25baa2d572..b35996193d 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/function/PArguments.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/function/PArguments.java @@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.cell.PCell; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.frame.PFrame; import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.object.PythonObject; +import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions; +import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.PException; import com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils; import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerAsserts; import com.oracle.truffle.api.exception.AbstractTruffleException; @@ -217,6 +219,11 @@ public static Object getExceptionUnchecked(Object[] arguments) { return arguments[INDEX_CURRENT_EXCEPTION]; } + public static boolean hasException(Object[] arguments) { + Object exception = getExceptionUnchecked(arguments); + return exception != null && exception != PException.NO_EXCEPTION; + } + public static void setException(Frame frame, AbstractTruffleException exc) { setException(frame.getArguments(), exc); } @@ -280,6 +287,7 @@ public static int getUserArgumentLength(Object[] arguments) { } public static MaterializedFrame getGeneratorFrame(Object[] arguments) { + assert !PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER; return (MaterializedFrame) arguments[INDEX_GENERATOR_FRAME]; } diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/CommonGeneratorBuiltins.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/CommonGeneratorBuiltins.java index 0a204506da..f58fcb3fdc 100644 --- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/CommonGeneratorBuiltins.java +++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/CommonGeneratorBuiltins.java @@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ import com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils; import com.oracle.truffle.api.CallTarget; import com.oracle.truffle.api.RootCallTarget; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.Truffle; +import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.ContinuationResult; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached; import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Exclusive; @@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ public final class CommonGeneratorBuiltins extends PythonBuiltins { * is invoked using {@code next(g)} outside of any {@code except} handler but the generator * requests the exception state, then the exception state will be written into the arguments. If * we now use the same arguments array every time, the next invocation would think that there is - * not excepion but in fact, the a subsequent call ot {@code next} may have a different + * not an exception but in fact, a subsequent call to {@code next} may have a different * exception state. * * 
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ private static void checkResumable(Node inliningTarget, PGenerator self, PRaiseN
     abstract static class ResumeGeneratorNode extends Node {
         public abstract Object execute(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, PGenerator self, Object sendValue);
 
-        @Specialization(guards = "sameCallTarget(self.getCurrentCallTarget(), call.getCallTarget())", limit = "getCallSiteInlineCacheMaxDepth()")
+        @Specialization(guards = {"!isBytecodeDSLInterpreter()", "sameCallTarget(self.getCurrentCallTarget(), call.getCallTarget())"}, limit = "getCallSiteInlineCacheMaxDepth()")
         static Object cached(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, PGenerator self, Object sendValue,
                         @Cached(value = "createDirectCall(self.getCurrentCallTarget())", inline = false) CallTargetInvokeNode call,
                         @Exclusive @Cached InlinedBranchProfile returnProfile,
@@ -174,14 +176,49 @@ static Object cached(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, PGenerator self, O
                 throw handleException(self, inliningTarget, errorProfile, raiseNode, e);
             } catch (GeneratorReturnException e) {
                 returnProfile.enter(inliningTarget);
-                throw handleReturn(self, e, raiseNode.get(inliningTarget));
+                throw handleReturn(self, e.value, raiseNode.get(inliningTarget));
             } finally {
                 self.setRunning(false);
             }
             return handleResult(inliningTarget, self, result);
         }
 
-        @Specialization(replaces = "cached")
+        @Specialization(guards = {"isBytecodeDSLInterpreter()", "sameCallTarget(currentCallTarget, call.getCallTarget())"}, limit = "getCallSiteInlineCacheMaxDepth()")
+        static Object cachedBytecodeDSL(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, PGenerator self, Object sendValue,
+                        @Bind("self.getCurrentCallTarget()") @SuppressWarnings("unused") RootCallTarget currentCallTarget,
+                        @Cached(value = "createDirectCall(currentCallTarget)", inline = false) CallTargetInvokeNode call,
+                        @Cached("self.getContinuation() == null") boolean firstCall,
+                        @Exclusive @Cached InlinedBranchProfile returnProfile,
+                        @Exclusive @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile errorProfile,
+                        @Exclusive @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            self.setRunning(true);
+            Object generatorResult;
+            try {
+                ContinuationResult continuation = self.getContinuation();
+                Object[] arguments;
+                if (firstCall) {
+                    // First invocation: call the regular root node.
+                    arguments = prepareArguments(self);
+                } else {
+                    // Subsequent invocations: call a continuation root node.
+                    arguments = new Object[]{continuation.getFrame(), sendValue};
+                }
+                generatorResult = call.execute(frame, null, null, null, arguments);
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                throw handleException(self, inliningTarget, errorProfile, raiseNode, e);
+            } finally {
+                self.setRunning(false);
+            }
+            if (generatorResult instanceof ContinuationResult continuation) {
+                return handleResult(inliningTarget, self, continuation);
+            } else {
+                returnProfile.enter(inliningTarget);
+                throw handleReturn(self, generatorResult, raiseNode.get(inliningTarget));
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(replaces = "cached", guards = "!isBytecodeDSLInterpreter()")
         @Megamorphic
         static Object generic(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, PGenerator self, Object sendValue,
                         @Cached InlinedConditionProfile hasFrameProfile,
@@ -205,13 +242,53 @@ static Object generic(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, PGenerator self,
                 throw handleException(self, inliningTarget, errorProfile, raiseNode, e);
             } catch (GeneratorReturnException e) {
                 returnProfile.enter(inliningTarget);
-                throw handleReturn(self, e, raiseNode.get(inliningTarget));
+                throw handleReturn(self, e.value, raiseNode.get(inliningTarget));
             } finally {
                 self.setRunning(false);
             }
             return handleResult(inliningTarget, self, result);
         }
 
+        @Specialization(replaces = "cachedBytecodeDSL", guards = "isBytecodeDSLInterpreter()")
+        @Megamorphic
+        static Object genericBytecodeDSL(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, PGenerator self, Object sendValue,
+                        @Cached InlinedConditionProfile hasFrameProfile,
+                        @Cached(inline = false) GenericInvokeNode call,
+                        @Cached InlinedConditionProfile firstInvocationProfile,
+                        @Cached InlinedBranchProfile returnProfile,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile errorProfile,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            self.setRunning(true);
+            Object generatorResult;
+            try {
+                ContinuationResult continuation = self.getContinuation();
+                Object[] arguments;
+                if (firstInvocationProfile.profile(inliningTarget, continuation == null)) {
+                    // First invocation: call the regular root node.
+                    arguments = prepareArguments(self);
+                } else {
+                    // Subsequent invocations: call a continuation root node.
+                    arguments = new Object[]{continuation.getFrame(), sendValue};
+                }
+
+                if (hasFrameProfile.profile(inliningTarget, frame != null)) {
+                    generatorResult = call.execute(frame, self.getCurrentCallTarget(), arguments);
+                } else {
+                    generatorResult = call.execute(self.getCurrentCallTarget(), arguments);
+                }
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                throw handleException(self, inliningTarget, errorProfile, raiseNode, e);
+            } finally {
+                self.setRunning(false);
+            }
+            if (generatorResult instanceof ContinuationResult continuation) {
+                return handleResult(inliningTarget, self, continuation);
+            } else {
+                returnProfile.enter(inliningTarget);
+                throw handleReturn(self, generatorResult, raiseNode.get(inliningTarget));
+            }
+        }
+
         private static PException handleException(PGenerator self, Node inliningTarget, IsBuiltinObjectProfile profile, PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode, PException e) {
             self.markAsFinished();
             if (self.isAsyncGen()) {
@@ -226,18 +303,17 @@ private static PException handleException(PGenerator self, Node inliningTarget,
             throw raiseNode.get(inliningTarget).raiseWithCause(RuntimeError, e.getEscapedException(), ErrorMessages.GENERATOR_RAISED_STOPITER);
         }
 
-        private static Object handleResult(Node node, PGenerator self, GeneratorYieldResult result) {
-            self.handleResult(PythonLanguage.get(node), result);
-            return result.yieldValue;
+        private static Object handleResult(Node node, PGenerator self, Object result) {
+            return self.handleResult(PythonLanguage.get(node), result);
         }
 
-        private static PException handleReturn(PGenerator self, GeneratorReturnException e, PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+        private static PException handleReturn(PGenerator self, Object returnValue, PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
             self.markAsFinished();
             if (self.isAsyncGen()) {
                 throw raiseNode.raise(StopAsyncIteration);
             }
-            if (e.value != PNone.NONE) {
-                throw raiseNode.raise(StopIteration, new Object[]{e.value});
+            if (returnValue != PNone.NONE) {
+                throw raiseNode.raise(StopIteration, new Object[]{returnValue});
             } else {
                 throw raiseNode.raise(StopIteration);
             }
@@ -320,15 +396,20 @@ static Object sendThrow(VirtualFrame frame, PGenerator self, Object typ, Object
                 // its frame to the traceback manually.
                 self.markAsFinished();
                 Node location = self.getCurrentCallTarget().getRootNode();
-                MaterializedFrame generatorFrame = PArguments.getGeneratorFrame(self.getArguments());
+                MaterializedFrame generatorFrame;
+                if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                    generatorFrame = Truffle.getRuntime().createMaterializedFrame(PArguments.create(), self.getRootNode().getFrameDescriptor());
+                } else {
+                    generatorFrame = PArguments.getGeneratorFrame(self.getArguments());
+                }
                 PFrame pFrame = MaterializeFrameNode.materializeGeneratorFrame(location, generatorFrame, PFrame.Reference.EMPTY, factory.get(inliningTarget));
                 FrameInfo info = (FrameInfo) generatorFrame.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo();
-                pFrame.setLine(info.getRootNode().getFirstLineno());
+                pFrame.setLine(info.getFirstLineNumber());
                 Object existingTracebackObj = getTracebackNode.execute(inliningTarget, instance);
                 PTraceback newTraceback = factory.get(inliningTarget).createTraceback(pFrame, pFrame.getLine(),
                                 (existingTracebackObj instanceof PTraceback existingTraceback) ? existingTraceback : null);
                 setTracebackNode.execute(inliningTarget, instance, newTraceback);
-                throw PException.fromObject(instance, location, PythonOptions.isPExceptionWithJavaStacktrace(language));
+                throw PException.fromObject(instance, inliningTarget, PythonOptions.isPExceptionWithJavaStacktrace(language));
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/GeneratorBuiltins.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/GeneratorBuiltins.java
index 2aecfbec5d..1789295fe3 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/GeneratorBuiltins.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/GeneratorBuiltins.java
@@ -50,12 +50,16 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.str.StringUtils.SimpleTruffleStringFormatNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.ErrorMessages;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRaiseNode;
-import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.FrameInfo;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.BytecodeFrameInfo;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLFrameInfo;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.MaterializeFrameNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.function.PythonBuiltinBaseNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.function.builtins.PythonBinaryBuiltinNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.function.builtins.PythonUnaryBuiltinNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeLocation;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.ContinuationResult;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateNodeFactory;
@@ -187,14 +191,25 @@ static Object getFrame(PGenerator self,
             if (self.isFinished()) {
                 return PNone.NONE;
             } else {
-                MaterializedFrame generatorFrame = PArguments.getGeneratorFrame(self.getArguments());
-                Node location = ((FrameInfo) generatorFrame.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo()).getRootNode();
-                PFrame frame = MaterializeFrameNode.materializeGeneratorFrame(location, generatorFrame, PFrame.Reference.EMPTY, factory);
-                FrameInfo info = (FrameInfo) generatorFrame.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo();
-                int bci = self.getBci();
-                frame.setBci(bci);
-                frame.setLine(info.getRootNode().bciToLine(bci));
-                return frame;
+                if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                    ContinuationResult continuation = self.getContinuation();
+                    BytecodeLocation location = continuation.getBytecodeLocation();
+                    MaterializedFrame generatorFrame = continuation.getFrame();
+                    BytecodeDSLFrameInfo info = (BytecodeDSLFrameInfo) generatorFrame.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo();
+                    PFrame frame = MaterializeFrameNode.materializeGeneratorFrame(location.getBytecodeNode(), generatorFrame, PFrame.Reference.EMPTY, factory);
+                    int bci = location.getBytecodeIndex();
+                    frame.setBci(bci);
+                    frame.setLine(info.getRootNode().bciToLine(bci, location.getBytecodeNode()));
+                    return frame;
+                } else {
+                    MaterializedFrame generatorFrame = PArguments.getGeneratorFrame(self.getArguments());
+                    BytecodeFrameInfo info = (BytecodeFrameInfo) generatorFrame.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo();
+                    PFrame frame = MaterializeFrameNode.materializeGeneratorFrame(info.getRootNode(), generatorFrame, PFrame.Reference.EMPTY, factory);
+                    int bci = self.getBci();
+                    frame.setBci(bci);
+                    frame.setLine(info.getRootNode().bciToLine(bci));
+                    return frame;
+                }
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/PGenerator.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/PGenerator.java
index 2325e7cfc9..511378dbdf 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/PGenerator.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/generator/PGenerator.java
@@ -31,15 +31,21 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.code.PCode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PArguments;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.object.PythonBuiltinObject;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.BytecodeFrameInfo;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.FrameInfo;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.GeneratorYieldResult;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLFrameInfo;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.ContinuationResult;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.RootCallTarget;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.RootNode;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.profiles.InlinedConditionProfile;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleString;
 
@@ -47,32 +53,94 @@ public class PGenerator extends PythonBuiltinObject {
 
     private TruffleString name;
     private TruffleString qualname;
-    /**
-     * Call targets with copies of the generator's AST. Each call target corresponds to one possible
-     * entry point into the generator: the first call, and continuation for each yield. Each AST can
-     * then specialize towards which nodes are executed when starting from that particular entry
-     * point. When yielding, the next index to the next call target to continue from is updated via
-     * {@link #handleResult}.
-     */
-    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) protected final RootCallTarget[] callTargets;
-    protected final Object[] arguments;
-    private boolean finished;
-    private PCode code;
-    private int currentCallTarget;
-    private final PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode;
     private final FrameInfo frameInfo;
+
+    private boolean finished;
     // running means it is currently on the stack, not just started
     private boolean running;
     private final boolean isCoroutine;
     private final boolean isAsyncGen;
 
+    private PCode code;
+    protected final Object[] arguments;
+
+    // TODO (GR-38700): remove BytecodeState after migrated to the Bytecode DSL interpreter.
+    protected static class BytecodeState {
+        private final PBytecodeRootNode rootNode;
+
+        /**
+         * Call targets with copies of the generator's AST. Each call target corresponds to one
+         * possible entry point into the generator: the first call, and continuation for each yield.
+         * Each AST can then specialize towards which nodes are executed when starting from that
+         * particular entry point. When yielding, the next index to the next call target to continue
+         * from is updated via {@link #handleResult}.
+         */
+        @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) private final RootCallTarget[] callTargets;
+        private int currentCallTarget;
+
+        public BytecodeState(PBytecodeRootNode rootNode, RootCallTarget[] callTargets) {
+            this.rootNode = rootNode;
+            this.callTargets = callTargets;
+            this.currentCallTarget = 0;
+        }
+
+        public RootCallTarget getCurrentCallTarget() {
+            return callTargets[currentCallTarget];
+        }
+
+        public PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode getCurrentRootNode() {
+            return (PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode) getCurrentCallTarget().getRootNode();
+        }
+
+        public Object handleResult(PythonLanguage language, GeneratorYieldResult result) {
+            currentCallTarget = result.resumeBci;
+            if (callTargets[currentCallTarget] == null) {
+                CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
+                PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode generatorRootNode = new PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode(language, rootNode, result.resumeBci, result.resumeStackTop);
+                callTargets[currentCallTarget] = generatorRootNode.getCallTarget();
+            }
+            return result.yieldValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class BytecodeDSLState {
+        private final PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode;
+        private ContinuationResult yieldResult;
+
+        public BytecodeDSLState(PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            this.rootNode = rootNode;
+            this.yieldResult = null;
+        }
+
+        public Object handleResult(ContinuationResult result) {
+            yieldResult = result;
+            return result.getResult();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // This is either BytecodeState or BytecodeDSLState.
+    private final Object state;
+
+    private BytecodeState getBytecodeState() {
+        return (BytecodeState) state;
+    }
+
+    private BytecodeDSLState getBytecodeDSLState() {
+        return (BytecodeDSLState) state;
+    }
+
     // An explicit isIterableCoroutine argument is needed for iterable coroutines (generally created
     // via types.coroutine)
     public static PGenerator create(PythonLanguage lang, TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, PBytecodeRootNode rootNode, RootCallTarget[] callTargets, Object[] arguments,
                     PythonBuiltinClassType cls, boolean isIterableCoroutine) {
         // note: also done in PAsyncGen.create
         rootNode.createGeneratorFrame(arguments);
-        return new PGenerator(lang, name, qualname, rootNode, callTargets, arguments, cls, isIterableCoroutine);
+        return new PGenerator(lang, name, qualname, arguments, cls, isIterableCoroutine, new BytecodeState(rootNode, callTargets));
+    }
+
+    public static PGenerator create(PythonLanguage lang, TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode, Object[] arguments,
+                    PythonBuiltinClassType cls, boolean isIterableCoroutine) {
+        return new PGenerator(lang, name, qualname, arguments, cls, isIterableCoroutine, new BytecodeDSLState(rootNode));
     }
 
     public static PGenerator create(PythonLanguage lang, TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, PBytecodeRootNode rootNode, RootCallTarget[] callTargets, Object[] arguments,
@@ -80,61 +148,79 @@ public static PGenerator create(PythonLanguage lang, TruffleString name, Truffle
         return create(lang, name, qualname, rootNode, callTargets, arguments, cls, false);
     }
 
-    protected PGenerator(PythonLanguage lang, TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, PBytecodeRootNode rootNode, RootCallTarget[] callTargets, Object[] arguments, PythonBuiltinClassType cls,
-                    boolean isIterableCoroutine) {
+    public static PGenerator create(PythonLanguage lang, TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode, Object[] arguments,
+                    PythonBuiltinClassType cls) {
+        return create(lang, name, qualname, rootNode, arguments, cls, false);
+    }
+
+    protected PGenerator(PythonLanguage lang, TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, Object[] arguments, PythonBuiltinClassType cls, boolean isIterableCoroutine, Object state) {
         super(cls, cls.getInstanceShape(lang));
         this.name = name;
         this.qualname = qualname;
-        this.callTargets = callTargets;
-        this.currentCallTarget = 0;
         this.arguments = arguments;
         this.finished = false;
-        this.bytecodeRootNode = rootNode;
-        this.frameInfo = (FrameInfo) rootNode.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo();
         this.isCoroutine = isIterableCoroutine || cls == PythonBuiltinClassType.PCoroutine;
         this.isAsyncGen = cls == PythonBuiltinClassType.PAsyncGenerator;
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            BytecodeDSLState bytecodeDSLState = (BytecodeDSLState) state;
+            this.state = state;
+            this.frameInfo = (BytecodeDSLFrameInfo) bytecodeDSLState.rootNode.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo();
+        } else {
+            BytecodeState bytecodeState = (BytecodeState) state;
+            this.state = state;
+            this.frameInfo = (BytecodeFrameInfo) bytecodeState.rootNode.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo();
+        }
     }
 
-    public final void handleResult(PythonLanguage language, GeneratorYieldResult result) {
-        currentCallTarget = result.resumeBci;
-        if (callTargets[currentCallTarget] == null) {
-            CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
-            PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode rootNode = new PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode(language, bytecodeRootNode, result.resumeBci, result.resumeStackTop);
-            callTargets[currentCallTarget] = rootNode.getCallTarget();
+    public RootNode getRootNode() {
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            return getBytecodeDSLState().rootNode;
+        } else {
+            return getBytecodeState().rootNode;
         }
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns the call target that should be used the next time the generator is called. Each time
-     * a generator call target returns through a yield, the generator should be updated with the
-     * next yield index to use via {@link #handleResult}
+     * Returns the call target that should be used the next time the generator is called.
      */
-    public final RootCallTarget getCurrentCallTarget() {
-        return callTargets[currentCallTarget];
+    public RootCallTarget getCurrentCallTarget() {
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            BytecodeDSLState bytecodeDSLState = getBytecodeDSLState();
+            if (bytecodeDSLState.yieldResult == null) {
+                return bytecodeDSLState.rootNode.getCallTarget();
+            }
+            return bytecodeDSLState.yieldResult.getContinuationCallTarget();
+        } else {
+            return getBytecodeState().getCurrentCallTarget();
+        }
     }
 
-    public final Object getYieldFrom() {
-        if (running || finished) {
+    public Object getYieldFrom() {
+        if (isRunning() || isFinished()) {
             return null;
         }
-        return frameInfo.getYieldFrom(PArguments.getGeneratorFrame(arguments), getBci(), getCurrentRootNode().getResumeStackTop());
-    }
 
-    private PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode getCurrentRootNode() {
-        return (PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode) getCurrentCallTarget().getRootNode();
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("not implemented"); // TODO: implement
+        } else {
+            return frameInfo.getYieldFrom(PArguments.getGeneratorFrame(arguments), getBci(), getBytecodeState().getCurrentRootNode().getResumeStackTop());
+        }
+
     }
 
-    public final boolean isStarted() {
-        return currentCallTarget != 0 && !running;
+    public boolean isStarted() {
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            return getBytecodeDSLState().yieldResult != null && !isRunning();
+        } else {
+            return getBytecodeState().currentCallTarget != 0 && !isRunning();
+        }
     }
 
-    public final int getBci() {
-        if (!isStarted()) {
-            return -1;
-        } else if (finished) {
-            return bytecodeRootNode.getCodeUnit().code.length;
+    public Object handleResult(PythonLanguage language, Object result) {
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            return getBytecodeDSLState().handleResult((ContinuationResult) result);
         } else {
-            return getCurrentRootNode().getResumeBci();
+            return getBytecodeState().handleResult(language, (GeneratorYieldResult) result);
         }
     }
 
@@ -157,8 +243,7 @@ public final String toString() {
 
     public final PCode getOrCreateCode(Node inliningTarget, InlinedConditionProfile hasCodeProfile, PythonObjectFactory.Lazy factory) {
         if (hasCodeProfile.profile(inliningTarget, code == null)) {
-            RootCallTarget callTarget;
-            callTarget = bytecodeRootNode.getCallTarget();
+            RootCallTarget callTarget = getRootNode().getCallTarget();
             code = factory.get(inliningTarget).createCode(callTarget);
         }
         return code;
@@ -196,4 +281,20 @@ public final boolean isCoroutine() {
     public final boolean isAsyncGen() {
         return isAsyncGen;
     }
+
+    public int getBci() {
+        assert !PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER;
+        if (!isStarted()) {
+            return -1;
+        } else if (isFinished()) {
+            return getBytecodeState().rootNode.getCodeUnit().code.length;
+        } else {
+            return getBytecodeState().getCurrentRootNode().getResumeBci();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ContinuationResult getContinuation() {
+        assert PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER;
+        return getBytecodeDSLState().yieldResult;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/module/PythonFrozenModule.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/module/PythonFrozenModule.java
index fe76a33414..b20fc5df77 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/module/PythonFrozenModule.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/module/PythonFrozenModule.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleString;
 
 public final class PythonFrozenModule {
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ public final class PythonFrozenModule {
 
     private static byte[] getByteCode(String symbol) {
         try {
-            InputStream resourceAsStream = PythonFrozenModule.class.getResourceAsStream("Frozen" + symbol + ".bin");
+            InputStream resourceAsStream = PythonFrozenModule.class.getResourceAsStream("Frozen" + symbol + "." + getSuffix());
             if (resourceAsStream != null) {
                 return resourceAsStream.readAllBytes();
             }
@@ -66,6 +67,14 @@ private static byte[] getByteCode(String symbol) {
         return null;
     }
 
+    private static String getSuffix() {
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            return "bin_dsl";
+        } else {
+            return "bin";
+        }
+    }
+
     public PythonFrozenModule(String symbol, String originalName, boolean isPackage) {
         this(toTruffleStringUncached(originalName), getByteCode(symbol), isPackage);
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/set/SetNodes.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/set/SetNodes.java
index 2886aea9b2..da6483c80c 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/set/SetNodes.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/set/SetNodes.java
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.BuiltinClassProfiles.IsBuiltinObjectProfile;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.PException;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Exclusive;
@@ -141,6 +142,7 @@ public static ConstructSetNode getUncached() {
     }
 
     @GenerateUncached
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     @SuppressWarnings("truffle-inlining")       // footprint reduction 92 -> 73
     public abstract static class AddNode extends PNodeWithContext {
         public abstract void execute(Frame frame, PSet self, Object o);
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/superobject/SuperBuiltins.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/superobject/SuperBuiltins.java
index c691778620..acb4fbf4ff 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/superobject/SuperBuiltins.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/superobject/SuperBuiltins.java
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.type.slots.TpSlotDescrGet.DescrGetBuiltinNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.type.slots.TpSlotGetAttr.GetAttrBuiltinNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectLookupAttr;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.ErrorMessages;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PGuards;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PNodeWithContext;
@@ -87,6 +88,9 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.attributes.ReadAttributeFromObjectNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.FrameInfo;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.CallTernaryMethodNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.LookupAndCallBinaryNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.classes.IsSubtypeNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.ReadCallerFrameNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.ReadCallerFrameNode.FrameSelector;
@@ -95,6 +99,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.function.builtins.PythonUnaryBuiltinNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.function.builtins.PythonVarargsBuiltinNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.GetClassNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.PException;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.PythonErrorType;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory;
@@ -256,12 +261,17 @@ protected boolean isInBuiltinFunctionRoot() {
         PNone initInPlace(VirtualFrame frame, SuperObject self, @SuppressWarnings("unused") PNone clsArg, @SuppressWarnings("unused") PNone objArg,
                         @Bind("this") Node inliningTarget,
                         @Shared @Cached CellBuiltins.GetRefNode getRefNode) {
-            PBytecodeRootNode rootNode = (PBytecodeRootNode) getRootNode();
-            Frame localFrame = frame;
-            if (rootNode.getCodeUnit().isGeneratorOrCoroutine()) {
-                localFrame = PArguments.getGeneratorFrame(frame);
+            if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode = (PBytecodeDSLRootNode) getRootNode();
+                return initFromLocalFrame(frame, inliningTarget, self, rootNode, frame, getRefNode);
+            } else {
+                PBytecodeRootNode rootNode = (PBytecodeRootNode) getRootNode();
+                Frame localFrame = frame;
+                if (rootNode.getCodeUnit().isGeneratorOrCoroutine()) {
+                    localFrame = PArguments.getGeneratorFrame(frame);
+                }
+                return initFromLocalFrame(frame, inliningTarget, self, rootNode, localFrame, getRefNode);
             }
-            return initFromLocalFrame(frame, inliningTarget, self, rootNode, localFrame, getRefNode);
         }
 
         /**
@@ -281,7 +291,11 @@ PNone init(VirtualFrame frame, SuperObject self, @SuppressWarnings("unused") PNo
                 throw raise(RuntimeError, ErrorMessages.SUPER_NO_CLASS);
             }
             FrameInfo frameInfo = (FrameInfo) locals.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo();
-            return initFromLocalFrame(frame, inliningTarget, self, frameInfo.getRootNode(), locals, getRefNode);
+            if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                return initFromLocalFrame(frame, inliningTarget, self, (PBytecodeDSLRootNode) frameInfo.getRootNode(), locals, getRefNode);
+            } else {
+                return initFromLocalFrame(frame, inliningTarget, self, (PBytecodeRootNode) frameInfo.getRootNode(), locals, getRefNode);
+            }
         }
 
         private PNone initFromLocalFrame(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, SuperObject self, PBytecodeRootNode rootNode, Frame localFrame, CellBuiltins.GetRefNode getRefNode) {
@@ -301,6 +315,23 @@ private PNone initFromLocalFrame(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, SuperO
             return init(frame, self, cls, obj);
         }
 
+        private PNone initFromLocalFrame(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, SuperObject self, PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode, Frame localFrame, CellBuiltins.GetRefNode getRefNode) {
+            PCell classCell = rootNode.readClassCell(localFrame);
+            if (classCell == null) {
+                throw raise(RuntimeError, ErrorMessages.SUPER_NO_CLASS);
+            }
+            Object cls = getRefNode.execute(inliningTarget, classCell);
+            if (cls == null) {
+                // the cell is empty
+                throw raise(RuntimeError, ErrorMessages.SUPER_EMPTY_CLASS);
+            }
+            Object obj = rootNode.readSelf(localFrame);
+            if (obj == null) {
+                throw raise(RuntimeError, ErrorMessages.NO_ARGS, "super()");
+            }
+            return init(frame, self, cls, obj);
+        }
+
         @SuppressWarnings("unused")
         @Fallback
         PNone initFallback(Object self, Object cls, Object obj) {
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/LazyTraceback.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/LazyTraceback.java
index a63b7d14b6..a1125279a3 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/LazyTraceback.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/LazyTraceback.java
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ public static boolean elementWantedForTraceback(TruffleStackTraceElement element
         if (frame != null) {
             // only include frames of non-builtin python functions
             Object info = frame.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo();
-            if (info instanceof FrameInfo) {
-                return ((FrameInfo) info).getRootNode().frameIsVisibleToPython();
+            if (info instanceof FrameInfo frameInfo) {
+                return frameInfo.includeInTraceback();
             }
         }
         return false;
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/PTraceback.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/PTraceback.java
index 3d04a261ab..21011830be 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/PTraceback.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/PTraceback.java
@@ -46,7 +46,10 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.PythonBuiltinClassType;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.frame.PFrame;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.object.PythonBuiltinObject;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeNode;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleString;
 
 public final class PTraceback extends PythonBuiltinObject {
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@ public final class PTraceback extends PythonBuiltinObject {
     private PFrame.Reference frameInfo;
     private int lineno = UNKNOWN_LINE_NUMBER;
     private int bci = -1;
+    private BytecodeNode bytecodeNode = null;
     private int lasti = -1;
     private PTraceback next;
     private LazyTraceback lazyTraceback;
@@ -107,13 +111,20 @@ public int getLineno() {
 
     public int getLasti(PFrame pFrame) {
         if (lasti == -1 && bci >= 0) {
-            lasti = pFrame.bciToLasti(bci);
+            Node location;
+            if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                location = bytecodeNode;
+            } else {
+                location = pFrame.getLocation();
+            }
+            lasti = PFrame.bciToLasti(bci, location);
         }
         return lasti;
     }
 
-    public void setBci(int bci) {
+    public void setLocation(int bci, BytecodeNode bytecodeNode) {
         this.bci = bci;
+        this.bytecodeNode = bytecodeNode; // nullable
         this.lasti = -1;
     }
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/TracebackBuiltins.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/TracebackBuiltins.java
index 228a0a26ed..ccb0b7660e 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/TracebackBuiltins.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/builtins/objects/traceback/TracebackBuiltins.java
@@ -137,14 +137,14 @@ static void doMaterialize(Node inliningTarget, PTraceback tb,
                     if (LazyTraceback.elementWantedForTraceback(element)) {
                         PFrame pFrame = materializeFrame(element, materializeFrameNode);
                         next = factory.createTraceback(pFrame, pFrame.getLine(), next);
-                        next.setBci(pFrame.getBci());
+                        next.setLocation(pFrame.getBci(), pFrame.getBytecodeNode());
                         pyIndex++;
                     }
                 }
             }
             if (lazyTraceback.catchingFrameWantedForTraceback()) {
-                tb.setBci(pException.getCatchBci());
-                tb.setLineno(pException.getCatchRootNode().bciToLine(pException.getCatchBci()));
+                tb.setLocation(pException.getCatchBci(), pException.getBytecodeNode());
+                tb.setLineno(pException.getCatchLine());
                 tb.setNext(next);
             } else {
                 assert next != null;
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/BytecodeCodeUnit.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/BytecodeCodeUnit.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97ed3fc182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/BytecodeCodeUnit.java
@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+package com.oracle.graal.python.compiler;
+
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.PythonBuiltinClassType;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.bytes.BytesUtils;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.code.PCode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.str.StringNodes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodes.CollectionBits;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.ErrorMessages;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRaiseNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleString;
+
+public class BytecodeCodeUnit extends CodeUnit {
+    private static final int DISASSEMBLY_NUM_COLUMNS = 8;
+
+    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final byte[] code;
+    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final byte[] srcOffsetTable;
+    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final long[] primitiveConstants;
+    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final int[] exceptionHandlerRanges;
+    public final int stacksize;
+    public final int conditionProfileCount;
+
+    /* Quickening data. See docs in PBytecodeRootNode */
+    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final byte[] outputCanQuicken;
+    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final byte[] variableShouldUnbox;
+    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final int[][] generalizeInputsMap;
+    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final int[][] generalizeVarsMap;
+
+    /* Lazily initialized source map */
+    @CompilationFinal SourceMap sourceMap;
+
+    public BytecodeCodeUnit(TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname,
+                    int argCount, int kwOnlyArgCount, int positionalOnlyArgCount, int flags,
+                    TruffleString[] names, TruffleString[] varnames, TruffleString[] cellvars,
+                    TruffleString[] freevars, int[] cell2arg, Object[] constants, int startLine, int startColumn,
+                    int endLine, int endColumn,
+                    byte[] code, byte[] linetable,
+                    long[] primitiveConstants, int[] exceptionHandlerRanges, int stacksize, int conditionProfileCount,
+                    byte[] outputCanQuicken, byte[] variableShouldUnbox, int[][] generalizeInputsMap, int[][] generalizeVarsMap) {
+        super(name, qualname, argCount, kwOnlyArgCount, positionalOnlyArgCount, flags, names, varnames, cellvars, freevars, cell2arg, constants, startLine, startColumn, endLine, endColumn);
+        this.code = code;
+        this.srcOffsetTable = linetable;
+        this.primitiveConstants = primitiveConstants;
+        this.exceptionHandlerRanges = exceptionHandlerRanges;
+        this.stacksize = stacksize;
+        this.conditionProfileCount = conditionProfileCount;
+        this.outputCanQuicken = outputCanQuicken;
+        this.variableShouldUnbox = variableShouldUnbox;
+        this.generalizeInputsMap = generalizeInputsMap;
+        this.generalizeVarsMap = generalizeVarsMap;
+    }
+
+    public SourceMap getSourceMap() {
+        if (sourceMap == null) {
+            CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
+            sourceMap = new SourceMap(code, srcOffsetTable, startLine, startColumn);
+        }
+        return sourceMap;
+    }
+
+    public int bciToLine(int bci) {
+        if (bci < 0 || bci >= code.length) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        return getSourceMap().startLineMap[bci];
+    }
+
+    public int bciToColumn(int bci) {
+        if (bci < 0 || bci >= code.length) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        return getSourceMap().startColumnMap[bci];
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return toString(code);
+    }
+
+    public String toString(byte[] bytecode) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+        HashMap lines = new HashMap<>();
+
+        sb.append("Disassembly of ").append(qualname).append(":\n");
+
+        List flagNames = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (isGenerator()) {
+            flagNames.add("CO_GENERATOR");
+        }
+        if (isCoroutine()) {
+            flagNames.add("CO_COROUTINE");
+        }
+        if (isAsyncGenerator()) {
+            flagNames.add("CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR");
+        }
+        if (!flagNames.isEmpty()) {
+            sb.append("Flags: ").append(String.join(" | ", flagNames)).append("\n");
+        }
+
+        int bci = 0;
+        int oparg = 0;
+        SourceMap map = getSourceMap();
+        while (bci < bytecode.length) {
+            int bcBCI = bci;
+            OpCodes opcode = OpCodes.fromOpCode(bytecode[bci++]);
+
+            String[] line = lines.computeIfAbsent(bcBCI, k -> new String[DISASSEMBLY_NUM_COLUMNS]);
+            line[0] = String.format("%3d:%-3d - %3d:%-3d", map.startLineMap[bcBCI], map.startColumnMap[bcBCI], map.endLineMap[bcBCI], map.endColumnMap[bcBCI]);
+            if (line[1] == null) {
+                line[1] = "";
+            }
+            line[2] = String.valueOf(bcBCI);
+            line[3] = opcode.toString();
+            byte[] followingArgs = PythonUtils.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
+            if (!opcode.hasArg()) {
+                line[4] = "";
+            } else {
+                oparg |= Byte.toUnsignedInt(bytecode[bci++]);
+                if (opcode.argLength > 1) {
+                    followingArgs = new byte[opcode.argLength - 1];
+                    for (int i = 0; i < opcode.argLength - 1; i++) {
+                        followingArgs[i] = bytecode[bci++];
+                    }
+                }
+                line[4] = String.format("% 2d", oparg);
+            }
+
+            while (true) {
+                switch (opcode) {
+                    case EXTENDED_ARG:
+                        line[4] = "";
+                        break;
+                    case LOAD_BYTE:
+                        line[4] = String.format("% 2d", (byte) oparg);
+                        break;
+                    case LOAD_CONST:
+                    case LOAD_BIGINT:
+                    case LOAD_STRING:
+                    case LOAD_BYTES:
+                    case LOAD_CONST_COLLECTION:
+                    case MAKE_KEYWORD: {
+                        Object constant = constants[oparg];
+                        if (constant instanceof CodeUnit) {
+                            line[5] = ((CodeUnit) constant).qualname.toJavaStringUncached();
+                        } else {
+                            if (constant instanceof TruffleString) {
+                                line[5] = StringNodes.StringReprNode.getUncached().execute((TruffleString) constant).toJavaStringUncached();
+                            } else if (constant instanceof byte[]) {
+                                byte[] bytes = (byte[]) constant;
+                                line[5] = BytesUtils.bytesRepr(bytes, bytes.length);
+                            } else if (constant instanceof int[]) {
+                                line[5] = Arrays.toString((int[]) constant);
+                            } else if (constant instanceof long[]) {
+                                line[5] = Arrays.toString((long[]) constant);
+                            } else if (constant instanceof boolean[]) {
+                                line[5] = Arrays.toString((boolean[]) constant);
+                            } else if (constant instanceof double[]) {
+                                line[5] = Arrays.toString((double[]) constant);
+                            } else if (constant instanceof Object[]) {
+                                line[5] = Arrays.toString((Object[]) constant);
+                            } else {
+                                line[5] = Objects.toString(constant);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (opcode == OpCodes.LOAD_CONST_COLLECTION) {
+                            line[5] += " type " + collectionTypeToString(followingArgs[0]) + " into " + collectionKindToString(followingArgs[0]);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case MAKE_FUNCTION: {
+                        line[4] = String.format("% 2d", followingArgs[0]);
+                        CodeUnit codeUnit = (CodeUnit) constants[oparg];
+                        line[5] = line[5] = codeUnit.qualname.toJavaStringUncached();
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case LOAD_INT:
+                    case LOAD_LONG:
+                        line[5] = Objects.toString(primitiveConstants[oparg]);
+                        break;
+                    case LOAD_DOUBLE:
+                        line[5] = Objects.toString(Double.longBitsToDouble(primitiveConstants[oparg]));
+                        break;
+                    case LOAD_COMPLEX: {
+                        double[] num = (double[]) constants[oparg];
+                        if (num[0] == 0.0) {
+                            line[5] = String.format("%gj", num[1]);
+                        } else {
+                            line[5] = String.format("%g%+gj", num[0], num[1]);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case LOAD_CLOSURE:
+                    case LOAD_DEREF:
+                    case STORE_DEREF:
+                    case DELETE_DEREF:
+                        if (oparg >= cellvars.length) {
+                            line[5] = freevars[oparg - cellvars.length].toJavaStringUncached();
+                        } else {
+                            line[5] = cellvars[oparg].toJavaStringUncached();
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case LOAD_FAST:
+                    case STORE_FAST:
+                    case DELETE_FAST:
+                        line[5] = varnames[oparg].toJavaStringUncached();
+                        break;
+                    case LOAD_NAME:
+                    case LOAD_METHOD:
+                    case STORE_NAME:
+                    case DELETE_NAME:
+                    case IMPORT_NAME:
+                    case IMPORT_FROM:
+                    case LOAD_GLOBAL:
+                    case STORE_GLOBAL:
+                    case DELETE_GLOBAL:
+                    case LOAD_ATTR:
+                    case STORE_ATTR:
+                    case DELETE_ATTR:
+                        line[5] = names[oparg].toJavaStringUncached();
+                        break;
+                    case FORMAT_VALUE: {
+                        int type = oparg & FormatOptions.FVC_MASK;
+                        switch (type) {
+                            case FormatOptions.FVC_STR:
+                                line[5] = "STR";
+                                break;
+                            case FormatOptions.FVC_REPR:
+                                line[5] = "REPR";
+                                break;
+                            case FormatOptions.FVC_ASCII:
+                                line[5] = "ASCII";
+                                break;
+                            case FormatOptions.FVC_NONE:
+                                line[5] = "NONE";
+                                break;
+                        }
+                        if ((oparg & FormatOptions.FVS_MASK) == FormatOptions.FVS_HAVE_SPEC) {
+                            line[5] += " + SPEC";
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case CALL_METHOD: {
+                        line[4] = String.format("% 2d", oparg);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case UNARY_OP:
+                        line[5] = UnaryOps.values()[oparg].toString();
+                        break;
+                    case BINARY_OP:
+                        line[5] = BinaryOps.values()[oparg].toString();
+                        break;
+                    case COLLECTION_FROM_STACK:
+                    case COLLECTION_ADD_STACK:
+                    case COLLECTION_FROM_COLLECTION:
+                    case COLLECTION_ADD_COLLECTION:
+                    case ADD_TO_COLLECTION:
+                        line[4] = String.format("% 2d", CollectionBits.elementCount(oparg));
+                        line[5] = collectionKindToString(oparg);
+                        break;
+                    case UNPACK_EX:
+                        line[5] = String.format("%d, %d", oparg, Byte.toUnsignedInt(followingArgs[0]));
+                        break;
+                    case JUMP_BACKWARD:
+                        lines.computeIfAbsent(bcBCI - oparg, k -> new String[DISASSEMBLY_NUM_COLUMNS])[1] = ">>";
+                        line[5] = String.format("to %d", bcBCI - oparg);
+                        break;
+                    case FOR_ITER:
+                    case JUMP_FORWARD:
+                    case POP_AND_JUMP_IF_FALSE:
+                    case POP_AND_JUMP_IF_TRUE:
+                    case JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP:
+                    case JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP:
+                    case MATCH_EXC_OR_JUMP:
+                    case SEND:
+                    case THROW:
+                        lines.computeIfAbsent(bcBCI + oparg, k -> new String[DISASSEMBLY_NUM_COLUMNS])[1] = ">>";
+                        line[5] = String.format("to %d", bcBCI + oparg);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        if (opcode.quickens != null) {
+                            opcode = opcode.quickens;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                }
+                if (opcode == OpCodes.EXTENDED_ARG) {
+                    oparg <<= 8;
+                } else {
+                    oparg = 0;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < exceptionHandlerRanges.length; i += 4) {
+            int start = exceptionHandlerRanges[i];
+            int stop = exceptionHandlerRanges[i + 1];
+            int handler = exceptionHandlerRanges[i + 2];
+            int stackAtHandler = exceptionHandlerRanges[i + 3];
+            String[] line = lines.get(handler);
+            assert line != null;
+            String handlerStr = String.format("exc handler %d - %d; stack: %d", start, stop, stackAtHandler);
+            if (line[6] == null) {
+                line[6] = handlerStr;
+            } else {
+                line[6] += " | " + handlerStr;
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (bci = 0; bci < bytecode.length; bci++) {
+            String[] line = lines.get(bci);
+            if (line != null) {
+                line[5] = line[5] == null ? "" : String.format("(%s)", line[5]);
+                line[6] = line[6] == null ? "" : String.format("(%s)", line[6]);
+                line[7] = "";
+                if (outputCanQuicken != null && (outputCanQuicken[bci] != 0 || generalizeInputsMap[bci] != null)) {
+                    StringBuilder quickenSb = new StringBuilder();
+                    if (outputCanQuicken[bci] != 0) {
+                        quickenSb.append("can quicken");
+                    }
+                    if (generalizeInputsMap[bci] != null) {
+                        if (quickenSb.length() > 0) {
+                            quickenSb.append(", ");
+                        }
+                        quickenSb.append("generalizes: ");
+                        for (int i = 0; i < generalizeInputsMap[bci].length; i++) {
+                            if (i > 0) {
+                                quickenSb.append(", ");
+                            }
+                            quickenSb.append(generalizeInputsMap[bci][i]);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    line[7] = quickenSb.toString();
+                }
+                String formatted = String.format("%-8s %2s %4s %-32s %-3s   %-32s %s %s", (Object[]) line);
+                sb.append(formatted.stripTrailing());
+                sb.append('\n');
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (Object c : constants) {
+            if (c instanceof CodeUnit) {
+                sb.append('\n');
+                sb.append(c);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static String collectionKindToString(int oparg) {
+        switch (CollectionBits.collectionKind(oparg)) {
+            case CollectionBits.KIND_LIST:
+                return "list";
+            case CollectionBits.KIND_TUPLE:
+                return "tuple";
+            case CollectionBits.KIND_SET:
+                return "set";
+            case CollectionBits.KIND_DICT:
+                return "dict";
+            case CollectionBits.KIND_KWORDS:
+                return "PKeyword[]";
+            case CollectionBits.KIND_OBJECT:
+                return "Object[]";
+        }
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown kind");
+    }
+
+    private static String collectionTypeToString(int oparg) {
+        switch (CollectionBits.elementType(oparg)) {
+            case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_BOOLEAN:
+                return "boolean";
+            case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_INT:
+                return "int";
+            case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_LONG:
+                return "long";
+            case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_DOUBLE:
+                return "double";
+            case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_OBJECT:
+                return "Object";
+        }
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown type");
+    }
+
+    public static final int LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_AFTER_CODEBLOCK = -1;
+    public static final int LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_BEFORE_CODEBLOCK = -2;
+
+    // -1 for line after the code block, -2 for line before the code block, line number otherwise
+    public int lineToBci(int line) {
+        if (startLine == line) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if ((flags & PCode.CO_GRAALPYHON_MODULE) != 0 && line < startLine) {
+            // allow jump to the first line of a file, even if it is a comment
+            return 0;
+        }
+        int[] map = getSourceMap().startLineMap;
+        int bestBci = LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_AFTER_CODEBLOCK;
+        int lineDiff = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        boolean afterFirst = false;
+        for (int bci = 0; bci < map.length; ++bci) {
+            if (map[bci] >= line) {
+                int lineDiff2 = map[bci] - line;
+                // the first bci found is the start of the line
+                if (lineDiff2 < lineDiff) {
+                    bestBci = bci;
+                    lineDiff = lineDiff2;
+                }
+            }
+            if (map[bci] > 0 && map[bci] <= line) {
+                // the line is actually within the codeblock.
+                afterFirst = true;
+            }
+        }
+        // bestBci being -1 means the line is outside the code block
+        return afterFirst ? bestBci : LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_BEFORE_CODEBLOCK;
+    }
+
+    public enum StackItem {
+        With("the body of a with statement"),
+        Iterable("the body of a for loop"),
+        Except("an 'except' block as there's no exception"),
+        Object("Incompatible stack");
+
+        public final String error;
+
+        StackItem(String error) {
+            this.error = error;
+        }
+
+        ArrayList push(ArrayList v) {
+            ArrayList ret = v == null ? new ArrayList<>() : new ArrayList<>(v);
+            ret.add(this);
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setNextStack(ArrayDeque todo, List> stacks, int target, ArrayList value) {
+        ArrayList blocksAtTarget = stacks.get(target);
+        if (blocksAtTarget == null) {
+            stacks.set(target, value);
+            todo.addLast(target);
+        } else {
+            assert value.equals(blocksAtTarget) : "found conflicting stacks depending on code path: " + this.name + "\t at " + target;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static ArrayList popStack(ArrayList blocks) {
+        assert blocks != null : "Pop from null stack";
+        assert blocks.size() >= 1 : "Pop from empty stack";
+        return new ArrayList<>(blocks.subList(0, blocks.size() - 1));
+    }
+
+    // returns null if the jump is fine
+    public String checkJump(List> stackElems, int from, int to) {
+        ArrayList blkFrom = stackElems.get(from);
+        if (blkFrom == null) {
+            // this should not happen
+            PRaiseNode.getUncached().raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.ValueError, ErrorMessages.LINE_D_COMES_BEFORE_THE_CURRENT_CODE_BLOCK, bciToLine(from));
+        }
+        ArrayList blkTo = stackElems.get(to);
+        if (blkTo == null) {
+            PRaiseNode.getUncached().raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.ValueError, ErrorMessages.LINE_D_COMES_AFTER_THE_CURRENT_CODE_BLOCK, bciToLine(from));
+        }
+        if (blkTo.size() > blkFrom.size()) {
+            return blkTo.get(blkTo.size() - 1).error;
+        }
+        for (int i = blkTo.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+            if (blkTo.get(i) != blkFrom.get(i)) {
+                return blkTo.get(i).error;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public List> computeStackElems() {
+        List> blocks = new ArrayList<>(Collections.nCopies(code.length + 1, null));
+        blocks.set(0, new ArrayList<>());
+        ArrayDeque todo = new ArrayDeque<>();
+        todo.addFirst(0);
+        while (!todo.isEmpty()) {
+            int firstBci = todo.removeLast();
+            assert blocks.get(firstBci) != null : "Reached block without determining its stack state";
+            opCodeAt(code, firstBci, (bci, op, oparg, followingArgs) -> {
+                // firstBci can be different from bci if EXTEND_ARG is used
+                // the stack is kept both at firstBci and bci
+                ArrayList next = blocks.get(firstBci);
+                if (firstBci != bci) {
+                    blocks.set(bci, next);
+                }
+                for (int j = 0; j < exceptionHandlerRanges.length; j += 4) {
+                    int start = exceptionHandlerRanges[j];
+                    int handler = exceptionHandlerRanges[j + 2];
+                    int stack = exceptionHandlerRanges[j + 3];
+                    if (start == bci) {
+                        ArrayList handlerStack = StackItem.Except.push(new ArrayList<>(blocks.get(bci).subList(0, stack)));
+                        // an exception handler is like a jump
+                        // the except block is added in the lines below
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, handler, handlerStack);
+                    }
+                }
+                switch (op) {
+                    case GET_ITER:
+                    case GET_AITER:
+                        next = StackItem.Iterable.push(popStack(blocks.get(bci)));
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, bci + 1, next);
+                        break;
+                    case FOR_ITER:
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), StackItem.Object.push(next));
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, true), popStack(next));
+                        break;
+                    case PUSH_EXC_INFO:
+                        next = StackItem.Except.push(StackItem.Object.push(popStack(blocks.get(bci))));
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, bci + 1, next);
+                        break;
+                    case MATCH_EXC_OR_JUMP:
+                        next = popStack(next);
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, true), next);
+                        break;
+                    case SETUP_WITH:
+                    case SETUP_AWITH:
+                        next = StackItem.Object.push(StackItem.With.push(blocks.get(bci)));
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
+                        break;
+                    case GET_AEXIT_CORO:
+                        next = StackItem.Object.push(StackItem.Except.push(popStack(popStack(popStack(blocks.get(bci))))));
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
+                        break;
+                    case DUP_TOP:
+                        next = next.get(next.size() - 1).push(next);
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
+                        break;
+                    case ROT_TWO: {
+                        StackItem top = next.get(next.size() - 1);
+                        StackItem belowTop = next.get(next.size() - 2);
+                        next = belowTop.push(top.push(popStack(popStack(next))));
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case ROT_THREE: {
+                        StackItem top = next.get(next.size() - 1);
+                        StackItem second = next.get(next.size() - 2);
+                        StackItem third = next.get(next.size() - 3);
+                        next = second.push(third.push(top.push(top.push(popStack(popStack(popStack(next)))))));
+                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case LOAD_NONE:
+                        opCodeAt(code, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), (ignored, nextOp, ignored2, ignored3) -> {
+                            // Usually, when compiling bytecode around exception handlers, the code
+                            // is generated twice, once for the path with no exception, and
+                            // once for the path with the exception. However, when generating code
+                            // for a with statement exit, the code is generated as follows (and in a
+                            // similar manner for async with).
+                            // ...
+                            // LOAD_NONE
+                            // EXIT_WITH (exception handler starts here)
+                            // ...
+                            // This means that setting the stack at EXIT_WITH to have Object on top,
+                            // as LOAD_NONE usually would, would cause a conflict with the exception
+                            // handler starting at that position, which has the stack top be an
+                            // Exception.
+                            if (nextOp != OpCodes.GET_AEXIT_CORO && nextOp != OpCodes.EXIT_WITH) {
+                                setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), StackItem.Object.push(blocks.get(bci)));
+                            }
+                        });
+                        break;
+
+                    default: {
+                        int nextWJump = op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, true);
+                        int nextWOJump = op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false);
+                        int stackLostWJump = op.getNumberOfConsumedStackItems(oparg, followingArgs, true);
+                        int stackLostWOJump = op.getNumberOfConsumedStackItems(oparg, followingArgs, false);
+                        int stackGainWJump = op.getNumberOfProducedStackItems(oparg, followingArgs, true);
+                        int stackGainWOJump = op.getNumberOfProducedStackItems(oparg, followingArgs, false);
+                        handleGeneralOp(blocks, todo, bci, nextWJump, stackLostWJump, stackGainWJump);
+                        if (nextWJump != nextWOJump) {
+                            handleGeneralOp(blocks, todo, bci, nextWOJump, stackLostWOJump, stackGainWOJump);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        return blocks;
+    }
+
+    private void handleGeneralOp(List> blocks, ArrayDeque todo, int bci, int next, int stackLost, int stackGain) {
+        if (next >= 0) {
+            ArrayList blocksHere = new ArrayList<>(blocks.get(bci));
+            for (int k = 0; k < stackLost; ++k) {
+                blocksHere.remove(blocksHere.size() - 1);
+            }
+            for (int k = 0; k < stackGain; ++k) {
+                blocksHere.add(StackItem.Object);
+            }
+            setNextStack(todo, blocks, next, blocksHere);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @FunctionalInterface
+    public interface BytecodeAction {
+        void run(int bci, OpCodes op, int oparg, byte[] followingArgs);
+    }
+
+    // returns the following bci
+    private static int opCodeAt(byte[] bytecode, int bci, BytecodeAction action) {
+        int oparg = 0;
+        OpCodes op = OpCodes.fromOpCode(bytecode[bci]);
+        while (op == OpCodes.EXTENDED_ARG) {
+            oparg |= Byte.toUnsignedInt(bytecode[bci + 1]);
+            oparg <<= 8;
+            bci += 2;
+            op = OpCodes.fromOpCode(bytecode[bci]);
+        }
+        byte[] followingArgs = null;
+        if (op.argLength > 0) {
+            oparg |= Byte.toUnsignedInt(bytecode[bci + 1]);
+            if (op.argLength > 1) {
+                followingArgs = new byte[op.argLength - 1];
+                System.arraycopy(bytecode, bci + 2, followingArgs, 0, followingArgs.length);
+            }
+        }
+        action.run(bci, op, oparg, followingArgs);
+        return bci + op.length();
+    }
+
+    public static void iterateBytecode(byte[] bytecode, BytecodeAction action) {
+        for (int bci = 0; bci < bytecode.length;) {
+            bci = opCodeAt(bytecode, bci, action);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void iterateBytecode(BytecodeAction action) {
+        iterateBytecode(code, action);
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CodeUnit.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CodeUnit.java
index a9f29ef5fb..d4e61dd2b2 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CodeUnit.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CodeUnit.java
@@ -40,23 +40,10 @@
  */
 package com.oracle.graal.python.compiler;
 
-import java.util.ArrayDeque;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Objects;
 
-import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.PythonBuiltinClassType;
-import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.bytes.BytesUtils;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.code.PCode;
-import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.str.StringNodes;
-import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodes.CollectionBits;
-import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.ErrorMessages;
-import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRaiseNode;
-import com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils;
-import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.Signature;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.source.Source;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.source.SourceSection;
@@ -67,9 +54,7 @@
  * bytecode and all the related data, like constants or exception handler ranges. It doesn't contain
  * the filename to make it easier to keep in native images.
  */
-public final class CodeUnit {
-    private static final int DISASSEMBLY_NUM_COLUMNS = 8;
-
+public abstract class CodeUnit {
     public final TruffleString name;
     public final TruffleString qualname;
 
@@ -77,10 +62,6 @@ public final class CodeUnit {
     public final int kwOnlyArgCount;
     public final int positionalOnlyArgCount;
 
-    public final int stacksize;
-
-    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final byte[] code;
-    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final byte[] srcOffsetTable;
     public final int flags;
 
     @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final TruffleString[] names;
@@ -91,42 +72,22 @@ public final class CodeUnit {
     @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final int[] arg2cell;
 
     @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final Object[] constants;
-    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final long[] primitiveConstants;
-
-    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final int[] exceptionHandlerRanges;
-
-    public final int conditionProfileCount;
 
     public final int startLine;
     public final int startColumn;
     public final int endLine;
     public final int endColumn;
 
-    /* Lazily initialized source map */
-    @CompilationFinal SourceMap sourceMap;
-
-    /* Quickening data. See docs in PBytecodeRootNode */
-    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final byte[] outputCanQuicken;
-    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final byte[] variableShouldUnbox;
-    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final int[][] generalizeInputsMap;
-    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) public final int[][] generalizeVarsMap;
-
     public CodeUnit(TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname,
-                    int argCount, int kwOnlyArgCount, int positionalOnlyArgCount, int stacksize,
-                    byte[] code, byte[] linetable, int flags,
-                    TruffleString[] names, TruffleString[] varnames, TruffleString[] cellvars, TruffleString[] freevars, int[] cell2arg,
-                    Object[] constants, long[] primitiveConstants,
-                    int[] exceptionHandlerRanges, int conditionProfileCount,
-                    int startLine, int startColumn, int endLine, int endColumn,
-                    byte[] outputCanQuicken, byte[] variableShouldUnbox, int[][] generalizeInputsMap, int[][] generalizeVarsMap) {
+                    int argCount, int kwOnlyArgCount, int positionalOnlyArgCount, int flags,
+                    TruffleString[] names, TruffleString[] varnames, TruffleString[] cellvars,
+                    TruffleString[] freevars, int[] cell2arg, Object[] constants, int startLine, int startColumn,
+                    int endLine, int endColumn) {
         this.name = name;
         this.qualname = qualname != null ? qualname : name;
         this.argCount = argCount;
         this.kwOnlyArgCount = kwOnlyArgCount;
         this.positionalOnlyArgCount = positionalOnlyArgCount;
-        this.stacksize = stacksize;
-        this.code = code;
-        this.srcOffsetTable = linetable;
         this.flags = flags;
         this.names = names;
         this.varnames = varnames;
@@ -145,39 +106,11 @@ public CodeUnit(TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname,
         }
         this.arg2cell = arg2cellValue;
         this.constants = constants;
-        this.primitiveConstants = primitiveConstants;
-        this.exceptionHandlerRanges = exceptionHandlerRanges;
-        this.conditionProfileCount = conditionProfileCount;
+
         this.startLine = startLine;
         this.startColumn = startColumn;
         this.endLine = endLine;
         this.endColumn = endColumn;
-        this.outputCanQuicken = outputCanQuicken;
-        this.variableShouldUnbox = variableShouldUnbox;
-        this.generalizeInputsMap = generalizeInputsMap;
-        this.generalizeVarsMap = generalizeVarsMap;
-    }
-
-    public SourceMap getSourceMap() {
-        if (sourceMap == null) {
-            CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
-            sourceMap = new SourceMap(code, srcOffsetTable, startLine, startColumn);
-        }
-        return sourceMap;
-    }
-
-    public int bciToLine(int bci) {
-        if (bci < 0 || bci >= code.length) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        return getSourceMap().startLineMap[bci];
-    }
-
-    public int bciToColumn(int bci) {
-        if (bci < 0 || bci >= code.length) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        return getSourceMap().startColumnMap[bci];
     }
 
     public SourceSection getSourceSection(Source source) {
@@ -223,568 +156,16 @@ public int getTotalArgCount() {
         return count;
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return toString(code);
-    }
-
-    public String toString(byte[] bytecode) {
-        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-
-        HashMap lines = new HashMap<>();
-
-        sb.append("Disassembly of ").append(qualname).append(":\n");
-
-        List flagNames = new ArrayList<>();
-        if (isGenerator()) {
-            flagNames.add("CO_GENERATOR");
-        }
-        if (isCoroutine()) {
-            flagNames.add("CO_COROUTINE");
-        }
-        if (isAsyncGenerator()) {
-            flagNames.add("CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR");
-        }
-        if (!flagNames.isEmpty()) {
-            sb.append("Flags: ").append(String.join(" | ", flagNames)).append("\n");
-        }
-
-        int bci = 0;
-        int oparg = 0;
-        SourceMap map = getSourceMap();
-        while (bci < bytecode.length) {
-            int bcBCI = bci;
-            OpCodes opcode = OpCodes.fromOpCode(bytecode[bci++]);
-
-            String[] line = lines.computeIfAbsent(bcBCI, k -> new String[DISASSEMBLY_NUM_COLUMNS]);
-            line[0] = String.format("%3d:%-3d - %3d:%-3d", map.startLineMap[bcBCI], map.startColumnMap[bcBCI], map.endLineMap[bcBCI], map.endColumnMap[bcBCI]);
-            if (line[1] == null) {
-                line[1] = "";
-            }
-            line[2] = String.valueOf(bcBCI);
-            line[3] = opcode.toString();
-            byte[] followingArgs = PythonUtils.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
-            if (!opcode.hasArg()) {
-                line[4] = "";
-            } else {
-                oparg |= Byte.toUnsignedInt(bytecode[bci++]);
-                if (opcode.argLength > 1) {
-                    followingArgs = new byte[opcode.argLength - 1];
-                    for (int i = 0; i < opcode.argLength - 1; i++) {
-                        followingArgs[i] = bytecode[bci++];
-                    }
-                }
-                line[4] = String.format("% 2d", oparg);
-            }
-
-            while (true) {
-                switch (opcode) {
-                    case EXTENDED_ARG:
-                        line[4] = "";
-                        break;
-                    case LOAD_BYTE:
-                        line[4] = String.format("% 2d", (byte) oparg);
-                        break;
-                    case LOAD_CONST:
-                    case LOAD_BIGINT:
-                    case LOAD_STRING:
-                    case LOAD_BYTES:
-                    case LOAD_CONST_COLLECTION:
-                    case MAKE_KEYWORD: {
-                        Object constant = constants[oparg];
-                        if (constant instanceof CodeUnit) {
-                            line[5] = ((CodeUnit) constant).qualname.toJavaStringUncached();
-                        } else {
-                            if (constant instanceof TruffleString) {
-                                line[5] = StringNodes.StringReprNode.getUncached().execute((TruffleString) constant).toJavaStringUncached();
-                            } else if (constant instanceof byte[]) {
-                                byte[] bytes = (byte[]) constant;
-                                line[5] = BytesUtils.bytesRepr(bytes, bytes.length);
-                            } else if (constant instanceof int[]) {
-                                line[5] = Arrays.toString((int[]) constant);
-                            } else if (constant instanceof long[]) {
-                                line[5] = Arrays.toString((long[]) constant);
-                            } else if (constant instanceof boolean[]) {
-                                line[5] = Arrays.toString((boolean[]) constant);
-                            } else if (constant instanceof double[]) {
-                                line[5] = Arrays.toString((double[]) constant);
-                            } else if (constant instanceof Object[]) {
-                                line[5] = Arrays.toString((Object[]) constant);
-                            } else {
-                                line[5] = Objects.toString(constant);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if (opcode == OpCodes.LOAD_CONST_COLLECTION) {
-                            line[5] += " type " + collectionTypeToString(followingArgs[0]) + " into " + collectionKindToString(followingArgs[0]);
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    case MAKE_FUNCTION: {
-                        line[4] = String.format("% 2d", followingArgs[0]);
-                        CodeUnit codeUnit = (CodeUnit) constants[oparg];
-                        line[5] = line[5] = codeUnit.qualname.toJavaStringUncached();
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    case LOAD_INT:
-                    case LOAD_LONG:
-                        line[5] = Objects.toString(primitiveConstants[oparg]);
-                        break;
-                    case LOAD_DOUBLE:
-                        line[5] = Objects.toString(Double.longBitsToDouble(primitiveConstants[oparg]));
-                        break;
-                    case LOAD_COMPLEX: {
-                        double[] num = (double[]) constants[oparg];
-                        if (num[0] == 0.0) {
-                            line[5] = String.format("%gj", num[1]);
-                        } else {
-                            line[5] = String.format("%g%+gj", num[0], num[1]);
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    case LOAD_CLOSURE:
-                    case LOAD_DEREF:
-                    case STORE_DEREF:
-                    case DELETE_DEREF:
-                        if (oparg >= cellvars.length) {
-                            line[5] = freevars[oparg - cellvars.length].toJavaStringUncached();
-                        } else {
-                            line[5] = cellvars[oparg].toJavaStringUncached();
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    case LOAD_FAST:
-                    case STORE_FAST:
-                    case DELETE_FAST:
-                        line[5] = varnames[oparg].toJavaStringUncached();
-                        break;
-                    case LOAD_NAME:
-                    case LOAD_METHOD:
-                    case STORE_NAME:
-                    case DELETE_NAME:
-                    case IMPORT_NAME:
-                    case IMPORT_FROM:
-                    case LOAD_GLOBAL:
-                    case STORE_GLOBAL:
-                    case DELETE_GLOBAL:
-                    case LOAD_ATTR:
-                    case STORE_ATTR:
-                    case DELETE_ATTR:
-                        line[5] = names[oparg].toJavaStringUncached();
-                        break;
-                    case FORMAT_VALUE: {
-                        int type = oparg & FormatOptions.FVC_MASK;
-                        switch (type) {
-                            case FormatOptions.FVC_STR:
-                                line[5] = "STR";
-                                break;
-                            case FormatOptions.FVC_REPR:
-                                line[5] = "REPR";
-                                break;
-                            case FormatOptions.FVC_ASCII:
-                                line[5] = "ASCII";
-                                break;
-                            case FormatOptions.FVC_NONE:
-                                line[5] = "NONE";
-                                break;
-                        }
-                        if ((oparg & FormatOptions.FVS_MASK) == FormatOptions.FVS_HAVE_SPEC) {
-                            line[5] += " + SPEC";
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    case CALL_METHOD: {
-                        line[4] = String.format("% 2d", oparg);
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    case UNARY_OP:
-                        line[5] = UnaryOps.values()[oparg].toString();
-                        break;
-                    case BINARY_OP:
-                        line[5] = BinaryOps.values()[oparg].toString();
-                        break;
-                    case COLLECTION_FROM_STACK:
-                    case COLLECTION_ADD_STACK:
-                    case COLLECTION_FROM_COLLECTION:
-                    case COLLECTION_ADD_COLLECTION:
-                    case ADD_TO_COLLECTION:
-                        line[4] = String.format("% 2d", CollectionBits.elementCount(oparg));
-                        line[5] = collectionKindToString(oparg);
-                        break;
-                    case UNPACK_EX:
-                        line[5] = String.format("%d, %d", oparg, Byte.toUnsignedInt(followingArgs[0]));
-                        break;
-                    case JUMP_BACKWARD:
-                        lines.computeIfAbsent(bcBCI - oparg, k -> new String[DISASSEMBLY_NUM_COLUMNS])[1] = ">>";
-                        line[5] = String.format("to %d", bcBCI - oparg);
-                        break;
-                    case FOR_ITER:
-                    case JUMP_FORWARD:
-                    case POP_AND_JUMP_IF_FALSE:
-                    case POP_AND_JUMP_IF_TRUE:
-                    case JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP:
-                    case JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP:
-                    case MATCH_EXC_OR_JUMP:
-                    case SEND:
-                    case THROW:
-                        lines.computeIfAbsent(bcBCI + oparg, k -> new String[DISASSEMBLY_NUM_COLUMNS])[1] = ">>";
-                        line[5] = String.format("to %d", bcBCI + oparg);
-                        break;
-                    default:
-                        if (opcode.quickens != null) {
-                            opcode = opcode.quickens;
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                }
-                if (opcode == OpCodes.EXTENDED_ARG) {
-                    oparg <<= 8;
-                } else {
-                    oparg = 0;
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < exceptionHandlerRanges.length; i += 4) {
-            int start = exceptionHandlerRanges[i];
-            int stop = exceptionHandlerRanges[i + 1];
-            int handler = exceptionHandlerRanges[i + 2];
-            int stackAtHandler = exceptionHandlerRanges[i + 3];
-            String[] line = lines.get(handler);
-            assert line != null;
-            String handlerStr = String.format("exc handler %d - %d; stack: %d", start, stop, stackAtHandler);
-            if (line[6] == null) {
-                line[6] = handlerStr;
-            } else {
-                line[6] += " | " + handlerStr;
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (bci = 0; bci < bytecode.length; bci++) {
-            String[] line = lines.get(bci);
-            if (line != null) {
-                line[5] = line[5] == null ? "" : String.format("(%s)", line[5]);
-                line[6] = line[6] == null ? "" : String.format("(%s)", line[6]);
-                line[7] = "";
-                if (outputCanQuicken != null && (outputCanQuicken[bci] != 0 || generalizeInputsMap[bci] != null)) {
-                    StringBuilder quickenSb = new StringBuilder();
-                    if (outputCanQuicken[bci] != 0) {
-                        quickenSb.append("can quicken");
-                    }
-                    if (generalizeInputsMap[bci] != null) {
-                        if (quickenSb.length() > 0) {
-                            quickenSb.append(", ");
-                        }
-                        quickenSb.append("generalizes: ");
-                        for (int i = 0; i < generalizeInputsMap[bci].length; i++) {
-                            if (i > 0) {
-                                quickenSb.append(", ");
-                            }
-                            quickenSb.append(generalizeInputsMap[bci][i]);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    line[7] = quickenSb.toString();
-                }
-                String formatted = String.format("%-8s %2s %4s %-32s %-3s   %-32s %s %s", (Object[]) line);
-                sb.append(formatted.stripTrailing());
-                sb.append('\n');
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (Object c : constants) {
-            if (c instanceof CodeUnit) {
-                sb.append('\n');
-                sb.append(c);
-            }
-        }
-
-        return sb.toString();
-    }
-
-    private static String collectionKindToString(int oparg) {
-        switch (CollectionBits.collectionKind(oparg)) {
-            case CollectionBits.KIND_LIST:
-                return "list";
-            case CollectionBits.KIND_TUPLE:
-                return "tuple";
-            case CollectionBits.KIND_SET:
-                return "set";
-            case CollectionBits.KIND_DICT:
-                return "dict";
-            case CollectionBits.KIND_KWORDS:
-                return "PKeyword[]";
-            case CollectionBits.KIND_OBJECT:
-                return "Object[]";
-        }
-        throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown kind");
-    }
-
-    private static String collectionTypeToString(int oparg) {
-        switch (CollectionBits.elementType(oparg)) {
-            case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_BOOLEAN:
-                return "boolean";
-            case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_INT:
-                return "int";
-            case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_LONG:
-                return "long";
-            case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_DOUBLE:
-                return "double";
-            case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_OBJECT:
-                return "Object";
-        }
-        throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown type");
-    }
-
-    public static final int LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_AFTER_CODEBLOCK = -1;
-    public static final int LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_BEFORE_CODEBLOCK = -2;
-
-    // -1 for line after the code block, -2 for line before the code block, line number otherwise
-    public int lineToBci(int line) {
-        if (startLine == line) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        if ((flags & PCode.CO_GRAALPYHON_MODULE) != 0 && line < startLine) {
-            // allow jump to the first line of a file, even if it is a comment
-            return 0;
-        }
-        int[] map = getSourceMap().startLineMap;
-        int bestBci = LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_AFTER_CODEBLOCK;
-        int lineDiff = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
-        boolean afterFirst = false;
-        for (int bci = 0; bci < map.length; ++bci) {
-            if (map[bci] >= line) {
-                int lineDiff2 = map[bci] - line;
-                // the first bci found is the start of the line
-                if (lineDiff2 < lineDiff) {
-                    bestBci = bci;
-                    lineDiff = lineDiff2;
-                }
-            }
-            if (map[bci] > 0 && map[bci] <= line) {
-                // the line is actually within the codeblock.
-                afterFirst = true;
-            }
-        }
-        // bestBci being -1 means the line is outside the code block
-        return afterFirst ? bestBci : LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_BEFORE_CODEBLOCK;
-    }
-
-    public enum StackItem {
-        With("the body of a with statement"),
-        Iterable("the body of a for loop"),
-        Except("an 'except' block as there's no exception"),
-        Object("Incompatible stack");
-
-        public final String error;
-
-        StackItem(String error) {
-            this.error = error;
-        }
-
-        ArrayList push(ArrayList v) {
-            ArrayList ret = v == null ? new ArrayList<>() : new ArrayList<>(v);
-            ret.add(this);
-            return ret;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void setNextStack(ArrayDeque todo, List> stacks, int target, ArrayList value) {
-        ArrayList blocksAtTarget = stacks.get(target);
-        if (blocksAtTarget == null) {
-            stacks.set(target, value);
-            todo.addLast(target);
-        } else {
-            assert value.equals(blocksAtTarget) : "found conflicting stacks depending on code path: " + this.name + "\t at " + target;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static ArrayList popStack(ArrayList blocks) {
-        assert blocks != null : "Pop from null stack";
-        assert blocks.size() >= 1 : "Pop from empty stack";
-        return new ArrayList<>(blocks.subList(0, blocks.size() - 1));
-    }
-
-    // returns null if the jump is fine
-    public String checkJump(List> stackElems, int from, int to) {
-        ArrayList blkFrom = stackElems.get(from);
-        if (blkFrom == null) {
-            // this should not happen
-            PRaiseNode.getUncached().raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.ValueError, ErrorMessages.LINE_D_COMES_BEFORE_THE_CURRENT_CODE_BLOCK, bciToLine(from));
-        }
-        ArrayList blkTo = stackElems.get(to);
-        if (blkTo == null) {
-            PRaiseNode.getUncached().raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.ValueError, ErrorMessages.LINE_D_COMES_AFTER_THE_CURRENT_CODE_BLOCK, bciToLine(from));
-        }
-        if (blkTo.size() > blkFrom.size()) {
-            return blkTo.get(blkTo.size() - 1).error;
-        }
-        for (int i = blkTo.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-            if (blkTo.get(i) != blkFrom.get(i)) {
-                return blkTo.get(i).error;
-            }
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public List> computeStackElems() {
-        List> blocks = new ArrayList<>(Collections.nCopies(code.length + 1, null));
-        blocks.set(0, new ArrayList<>());
-        ArrayDeque todo = new ArrayDeque<>();
-        todo.addFirst(0);
-        while (!todo.isEmpty()) {
-            int firstBci = todo.removeLast();
-            assert blocks.get(firstBci) != null : "Reached block without determining its stack state";
-            opCodeAt(code, firstBci, (bci, op, oparg, followingArgs) -> {
-                // firstBci can be different from bci if EXTEND_ARG is used
-                // the stack is kept both at firstBci and bci
-                ArrayList next = blocks.get(firstBci);
-                if (firstBci != bci) {
-                    blocks.set(bci, next);
-                }
-                for (int j = 0; j < exceptionHandlerRanges.length; j += 4) {
-                    int start = exceptionHandlerRanges[j];
-                    int handler = exceptionHandlerRanges[j + 2];
-                    int stack = exceptionHandlerRanges[j + 3];
-                    if (start == bci) {
-                        ArrayList handlerStack = StackItem.Except.push(new ArrayList<>(blocks.get(bci).subList(0, stack)));
-                        // an exception handler is like a jump
-                        // the except block is added in the lines below
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, handler, handlerStack);
-                    }
-                }
-                switch (op) {
-                    case GET_ITER:
-                    case GET_AITER:
-                        next = StackItem.Iterable.push(popStack(blocks.get(bci)));
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, bci + 1, next);
-                        break;
-                    case FOR_ITER:
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), StackItem.Object.push(next));
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, true), popStack(next));
-                        break;
-                    case PUSH_EXC_INFO:
-                        next = StackItem.Except.push(StackItem.Object.push(popStack(blocks.get(bci))));
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, bci + 1, next);
-                        break;
-                    case MATCH_EXC_OR_JUMP:
-                        next = popStack(next);
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, true), next);
-                        break;
-                    case SETUP_WITH:
-                    case SETUP_AWITH:
-                        next = StackItem.Object.push(StackItem.With.push(blocks.get(bci)));
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
-                        break;
-                    case GET_AEXIT_CORO:
-                        next = StackItem.Object.push(StackItem.Except.push(popStack(popStack(popStack(blocks.get(bci))))));
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
-                        break;
-                    case DUP_TOP:
-                        next = next.get(next.size() - 1).push(next);
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
-                        break;
-                    case ROT_TWO: {
-                        StackItem top = next.get(next.size() - 1);
-                        StackItem belowTop = next.get(next.size() - 2);
-                        next = belowTop.push(top.push(popStack(popStack(next))));
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    case ROT_THREE: {
-                        StackItem top = next.get(next.size() - 1);
-                        StackItem second = next.get(next.size() - 2);
-                        StackItem third = next.get(next.size() - 3);
-                        next = second.push(third.push(top.push(top.push(popStack(popStack(popStack(next)))))));
-                        setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), next);
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    case LOAD_NONE:
-                        opCodeAt(code, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), (ignored, nextOp, ignored2, ignored3) -> {
-                            // Usually, when compiling bytecode around exception handlers, the code
-                            // is generated twice, once for the path with no exception, and
-                            // once for the path with the exception. However, when generating code
-                            // for a with statement exit, the code is generated as follows (and in a
-                            // similar manner for async with).
-                            // ...
-                            // LOAD_NONE
-                            // EXIT_WITH (exception handler starts here)
-                            // ...
-                            // This means that setting the stack at EXIT_WITH to have Object on top,
-                            // as LOAD_NONE usually would, would cause a conflict with the exception
-                            // handler starting at that position, which has the stack top be an
-                            // Exception.
-                            if (nextOp != OpCodes.GET_AEXIT_CORO && nextOp != OpCodes.EXIT_WITH) {
-                                setNextStack(todo, blocks, op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false), StackItem.Object.push(blocks.get(bci)));
-                            }
-                        });
-                        break;
-
-                    default: {
-                        int nextWJump = op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, true);
-                        int nextWOJump = op.getNextBci(bci, oparg, false);
-                        int stackLostWJump = op.getNumberOfConsumedStackItems(oparg, followingArgs, true);
-                        int stackLostWOJump = op.getNumberOfConsumedStackItems(oparg, followingArgs, false);
-                        int stackGainWJump = op.getNumberOfProducedStackItems(oparg, followingArgs, true);
-                        int stackGainWOJump = op.getNumberOfProducedStackItems(oparg, followingArgs, false);
-                        handleGeneralOp(blocks, todo, bci, nextWJump, stackLostWJump, stackGainWJump);
-                        if (nextWJump != nextWOJump) {
-                            handleGeneralOp(blocks, todo, bci, nextWOJump, stackLostWOJump, stackGainWOJump);
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-        }
-        return blocks;
-    }
-
-    private void handleGeneralOp(List> blocks, ArrayDeque todo, int bci, int next, int stackLost, int stackGain) {
-        if (next >= 0) {
-            ArrayList blocksHere = new ArrayList<>(blocks.get(bci));
-            for (int k = 0; k < stackLost; ++k) {
-                blocksHere.remove(blocksHere.size() - 1);
-            }
-            for (int k = 0; k < stackGain; ++k) {
-                blocksHere.add(StackItem.Object);
-            }
-            setNextStack(todo, blocks, next, blocksHere);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @FunctionalInterface
-    public interface BytecodeAction {
-        void run(int bci, OpCodes op, int oparg, byte[] followingArgs);
-    }
-
-    // returns the following bci
-    private static int opCodeAt(byte[] bytecode, int bci, BytecodeAction action) {
-        int oparg = 0;
-        OpCodes op = OpCodes.fromOpCode(bytecode[bci]);
-        while (op == OpCodes.EXTENDED_ARG) {
-            oparg |= Byte.toUnsignedInt(bytecode[bci + 1]);
-            oparg <<= 8;
-            bci += 2;
-            op = OpCodes.fromOpCode(bytecode[bci]);
-        }
-        byte[] followingArgs = null;
-        if (op.argLength > 0) {
-            oparg |= Byte.toUnsignedInt(bytecode[bci + 1]);
-            if (op.argLength > 1) {
-                followingArgs = new byte[op.argLength - 1];
-                System.arraycopy(bytecode, bci + 2, followingArgs, 0, followingArgs.length);
-            }
-        }
-        action.run(bci, op, oparg, followingArgs);
-        return bci + op.length();
-    }
-
-    public static void iterateBytecode(byte[] bytecode, BytecodeAction action) {
-        for (int bci = 0; bci < bytecode.length;) {
-            bci = opCodeAt(bytecode, bci, action);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void iterateBytecode(BytecodeAction action) {
-        iterateBytecode(code, action);
+    public final Signature computeSignature() {
+        int posArgCount = argCount + positionalOnlyArgCount;
+        TruffleString[] parameterNames = Arrays.copyOf(varnames, posArgCount);
+        TruffleString[] kwOnlyNames = Arrays.copyOfRange(varnames, posArgCount, posArgCount + kwOnlyArgCount);
+        int varArgsIndex = takesVarArgs() ? posArgCount : -1;
+        return new Signature(positionalOnlyArgCount,
+                        takesVarKeywordArgs(),
+                        varArgsIndex,
+                        positionalOnlyArgCount > 0,
+                        parameterNames,
+                        kwOnlyNames);
     }
 }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CompilationScope.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CompilationScope.java
index dee34b0461..2bc97e288e 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CompilationScope.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CompilationScope.java
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
  */
 package com.oracle.graal.python.compiler;
 
-enum CompilationScope {
+public enum CompilationScope {
     Module,
     Class,
     Function,
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CompilationUnit.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CompilationUnit.java
index 1bb92cce55..43da9e23b2 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CompilationUnit.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/CompilationUnit.java
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ private void addImplicitReturn() {
         }
     }
 
-    public CodeUnit assemble() {
+    public BytecodeCodeUnit assemble() {
         addImplicitReturn();
         calculateJumpInstructionArguments();
 
@@ -321,19 +321,19 @@ public CodeUnit assemble() {
                 }
             }
         }
-        return new CodeUnit(toTruffleStringUncached(name), toTruffleStringUncached(qualName),
-                        argCount, kwOnlyArgCount, positionalOnlyArgCount, maxStackSize,
-                        buf.toByteArray(), sourceMapBuilder.build(), flags,
-                        orderedKeys(names, new TruffleString[0], PythonUtils::toTruffleStringUncached),
-                        orderedKeys(varnames, new TruffleString[0], PythonUtils::toTruffleStringUncached),
-                        orderedKeys(cellvars, new TruffleString[0], PythonUtils::toTruffleStringUncached),
+        return new BytecodeCodeUnit(toTruffleStringUncached(name), toTruffleStringUncached(qualName),
+                        argCount, kwOnlyArgCount, positionalOnlyArgCount, flags,
+                        orderedKeys(names, new TruffleString[0], PythonUtils::toTruffleStringUncached), orderedKeys(varnames, new TruffleString[0], PythonUtils::toTruffleStringUncached), orderedKeys(cellvars, new TruffleString[0], PythonUtils::toTruffleStringUncached),
                         orderedKeys(freevars, new TruffleString[0], cellvars.size(), PythonUtils::toTruffleStringUncached),
                         cell2arg,
                         orderedKeys(constants, new Object[0]),
-                        orderedLong(primitiveConstants),
-                        exceptionHandlerRanges,
-                        conditionProfileCount,
-                        startLocation.startLine, startLocation.startColumn, startLocation.endLine, startLocation.endColumn,
+                        startLocation.startLine,
+                        startLocation.startColumn,
+                        startLocation.endLine,
+                        startLocation.endColumn,
+                        buf.toByteArray(),
+                        sourceMapBuilder.build(),
+                        orderedLong(primitiveConstants), exceptionHandlerRanges, maxStackSize, conditionProfileCount,
                         finishedCanQuickenOutput, shouldUnboxVariable, finishedGeneralizeInputsMap, finishedGeneralizeVarsMap);
     }
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/Compiler.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/Compiler.java
index f8cfc842fd..f5fb183b00 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/Compiler.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/Compiler.java
@@ -238,9 +238,9 @@ public Compiler(ErrorCallback errorCallback) {
     public CompilationUnit compile(ModTy mod, EnumSet flags, int optimizationLevel, EnumSet futureFeatures) {
         this.flags = flags;
         if (mod instanceof ModTy.Module) {
-            parseFuture(((ModTy.Module) mod).body);
+            futureLineno = parseFuture(((ModTy.Module) mod).body, futureFeatures, errorCallback);
         } else if (mod instanceof ModTy.Interactive) {
-            parseFuture(((ModTy.Interactive) mod).body);
+            futureLineno = parseFuture(((ModTy.Interactive) mod).body, futureFeatures, errorCallback);
         }
         this.futureFeatures.addAll(futureFeatures);
         this.env = ScopeEnvironment.analyze(mod, errorCallback, this.futureFeatures);
@@ -252,21 +252,23 @@ public CompilationUnit compile(ModTy mod, EnumSet flags, int optimization
         return topUnit;
     }
 
-    private void parseFuture(StmtTy[] modBody) {
+    public static int parseFuture(StmtTy[] modBody, EnumSet futureFeatures, ErrorCallback errorCallback) {
+        int lastFutureLine = -1;
         if (modBody == null || modBody.length == 0) {
-            return;
+            return lastFutureLine;
         }
         boolean done = false;
         int prevLine = 0;
         int i = 0;
-        if (getDocstring(modBody) != null) {
+        if (findDocstring(modBody) != null) {
             i++;
         }
+
         for (; i < modBody.length; i++) {
             StmtTy s = modBody[i];
             int line = s.getSourceRange().startLine;
             if (done && line > prevLine) {
-                return;
+                return lastFutureLine;
             }
             prevLine = line;
             if (s instanceof StmtTy.ImportFrom) {
@@ -275,8 +277,8 @@ private void parseFuture(StmtTy[] modBody) {
                     if (done) {
                         errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, s.getSourceRange(), "from __future__ imports must occur at the beginning of the file");
                     }
-                    parseFutureFeatures(importFrom, futureFeatures);
-                    futureLineno = line;
+                    parseFutureFeatures(importFrom, futureFeatures, errorCallback);
+                    lastFutureLine = line;
                 } else {
                     done = true;
                 }
@@ -284,9 +286,10 @@ private void parseFuture(StmtTy[] modBody) {
                 done = true;
             }
         }
+        return lastFutureLine;
     }
 
-    private void parseFutureFeatures(StmtTy.ImportFrom node, EnumSet features) {
+    private static void parseFutureFeatures(StmtTy.ImportFrom node, EnumSet features, ErrorCallback errorCallback) {
         for (AliasTy alias : node.names) {
             if (alias.name != null) {
                 switch (alias.name) {
@@ -446,7 +449,7 @@ private void exitScope() {
         }
     }
 
-    private void checkForbiddenName(String id, ExprContextTy context) {
+    protected final void checkForbiddenName(String id, ExprContextTy context) {
         if (context == ExprContextTy.Store) {
             if (id.equals("__debug__")) {
                 errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, unit.currentLocation, "cannot assign to __debug__");
@@ -658,10 +661,7 @@ private static  int addObject(HashMap dict, T o) {
         return v;
     }
 
-    private TruffleString getDocstring(StmtTy[] body) {
-        if (optimizationLevel >= 2) {
-            return null;
-        }
+    private static TruffleString findDocstring(StmtTy[] body) {
         if (body != null && body.length > 0) {
             StmtTy stmt = body[0];
             if (stmt instanceof StmtTy.Expr) {
@@ -677,6 +677,13 @@ private TruffleString getDocstring(StmtTy[] body) {
         return null;
     }
 
+    private TruffleString getDocstring(StmtTy[] body) {
+        if (optimizationLevel >= 2) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return findDocstring(body);
+    }
+
     private SourceRange setLocation(SourceRange location) {
         SourceRange savedLocation = unit.currentLocation;
         unit.currentLocation = location;
@@ -887,7 +894,7 @@ private void collectIntoDict(ExprTy[] keys, ExprTy[] values) {
         collector.finishCollection();
     }
 
-    private void validateKeywords(KeywordTy[] keywords) {
+    protected final void validateKeywords(KeywordTy[] keywords) {
         for (int i = 0; i < keywords.length; i++) {
             if (keywords[i].arg != null) {
                 checkForbiddenName(keywords[i].arg, ExprContextTy.Store);
@@ -1547,7 +1554,7 @@ public Void visit(ExprTy.List node) {
                 case Store:
                     return unpackInto(node.elements);
                 case Load:
-                    boolean emittedConstant = tryCollectConstantCollection(node.elements, CollectionBits.KIND_LIST);
+                    boolean emittedConstant = tryLoadConstantCollection(node.elements, CollectionBits.KIND_LIST);
                     if (emittedConstant) {
                         return null;
                     }
@@ -1830,7 +1837,7 @@ public Void visit(ExprTy.Tuple node) {
                             }
                         }
                     }
-                    boolean emittedConstant = tryCollectConstantCollection(node.elements, CollectionBits.KIND_TUPLE);
+                    boolean emittedConstant = tryLoadConstantCollection(node.elements, CollectionBits.KIND_TUPLE);
                     if (emittedConstant) {
                         return null;
                     }
@@ -1850,13 +1857,33 @@ public Void visit(ExprTy.Tuple node) {
         }
     }
 
-    private boolean tryCollectConstantCollection(ExprTy[] elements, int collectionKind) {
+    private boolean tryLoadConstantCollection(ExprTy[] elements, int collectionKind) {
+        ConstantCollection constantCollection = tryCollectConstantCollection(elements);
+        if (constantCollection == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        addOp(LOAD_CONST_COLLECTION, addObject(unit.constants, constantCollection.collection), new byte[]{(byte) (constantCollection.elementType | collectionKind)});
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static final class ConstantCollection {
+        public final Object collection;
+        public final int elementType;
+
+        ConstantCollection(Object collection, int elementType) {
+            this.collection = collection;
+            this.elementType = elementType;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static ConstantCollection tryCollectConstantCollection(ExprTy[] elements) {
         /*
          * We try to store the whole tuple as a Java array constant when all the elements are
          * constant and context-independent.
          */
         if (elements == null || elements.length == 0) {
-            return false;
+            return null;
         }
 
         int constantType = -1;
@@ -1886,10 +1913,10 @@ private boolean tryCollectConstantCollection(ExprTy[] elements, int collectionKi
                     constantType = determineConstantType(constantType, CollectionBits.ELEMENT_OBJECT);
                     constants.add(PNone.NONE);
                 } else {
-                    return false;
+                    return null;
                 }
             } else {
-                return false;
+                return null;
             }
         }
         Object newConstant = null;
@@ -1930,11 +1957,10 @@ private boolean tryCollectConstantCollection(ExprTy[] elements, int collectionKi
                 break;
             }
         }
-        addOp(LOAD_CONST_COLLECTION, addObject(unit.constants, newConstant), new byte[]{(byte) (constantType | collectionKind)});
-        return true;
+        return new ConstantCollection(newConstant, constantType);
     }
 
-    int determineConstantType(int existing, int type) {
+    private static int determineConstantType(int existing, int type) {
         if (existing == -1 || existing == type) {
             return type;
         }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/BaseBytecodeDSLVisitor.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/BaseBytecodeDSLVisitor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae663b9c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/BaseBytecodeDSLVisitor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * The Universal Permissive License (UPL), Version 1.0
+ *
+ * Subject to the condition set forth below, permission is hereby granted to any
+ * person obtaining a copy of this software, associated documentation and/or
+ * data (collectively the "Software"), free of charge and under any and all
+ * copyright rights in the Software, and any and all patent rights owned or
+ * freely licensable by each licensor hereunder covering either (i) the
+ * unmodified Software as contributed to or provided by such licensor, or (ii)
+ * the Larger Works (as defined below), to deal in both
+ *
+ * (a) the Software, and
+ *
+ * (b) any piece of software and/or hardware listed in the lrgrwrks.txt file if
+ * one is included with the Software each a "Larger Work" to which the Software
+ * is contributed by such licensors),
+ *
+ * without restriction, including without limitation the rights to copy, create
+ * derivative works of, display, perform, and distribute the Software and make,
+ * use, sell, offer for sale, import, export, have made, and have sold the
+ * Software and the Larger Work(s), and to sublicense the foregoing rights on
+ * either these or other terms.
+ *
+ * This license is subject to the following condition:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and either this complete permission notice or at a
+ * minimum a reference to the UPL must be included in all copies or substantial
+ * portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.bytecode_dsl;
+
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.AliasTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ArgTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ArgumentsTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ComprehensionTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ExceptHandlerTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ExprTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.KeywordTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.MatchCaseTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ModTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.PatternTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.SSTNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.SSTreeVisitor;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.StmtTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.TypeIgnoreTy.TypeIgnore;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.WithItemTy;
+
+/**
+ * This interface provides default implementations of all {@code SSTreeVisitor} methods, which makes
+ * it easier to incrementally add support to the Bytecode DSL compiler. Once the compiler is stable,
+ * this interface should be removed.
+ */
+public interface BaseBytecodeDSLVisitor extends SSTreeVisitor {
+
+    default T defaultValue(SSTNode node) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(getClass().getSimpleName() + ": " + node.getClass().getSimpleName());
+    }
+
+    default void visitNode(SSTNode node) {
+        if (node != null) {
+            node.accept(this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    default T visit(AliasTy node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ArgTy node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ArgumentsTy node) {
+        visitSequence(node.defaults);
+        visitSequence(node.kwDefaults);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ComprehensionTy node) {
+        visitNode(node.iter);
+        visitSequence(node.ifs);
+        visitNode(node.target);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Attribute node) {
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Await node) {
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.BinOp node) {
+        visitNode(node.left);
+        visitNode(node.right);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.BoolOp node) {
+        visitSequence(node.values);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Call node) {
+        visitNode(node.func);
+        visitSequence(node.args);
+        visitSequence(node.keywords);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Compare node) {
+        visitNode(node.left);
+        visitSequence(node.comparators);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Constant node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Dict node) {
+        visitSequence(node.keys);
+        visitSequence(node.values);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.DictComp node) {
+        visitSequence(node.generators);
+        visitNode(node.key);
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.FormattedValue node) {
+        visitNode(node.formatSpec);
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.GeneratorExp node) {
+        visitNode(node.element);
+        visitSequence(node.generators);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.IfExp node) {
+        visitNode(node.test);
+        visitNode(node.body);
+        visitNode(node.orElse);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.JoinedStr node) {
+        visitSequence(node.values);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Lambda node) {
+        visitNode(node.body);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.List node) {
+        visitSequence(node.elements);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.ListComp node) {
+        visitSequence(node.generators);
+        visitNode(node.element);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Name node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.NamedExpr node) {
+        visitNode(node.target);
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Set node) {
+        visitSequence(node.elements);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.SetComp node) {
+        visitSequence(node.generators);
+        visitNode(node.element);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Slice node) {
+        visitNode(node.lower);
+        visitNode(node.upper);
+        visitNode(node.step);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Starred node) {
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Subscript node) {
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        visitNode(node.slice);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Tuple node) {
+        visitSequence(node.elements);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.UnaryOp node) {
+        visitNode(node.operand);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.Yield node) {
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExprTy.YieldFrom node) {
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(KeywordTy node) {
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ModTy.Expression node) {
+        visitNode(node.body);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ModTy.FunctionType node) {
+        visitNode(node.returns);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ModTy.Interactive node) {
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ModTy.Module node) {
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.AnnAssign node) {
+        visitNode(node.target);
+        visitNode(node.annotation);
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Assert node) {
+        visitNode(node.test);
+        visitNode(node.msg);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Assign node) {
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        visitSequence(node.targets);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.AsyncFor node) {
+        visitNode(node.target);
+        visitNode(node.iter);
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        visitSequence(node.orElse);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.AsyncFunctionDef node) {
+        visitSequence(node.decoratorList);
+        visitNode(node.args);
+        visitNode(node.returns);
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.AsyncWith node) {
+        visitSequence(node.items);
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.AugAssign node) {
+        visitNode(node.target);
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.ClassDef node) {
+        visitSequence(node.decoratorList);
+        visitSequence(node.bases);
+        visitSequence(node.keywords);
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Delete node) {
+        visitSequence(node.targets);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Expr node) {
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.For node) {
+        visitNode(node.iter);
+        visitNode(node.target);
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        visitSequence(node.orElse);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.FunctionDef node) {
+        visitSequence(node.decoratorList);
+        visitNode(node.args);
+        visitNode(node.returns);
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Global node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.If node) {
+        visitNode(node.test);
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        visitSequence(node.orElse);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Import node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.ImportFrom node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Match node) {
+        visitNode(node.subject);
+        visitSequence(node.cases);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(MatchCaseTy node) {
+        visitNode(node.pattern);
+        visitNode(node.guard);
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(PatternTy.MatchAs node) {
+        visitNode(node.pattern);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(PatternTy.MatchClass node) {
+        visitSequence(node.patterns);
+        visitSequence(node.kwdPatterns);
+        visitNode(node.cls);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(PatternTy.MatchMapping node) {
+        visitSequence(node.keys);
+        visitSequence(node.patterns);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(PatternTy.MatchOr node) {
+        visitSequence(node.patterns);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(PatternTy.MatchSequence node) {
+        visitSequence(node.patterns);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(PatternTy.MatchSingleton node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(PatternTy.MatchStar node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(PatternTy.MatchValue node) {
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Nonlocal node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Raise node) {
+        visitNode(node.exc);
+        visitNode(node.cause);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Return node) {
+        visitNode(node.value);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Try node) {
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        visitSequence(node.orElse);
+        visitSequence(node.finalBody);
+        visitSequence(node.handlers);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.TryStar node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(ExceptHandlerTy.ExceptHandler node) {
+        visitNode(node.type);
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.While node) {
+        visitNode(node.test);
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        visitSequence(node.orElse);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.With node) {
+        visitSequence(node.items);
+        visitSequence(node.body);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(WithItemTy node) {
+        visitNode(node.contextExpr);
+        visitNode(node.optionalVars);
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Break node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Continue node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(StmtTy.Pass node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+
+    default T visit(TypeIgnore node) {
+        return defaultValue(node);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLCompiler.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLCompiler.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd23a61002
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLCompiler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+package com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.bytecode_dsl;
+
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import com.oracle.graal.python.PythonLanguage;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.Compiler;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLCodeUnit;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.FutureFeature;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.scope.Scope;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.scope.ScopeEnvironment;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ModTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.StmtTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectSlowPathFactory;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.source.Source;
+
+public class BytecodeDSLCompiler {
+
+    public static final record BytecodeDSLCompilerResult(PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode, BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit) {
+    }
+
+    public static BytecodeDSLCompilerResult compile(PythonLanguage language, PythonContext context, ModTy mod, Source source, int optimize, RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback errorCallback,
+                    EnumSet futureFeatures) {
+        /**
+         * Parse __future__ annotations before the analysis step. The analysis does extra validation
+         * when __future__.annotations is imported.
+         */
+        int futureLineNumber = parseFuture(mod, futureFeatures, errorCallback);
+        ScopeEnvironment scopeEnvironment = ScopeEnvironment.analyze(mod, errorCallback, futureFeatures);
+        BytecodeDSLCompilerContext ctx = new BytecodeDSLCompilerContext(language, context, mod, source, optimize, futureFeatures, futureLineNumber, errorCallback, scopeEnvironment);
+        RootNodeCompiler compiler = new RootNodeCompiler(ctx, mod, futureFeatures);
+        return compiler.compile();
+    }
+
+    private static int parseFuture(ModTy mod, EnumSet futureFeatures, RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback errorCallback) {
+        StmtTy[] stmts = null;
+        if (mod instanceof ModTy.Module module) {
+            stmts = module.body;
+        } else if (mod instanceof ModTy.Interactive interactive) {
+            stmts = interactive.body;
+        } else {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        return Compiler.parseFuture(stmts, futureFeatures, errorCallback);
+    }
+
+    public static class BytecodeDSLCompilerContext {
+
+        public final PythonLanguage language;
+        public final PythonContext pythonContext;
+        public final PythonObjectSlowPathFactory factory;
+        public final ModTy mod;
+        public final Source source;
+        public final int optimizationLevel;
+        public final EnumSet futureFeatures;
+        public final int futureLineNumber;
+        public final RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback errorCallback;
+        public final ScopeEnvironment scopeEnvironment;
+        public final Map qualifiedNames;
+
+        public BytecodeDSLCompilerContext(PythonLanguage language, PythonContext context, ModTy mod, Source source, int optimizationLevel,
+                        EnumSet futureFeatures, int futureLineNumber, RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback errorCallback, ScopeEnvironment scopeEnvironment) {
+            this.language = language;
+            this.pythonContext = context;
+            this.factory = context.factory();
+            this.mod = mod;
+            this.source = source;
+            this.optimizationLevel = optimizationLevel;
+            this.futureFeatures = futureFeatures;
+            this.futureLineNumber = futureLineNumber;
+            this.errorCallback = errorCallback;
+            this.scopeEnvironment = scopeEnvironment;
+            this.qualifiedNames = new HashMap<>();
+        }
+
+        String mangle(Scope scope, String name) {
+            return ScopeEnvironment.mangle(getClassName(scope), name);
+        }
+
+        String getClassName(Scope s) {
+            Scope cur = s;
+            while (cur != null) {
+                if (cur.isClass()) {
+                    return cur.getName();
+                }
+                cur = scopeEnvironment.lookupParent(cur);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        String getQualifiedName(Scope scope) {
+            if (qualifiedNames.containsKey(scope)) {
+                return qualifiedNames.get(scope);
+            } else {
+                String qualifiedName = computeQualifiedName(scope);
+                qualifiedNames.put(scope, qualifiedName);
+                return qualifiedName;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private String computeQualifiedName(Scope scope) {
+            String qualifiedName = scope.getName();
+            Scope parentScope = scopeEnvironment.lookupParent(scope);
+            if (parentScope != null && parentScope != scopeEnvironment.getTopScope()) {
+                if (!((scope.isFunction() || scope.isClass()) && parentScope.getUseOfName(mangle(scope, scope.getName())).contains(Scope.DefUse.GlobalExplicit))) {
+                    // Qualify the name, unless it's a function/class and the parent declared the
+                    // name as a global (in which case the function/class doesn't belong to the
+                    // parent).
+                    if (parentScope.isFunction()) {
+                        qualifiedName = getQualifiedName(parentScope) + ".." + scope.getName();
+                    } else {
+                        qualifiedName = getQualifiedName(parentScope) + "." + scope.getName();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return qualifiedName;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/RootNodeCompiler.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/RootNodeCompiler.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8f330414e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/compiler/bytecode_dsl/RootNodeCompiler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,4568 @@
+package com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.bytecode_dsl;
+
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CompilationScope.Class;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils.toTruffleStringUncached;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.SpecialAttributeNames.J___CLASS__;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.PNone;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.code.PCode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.ellipsis.PEllipsis;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PArguments;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PKeyword;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CompilationScope;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.Compiler;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.Compiler.ConstantCollection;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodes.CollectionBits;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLCompiler.BytecodeDSLCompilerContext;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLCompiler.BytecodeDSLCompilerResult;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.Unparser;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.StringLiterals;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLCodeUnit;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNodeGen;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNodeGen.Builder;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.FutureFeature;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.ErrorCallback.ErrorType;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.ErrorCallback.WarningType;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.scope.Scope;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.scope.Scope.DefUse;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.AliasTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ArgTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ArgumentsTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.BoolOpTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.CmpOpTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ComprehensionTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ConstantValue;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ConstantValue.Kind;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ExceptHandlerTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ExprContextTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ExprTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.KeywordTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.MatchCaseTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ModTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.OperatorTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.PatternTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.SSTNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.StmtTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.UnaryOpTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.WithItemTy;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ExprTy.Constant;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ExprTy.DictComp;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ExprTy.GeneratorExp;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ExprTy.Lambda;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ExprTy.ListComp;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ExprTy.SetComp;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.StmtTy.AsyncFunctionDef;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.tokenizer.SourceRange;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeConfig;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeLabel;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeLocal;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeRootNodes;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.instrumentation.StandardTags.StatementTag;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeParser;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleString;
+
+/**
+ * Visitor that compiles a top-level AST (modules, functions, classes, etc.) to a root node.
+ * Produces a {@link BytecodeDSLCompilerResult}.
+ * 

+ * This visitor is a small wrapper that calls into another visitor, {@link StatementCompiler}, to
+ * produce bytecode for the various statements/expressions within the AST.
+ */
+public class RootNodeCompiler implements BaseBytecodeDSLVisitor {
+    /**
+     * Because a {@link RootNodeCompiler} instance gets reused on reparse, it should be idempotent.
+     * Consequently, most of its fields are final and immutable/not mutated after construction. For
+     * some tables updated during parsing (e.g., the constants map), we ensure these updates are
+     * idempotent. Any remaining fields must be {@link #reset()} at the beginning of the parse.
+     */
+    // Immutable
+    private final BytecodeDSLCompilerContext ctx;
+    private final SSTNode startNode;
+    private final Scope scope;
+    private final CompilationScope scopeType;
+    private final boolean isInteractive;
+    private final EnumSet futureFeatures;
+
+    // Immutable after construction
+    private final HashMap varnames;
+    private final HashMap cellvars;
+    private final HashMap freevars;
+    private final int[] cell2arg;
+    private final String selfCellName;
+
+    // Updated idempotently
+    private final Map locals = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map cellLocals = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map freeLocals = new HashMap<>();
+    private final HashMap constants = new HashMap<>();
+    private final HashMap names = new HashMap<>();
+
+    // Mutable (must be reset)
+    private SourceRange currentLocation;
+
+    public RootNodeCompiler(BytecodeDSLCompilerContext ctx, SSTNode rootNode, EnumSet futureFeatures) {
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.startNode = rootNode;
+        this.scope = ctx.scopeEnvironment.lookupScope(rootNode);
+        this.scopeType = getScopeType(scope, rootNode);
+        this.isInteractive = rootNode instanceof ModTy.Interactive;
+        this.futureFeatures = futureFeatures;
+
+        this.varnames = new HashMap<>();
+        if (scope.isFunction()) {
+            /*
+             * scope.getVarnames only returns parameters. We use the scope to collect the rest of
+             * the regular variables.
+             */
+            for (int i = 0; i < scope.getVarnames().size(); i++) {
+                varnames.put(scope.getVarnames().get(i), i);
+            }
+            varnames.putAll(scope.getSymbolsByType(EnumSet.of(DefUse.Local), EnumSet.of(DefUse.DefParam, DefUse.Cell, DefUse.Free), varnames.size()));
+        }
+
+        this.cellvars = scope.getSymbolsByType(EnumSet.of(Scope.DefUse.Cell), 0);
+        if (scope.needsClassClosure()) {
+            assert scopeType == Class;
+            assert cellvars.isEmpty();
+            cellvars.put("__class__", 0);
+        }
+
+        this.freevars = scope.getSymbolsByType(EnumSet.of(Scope.DefUse.Free, Scope.DefUse.DefFreeClass), 0);
+
+        int[] cell2argValue = new int[cellvars.size()];
+        boolean hasArgCell = false;
+        Arrays.fill(cell2argValue, -1);
+        String selfCellNameValue = null;
+        for (String cellvar : cellvars.keySet()) {
+            if (varnames.containsKey(cellvar)) {
+                int argIndex = varnames.get(cellvar);
+                cell2argValue[cellvars.get(cellvar)] = argIndex;
+                hasArgCell = true;
+                if (argIndex == 0) {
+                    assert selfCellNameValue == null;
+                    selfCellNameValue = cellvar;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        this.cell2arg = hasArgCell ? cell2argValue : null;
+        this.selfCellName = selfCellNameValue;
+    }
+
+    private static CompilationScope getScopeType(Scope scope, SSTNode rootNode) {
+        if (scope.isModule()) {
+            return CompilationScope.Module;
+        } else if (scope.isClass()) {
+            return CompilationScope.Class;
+        } else if (scope.isFunction()) {
+            if (rootNode instanceof Lambda) {
+                return CompilationScope.Lambda;
+            } else if (rootNode instanceof AsyncFunctionDef) {
+                return CompilationScope.AsyncFunction;
+            } else {
+                return CompilationScope.Function;
+            }
+        } else {
+            assert rootNode instanceof DictComp || rootNode instanceof ListComp || rootNode instanceof SetComp || rootNode instanceof GeneratorExp;
+            return CompilationScope.Comprehension;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static  U[] orderedKeys(HashMap map, U[] base, Function converter) {
+        U[] result = Arrays.copyOf(base, map.size());
+        for (Map.Entry e : map.entrySet()) {
+            result[e.getValue()] = converter.apply(e.getKey());
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static  T[] orderedKeys(HashMap map, T[] base) {
+        return orderedKeys(map, base, x -> x);
+    }
+
+    private Object addConstant(Object c) {
+        Integer v = constants.get(c);
+        if (v == null) {
+            v = constants.size();
+            constants.put(c, v);
+        }
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    private static TruffleString[] orderedTruffleStringArray(HashMap map) {
+        return orderedKeys(map, new TruffleString[0], PythonUtils::toTruffleStringUncached);
+    }
+
+    private BytecodeDSLCompilerResult compileRootNode(String name, ArgumentInfo argumentInfo, SourceRange sourceRange, BytecodeParser parser) {
+        BytecodeRootNodes nodes = PBytecodeDSLRootNodeGen.create(ctx.language, BytecodeConfig.WITH_SOURCE, parser);
+        List nodeList = nodes.getNodes();
+        assert nodeList.size() == 1;
+        PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode = nodeList.get(0);
+
+        int flags = PCode.CO_OPTIMIZED | PCode.CO_NEWLOCALS;
+        flags |= argumentInfo.takesVarArgs ? PCode.CO_VARARGS : 0;
+        flags |= argumentInfo.takesVarKeywordArgs ? PCode.CO_VARKEYWORDS : 0;
+        if (scope.isNested()) {
+            flags |= PCode.CO_NESTED;
+        }
+        if (scope.isModule()) {
+            flags |= PCode.CO_GRAALPYHON_MODULE;
+        }
+        if (scope.isGenerator() && scope.isCoroutine()) {
+            flags |= PCode.CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR;
+        } else if (scope.isGenerator()) {
+            flags |= PCode.CO_GENERATOR;
+        } else if (scope.isCoroutine()) {
+            flags |= PCode.CO_COROUTINE;
+        }
+        for (FutureFeature flag : futureFeatures) {
+            flags |= flag.flagValue;
+        }
+
+        int classcellIndex = -1;
+        if (freeLocals.containsKey(J___CLASS__)) {
+            classcellIndex = freeLocals.get(J___CLASS__).getLocalOffset();
+        }
+
+        int selfIndex = -1;
+        if (argumentInfo.nonEmpty()) {
+            selfIndex = 0;
+            if (selfCellName != null) {
+                selfIndex = cellLocals.get(selfCellName).getLocalOffset();
+            }
+        }
+
+        BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit = new BytecodeDSLCodeUnit(toTruffleStringUncached(name), toTruffleStringUncached(ctx.getQualifiedName(scope)),
+                        argumentInfo.argCount, argumentInfo.kwOnlyArgCount, argumentInfo.positionalOnlyArgCount,
+                        flags, orderedTruffleStringArray(names),
+                        orderedTruffleStringArray(varnames),
+                        orderedTruffleStringArray(cellvars),
+                        orderedTruffleStringArray(freevars),
+                        cell2arg,
+                        orderedKeys(constants, new Object[0]),
+                        sourceRange.startLine,
+                        sourceRange.startColumn,
+                        sourceRange.endLine,
+                        sourceRange.endColumn,
+                        classcellIndex,
+                        selfIndex,
+                        null,
+                        nodes);
+        rootNode.setMetadata(codeUnit, ctx.errorCallback);
+        return new BytecodeDSLCompilerResult(rootNode, codeUnit);
+    }
+
+    private static class ArgumentInfo {
+        static final ArgumentInfo NO_ARGS = new ArgumentInfo(0, 0, 0, false, false);
+
+        final int argCount;
+        final int positionalOnlyArgCount;
+        final int kwOnlyArgCount;
+        final boolean takesVarArgs;
+        final boolean takesVarKeywordArgs;
+
+        ArgumentInfo(int argCount, int positionalOnlyArgCount, int kwOnlyArgCount, boolean takesVarArgs, boolean takesVarKeywordArgs) {
+            this.argCount = argCount;
+            this.positionalOnlyArgCount = positionalOnlyArgCount;
+            this.kwOnlyArgCount = kwOnlyArgCount;
+            this.takesVarArgs = takesVarArgs;
+            this.takesVarKeywordArgs = takesVarKeywordArgs;
+        }
+
+        static ArgumentInfo fromArguments(ArgumentsTy args) {
+            int argc, pargc, kwargc;
+            boolean splat, kwSplat;
+            if (args == null) {
+                argc = pargc = kwargc = 0;
+                splat = kwSplat = false;
+            } else {
+                argc = args.args == null ? 0 : args.args.length;
+                pargc = args.posOnlyArgs == null ? 0 : args.posOnlyArgs.length;
+                kwargc = args.kwOnlyArgs == null ? 0 : args.kwOnlyArgs.length;
+                splat = args.varArg != null;
+                kwSplat = args.kwArg != null;
+            }
+            return new ArgumentInfo(argc, pargc, kwargc, splat, kwSplat);
+        }
+
+        private boolean nonEmpty() {
+            return argCount + positionalOnlyArgCount + kwOnlyArgCount > 0 || takesVarArgs || takesVarKeywordArgs;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected final void checkForbiddenName(String id, NameOperation context) {
+        if (context == NameOperation.BeginWrite) {
+            if (id.equals("__debug__")) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "cannot assign to __debug__");
+            }
+        }
+        if (context == NameOperation.Delete) {
+            if (id.equals("__debug__")) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "cannot delete __debug__");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkForbiddenArgs(ArgumentsTy args) {
+        if (args != null) {
+            if (args.posOnlyArgs != null) {
+                for (ArgTy arg : args.posOnlyArgs) {
+                    checkForbiddenName(arg.arg, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+                }
+            }
+            if (args.args != null) {
+                for (ArgTy arg : args.args) {
+                    checkForbiddenName(arg.arg, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+                }
+            }
+            if (args.kwOnlyArgs != null) {
+                for (ArgTy arg : args.kwOnlyArgs) {
+                    checkForbiddenName(arg.arg, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+                }
+            }
+            if (args.varArg != null) {
+                checkForbiddenName(args.varArg.arg, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+            }
+            if (args.kwArg != null) {
+                checkForbiddenName(args.kwArg.arg, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean containsAnnotations(StmtTy[] stmts) {
+        if (stmts == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (StmtTy stmt : stmts) {
+            if (containsAnnotations(stmt)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean containsAnnotations(StmtTy stmt) {
+        if (stmt instanceof StmtTy.AnnAssign) {
+            return true;
+        } else if (stmt instanceof StmtTy.For) {
+            return containsAnnotations(((StmtTy.For) stmt).body) || containsAnnotations(((StmtTy.For) stmt).orElse);
+        } else if (stmt instanceof StmtTy.While) {
+            return containsAnnotations(((StmtTy.While) stmt).body) || containsAnnotations(((StmtTy.While) stmt).orElse);
+        } else if (stmt instanceof StmtTy.If) {
+            return containsAnnotations(((StmtTy.If) stmt).body) || containsAnnotations(((StmtTy.If) stmt).orElse);
+        } else if (stmt instanceof StmtTy.With) {
+            return containsAnnotations(((StmtTy.With) stmt).body);
+        } else if (stmt instanceof StmtTy.Try) {
+            StmtTy.Try tryStmt = (StmtTy.Try) stmt;
+            if (tryStmt.handlers != null) {
+                for (ExceptHandlerTy h : tryStmt.handlers) {
+                    if (containsAnnotations(((ExceptHandlerTy.ExceptHandler) h).body)) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return containsAnnotations(tryStmt.body) || containsAnnotations(tryStmt.finalBody) || containsAnnotations(tryStmt.orElse);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static final class ParamAnnotation {
+        final TruffleString name;
+        final ExprTy annotation;
+
+        ParamAnnotation(TruffleString name, ExprTy annotation) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.annotation = annotation;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List collectParamAnnotations(ArgumentsTy args, ExprTy returns) {
+        List result = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (args != null) {
+            visitParamAnnotations(result, args.args);
+            visitParamAnnotations(result, args.posOnlyArgs);
+            if (args.varArg != null) {
+                visitParamAnnotation(result, args.varArg.arg, args.varArg.annotation);
+            }
+            visitParamAnnotations(result, args.kwOnlyArgs);
+            if (args.kwArg != null) {
+                visitParamAnnotation(result, args.kwArg.arg, args.kwArg.annotation);
+            }
+        }
+        visitParamAnnotation(result, "return", returns);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void visitParamAnnotations(List result, ArgTy[] args) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+            visitParamAnnotation(result, args[i].arg, args[i].annotation);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void visitParamAnnotation(List result, String name, ExprTy annotation) {
+        if (annotation != null) {
+            String mangled = mangle(name);
+            result.add(new ParamAnnotation(toTruffleStringUncached(mangled), annotation));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult compile() {
+        return startNode.accept(this);
+    }
+
+    public void reset() {
+        this.currentLocation = null;
+    }
+
+    // -------------- helpers --------------
+
+    void beginRootNode(SSTNode node, ArgumentsTy args, Builder b) {
+        reset();
+        b.beginSource(ctx.source);
+        beginRootSourceSection(node, b);
+
+        b.beginRoot();
+
+        checkForbiddenArgs(args);
+        setUpFrame(args, b);
+
+        b.emitTraceOrProfileCall();
+    }
+
+    void endRootNode(Builder b) {
+        b.endRoot();
+        endRootSourceSection(b);
+        b.endSource();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Opens a new SourceSection operation. Emits TraceLine and starts a new Tag(Statement) if this
+     * location has a different line from the previous location.
+     * 

+     * Returns whether this call opened a new Tag(Statement). The result should be passed to the
+     * corresponding {@link #endSourceSection} call to ensure the Tag is closed.
+     */
+    boolean beginSourceSection(SSTNode node, Builder b) {
+        SourceRange sourceRange = node.getSourceRange();
+        SourceRange oldSourceRange = this.currentLocation;
+        this.currentLocation = sourceRange;
+
+        if (ctx.source.hasCharacters()) {
+            int startOffset = getStartOffset(sourceRange);
+            int endOffset = getEndOffset(sourceRange);
+            int length = endOffset - startOffset;
+            if (length == 0) {
+                startOffset = 0;
+            }
+            b.beginSourceSection(startOffset, length);
+
+            if (oldSourceRange == null || oldSourceRange.startLine != sourceRange.startLine) {
+                b.beginTag(StatementTag.class);
+                b.beginBlock();
+                b.emitTraceLine(sourceRange.startLine);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Same as {@link #beginSourceSection(SSTNode, Builder)}, but does not emit tags or trace events
+     * (since the root has not been started yet). Avoids setting {@link #currentLocation} so that
+     * {{@link #beginSourceSection(SSTNode, Builder)} will emit a TraceLine for a statement on the
+     * first line.
+     */
+    void beginRootSourceSection(SSTNode node, Builder b) {
+        SourceRange sourceRange = node.getSourceRange();
+
+        if (ctx.source.hasCharacters()) {
+            int startOffset = getStartOffset(sourceRange);
+            int endOffset = getEndOffset(sourceRange);
+            int length = endOffset - startOffset;
+            if (length == 0) {
+                startOffset = 0;
+            }
+            b.beginSourceSection(startOffset, length);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void endSourceSection(Builder b, boolean closeTag) {
+        if (ctx.source.hasCharacters()) {
+            if (closeTag) {
+                b.endBlock();
+                b.endTag(StatementTag.class);
+            }
+            b.endSourceSection();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void endRootSourceSection(Builder b) {
+        if (ctx.source.hasCharacters()) {
+            b.endSourceSection();
+        }
+    }
+
+    int getStartOffset(SourceRange sourceRange) {
+        return ctx.source.getLineStartOffset(sourceRange.startLine) + sourceRange.startColumn;
+    }
+
+    int getEndOffset(SourceRange sourceRange) {
+        return ctx.source.getLineStartOffset(sourceRange.endLine) + sourceRange.endColumn;
+    }
+
+    void beginReturn(Builder b) {
+        b.beginReturn();
+        b.beginTraceOrProfileReturn();
+    }
+
+    void endReturn(Builder b) {
+        b.endTraceOrProfileReturn();
+        b.endReturn();
+    }
+
+    // --------------------- visitor ---------------------------
+
+    @Override
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult visit(ModTy.Module node) {
+        return compileRootNode("", ArgumentInfo.NO_ARGS, node.getSourceRange(), b -> {
+            beginRootNode(node, null, b);
+            visitModuleBody(node.body, b);
+            endRootNode(b);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult visit(ModTy.Expression node) {
+        return compileRootNode("", ArgumentInfo.NO_ARGS, node.getSourceRange(), b -> {
+            beginRootNode(node, null, b);
+            beginReturn(b);
+            new StatementCompiler(b).visitNode(node.body);
+            endReturn(b);
+            endRootNode(b);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult visit(ModTy.Interactive node) {
+        return compileRootNode("", ArgumentInfo.NO_ARGS, node.getSourceRange(), b -> {
+            beginRootNode(node, null, b);
+            visitModuleBody(node.body, b);
+            endRootNode(b);
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void visitModuleBody(StmtTy[] body, Builder b) {
+        if (body != null) {
+            if (containsAnnotations(body)) {
+                b.emitSetupAnnotations();
+            }
+
+            StatementCompiler statementCompiler = new StatementCompiler(b);
+            if (isInteractive) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < body.length; i++) {
+                    StmtTy bodyNode = body[i];
+                    if (i == body.length - 1) {
+                        bodyNode.accept(statementCompiler);
+
+                        // For interactive code, always return None.
+                        beginReturn(b);
+                        b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+                        endReturn(b);
+                    } else {
+                        bodyNode.accept(statementCompiler);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                int i = 0;
+                TruffleString docstring = getDocstring(body);
+                if (docstring != null) {
+                    /*
+                     * Skip over the docstring so it does not get evaluated (and registered as a
+                     * constant) for higher optimization levels. We manually add it as a constant
+                     * for lower levels.
+                     */
+                    i++;
+                    if (ctx.optimizationLevel < 2) {
+                        beginStoreLocal("__doc__", b);
+                        emitPythonConstant(docstring, b);
+                        endStoreLocal("__doc__", b);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (i == body.length) {
+                    // Special case: module body just consists of a docstring.
+                    beginReturn(b);
+                    b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+                    endReturn(b);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                for (; i < body.length; i++) {
+                    StmtTy bodyNode = body[i];
+                    if (i == body.length - 1) {
+                        if (bodyNode instanceof StmtTy.Expr expr) {
+                            // Return the value of the last statement for interop eval.
+                            beginReturn(b);
+                            expr.value.accept(statementCompiler);
+                            endReturn(b);
+                        } else {
+                            bodyNode.accept(statementCompiler);
+                            beginReturn(b);
+                            b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+                            endReturn(b);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        bodyNode.accept(statementCompiler);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            beginReturn(b);
+            b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+            endReturn(b);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static TruffleString getDocstring(StmtTy[] body) {
+        if (body != null && body.length > 0) {
+            StmtTy stmt = body[0];
+            if (stmt instanceof StmtTy.Expr expr //
+                            && expr.value instanceof ExprTy.Constant constant //
+                            && constant.value.kind == ConstantValue.Kind.RAW) {
+                return constant.value.getRaw(TruffleString.class);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult visit(StmtTy.FunctionDef node) {
+        return compileRootNode(node.name, ArgumentInfo.fromArguments(node.args), node.getSourceRange(),
+                        b -> emitFunctionDef(node, node.args, node.body, b, getDocstring(node.body), false));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult visit(StmtTy.AsyncFunctionDef node) {
+        return compileRootNode(node.name, ArgumentInfo.fromArguments(node.args), node.getSourceRange(),
+                        b -> emitFunctionDef(node, node.args, node.body, b, getDocstring(node.body), false));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult visit(ExprTy.Lambda node) {
+        return compileRootNode("", ArgumentInfo.fromArguments(node.args), node.getSourceRange(),
+                        b -> emitFunctionDef(node, node.args, new SSTNode[]{node.body}, b, null, !scope.isGenerator()));
+    }
+
+    private void emitFunctionDef(SSTNode node, ArgumentsTy args, SSTNode[] body, Builder b, Object docstring, boolean isRegularLambda) {
+        beginRootNode(node, args, b);
+
+        int i = 0;
+        if (docstring != null) {
+            i++;
+            if (ctx.optimizationLevel < 2) {
+                addConstant(docstring);
+            } else {
+                addConstant(PNone.NONE);
+            }
+        } else {
+            addConstant(PNone.NONE);
+        }
+
+        StatementCompiler statementCompiler = new StatementCompiler(b);
+
+        if (isRegularLambda) {
+            assert i == 0;
+            assert body[0] instanceof ExprTy;
+            beginReturn(b);
+            body[0].accept(statementCompiler);
+            endReturn(b);
+        } else {
+            for (; i < body.length; i++) {
+                body[i].accept(statementCompiler);
+            }
+            beginReturn(b);
+            emitPythonConstant(PNone.NONE, b);
+            endReturn(b);
+        }
+
+        endRootNode(b);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult visit(StmtTy.ClassDef node) {
+        return compileRootNode(node.name, ArgumentInfo.NO_ARGS, node.getSourceRange(), b -> {
+            beginRootNode(node, null, b);
+
+            beginStoreLocal("__module__", b);
+            emitReadLocal("__name__", b);
+            endStoreLocal("__module__", b);
+
+            beginStoreLocal("__qualname__", b);
+            emitPythonConstant(toTruffleStringUncached(ctx.getQualifiedName(scope)), b);
+            endStoreLocal("__qualname__", b);
+
+            if (containsAnnotations(node.body)) {
+                b.emitSetupAnnotations();
+            }
+
+            int i = 0;
+            TruffleString docstring = getDocstring(node.body);
+            if (docstring != null) {
+                i++;
+                if (ctx.optimizationLevel < 2) {
+                    beginStoreLocal("__doc__", b);
+                    emitPythonConstant(docstring, b);
+                    endStoreLocal("__doc__", b);
+                }
+            }
+
+            StatementCompiler statementCompiler = new StatementCompiler(b);
+            for (; i < node.body.length; i++) {
+                node.body[i].accept(statementCompiler);
+            }
+
+            if (scope.needsClassClosure()) {
+                beginStoreLocal("__classcell__", b);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(cellLocals.get("__class__"));
+                endStoreLocal("__classcell__", b);
+
+                beginReturn(b);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(cellLocals.get("__class__"));
+                endReturn(b);
+            } else {
+                beginReturn(b);
+                b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+                endReturn(b);
+            }
+
+            endRootNode(b);
+        });
+    }
+
+    private boolean beginComprehension(ComprehensionTy comp, int index, Builder b) {
+        boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(comp, b);
+
+        BytecodeLocal localIter = b.createLocal();
+        BytecodeLocal localValue = b.createLocal();
+        StatementCompiler statementCompiler = new StatementCompiler(b);
+
+        b.beginStoreLocal(localIter);
+        b.beginGetIter();
+        if (index == 0) {
+            b.emitLoadArgument(PArguments.USER_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET);
+        } else {
+            comp.iter.accept(statementCompiler);
+        }
+        b.endGetIter();
+        b.endStoreLocal();
+
+        b.beginWhile();
+
+        b.beginBlock();
+        b.emitTraceLineAtLoopHeader(currentLocation.startLine);
+        b.beginForIterate(localValue);
+        b.emitLoadLocal(localIter);
+        b.endForIterate();
+        b.endBlock();
+
+        b.beginBlock();
+
+        comp.target.accept(statementCompiler.new StoreVisitor(() -> b.emitLoadLocal(localValue)));
+
+        if (comp.ifs != null) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < comp.ifs.length; i++) {
+                b.beginIfThen();
+                statementCompiler.visitCondition(comp.ifs[i]);
+                b.beginBlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return newStatement;
+    }
+
+    private void endComprehension(ComprehensionTy comp, Builder b, boolean newStatement) {
+        if (comp.ifs != null) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < len(comp.ifs); i++) {
+                b.endBlock();
+                b.endIfThen();
+            }
+        }
+
+        b.endBlock();
+        b.endWhile();
+
+        endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+    }
+
+    private BytecodeDSLCompilerResult buildComprehensionCodeUnit(SSTNode node, ComprehensionTy[] generators, String name,
+                    Consumer emptyCollectionProducer,
+                    BiConsumer accumulateProducer) {
+        return compileRootNode(name, new ArgumentInfo(1, 0, 0, false, false), node.getSourceRange(), b -> {
+            beginRootNode(node, null, b);
+
+            StatementCompiler statementCompiler = new StatementCompiler(b);
+            boolean isGenerator = emptyCollectionProducer == null;
+            BytecodeLocal collectionLocal = null;
+            if (!isGenerator) {
+                collectionLocal = b.createLocal();
+                b.beginStoreLocal(collectionLocal);
+                emptyCollectionProducer.accept(statementCompiler);
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+            }
+
+            boolean[] newStatement = new boolean[generators.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < generators.length; i++) {
+                newStatement[i] = beginComprehension(generators[i], i, b);
+            }
+            accumulateProducer.accept(statementCompiler, collectionLocal);
+            for (int i = generators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                endComprehension(generators[i], b, newStatement[i]);
+            }
+
+            beginReturn(b);
+            if (isGenerator) {
+                b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+            } else {
+                b.emitLoadLocal(collectionLocal);
+            }
+            endReturn(b);
+
+            endRootNode(b);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult visit(ExprTy.ListComp node) {
+        return buildComprehensionCodeUnit(node, node.generators, "",
+                        (statementCompiler) -> statementCompiler.b.emitMakeEmptyList(),
+                        (statementCompiler, collection) -> {
+                            statementCompiler.b.beginListAppend();
+                            statementCompiler.b.emitLoadLocal(collection);
+                            node.element.accept(statementCompiler);
+                            statementCompiler.b.endListAppend();
+                        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult visit(ExprTy.DictComp node) {
+        return buildComprehensionCodeUnit(node, node.generators, "",
+                        (statementCompiler) -> statementCompiler.b.emitMakeEmptyDict(),
+                        (statementCompiler, collection) -> {
+                            statementCompiler.b.beginSetDictItem();
+                            statementCompiler.b.emitLoadLocal(collection);
+                            node.key.accept(statementCompiler);
+                            node.value.accept(statementCompiler);
+                            statementCompiler.b.endSetDictItem();
+                        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult visit(ExprTy.SetComp node) {
+        return buildComprehensionCodeUnit(node, node.generators, "",
+                        (statementCompiler) -> statementCompiler.b.emitMakeEmptySet(),
+                        (statementCompiler, collection) -> {
+                            statementCompiler.b.beginSetAdd();
+                            statementCompiler.b.emitLoadLocal(collection);
+                            node.element.accept(statementCompiler);
+                            statementCompiler.b.endSetAdd();
+                        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BytecodeDSLCompilerResult visit(ExprTy.GeneratorExp node) {
+        return buildComprehensionCodeUnit(node, node.generators, "",
+                        null,
+                        (statementCompiler, collection) -> emitYield((statementCompiler_) -> node.element.accept(statementCompiler_), statementCompiler));
+    }
+
+    enum NameOperation {
+        Read,
+        BeginWrite,
+        EndWrite,
+        Delete
+    }
+
+    private String mangle(String name) {
+        return ctx.mangle(scope, name);
+    }
+
+    private void emitNotImplemented(String what, Builder b) {
+        b.beginRaiseNotImplementedError();
+        emitPythonConstant(toTruffleStringUncached(what), b);
+        b.endRaiseNotImplementedError();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Use this method for values that should show up in co_consts.
+     */
+    private void emitPythonConstant(Object constant, Builder b) {
+        b.emitLoadConstant(addConstant(constant));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This helper encapsulates all of the logic needed to yield and resume. Yields should not be
+     * emitted directly.
+     */
+    private static void emitYield(Consumer yieldValueProducer, StatementCompiler statementCompiler) {
+        statementCompiler.b.beginResumeYield();
+        statementCompiler.b.beginYield();
+        statementCompiler.b.beginPreYield();
+        yieldValueProducer.accept(statementCompiler);
+        statementCompiler.b.endPreYield();
+        statementCompiler.b.endYield();
+        statementCompiler.b.endResumeYield();
+    }
+
+    private void emitNameCellOperation(String mangled, NameOperation op, Builder b) {
+        int index;
+        BytecodeLocal local;
+        if (freevars.containsKey(mangled)) {
+            index = freevars.get(mangled) + cellvars.size();
+            local = freeLocals.get(mangled);
+        } else {
+            index = cellvars.get(mangled);
+            local = cellLocals.get(mangled);
+        }
+
+        switch (op) {
+            case Read:
+                if (scope.isClass()) {
+                    b.beginClassLoadCell(index);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(local);
+                    b.endClassLoadCell();
+                } else {
+                    b.beginLoadCell(index);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(local);
+                    b.endLoadCell();
+                }
+                break;
+            case Delete:
+                b.beginClearCell(index);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(local);
+                b.endClearCell();
+                break;
+            case BeginWrite:
+                b.beginStoreCell();
+                b.emitLoadLocal(local);
+                break;
+            case EndWrite:
+                b.endStoreCell();
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unknown value: " + op);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void emitNameFastOperation(String mangled, NameOperation op, Builder b) {
+        BytecodeLocal local = locals.get(mangled);
+        switch (op) {
+            case Read:
+                b.beginCheckUnboundLocal(varnames.get(mangled));
+                b.emitLoadLocal(local);
+                b.endCheckUnboundLocal();
+                break;
+            case Delete:
+                b.beginBlock();
+                b.beginCheckUnboundLocal(varnames.get(mangled));
+                b.emitLoadLocal(local);
+                b.endCheckUnboundLocal();
+
+                b.beginStoreLocal(local);
+                b.emitLoadNull();
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+                b.endBlock();
+                break;
+            case BeginWrite:
+                if (local == null) {
+                    throw new NullPointerException("local " + mangled + " not defined");
+                }
+                b.beginStoreLocal(local);
+                break;
+            case EndWrite:
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unknown value: " + op);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void emitNameGlobalOperation(String name, NameOperation op, Builder b) {
+        assert locals.get(name) == null;
+        names.putIfAbsent(name, names.size());
+        TruffleString tsName = toTruffleStringUncached(name);
+        switch (op) {
+            case Read:
+                b.emitReadGlobal(tsName);
+                break;
+            case Delete:
+                b.emitDeleteGlobal(tsName);
+                break;
+            case BeginWrite:
+                b.beginWriteGlobal(tsName);
+                break;
+            case EndWrite:
+                b.endWriteGlobal();
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unknown value: " + op);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void emitNameSlowOperation(String name, NameOperation op, Builder b) {
+        assert locals.get(name) == null;
+        names.putIfAbsent(name, names.size());
+        TruffleString tsName = toTruffleStringUncached(name);
+        switch (op) {
+            case Read:
+                b.emitReadName(tsName);
+                break;
+            case Delete:
+                b.emitDeleteName(tsName);
+                break;
+            case BeginWrite:
+                b.beginWriteName(tsName);
+                break;
+            case EndWrite:
+                b.endWriteName();
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unknown value: " + op);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void emitNameOperation(String name, NameOperation op, Builder b) {
+        checkForbiddenName(name, op);
+
+        String mangled = mangle(name);
+        EnumSet uses = scope.getUseOfName(mangled);
+
+        if (uses != null) {
+            if (uses.contains(DefUse.Free)) {
+                assert freevars.containsKey(mangled) : String.format("scope analysis did not mark %s as a free variable", mangled);
+                emitNameCellOperation(mangled, op, b);
+                return;
+            } else if (uses.contains(DefUse.Cell)) {
+                assert cellvars.containsKey(mangled) : String.format("scope analysis did not mark %s as a cell variable", mangled);
+                emitNameCellOperation(mangled, op, b);
+                return;
+            } else if (uses.contains(DefUse.Local)) {
+                if (scope.isFunction()) {
+                    assert varnames.containsKey(mangled) : String.format("scope analysis did not mark %s as a regular variable", mangled);
+                    emitNameFastOperation(mangled, op, b);
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else if (uses.contains(DefUse.GlobalImplicit)) {
+                if (scope.isFunction()) {
+                    emitNameGlobalOperation(mangled, op, b);
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else if (uses.contains(DefUse.GlobalExplicit)) {
+                emitNameGlobalOperation(mangled, op, b);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        emitNameSlowOperation(mangled, op, b);
+    }
+
+    private void emitReadLocal(String name, Builder b) {
+        emitNameOperation(name, NameOperation.Read, b);
+    }
+
+    private void emitDelLocal(String name, Builder b) {
+        emitNameOperation(name, NameOperation.Delete, b);
+    }
+
+    private void beginStoreLocal(String name, Builder b) {
+        emitNameOperation(name, NameOperation.BeginWrite, b);
+    }
+
+    private void endStoreLocal(String name, Builder b) {
+        emitNameOperation(name, NameOperation.EndWrite, b);
+    }
+
+    private BytecodeLocal getLocal(String name) {
+        return locals.get(mangle(name));
+    }
+
+    public void setUpFrame(ArgumentsTy args, Builder b) {
+        /**
+         * This method does two things:
+         *
+         * 1. It allocates a contiguous region in the frame for Python variables. Some nodes in the
+         * GraalPy AST expect locals to be allocated contiguously starting at index 0. The resultant
+         * frame has the following layout:
+         *
+         * [var1, var2, ..., cell1, cell2, ..., free1, free2, ..., temp1, temp2, ..., stack]
+         *
+         * The temp variables are allocated elsewhere during compilation (e.g., to store an
+         * intermediate computation) and the stack space is automatically reserved by the DSL.
+         *
+         * 2. It emits code to copy arguments, initialize cells, and copy free variables.
+         */
+
+        // 1. Allocate space in the frame.
+        if (scope.isFunction()) {
+            String[] regularVariables = orderedKeys(varnames, new String[0]);
+            for (int i = 0; i < regularVariables.length; i++) {
+                locals.put(regularVariables[i], b.createLocal());
+            }
+        }
+
+        String[] cellVariables = orderedKeys(cellvars, new String[0]);
+        BytecodeLocal[] cellVariableLocals = new BytecodeLocal[cellVariables.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < cellVariables.length; i++) {
+            BytecodeLocal local = b.createLocal();
+            cellLocals.put(cellVariables[i], local);
+            cellVariableLocals[i] = local;
+        }
+
+        String[] freeVariables = orderedKeys(freevars, new String[0]);
+        BytecodeLocal[] freeVariableLocals = new BytecodeLocal[freeVariables.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < freeVariables.length; i++) {
+            BytecodeLocal local = b.createLocal();
+            freeLocals.put(freeVariables[i], local);
+            freeVariableLocals[i] = local;
+        }
+
+        // 2. Copy arguments, initialize cells, and copy free variables.
+        copyArguments(args, b);
+
+        if (cellVariableLocals.length > 0) {
+            List toClear = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            b.beginStoreRange(cellVariableLocals);
+            b.beginMakeVariadic();
+            for (int i = 0; i < cellVariableLocals.length; i++) {
+                b.beginCreateCell();
+                if (scope.getUseOfName(cellVariables[i]).contains(DefUse.DefParam)) {
+                    /*
+                     * To simplify the argument copying performed above, we copy cell params into
+                     * regular locals just like all other arguments. Then, here we move the value
+                     * into a cell and clear the regular local.
+                     */
+                    BytecodeLocal param = getLocal(cellVariables[i]);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(param);
+                    toClear.add(param);
+                } else {
+                    b.emitLoadNull();
+                }
+                b.endCreateCell();
+            }
+            b.endMakeVariadic();
+            b.endStoreRange();
+
+            for (BytecodeLocal local : toClear) {
+                b.emitClearLocal(local);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (freeVariableLocals.length > 0) {
+            b.beginStoreRange(freeVariableLocals);
+            b.emitLoadClosure();
+            b.endStoreRange();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void copyArguments(ArgumentsTy args, Builder b) {
+        if (args == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int argIdx = PArguments.USER_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET;
+        if (args.posOnlyArgs != null) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.posOnlyArgs.length; i++) {
+                BytecodeLocal local = getLocal(args.posOnlyArgs[i].arg);
+                assert local != null;
+                b.beginStoreLocal(local);
+                b.emitLoadArgument(argIdx++);
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (args.args != null) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.args.length; i++) {
+                BytecodeLocal local = getLocal(args.args[i].arg);
+                assert local != null;
+                b.beginStoreLocal(local);
+                b.emitLoadArgument(argIdx++);
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (args.kwOnlyArgs != null) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.kwOnlyArgs.length; i++) {
+                BytecodeLocal local = getLocal(args.kwOnlyArgs[i].arg);
+                assert local != null;
+                b.beginStoreLocal(local);
+                b.emitLoadArgument(argIdx++);
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (args.varArg != null) {
+            BytecodeLocal local = getLocal(args.varArg.arg);
+            assert local != null;
+            b.beginStoreLocal(local);
+            b.emitLoadVariableArguments();
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+        }
+
+        if (args.kwArg != null) {
+            BytecodeLocal local = getLocal(args.kwArg.arg);
+            assert local != null;
+            b.beginStoreLocal(local);
+            b.emitLoadKeywordArguments();
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static  int len(T[] arr) {
+        return arr == null ? 0 : arr.length;
+    }
+
+    /* ---------------- StatementCompiler -------------------- */
+
+    public class StatementCompiler implements BaseBytecodeDSLVisitor {
+        private final Builder b;
+
+        private BytecodeLabel breakLabel;
+        private BytecodeLabel continueLabel;
+
+        public StatementCompiler(Builder b) {
+            this.b = b;
+        }
+
+        // --------------------- visitor ---------------------------
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(AliasTy node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ArgTy node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ArgumentsTy node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ComprehensionTy node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Attribute node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            b.beginGetAttribute(toTruffleStringUncached(mangle(node.attr)));
+            node.value.accept(this);
+            b.endGetAttribute();
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Await node) {
+            if (!scope.isFunction()) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "'await' outside function");
+            }
+            if (scopeType != CompilationScope.AsyncFunction && scopeType != CompilationScope.Comprehension) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "'await' outside async function");
+            }
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            emitAwait(() -> node.value.accept(this));
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.BinOp node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            switch (node.op) {
+                case Add:
+                    b.beginAdd();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endAdd();
+                    break;
+                case BitAnd:
+                    b.beginBitAnd();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endBitAnd();
+                    break;
+                case BitOr:
+                    b.beginBitOr();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endBitOr();
+                    break;
+                case BitXor:
+                    b.beginBitXor();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endBitXor();
+                    break;
+                case Div:
+                    b.beginTrueDiv();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endTrueDiv();
+                    break;
+                case FloorDiv:
+                    b.beginFloorDiv();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endFloorDiv();
+                    break;
+                case LShift:
+                    b.beginLShift();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endLShift();
+                    break;
+                case MatMult:
+                    b.beginMatMul();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endMatMul();
+                    break;
+                case Mod:
+                    b.beginMod();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endMod();
+                    break;
+                case Mult:
+                    b.beginMul();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endMul();
+                    break;
+                case Pow:
+                    b.beginPow();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endPow();
+                    break;
+                case RShift:
+                    b.beginRShift();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endRShift();
+                    break;
+                case Sub:
+                    b.beginSub();
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                    node.right.accept(this);
+                    b.endSub();
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.BoolOp node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            if (node.op == BoolOpTy.And) {
+                b.beginBoolAnd();
+            } else {
+                b.beginBoolOr();
+            }
+
+            visitSequence(node.values);
+
+            if (node.op == BoolOpTy.And) {
+                b.endBoolAnd();
+            } else {
+                b.endBoolOr();
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static boolean anyIsStarred(SSTNode[] nodes) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+                if (nodes[i] instanceof ExprTy.Starred) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        protected final void validateKeywords(KeywordTy[] keywords) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < keywords.length; i++) {
+                if (keywords[i].arg != null) {
+                    checkForbiddenName(keywords[i].arg, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+                    for (int j = i + 1; j < keywords.length; j++) {
+                        if (keywords[i].arg.equals(keywords[j].arg)) {
+                            ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "keyword argument repeated: " + keywords[i].arg);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static boolean isAttributeLoad(ExprTy node) {
+            return node instanceof ExprTy.Attribute && ((ExprTy.Attribute) node).context == ExprContextTy.Load;
+        }
+
+        private static final int NUM_ARGS_MAX_FIXED = 4;
+
+        private void emitCall(ExprTy func, ExprTy[] args, KeywordTy[] keywords) {
+            validateKeywords(keywords);
+
+            boolean isMethodCall = isAttributeLoad(func) && keywords.length == 0;
+            int numArgs = len(args) + (isMethodCall ? 1 : 0);
+            boolean useVariadic = anyIsStarred(args) || len(keywords) > 0 || numArgs > NUM_ARGS_MAX_FIXED;
+
+            // @formatter:off
+            if (useVariadic) {
+                b.beginCallVarargsMethod();
+            } else {
+                switch (numArgs) {
+                    case 0:  b.beginCallNilaryMethod();     break;
+                    case 1:  b.beginCallUnaryMethod();      break;
+                    case 2:  b.beginCallBinaryMethod();     break;
+                    case 3:  b.beginCallTernaryMethod();    break;
+                    case 4:  b.beginCallQuaternaryMethod(); break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // @formatter:on
+
+            if (isMethodCall) {
+                // The receiver is needed for method lookup and for the first argument.
+                BytecodeLocal receiver = b.createLocal();
+
+                if (useVariadic) {
+                    BytecodeLocal function = b.createLocal();
+                    b.beginBlock();
+                    b.beginStoreLocal(function);
+                    emitGetMethod(func, receiver);
+                    b.endStoreLocal();
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(function);
+                    b.endBlock();
+
+                    emitUnstar(() -> b.emitLoadLocal(receiver), args);
+                    emitKeywords(keywords, function);
+                } else {
+                    assert len(keywords) == 0;
+
+                    emitGetMethod(func, receiver);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(receiver);
+                    visitSequence(args);
+                }
+
+            } else {
+                if (useVariadic) {
+                    BytecodeLocal function = b.createLocal();
+
+                    b.beginBlock();
+                    b.beginStoreLocal(function);
+                    func.accept(this);
+                    b.endStoreLocal();
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(function);
+                    b.endBlock();
+
+                    emitUnstar(args);
+                    emitKeywords(keywords, function);
+                } else {
+                    assert len(keywords) == 0;
+
+                    func.accept(this);
+                    visitSequence(args);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // @formatter:off
+            if (useVariadic) {
+                b.endCallVarargsMethod();
+            } else {
+                switch (numArgs) {
+                    case 0:  b.endCallNilaryMethod();     break;
+                    case 1:  b.endCallUnaryMethod();      break;
+                    case 2:  b.endCallBinaryMethod();     break;
+                    case 3:  b.endCallTernaryMethod();    break;
+                    case 4:  b.endCallQuaternaryMethod(); break;
+                }
+            }
+            // @formatter:on
+        }
+
+        private void emitGetMethod(ExprTy func, BytecodeLocal receiver) {
+            assert isAttributeLoad(func);
+            ExprTy.Attribute attrAccess = (ExprTy.Attribute) func;
+            b.beginBlock();
+            b.beginStoreLocal(receiver);
+            attrAccess.value.accept(this);
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            String mangled = mangle(attrAccess.attr);
+            b.beginGetMethod(toTruffleStringUncached(mangled));
+            b.emitLoadLocal(receiver);
+            b.endGetMethod();
+            b.endBlock();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Call node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            emitCall(node.func, node.args, node.keywords);
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void beginComparison(CmpOpTy op) {
+            switch (op) {
+                case Eq:
+                    b.beginEq();
+                    break;
+                case NotEq:
+                    b.beginNe();
+                    break;
+                case Lt:
+                    b.beginLt();
+                    break;
+                case LtE:
+                    b.beginLe();
+                    break;
+                case Gt:
+                    b.beginGt();
+                    break;
+                case GtE:
+                    b.beginGe();
+                    break;
+                case Is:
+                    b.beginIs();
+                    break;
+                case IsNot:
+                    b.beginNot();
+                    b.beginIs();
+                    break;
+                case In:
+                    b.beginContains();
+                    break;
+                case NotIn:
+                    b.beginNot();
+                    b.beginContains();
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + op);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void endComparison(CmpOpTy op) {
+            switch (op) {
+                case Eq:
+                    b.endEq();
+                    break;
+                case NotEq:
+                    b.endNe();
+                    break;
+                case Lt:
+                    b.endLt();
+                    break;
+                case LtE:
+                    b.endLe();
+                    break;
+                case Gt:
+                    b.endGt();
+                    break;
+                case GtE:
+                    b.endGe();
+                    break;
+                case Is:
+                    b.endIs();
+                    break;
+                case IsNot:
+                    b.endIs();
+                    b.endNot();
+                    break;
+                case In:
+                    b.endContains();
+                    break;
+                case NotIn:
+                    b.endContains();
+                    b.endNot();
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + op);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Compare node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            checkCompare(node);
+
+            boolean multipleComparisons = node.comparators.length > 1;
+
+            if (multipleComparisons) {
+                b.beginBoolAnd();
+            }
+
+            BytecodeLocal tmp = b.createLocal();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < node.comparators.length; i++) {
+                beginComparison(node.ops[i]);
+
+                if (i == 0) {
+                    node.left.accept(this);
+                } else {
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(tmp);
+                }
+
+                if (i != node.comparators.length - 1) {
+                    b.beginTeeLocal(tmp);
+                }
+                node.comparators[i].accept(this);
+                if (i != node.comparators.length - 1) {
+                    b.endTeeLocal();
+                }
+
+                endComparison(node.ops[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (multipleComparisons) {
+                b.endBoolAnd();
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void warn(SSTNode node, String message, Object... arguments) {
+            ctx.errorCallback.onWarning(WarningType.Syntax, node.getSourceRange(), message, arguments);
+        }
+
+        private void checkCompare(ExprTy node) {
+            if (!(node instanceof ExprTy.Compare compare)) {
+                return;
+            }
+            boolean left = checkIsArg(compare.left);
+            int n = compare.ops == null ? 0 : compare.ops.length;
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                CmpOpTy op = compare.ops[i];
+                boolean right = checkIsArg(compare.comparators[i]);
+                if (op == CmpOpTy.Is || op == CmpOpTy.IsNot) {
+                    if (!right || !left) {
+                        warn(compare, op == CmpOpTy.Is ? "\"is\" with a literal. Did you mean \"==\"?" : "\"is not\" with a literal. Did you mean \"!=\"?");
+                    }
+                }
+                left = right;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static boolean checkIsArg(ExprTy e) {
+            if (e instanceof ExprTy.Constant) {
+                ConstantValue.Kind kind = ((Constant) e).value.kind;
+                return kind == Kind.NONE || kind == Kind.BOOLEAN || kind == Kind.ELLIPSIS;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private void createConstant(ConstantValue value) {
+            switch (value.kind) {
+                case NONE:
+                    b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+                    break;
+                case ELLIPSIS:
+                    b.emitLoadConstant(PEllipsis.INSTANCE);
+                    break;
+                case BOOLEAN:
+                    emitPythonConstant(value.getBoolean(), b);
+                    break;
+                case LONG:
+                    emitPythonConstant(getConstantNumber(value.getLong()), b);
+                    break;
+                case DOUBLE:
+                    emitPythonConstant(value.getDouble(), b);
+                    break;
+                case COMPLEX: {
+                    double[] complex = value.getComplex();
+                    addConstant(complex);
+                    b.emitLoadComplex(complex[0], complex[1]);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case BIGINTEGER:
+                    addConstant(value.getBigInteger());
+                    b.emitLoadBigInt(value.getBigInteger());
+                    break;
+                case RAW:
+                    emitPythonConstant(value.getRaw(TruffleString.class), b);
+                    break;
+                case BYTES:
+                    addConstant(value.getBytes());
+                    b.emitLoadBytes(value.getBytes());
+                    break;
+                case TUPLE:
+                    b.beginMakeTuple();
+                    b.beginMakeVariadic();
+                    for (ConstantValue cv : value.getTupleElements()) {
+                        createConstant(cv);
+                    }
+                    b.endMakeVariadic();
+                    b.endMakeTuple();
+                    break;
+                case FROZENSET:
+                    b.beginMakeFrozenSet(value.getFrozensetElements().length);
+                    for (ConstantValue cv : value.getFrozensetElements()) {
+                        createConstant(cv);
+                    }
+                    b.endMakeFrozenSet();
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("not supported: " + value.kind);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Some AST nodes have type guards expecting ints rather than long. When the actual constant
+         * fits into something smaller, convert it accordingly.
+         */
+        private Object getConstantNumber(long value) {
+            if (value == (int) value) {
+                return (int) value;
+            } else {
+                return value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Constant node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            createConstant(node.value);
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Dict node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            if (len(node.keys) == 0) {
+                b.emitMakeEmptyDict();
+            } else {
+                b.beginMakeDict(node.keys.length);
+                for (int i = 0; i < node.keys.length; i++) {
+                    if (node.keys[i] == null) {
+                        b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NO_VALUE);
+                    } else {
+                        node.keys[i].accept(this);
+                    }
+                    node.values[i].accept(this);
+                }
+                b.endMakeDict();
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.DictComp node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            b.beginCallUnaryMethod();
+            emitMakeFunction(node, "", COMPREHENSION_ARGS, null);
+            node.generators[0].iter.accept(this);
+            b.endCallUnaryMethod();
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.FormattedValue node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            b.beginFormat();
+
+            // @formatter:off
+            switch (node.conversion) {
+                case 's': b.beginFormatStr(); break;
+                case 'r': b.beginFormatRepr(); break;
+                case 'a':  b.beginFormatAscii(); break;
+                case -1:  break;
+                default: throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unknown conversion: " + node.conversion);
+            }
+            // @formatter:on
+
+            node.value.accept(this);
+
+            // @formatter:off
+            switch (node.conversion) {
+                case 's': b.endFormatStr(); break;
+                case 'r': b.endFormatRepr(); break;
+                case 'a':  b.endFormatAscii(); break;
+                case -1:  break;
+                default: throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unknown conversion: " + node.conversion);
+            }
+            // @formatter:on
+
+            if (node.formatSpec != null) {
+                node.formatSpec.accept(this);
+            } else {
+                b.emitLoadConstant(StringLiterals.T_EMPTY_STRING);
+            }
+
+            b.endFormat();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.GeneratorExp node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            b.beginCallUnaryMethod();
+            emitMakeFunction(node, "", COMPREHENSION_ARGS, null);
+            node.generators[0].iter.accept(this);
+            b.endCallUnaryMethod();
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.IfExp node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            b.beginConditional();
+            visitCondition(node.test);
+            node.body.accept(this);
+            node.orElse.accept(this);
+            b.endConditional();
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.JoinedStr node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            if (node.values.length == 1) {
+                node.values[0].accept(this);
+            } else {
+                b.beginBuildString(node.values.length);
+                visitSequence(node.values);
+                b.endBuildString();
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Lambda node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            emitMakeFunction(node, "", node.args, null);
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.List node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            ConstantCollection constantCollection = Compiler.tryCollectConstantCollection(node.elements);
+            if (constantCollection != null) {
+                emitConstantList(constantCollection);
+            } else {
+                b.beginMakeList();
+                emitUnstar(node.elements);
+                b.endMakeList();
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static final String COMPREHENSION_ARGUMENT_NAME = ".0";
+        private static final ArgumentsTy COMPREHENSION_ARGS = new ArgumentsTy(new ArgTy[]{new ArgTy(COMPREHENSION_ARGUMENT_NAME, null, null, null)}, null, null, null, null, null, null, null);
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.ListComp node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            b.beginCallUnaryMethod();
+            emitMakeFunction(node, "", COMPREHENSION_ARGS, null);
+            node.generators[0].iter.accept(this);
+            b.endCallUnaryMethod();
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Name node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            emitReadLocal(node.id, b);
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.NamedExpr node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            b.beginBlock();
+
+            // save expr result to "tmp"
+            BytecodeLocal tmp = b.createLocal();
+            b.beginStoreLocal(tmp);
+            node.value.accept(this);
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            node.target.accept(new StoreVisitor(() -> {
+                b.emitLoadLocal(tmp);
+            }));
+
+            b.emitLoadLocal(tmp);
+
+            b.endBlock();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void emitConstantList(ConstantCollection constantCollection) {
+            addConstant(constantCollection.collection);
+            switch (constantCollection.elementType) {
+                case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_INT:
+                    b.emitMakeConstantIntList((int[]) constantCollection.collection);
+                    break;
+                case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_LONG:
+                    b.emitMakeConstantLongList((long[]) constantCollection.collection);
+                    break;
+                case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_BOOLEAN:
+                    b.emitMakeConstantBooleanList((boolean[]) constantCollection.collection);
+                    break;
+                case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_DOUBLE:
+                    b.emitMakeConstantDoubleList((double[]) constantCollection.collection);
+                    break;
+                case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_OBJECT:
+                    b.emitMakeConstantObjectList((Object[]) constantCollection.collection);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void emitConstantTuple(ConstantCollection constantCollection) {
+            addConstant(constantCollection.collection);
+            switch (constantCollection.elementType) {
+                case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_INT:
+                    b.emitMakeConstantIntTuple((int[]) constantCollection.collection);
+                    break;
+                case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_LONG:
+                    b.emitMakeConstantLongTuple((long[]) constantCollection.collection);
+                    break;
+                case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_BOOLEAN:
+                    b.emitMakeConstantBooleanTuple((boolean[]) constantCollection.collection);
+                    break;
+                case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_DOUBLE:
+                    b.emitMakeConstantDoubleTuple((double[]) constantCollection.collection);
+                    break;
+                case CollectionBits.ELEMENT_OBJECT:
+                    b.emitMakeConstantObjectTuple((Object[]) constantCollection.collection);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Converts a sequence of expressions of which some may be starred into just an Object[].
+         *
+         * @param args the sequence of expressions
+         */
+        private void emitUnstar(ExprTy[] args) {
+            emitUnstar(null, args);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Same as above, but takes an optional Runnable to produce elements at the beginning of the
+         * sequence.
+         *
+         * @param initialElementsProducer a runnable to produce the first element(s) of the
+         *            sequence.
+         * @param args the sequence of expressions to unstar
+         */
+        private void emitUnstar(Runnable initialElementsProducer, ExprTy[] args) {
+            if (len(args) == 0 && initialElementsProducer == null) {
+                b.emitLoadConstant(PythonUtils.EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY);
+            } else if (anyIsStarred(args)) {
+                /**
+                 * We emit one or more arrays and concatenate them using Unstar. Each array
+                 * corresponds to a contiguous sequence of arguments or the result of unpacking a
+                 * single starred argument.
+                 *
+                 * For example, for the argument list a, b, *c, d, e, *f, g we would emit:
+                 *
+                 * @formatter:off
+                 * Unstar(
+                 *   MakeVariadic(a, b),
+                 *   UnpackStarred(c),
+                 *   MakeVariadic(d, e),
+                 *   UnpackStarred(f),
+                 *   MakeVariadic(g)
+                 * )
+                 * @formatter:on
+                 */
+                b.beginUnstar();
+                boolean inVariadic = false;
+                int numOperands = 0;
+
+                if (initialElementsProducer != null) {
+                    b.beginMakeVariadic();
+                    initialElementsProducer.run();
+                    inVariadic = true;
+                }
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+                    if (args[i] instanceof ExprTy.Starred) {
+                        if (inVariadic) {
+                            b.endMakeVariadic();
+                            inVariadic = false;
+                            numOperands++;
+                        }
+
+                        b.beginUnpackStarred();
+                        ((ExprTy.Starred) args[i]).value.accept(this);
+                        b.endUnpackStarred();
+                        numOperands++;
+                    } else {
+                        if (!inVariadic) {
+                            b.beginMakeVariadic();
+                            inVariadic = true;
+                        }
+
+                        args[i].accept(this);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (inVariadic) {
+                    b.endMakeVariadic();
+                    numOperands++;
+                }
+
+                b.endUnstar(numOperands);
+            } else {
+                b.beginMakeVariadic();
+                if (initialElementsProducer != null) {
+                    initialElementsProducer.run();
+                }
+                visitSequence(args);
+                b.endMakeVariadic();
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Set node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            if (len(node.elements) == 0) {
+                b.emitMakeEmptySet();
+            } else {
+                b.beginMakeSet();
+                emitUnstar(node.elements);
+                b.endMakeSet();
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.SetComp node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            b.beginCallUnaryMethod();
+            emitMakeFunction(node, "", COMPREHENSION_ARGS, null);
+            node.generators[0].iter.accept(this);
+            b.endCallUnaryMethod();
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void visitNoneable(ExprTy node) {
+            if (node == null) {
+                b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+            } else {
+                node.accept(this);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Slice node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            b.beginMakeSlice();
+
+            visitNoneable(node.lower);
+            visitNoneable(node.upper);
+            visitNoneable(node.step);
+
+            b.endMakeSlice();
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Starred node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Subscript node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            b.beginGetItem();
+            node.value.accept(this);
+            node.slice.accept(this);
+            b.endGetItem();
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Tuple node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+            ConstantCollection constantCollection = Compiler.tryCollectConstantCollection(node.elements);
+            if (constantCollection != null) {
+                emitConstantTuple(constantCollection);
+            } else {
+                b.beginMakeTuple();
+                emitUnstar(node.elements);
+                b.endMakeTuple();
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.UnaryOp node) {
+            // Basic constant folding for unary negation
+            if (node.op == UnaryOpTy.USub && node.operand instanceof ExprTy.Constant c) {
+                if (c.value.kind == ConstantValue.Kind.BIGINTEGER || c.value.kind == ConstantValue.Kind.DOUBLE || c.value.kind == ConstantValue.Kind.LONG ||
+                                c.value.kind == ConstantValue.Kind.COMPLEX) {
+                    ConstantValue cv = c.value.negate();
+                    boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                    visit(new ExprTy.Constant(cv, null, c.getSourceRange()));
+                    endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            switch (node.op) {
+                case UAdd:
+                    b.beginPos();
+                    node.operand.accept(this);
+                    b.endPos();
+                    break;
+                case Invert:
+                    b.beginInvert();
+                    node.operand.accept(this);
+                    b.endInvert();
+                    break;
+                case USub:
+                    b.beginNeg();
+                    node.operand.accept(this);
+                    b.endNeg();
+                    break;
+                case Not:
+                    b.beginNot();
+                    node.operand.accept(this);
+                    b.endNot();
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.Yield node) {
+            if (!scope.isFunction()) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "'yield' outside function");
+            }
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            emitYield((statementCompiler) -> {
+                if (node.value != null) {
+                    node.value.accept(this);
+                } else {
+                    statementCompiler.b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+                }
+            }, this);
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExprTy.YieldFrom node) {
+            if (!scope.isFunction()) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "'yield' outside function");
+            }
+            if (scopeType == CompilationScope.AsyncFunction) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "'yield from' inside async function");
+            }
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            emitYieldFrom(() -> {
+                b.beginGetYieldFromIter();
+                node.value.accept(this);
+                b.endGetYieldFromIter();
+            });
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public void emitYieldFrom(Runnable generatorOrCoroutineProducer) {
+            /**
+             * @formatter:off
+             * generator = 
+             * returnValue = None
+             * sentValue = None
+             *
+             * # Step 1: prime the generator
+             * try:
+             *   yieldValue = generator.send(sentValue)
+             * except StopIteration as e:
+             *   returnValue = e.value
+             *   goto end
+             *
+             * while True:
+             *   # Step 2: yield yieldValue to the caller
+             *   try:
+             *     sentValue = yield yieldValue
+             *   except Exception as e:
+             *     # throw/close generator
+             *     if generator returned a value:
+             *       goto end
+             *     else:
+             *       continue (generator yielded a value)
+             *
+             *   # Step 3: send sentValue into the generator
+             *   try:
+             *     yieldValue = generator.send(sentValue)
+             *   except StopIteration as e:
+             *     returnValue = e.value
+             *     goto end
+             *
+             * end:
+             * # Step 4: return returnValue
+             * returnValue (result)
+             * @formatter:on
+             */
+            b.beginBlock();
+
+            BytecodeLocal generator = b.createLocal();
+            BytecodeLocal returnValue = b.createLocal();
+            BytecodeLocal sentValue = b.createLocal();
+            BytecodeLocal yieldValue = b.createLocal();
+            BytecodeLabel end = b.createLabel();
+
+            b.beginStoreLocal(generator);
+            generatorOrCoroutineProducer.run();
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            b.beginStoreLocal(returnValue);
+            b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            b.beginStoreLocal(sentValue);
+            b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            // Step 1: prime the generator
+            emitSend(generator, sentValue, yieldValue, returnValue, end);
+
+            b.beginWhile();
+            b.emitLoadConstant(true);
+
+            b.beginBlock();
+            BytecodeLabel loopEnd = b.createLabel();
+            // Step 2: yield yieldValue to the caller
+            b.beginTryCatch();
+
+            // try clause: yield
+            b.beginStoreLocal(sentValue);
+            emitYield((statementCompiler) -> statementCompiler.b.emitLoadLocal(yieldValue), this);
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            // catch clause: handle throw/close exceptions.
+            b.beginIfThenElse();
+            b.beginYieldFromThrow(yieldValue, returnValue);
+            b.emitLoadLocal(generator);
+            b.emitLoadException();
+            b.endYieldFromThrow();
+
+            // StopIteration was raised; go to the end.
+            b.emitBranch(end);
+
+            // The generator yielded a value; go to top of the loop.
+            b.emitBranch(loopEnd);
+
+            b.endIfThenElse();
+
+            b.endTryCatch();
+
+            // Step 3: send sentValue into the generator
+            emitSend(generator, sentValue, yieldValue, returnValue, end);
+
+            b.emitLabel(loopEnd);
+            b.endBlock();
+            b.endWhile();
+
+            // Step 4: return returnValue
+            b.emitLabel(end);
+            b.emitLoadLocal(returnValue);
+
+            b.endBlock();
+        }
+
+        private void emitSend(BytecodeLocal generator, BytecodeLocal sentValue, BytecodeLocal yieldValue, BytecodeLocal returnValue, BytecodeLabel end) {
+            b.beginIfThen();
+            // When the generator raises StopIteration, send evaluates to true; branch to the end.
+            b.beginYieldFromSend(yieldValue, returnValue);
+            b.emitLoadLocal(generator);
+            b.emitLoadLocal(sentValue);
+            b.endYieldFromSend();
+
+            b.emitBranch(end);
+
+            b.endIfThen();
+        }
+
+        private void emitAwait(Runnable producer) {
+            emitYieldFrom(() -> {
+                b.beginGetAwaitable();
+                producer.run();
+                b.endGetAwaitable();
+            });
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(KeywordTy node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.AnnAssign node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            b.beginBlock();
+            if (node.value != null) {
+                // Emit the assignment if there's an RHS.
+                emitAssignment(new ExprTy[]{node.target}, node.value);
+            }
+            if (node.target instanceof ExprTy.Name) {
+                String name = ((ExprTy.Name) node.target).id;
+                checkForbiddenName(name, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+                /* If we have a simple name in a module or class, store annotation. */
+                if (node.isSimple &&
+                                (scopeType == CompilationScope.Module || scopeType == CompilationScope.Class)) {
+                    b.beginSetDictItem();
+                    emitNameOperation("__annotations__", NameOperation.Read, b);
+
+                    String mangled = mangle(name);
+                    emitPythonConstant(toTruffleStringUncached(mangled), b);
+
+                    if (futureFeatures.contains(FutureFeature.ANNOTATIONS)) {
+                        emitPythonConstant(Unparser.unparse(node.annotation), b);
+                    } else {
+                        node.annotation.accept(this);
+                    }
+
+                    b.endSetDictItem();
+                }
+            } else if (node.target instanceof ExprTy.Attribute) {
+                if (node.value == null) {
+                    ExprTy.Attribute attr = (ExprTy.Attribute) node.target;
+                    checkForbiddenName(attr.attr, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+                    if (attr.value != null) {
+                        checkAnnExpr(attr.value);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (node.target instanceof ExprTy.Subscript) {
+                if (node.value == null) {
+                    ExprTy.Subscript subscript = (ExprTy.Subscript) node.target;
+                    if (subscript.value != null) {
+                        checkAnnExpr(subscript.value);
+                    }
+                    checkAnnSubscr(subscript.slice);
+                }
+            } else {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, node.getSourceRange(), "invalid node type for annotated assignment");
+            }
+            if (!node.isSimple) {
+                /*
+                 * Annotations of complex targets does not produce anything under annotations
+                 * future. Annotations are only evaluated in a module or class.
+                 */
+                if (!futureFeatures.contains(FutureFeature.ANNOTATIONS) && (scopeType == CompilationScope.Module || scopeType == CompilationScope.Class)) {
+                    checkAnnExpr(node.annotation);
+                }
+            }
+            b.endBlock();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void checkAnnExpr(ExprTy expr) {
+            expr.accept(this);
+        }
+
+        private void checkAnnSubscr(ExprTy expr) {
+            if (expr instanceof ExprTy.Slice) {
+                ExprTy.Slice slice = (ExprTy.Slice) expr;
+                if (slice.lower != null) {
+                    checkAnnExpr(slice.lower);
+                }
+                if (slice.upper != null) {
+                    checkAnnExpr(slice.upper);
+                }
+                if (slice.step != null) {
+                    checkAnnExpr(slice.step);
+                }
+            } else if (expr instanceof ExprTy.Tuple) {
+                ExprTy.Tuple tuple = (ExprTy.Tuple) expr;
+                for (int i = 0; i < tuple.elements.length; i++) {
+                    checkAnnSubscr(tuple.elements[i]);
+                }
+            } else {
+                checkAnnExpr(expr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Assert node) {
+            if (ctx.optimizationLevel <= 0) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                b.beginIfThen();
+
+                b.beginNot();
+                node.test.accept(this);
+                b.endNot();
+
+                b.beginAssertFailed();
+                if (node.msg == null) {
+                    b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NO_VALUE);
+                } else {
+                    node.msg.accept(this);
+                }
+                b.endAssertFailed();
+
+                b.endIfThen();
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // --------------------- assign ------------------------
+
+        /**
+         * Generates code to store the value produced by {@link #generateValue} into the visited
+         * expression.
+         */
+        public class StoreVisitor implements BaseBytecodeDSLVisitor {
+            private final Builder b = StatementCompiler.this.b;
+            private final Runnable generateValue;
+
+            StoreVisitor(Runnable generateValue) {
+                this.generateValue = generateValue;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.Name node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                beginStoreLocal(node.id, b);
+                generateValue.run();
+                endStoreLocal(node.id, b);
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.Attribute node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                checkForbiddenName(node.attr, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+                b.beginSetAttribute(toTruffleStringUncached(mangle(node.attr)));
+                generateValue.run();
+                node.value.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+                b.endSetAttribute();
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.Subscript node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                b.beginSetItem();
+                generateValue.run();
+                node.value.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+                node.slice.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+                b.endSetItem();
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * This method unpacks the rhs (a sequence/iterable) to the elements on the lhs
+             * (specified by {@code nodes}.
+             */
+            private void visitIterableAssign(ExprTy[] nodes) {
+                b.beginBlock();
+
+                /**
+                 * The rhs should be fully evaluated and unpacked into the expected number of
+                 * elements before storing values into the lhs (e.g., if an lhs element is f().attr,
+                 * but computing or unpacking rhs throws, f() is not computed). Thus, the unpacking
+                 * step stores the unpacked values into intermediate variables, and then those
+                 * variables are copied into the lhs elements afterward.
+                 */
+                BytecodeLocal[] targets = new BytecodeLocal[nodes.length];
+                for (int i = 0; i < targets.length; i++) {
+                    targets[i] = b.createLocal();
+                }
+
+                int indexOfStarred = -1;
+                for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+                    if (nodes[i] instanceof ExprTy.Starred) {
+                        indexOfStarred = i;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (indexOfStarred == -1) {
+                    b.beginUnpackToLocals(targets);
+                } else {
+                    b.beginUnpackStarredToLocals(indexOfStarred, targets);
+                }
+
+                generateValue.run();
+
+                if (indexOfStarred == -1) {
+                    b.endUnpackToLocals();
+                } else {
+                    b.endUnpackStarredToLocals();
+                }
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+                    final int index = i;
+
+                    ExprTy target = nodes[i];
+                    if (nodes[i] instanceof ExprTy.Starred) {
+                        target = ((ExprTy.Starred) target).value;
+                    }
+
+                    target.accept(new StoreVisitor(() -> {
+                        b.emitLoadLocal(targets[index]);
+                    }));
+                }
+
+                b.endBlock();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.Tuple node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                visitIterableAssign(node.elements);
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.List node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                visitIterableAssign(node.elements);
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class AugStoreVisitor implements BaseBytecodeDSLVisitor {
+            private final Builder b = StatementCompiler.this.b;
+            private final ExprTy value;
+            private final OperatorTy op;
+
+            AugStoreVisitor(OperatorTy op, ExprTy value) {
+                this.op = op;
+                this.value = value;
+            }
+
+            private void beginAugAssign() {
+                switch (op) {
+                    case Add:
+                        b.beginIAdd();
+                        break;
+                    case Sub:
+                        b.beginISub();
+                        break;
+                    case Mult:
+                        b.beginIMult();
+                        break;
+                    case FloorDiv:
+                        b.beginIFloorDiv();
+                        break;
+                    case BitAnd:
+                        b.beginIAnd();
+                        break;
+                    case BitOr:
+                        b.beginIOr();
+                        break;
+                    case BitXor:
+                        b.beginIXor();
+                        break;
+                    case RShift:
+                        b.beginIRShift();
+                        break;
+                    case LShift:
+                        b.beginILShift();
+                        break;
+                    case Div:
+                        b.beginITrueDiv();
+                        break;
+                    case Mod:
+                        b.beginIMod();
+                        break;
+                    case MatMult:
+                        b.beginIMatMul();
+                        break;
+                    case Pow:
+                        b.beginIPow();
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("aug ass: " + op);
+                }
+            }
+
+            private void endAugAssign() {
+                switch (op) {
+                    case Add:
+                        b.endIAdd();
+                        break;
+                    case Sub:
+                        b.endISub();
+                        break;
+                    case Mult:
+                        b.endIMult();
+                        break;
+                    case FloorDiv:
+                        b.endIFloorDiv();
+                        break;
+                    case BitAnd:
+                        b.endIAnd();
+                        break;
+                    case BitOr:
+                        b.endIOr();
+                        break;
+                    case BitXor:
+                        b.endIXor();
+                        break;
+                    case RShift:
+                        b.endIRShift();
+                        break;
+                    case LShift:
+                        b.endILShift();
+                        break;
+                    case Div:
+                        b.endITrueDiv();
+                        break;
+                    case Mod:
+                        b.endIMod();
+                        break;
+                    case MatMult:
+                        b.endIMatMul();
+                        break;
+                    case Pow:
+                        b.endIPow();
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("aug ass: " + op);
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.Name node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+                beginStoreLocal(node.id, b);
+                beginAugAssign();
+                emitReadLocal(node.id, b);
+                value.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+                endAugAssign();
+                endStoreLocal(node.id, b);
+
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.Attribute node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                checkForbiddenName(node.attr, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+                b.beginBlock();
+                // {
+                BytecodeLocal target = b.createLocal();
+
+                b.beginStoreLocal(target);
+                node.value.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+
+                TruffleString attrName = toTruffleStringUncached(mangle(node.attr));
+                b.beginSetAttribute(attrName);
+                beginAugAssign();
+
+                b.beginGetAttribute(attrName);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(target);
+                b.endGetAttribute();
+
+                value.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+
+                endAugAssign();
+
+                b.emitLoadLocal(target);
+                b.endSetAttribute();
+                // }
+                b.endBlock();
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.Subscript node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                b.beginBlock();
+                // {
+                BytecodeLocal target = b.createLocal();
+                BytecodeLocal slice = b.createLocal();
+
+                b.beginStoreLocal(target);
+                node.value.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+
+                b.beginStoreLocal(slice);
+                node.slice.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+
+                b.beginSetItem();
+                beginAugAssign();
+
+                b.beginGetItem();
+                b.emitLoadLocal(target);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(slice);
+                b.endGetItem();
+
+                value.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+
+                endAugAssign();
+
+                b.emitLoadLocal(target);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(slice);
+                b.endSetItem();
+                // }
+                b.endBlock();
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Assign node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            b.beginBlock();
+            emitAssignment(node.targets, node.value);
+            b.endBlock();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void emitAssignment(ExprTy[] targets, ExprTy value) {
+            if (targets.length == 1) {
+                targets[0].accept(new StoreVisitor(() -> {
+                    value.accept(this);
+                }));
+            } else {
+                BytecodeLocal tmp = b.createLocal();
+                b.beginStoreLocal(tmp);
+                value.accept(this);
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+
+                for (ExprTy target : targets) {
+                    target.accept(new StoreVisitor(() -> {
+                        b.emitLoadLocal(tmp);
+                    }));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.AsyncFor node) {
+            emitNotImplemented("async for", b);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.AsyncWith node) {
+            if (!scope.isFunction()) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "'async with' outside function");
+            }
+            if (scopeType != CompilationScope.AsyncFunction && scopeType != CompilationScope.Comprehension) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "'async with' outside async function");
+            }
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            visitWithRecurse(node.items, 0, node.body, true);
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.AugAssign node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            node.target.accept(new AugStoreVisitor(node.op, node.value));
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private abstract static sealed class KeywordGroup permits NamedKeywords, SplatKeywords {
+        }
+
+        private static final class NamedKeywords extends KeywordGroup {
+            final ArrayList names;
+            final ArrayList values;
+
+            NamedKeywords(ArrayList names, ArrayList values) {
+                this.names = names;
+                this.values = values;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static final class SplatKeywords extends KeywordGroup {
+            final ExprTy expr;
+
+            SplatKeywords(ExprTy expr) {
+                this.expr = expr;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void emitKeywords(KeywordTy[] kws, BytecodeLocal function) {
+            if (len(kws) == 0) {
+                b.emitLoadConstant(PKeyword.EMPTY_KEYWORDS);
+            } else {
+                KeywordGroup[] groups = partitionKeywords(kws);
+                // The nodes that validate keyword arguments operate on PDicts, so we convert into
+                // a list of PKeywords after validation.
+                b.beginMappingToKeywords();
+                emitKeywordsRecursive(groups, groups.length - 1, function);
+                b.endMappingToKeywords();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private KeywordGroup[] partitionKeywords(KeywordTy[] kws) {
+            ArrayList groups = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            int i = 0;
+            while (i < kws.length) {
+                if (kws[i].arg == null) {
+                    // splat
+                    groups.add(new SplatKeywords(kws[i].value));
+                    i++;
+                } else {
+                    // named keyword
+                    ArrayList kwNames = new ArrayList<>();
+                    ArrayList kwValues = new ArrayList<>();
+                    while (i < kws.length && kws[i].arg != null) {
+                        kwNames.add(toTruffleStringUncached(kws[i].arg));
+                        kwValues.add(kws[i].value);
+                        i++;
+                    }
+                    groups.add(new NamedKeywords(kwNames, kwValues));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return groups.toArray(KeywordGroup[]::new);
+        }
+
+        private void emitKeywordsRecursive(KeywordGroup[] groups, int i, BytecodeLocal function) {
+            /*
+             * Keyword groups should be merged left-to-right. For example, for groups [A, B, C] we
+             * should emit KwArgsMerge(KwArgsMerge(A, B), C).
+             */
+            if (i == 0) {
+                emitKeywordGroup(groups[i], true, function);
+            } else {
+                b.beginKwargsMerge();
+                emitKeywordsRecursive(groups, i - 1, function);
+                emitKeywordGroup(groups[i], false, function);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(function);
+                b.endKwargsMerge();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void emitKeywordGroup(KeywordGroup group, boolean copy, BytecodeLocal function) {
+            if (group instanceof NamedKeywords namedKeywords) {
+                b.beginMakeDict(namedKeywords.names.size());
+                for (int i = 0; i < namedKeywords.names.size(); i++) {
+                    emitPythonConstant(namedKeywords.names.get(i), b);
+                    namedKeywords.values.get(i).accept(this);
+                }
+                b.endMakeDict();
+            } else {
+                SplatKeywords splatKeywords = (SplatKeywords) group;
+
+                if (copy) {
+                    b.beginKwargsMerge();
+                    b.emitMakeEmptyDict();
+                    splatKeywords.expr.accept(this);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(function);
+                    b.endKwargsMerge();
+                } else {
+                    splatKeywords.expr.accept(this);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.ClassDef node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            b.beginBlock();
+            BytecodeLocal buildClassFunction = b.createLocal();
+
+            // compute __build_class__ (we need it in multiple places, so store it)
+            b.beginStoreLocal(buildClassFunction);
+            b.emitBuildClass();
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            // ClassName = __build_class__(, "ClassName", bases, keywords)
+            beginStoreLocal(node.name, b);
+
+            int numDeco = len(node.decoratorList);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numDeco; i++) {
+                b.beginCallUnaryMethod();
+                node.decoratorList[i].accept(this);
+            }
+
+            b.beginCallVarargsMethod();
+
+            b.emitLoadLocal(buildClassFunction);
+
+            // positional args
+            emitUnstar(() -> {
+                emitMakeFunction(node, node.name, null, null);
+                emitPythonConstant(toTruffleStringUncached(node.name), b);
+            }, node.bases);
+
+            // keyword args
+            validateKeywords(node.keywords);
+            emitKeywords(node.keywords, buildClassFunction);
+
+            b.endCallVarargsMethod();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < numDeco; i++) {
+                b.endCallUnaryMethod();
+            }
+
+            endStoreLocal(node.name, b);
+
+            b.endBlock();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private class DeleteVisitor implements BaseBytecodeDSLVisitor {
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.Subscript node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+
+                b.beginDeleteItem();
+                node.value.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+                node.slice.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+                b.endDeleteItem();
+
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.Attribute node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                checkForbiddenName(node.attr, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+                b.beginDeleteAttribute(toTruffleStringUncached(node.attr));
+                node.value.accept(StatementCompiler.this);
+                b.endDeleteAttribute();
+
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.Name node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                emitNameOperation(node.id, NameOperation.Delete, b);
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.Tuple node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                b.beginBlock();
+                visitSequence(node.elements);
+                b.endBlock();
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Void visit(ExprTy.List node) {
+                boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+                b.beginBlock();
+                visitSequence(node.elements);
+                b.endBlock();
+                endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Delete node) {
+            new DeleteVisitor().visitSequence(node.targets);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Expr node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            if (isInteractive) {
+                b.beginPrintExpr();
+                node.value.accept(this);
+                b.endPrintExpr();
+            } else {
+                node.value.accept(this);
+            }
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.For node) {
+            // @formatter:off
+            // iter = GetIter(<>); value;
+            // while (ForIterate(iter, &value)) {
+            //   store value
+            //   <>
+            //   continueLabel:
+            // }
+            // <
+            // breakLabel:
+            // @formatter:on
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            b.beginBlock();
+
+            BytecodeLocal iter = b.createLocal();
+
+            b.beginStoreLocal(iter);
+            b.beginGetIter();
+            node.iter.accept(this);
+            b.endGetIter();
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            BytecodeLabel oldBreakLabel = breakLabel;
+            BytecodeLabel oldContinueLabel = continueLabel;
+
+            BytecodeLabel currentBreakLabel = b.createLabel();
+            breakLabel = currentBreakLabel;
+
+            b.beginWhile();
+            BytecodeLocal value = b.createLocal();
+
+            // condition
+            b.beginBlock();
+            b.emitTraceLineAtLoopHeader(currentLocation.startLine);
+            b.beginForIterate(value);
+            b.emitLoadLocal(iter);
+            b.endForIterate();
+            b.endBlock();
+
+            // body
+            b.beginBlock();
+            continueLabel = b.createLabel();
+            node.target.accept(new StoreVisitor(() -> {
+                b.emitLoadLocal(value);
+            }));
+
+            visitSequence(node.body);
+            b.emitLabel(continueLabel);
+            b.endBlock();
+
+            b.endWhile();
+
+            breakLabel = oldBreakLabel;
+            continueLabel = oldContinueLabel;
+            visitSequence(node.orElse);
+            b.emitLabel(currentBreakLabel);
+
+            b.endBlock();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.FunctionDef node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            b.beginBlock();
+
+            beginStoreLocal(node.name, b);
+
+            int numDeco = len(node.decoratorList);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numDeco; i++) {
+                b.beginCallUnaryMethod();
+                node.decoratorList[i].accept(this);
+            }
+
+            List annotations = collectParamAnnotations(node.args, node.returns);
+            emitMakeFunction(node, node.name, node.args, annotations);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < numDeco; i++) {
+                b.endCallUnaryMethod();
+            }
+
+            endStoreLocal(node.name, b);
+
+            b.endBlock();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.AsyncFunctionDef node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            beginStoreLocal(node.name, b);
+
+            int numDeco = len(node.decoratorList);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numDeco; i++) {
+                b.beginCallUnaryMethod();
+                node.decoratorList[i].accept(this);
+            }
+
+            List annotations = collectParamAnnotations(node.args, node.returns);
+            emitMakeFunction(node, node.name, node.args, annotations);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < numDeco; i++) {
+                b.endCallUnaryMethod();
+            }
+
+            endStoreLocal(node.name, b);
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void emitParamAnnotation(ParamAnnotation paramAnnotation) {
+            emitPythonConstant(paramAnnotation.name, b);
+
+            if (futureFeatures.contains(FutureFeature.ANNOTATIONS)) {
+                emitPythonConstant(Unparser.unparse(paramAnnotation.annotation), b);
+            } else {
+                if (paramAnnotation.annotation instanceof ExprTy.Starred starred) {
+                    // *args: *Ts (where Ts is a TypeVarTuple).
+                    // Do [annotation_value] = [*Ts].
+                    b.beginBlock();
+                    BytecodeLocal local = b.createLocal();
+                    b.beginUnpackToLocals(new BytecodeLocal[]{local});
+                    starred.value.accept(this);
+                    b.endUnpackToLocals();
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(local);
+                    b.endBlock();
+                } else {
+                    paramAnnotation.annotation.accept(this);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void emitMakeFunction(SSTNode node, String name, ArgumentsTy args, List annotations) {
+            BytecodeDSLCompilerResult compilerResult = compileNode(node);
+            BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit = compilerResult.codeUnit();
+
+            TruffleString functionName = toTruffleStringUncached(name);
+            Scope targetScope = ctx.scopeEnvironment.lookupScope(node);
+            TruffleString qualifiedName = toTruffleStringUncached(ctx.getQualifiedName(targetScope));
+
+            // Register these in the Python constants list.
+            addConstant(qualifiedName);
+            addConstant(codeUnit);
+
+            b.beginMakeFunction(functionName, qualifiedName, codeUnit);
+
+            if (args == null || len(args.defaults) == 0) {
+                b.emitLoadConstant(PythonUtils.EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY);
+            } else {
+                b.beginMakeVariadic();
+                for (int i = 0; i < args.defaults.length; i++) {
+                    args.defaults[i].accept(this);
+                }
+                b.endMakeVariadic();
+            }
+
+            boolean hasKeywords = false;
+            if (args != null && len(args.kwDefaults) != 0) {
+                // We only emit keywords with default values. Check if any exist.
+                for (int i = 0; i < args.kwDefaults.length; i++) {
+                    if (args.kwDefaults[i] != null) {
+                        hasKeywords = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (!hasKeywords) {
+                b.emitLoadConstant(PKeyword.EMPTY_KEYWORDS);
+            } else {
+                ArgTy[] kwOnlyArgs = args.kwOnlyArgs;
+
+                List keys = new ArrayList<>();
+                b.beginMakeKeywords();
+                for (int i = 0; i < args.kwDefaults.length; i++) {
+                    // Only emit keywords with default values.
+                    if (args.kwDefaults[i] != null) {
+                        keys.add(toTruffleStringUncached(mangle(kwOnlyArgs[i].arg)));
+                        args.kwDefaults[i].accept(this);
+                    }
+                }
+                b.endMakeKeywords(keys.toArray(new TruffleString[0]));
+            }
+
+            if (codeUnit.freevars.length == 0) {
+                b.emitLoadNull();
+            } else {
+                b.beginMakeCellArray();
+                for (int i = 0; i < codeUnit.freevars.length; i++) {
+                    String fv = codeUnit.freevars[i].toJavaStringUncached();
+                    BytecodeLocal local;
+                    if (scopeType == CompilationScope.Class && "__class__".equals(fv) || scope.getUseOfName(fv).contains(Scope.DefUse.Cell)) {
+                        local = cellLocals.get(fv);
+                    } else {
+                        local = freeLocals.get(fv);
+                    }
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(local);
+                }
+                b.endMakeCellArray();
+            }
+
+            // __annotations__
+            if (annotations != null && annotations.size() > 0) {
+                b.beginMakeDict(annotations.size());
+                for (ParamAnnotation annotation : annotations) {
+                    emitParamAnnotation(annotation);
+                }
+                b.endMakeDict();
+            } else {
+                b.emitLoadNull();
+            }
+
+            b.endMakeFunction();
+        }
+
+        private BytecodeDSLCompilerResult compileNode(SSTNode node) {
+            return (new RootNodeCompiler(ctx, node, futureFeatures)).compile();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Global node) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void visitStatements(StmtTy[] stmts) {
+            b.beginBlock();
+            if (stmts != null) {
+                for (StmtTy stmt : stmts) {
+                    stmt.accept(this);
+                }
+            }
+            b.endBlock();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.If node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            if (node.orElse == null || node.orElse.length == 0) {
+                b.beginIfThen();
+                visitCondition(node.test);
+                visitStatements(node.body);
+                b.endIfThen();
+            } else {
+                b.beginIfThenElse();
+                visitCondition(node.test);
+                visitStatements(node.body);
+                visitStatements(node.orElse);
+                b.endIfThenElse();
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private boolean producesBoolean(ExprTy node) {
+            // NB: Binary and/or operations evaluate to their operands, which are not necessarily
+            // booleans.
+            return node instanceof ExprTy.UnaryOp unOp && unOp.op == UnaryOpTy.Not ||
+                            node instanceof ExprTy.Constant c && c.value.kind == Kind.BOOLEAN;
+        }
+
+        private void visitCondition(ExprTy node) {
+            boolean mayNeedCoercion = !producesBoolean(node);
+            if (mayNeedCoercion) {
+                b.beginYes();
+            }
+
+            node.accept(this);
+
+            if (mayNeedCoercion) {
+                b.endYes();
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Import node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            b.beginBlock();
+
+            for (AliasTy name : node.names) {
+                addConstant(PythonUtils.EMPTY_TRUFFLESTRING_ARRAY);
+                if (name.asName == null) {
+                    // import a.b.c
+                    // --> a = (Import "a.b.c" [] 0)
+                    // import a
+                    // --> a = (Import "a" [] 0)
+                    String resName = name.name.contains(".")
+                                    ? name.name.substring(0, name.name.indexOf('.'))
+                                    : name.name;
+
+                    beginStoreLocal(resName, b);
+                    b.emitImport(toTruffleStringUncached(name.name), PythonUtils.EMPTY_TRUFFLESTRING_ARRAY, 0);
+                    endStoreLocal(resName, b);
+                } else {
+                    // import a.b.c as x
+                    // --> x = (ImportFrom (ImportFrom (Import "a.b.c" [] 0) "b") "c")
+                    // import a as x
+                    // --> x = (Import "a" [] 0)
+                    String[] parts = name.name.split("\\.");
+
+                    beginStoreLocal(name.asName, b);
+
+                    for (int i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                        if (i != 0) {
+                            b.beginImportFrom(toTruffleStringUncached(parts[i]));
+                        } else {
+                            b.emitImport(toTruffleStringUncached(name.name), PythonUtils.EMPTY_TRUFFLESTRING_ARRAY, 0);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    for (int i = 1; i < parts.length; i++) {
+                        b.endImportFrom();
+                    }
+
+                    endStoreLocal(name.asName, b);
+                }
+            }
+
+            b.endBlock();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.ImportFrom node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            if (node.getSourceRange().startLine > ctx.futureLineNumber && "__future__".equals(node.module)) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, node.getSourceRange(), "from __future__ imports must occur at the beginning of the file");
+            }
+
+            TruffleString tsModuleName = toTruffleStringUncached(node.module == null ? "" : node.module);
+
+            if (node.names[0].name.equals("*")) {
+                b.emitImportStar(tsModuleName, node.level);
+            } else {
+                b.beginBlock();
+
+                BytecodeLocal module = b.createLocal();
+
+                TruffleString[] fromList = new TruffleString[node.names.length];
+                for (int i = 0; i < fromList.length; i++) {
+                    fromList[i] = toTruffleStringUncached(node.names[i].name);
+                }
+
+                b.beginStoreLocal(module);
+                b.emitImport(tsModuleName, fromList, node.level);
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+
+                TruffleString[] importedNames = new TruffleString[node.names.length];
+                for (int i = 0; i < node.names.length; i++) {
+                    AliasTy alias = node.names[i];
+                    String asName = alias.asName == null ? alias.name : alias.asName;
+                    beginStoreLocal(asName, b);
+
+                    TruffleString name = toTruffleStringUncached(alias.name);
+                    importedNames[i] = name;
+                    b.beginImportFrom(name);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(module);
+                    b.endImportFrom();
+
+                    endStoreLocal(asName, b);
+                }
+                addConstant(importedNames);
+
+                b.endBlock();
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Match node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            b.beginBlock();
+            // Compute and store the subject in a local.
+            BytecodeLocal subject = b.createLocal();
+            b.beginStoreLocal(subject);
+            node.subject.accept(this);
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            visitMatchCaseRecursively(node.cases, 0, new PatternContext(subject));
+
+            b.endBlock();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private final class PatternContext {
+            private final Map bindVariables = new HashMap<>();
+            private final BytecodeLocal subject;
+            private boolean allowIrrefutable = false;
+
+            PatternContext(BytecodeLocal subject) {
+                this.subject = subject;
+            }
+
+            public void copySubjectToTemporary(String name) {
+                BytecodeLocal temporary = allocateBindVariable(name);
+                b.beginStoreLocal(temporary);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(subject);
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+            }
+
+            private BytecodeLocal allocateBindVariable(String name) {
+                checkForbiddenName(name, NameOperation.BeginWrite);
+                if (bindVariables.containsKey(name)) {
+                    duplicateStoreError(name);
+                }
+                BytecodeLocal result = b.createLocal();
+                bindVariables.put(name, result);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            private void duplicateStoreError(String name) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "multiple assignments to name '%s' in pattern", name);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        private void visitMatchCaseRecursively(MatchCaseTy[] cases, int index, PatternContext pc) {
+            /**
+             * Cases are chained as a sequence of if-then-else clauses, as in:
+             *
+             * @formatter:off
+             * IfThenElse(
+             *   ,
+             *   ,
+             *   IfThenElse(
+             *     ,
+             *     ,
+             *     ...
+             *   )
+             * )
+             * @formatter:on
+             */
+            MatchCaseTy c = cases[index];
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(c, b);
+
+            if (index != cases.length - 1) {
+                b.beginIfThenElse();
+
+                // A case that isn't last can be irrefutable only if it is guarded.
+                pc.allowIrrefutable = c.guard != null;
+
+                emitPatternCondition(c, pc);
+                visitStatements(c.body);
+                visitMatchCaseRecursively(cases, index + 1, pc);
+                b.endIfThenElse();
+            } else {
+                /**
+                 * For the last pattern: if it's an unguarded wildcard _, just emit the body.
+                 * Otherwise, emit an IfThen (no else).
+                 */
+                if (wildcardCheck(c.pattern) && c.guard == null) {
+                    visitStatements(c.body);
+                } else {
+                    b.beginIfThen();
+
+                    // The last case can be irrefutable.
+                    pc.allowIrrefutable = true;
+
+                    emitPatternCondition(c, pc);
+                    visitStatements(c.body);
+                    b.endIfThen();
+                }
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+        }
+
+        private void emitPatternCondition(MatchCaseTy currentCase, PatternContext pc) {
+            PatternTy pattern = currentCase.pattern;
+            ExprTy guard = currentCase.guard;
+
+            /**
+             * We evaluate conditions using a sequence of boolean computations chained with
+             * short-circuiting ANDs. If a condition fails at any point, we abort and continue with
+             * the next pattern.
+             *
+             * Patterns can bind variables, but a variable is only bound if the full pattern
+             * matches. We accumulate the bound values into temporary variables and copy them all
+             * over only if the pattern matches. For example:
+             *
+             * @formatter:off
+             * IfThenElse(
+             *   And(
+             *     ,
+             *     Block(
+             *       
+             *       ...
+             *       ,
+             *       true   // continue unconditionally
+             *     ),
+             *     
+             *   ),
+             *   ,
+             *   ...
+             * )
+             * @formatter:on
+             */
+            b.beginPrimitiveBoolAnd();
+
+            visitPattern(pattern, pc);
+
+            if (!pc.bindVariables.isEmpty()) {
+                b.beginBlock();
+
+                for (Map.Entry entry : pc.bindVariables.entrySet()) {
+                    beginStoreLocal(entry.getKey(), b);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(entry.getValue());
+                    endStoreLocal(entry.getKey(), b);
+                }
+
+                b.emitLoadConstant(true);
+                b.endBlock();
+            }
+            if (guard != null) {
+                guard.accept(this);
+            }
+            b.endPrimitiveBoolAnd();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Generates code to test a {@code pattern} against the value stored in {@code subject}.
+         *
+         * Invariants:
+         * 
    
+         * 
  • The code for each pattern produces a boolean value.
+         * 
  • When the pattern has a variable binding, the code will use the {@code pc} to allocate
+         * a new temporary variable to store the value of the binding. If the pattern match
+         * succeeds, only then will we copy the temporaries into Python-level variables.
+         * 
  • The {@code pc.subject} variable always contains the value to match against a pattern.
+         * When performing structural recursion on a value, the original value will be overwritten
+         * unless saved in a new local.
+         * 

+         */
+        private void visitPattern(PatternTy pattern, PatternContext pc) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(pattern, b);
+            if (pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchAs matchAs) {
+                doVisitPattern(matchAs, pc);
+            } else if (pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchClass matchClass) {
+                doVisitPattern(matchClass);
+            } else if (pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchMapping matchMapping) {
+                doVisitPattern(matchMapping);
+            } else if (pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchOr matchOr) {
+                doVisitPattern(matchOr);
+            } else if (pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchSequence matchSequence) {
+                doVisitPattern(matchSequence, pc);
+            } else if (pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchSingleton matchSingleton) {
+                doVisitPattern(matchSingleton, pc);
+            } else if (pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchStar matchStar) {
+                doVisitPattern(matchStar, pc);
+            } else if (pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchValue matchValue) {
+                doVisitPattern(matchValue, pc);
+            } else {
+                throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere();
+            }
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+        }
+
+        // In a subpattern, irrefutable patterns are OK.
+        private void visitSubpattern(PatternTy pattern, PatternContext pc) {
+            boolean allowIrrefutable = pc.allowIrrefutable;
+            pc.allowIrrefutable = true;
+            visitPattern(pattern, pc);
+            pc.allowIrrefutable = allowIrrefutable;
+        }
+
+        private void doVisitPattern(PatternTy.MatchAs node, PatternContext pc) {
+            b.beginBlock();
+            if (node.name != null) {
+                pc.copySubjectToTemporary(node.name);
+            }
+
+            if (node.pattern == null) {
+                // If there's no pattern (e.g., _), it trivially matches. Ensure this is permitted.
+                if (!pc.allowIrrefutable) {
+                    if (node.name != null) {
+                        ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "name capture '%s' makes remaining patterns unreachable", node.name);
+                    }
+                    ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "wildcard makes remaining patterns unreachable");
+                }
+                b.emitLoadConstant(true);
+            } else {
+                assert node.name != null : "name should only be null for the empty wildcard pattern '_'";
+                visitPattern(node.pattern, pc);
+            }
+
+            b.endBlock();
+        }
+
+        private void emitPatternNotImplemented(String kind) {
+            b.beginBlock();
+            emitNotImplemented(kind + " pattern matching", b);
+            // we need a value producing operation
+            b.emitLoadConstant(false);
+            b.endBlock();
+        }
+
+        private void doVisitPattern(PatternTy.MatchClass node) {
+            emitPatternNotImplemented("class");
+        }
+
+        private void doVisitPattern(PatternTy.MatchMapping node) {
+            emitPatternNotImplemented("mapping");
+        }
+
+        private void doVisitPattern(PatternTy.MatchOr node) {
+            emitPatternNotImplemented("OR");
+        }
+
+        private void patternHelperSequenceUnpack(PatternTy[] patterns, PatternContext pc) {
+            int n = len(patterns);
+
+            b.beginBlock();
+            // We need to remember the unpacked array, since subject will be overwritten in
+            // recursive calls.
+            BytecodeLocal unpacked = b.createLocal();
+            b.beginStoreLocal(unpacked);
+            patternUnpackHelper(patterns, pc);
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                b.beginStoreLocal(pc.subject);
+                b.beginArrayIndex();
+                b.emitLoadLocal(unpacked);
+                b.emitLoadConstant(i);
+                b.endArrayIndex();
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+
+                visitSubpattern(patterns[i], pc);
+            }
+            b.endBlock();
+        }
+
+        private void patternUnpackHelper(PatternTy[] patterns, PatternContext pc) {
+            int n = len(patterns);
+
+            boolean seenStar = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                PatternTy pattern = patterns[i];
+                if (pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchStar) {
+                    if (seenStar) {
+                        ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "multiple starred expressions in sequence pattern");
+                    }
+                    seenStar = true;
+                    int countAfter = n - i - 1;
+                    if (countAfter != (byte) countAfter) {
+                        ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "too many expressions in star-unpacking sequence pattern");
+                    }
+                    // If there's a star pattern, emit UnpackEx.
+                    b.beginUnpackEx(i, countAfter);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(pc.subject);
+                    b.endUnpackEx();
+                    // Continue in the loop to ensure there are no additional starred patterns.
+                }
+            }
+            // If there were no star patterns, emit UnpackSequence.
+            if (!seenStar) {
+                b.beginUnpackSequence(n);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(pc.subject);
+                b.endUnpackSequence();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Like patternHelperSequenceUnpack, but uses subscripting, which is (likely) more efficient
+         * for patterns with a starred wildcard like [first, *_], [first, *_, last], [*_, last],
+         * etc.
+         */
+        private void patternHelperSequenceSubscr(PatternTy[] patterns, int star, PatternContext pc) {
+            int n = len(patterns);
+
+            b.beginBlock();
+            // We need to remember the sequence, since subject will be overwritten in recursive
+            // calls.
+            BytecodeLocal sequence = b.createLocal();
+            b.beginStoreLocal(sequence);
+            b.emitLoadLocal(pc.subject);
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                PatternTy pattern = patterns[i];
+                if (wildcardCheck(pattern)) {
+                    // nothing to check
+                    continue;
+                } else if (i == star) {
+                    // nothing to check
+                    assert wildcardStarCheck(pattern);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                b.beginStoreLocal(pc.subject);
+                b.beginBinarySubscript();
+                b.emitLoadLocal(sequence);
+                if (i < star) {
+                    b.emitLoadConstant(i);
+                } else {
+                    // The subject may not support negative indexing! Compute a
+                    // nonnegative index:
+                    b.beginSub();
+
+                    b.beginGetLen();
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(sequence);
+                    b.endGetLen();
+
+                    b.emitLoadConstant(n - i);
+
+                    b.endSub();
+                }
+                b.endBinarySubscript();
+                b.endStoreLocal();
+
+                visitSubpattern(pattern, pc);
+            }
+            b.endBlock();
+        }
+
+        private void doVisitPattern(PatternTy.MatchSequence node, PatternContext pc) {
+            int size = len(node.patterns);
+            int star = -1;
+            boolean onlyWildcard = true;
+            boolean starWildcard = false;
+
+            // Find a starred name, if it exists. There may be at most one:
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                PatternTy pattern = node.patterns[i];
+                if (pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchStar) {
+                    if (star >= 0) {
+                        ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, node.getSourceRange(), "multiple starred names in sequence pattern");
+                    }
+                    starWildcard = wildcardStarCheck(pattern);
+                    onlyWildcard &= starWildcard;
+                    star = i;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                onlyWildcard &= wildcardCheck(pattern);
+            }
+
+            b.beginPrimitiveBoolAnd();
+
+            b.beginIsSequence();
+            b.emitLoadLocal(pc.subject);
+            b.endIsSequence();
+
+            if (star < 0) {
+                // No star: len(subject) == size
+                b.beginEq();
+                b.beginGetLen();
+                b.emitLoadLocal(pc.subject);
+                b.endGetLen();
+                b.emitLoadConstant(size);
+                b.endEq();
+            } else if (size > 1) {
+                // Star: len(subject) >= size - 1
+                b.beginGe();
+                b.beginGetLen();
+                b.emitLoadLocal(pc.subject);
+                b.endGetLen();
+                b.emitLoadConstant(size - 1);
+                b.endGe();
+            }
+
+            if (onlyWildcard) {
+                /**
+                 * For patterns like: [] / [_] / [_, _] / [*_] / [_, *_] / [_, _, *_] / etc., there
+                 * is nothing more to check.
+                 */
+            } else if (starWildcard) {
+                /**
+                 * For sequences with a *_ pattern, it is (likely) more efficient to extract the
+                 * bound elements with subscripting rather than iterating the entire collection.
+                 */
+                patternHelperSequenceSubscr(node.patterns, star, pc);
+            } else {
+                /**
+                 * Otherwise, unpack the sequence element-by-element. If there's a named * pattern,
+                 * collect the rest into it.
+                 */
+                patternHelperSequenceUnpack(node.patterns, pc);
+            }
+
+            b.endPrimitiveBoolAnd();
+        }
+
+        private void doVisitPattern(PatternTy.MatchSingleton node, PatternContext pc) {
+            b.beginIs();
+            b.emitLoadLocal(pc.subject);
+
+            switch (node.value.kind) {
+                case BOOLEAN:
+                    b.emitLoadConstant(node.value.getBoolean());
+                    break;
+                case NONE:
+                    b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("wrong MatchSingleton value kind " + node.value.kind);
+            }
+            b.endIs();
+        }
+
+        private void doVisitPattern(PatternTy.MatchStar node, PatternContext pc) {
+            if (node.name != null) {
+                b.beginBlock();
+                pc.copySubjectToTemporary(node.name);
+                b.emitLoadConstant(true);
+                b.endBlock();
+            }
+            /**
+             * If there's no name, no need to emit anything. A MatchStar can only appear as a
+             * subpattern of a mapping/sequence pattern, at which point in code generation we will
+             * be in the middle of a short-circuiting AND (that already has at least one operand)
+             */
+        }
+
+        private void doVisitPattern(PatternTy.MatchValue node, PatternContext pc) {
+            b.beginEq();
+            b.emitLoadLocal(pc.subject);
+
+            if (node.value instanceof ExprTy.UnaryOp || node.value instanceof ExprTy.BinOp) {
+                createConstant(foldConstantOp(node.value));
+            } else if (node.value instanceof ExprTy.Constant || node.value instanceof ExprTy.Attribute) {
+                node.value.accept(this);
+            } else {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "patterns may only match literals and attribute lookups");
+            }
+            b.endEq();
+        }
+
+        private static boolean wildcardCheck(PatternTy pattern) {
+            return pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchAs && ((PatternTy.MatchAs) pattern).name == null;
+        }
+
+        private static boolean wildcardStarCheck(PatternTy pattern) {
+            return pattern instanceof PatternTy.MatchStar && ((PatternTy.MatchStar) pattern).name == null;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * handles only particular cases when a constant comes either as a unary or binary op
+         */
+        private ConstantValue foldConstantOp(ExprTy value) {
+            if (value instanceof ExprTy.UnaryOp unaryOp) {
+                return foldUnaryOpConstant(unaryOp);
+            } else if (value instanceof ExprTy.BinOp binOp) {
+                return foldBinOpComplexConstant(binOp);
+            }
+            throw new IllegalStateException("should not reach here");
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * handles only unary sub and a numeric constant
+         */
+        private ConstantValue foldUnaryOpConstant(ExprTy.UnaryOp unaryOp) {
+            assert unaryOp.op == UnaryOpTy.USub;
+            assert unaryOp.operand instanceof ExprTy.Constant : unaryOp.operand;
+            ExprTy.Constant c = (ExprTy.Constant) unaryOp.operand;
+            ConstantValue ret = c.value.negate();
+            assert ret != null;
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * handles only complex which comes as a BinOp
+         */
+        private ConstantValue foldBinOpComplexConstant(ExprTy.BinOp binOp) {
+            assert (binOp.left instanceof ExprTy.UnaryOp || binOp.left instanceof ExprTy.Constant) && binOp.right instanceof ExprTy.Constant : binOp.left + " " + binOp.right;
+            assert binOp.op == OperatorTy.Sub || binOp.op == OperatorTy.Add;
+            ConstantValue left;
+            if (binOp.left instanceof ExprTy.UnaryOp) {
+                left = foldUnaryOpConstant((ExprTy.UnaryOp) binOp.left);
+            } else {
+                left = ((ExprTy.Constant) binOp.left).value;
+            }
+            ExprTy.Constant right = (ExprTy.Constant) binOp.right;
+            switch (binOp.op) {
+                case Add:
+                    return left.addComplex(right.value);
+                case Sub:
+                    return left.subComplex(right.value);
+                default:
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("wrong constant BinOp operator " + binOp.op);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(MatchCaseTy node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(PatternTy.MatchAs node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(PatternTy.MatchClass node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(PatternTy.MatchMapping node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(PatternTy.MatchOr node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(PatternTy.MatchSequence node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(PatternTy.MatchSingleton node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(PatternTy.MatchStar node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(PatternTy.MatchValue node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Nonlocal node) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Raise node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            b.beginRaise();
+
+            if (node.exc != null) {
+                node.exc.accept(this);
+            } else {
+                b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NO_VALUE);
+            }
+
+            if (node.cause != null) {
+                node.cause.accept(this);
+            } else {
+                b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NO_VALUE);
+            }
+
+            b.endRaise();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Return node) {
+            if (!scope.isFunction()) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "'return' outside function");
+            }
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            beginReturn(b);
+            if (node.value != null) {
+                node.value.accept(this);
+            } else {
+                b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+            }
+            endReturn(b);
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Try node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            if (node.finalBody != null && node.finalBody.length != 0) {
+                /**
+                 * In Python, an uncaught exception becomes the "current" exception inside a finally
+                 * block. The finally body can itself throw, in which case it replaces the exception
+                 * being thrown. For such a scenario, we have to be careful to restore the "current"
+                 * exception using a try-finally.
+                 *
+                 * In pseudocode, the implementation looks like:
+                 * @formatter:off
+                 * try {
+                 *   try_catch_else
+                 * } finally {
+                 *   finally_body
+                 * } catch uncaught_ex {
+                 *   save current exception
+                 *   set the current exception to uncaught_ex
+                 *   markCaught(uncaught_ex)
+                 *   try {
+                 *     finally_body
+                 *   } finally {
+                 *     restore current exception
+                 *   } catch handler_ex {
+                 *     restore current exception
+                 *     markCaught(handler_ex)
+                 *     reraise handler_ex
+                 *   }
+                 *   reraise uncaught_ex
+                 * }
+                 */
+                b.beginTryFinallyCatch(() -> {
+                    b.beginBlock(); // finally
+                        visitSequence(node.finalBody);
+                    b.endBlock();
+                });
+
+                    emitTryExceptElse(node); // try
+
+                    b.beginBlock(); // catch
+                        BytecodeLocal savedException = b.createLocal();
+                        emitSaveCurrentException(savedException);
+                        emitSetCurrentException();
+                        // Mark this location for the stack trace.
+                        b.beginMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+                            b.emitLoadException();
+                        b.endMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+
+                        b.beginTryFinallyCatch(() -> emitRestoreCurrentException(savedException));
+                            b.beginBlock(); // try
+                                visitSequence(node.finalBody);
+                            b.endBlock(); // try
+
+                            b.beginBlock(); // catch
+                                emitRestoreCurrentException(savedException);
+
+                                b.beginMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+                                    b.emitLoadException();
+                                b.endMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+
+                                b.beginReraise();
+                                    b.emitLoadException();
+                                b.endReraise();
+                            b.endBlock(); // catch
+                        b.endTryFinallyCatch();
+
+                        b.beginReraise();
+                            b.emitLoadException();
+                        b.endReraise();
+                    b.endBlock(); // catch
+                b.endTryFinallyCatch();
+                // @formatter:on
+            } else {
+                emitTryExceptElse(node);
+            }
+
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Emit the "try-except-else" part of a Try node. The "finally" part, if it exists, should
+         * be handled by the caller of this method.
+         */
+        private void emitTryExceptElse(StmtTy.Try node) {
+            if (node.handlers != null && node.handlers.length != 0) {
+                /**
+                 * There are two orthogonal issues that complicate Python try-except clauses.
+                 *
+                 * First, when in an exception handler, the "current" exception (accessible via, e.g.,
+                 * sys.exc_info) gets set to the caught exception. After leaving the handler, this
+                 * "current" exception must be restored to the one previously stored. Since except
+                 * clauses can themselves raise exceptions, the restoring process must happen inside
+                 * a finally block.
+                 *
+                 * Second, when an exception is bound to an identifier (e.g., except BaseException as
+                 * ex), the identifier must be deleted after leaving the except clause. Again, since
+                 * the except clause may raise an exception, the deletion must happen inside a finally
+                 * block. Since the bound name is different in each clause, this block is specific to
+                 * each handler.
+                 *
+                 * @formatter:off
+                 * try {
+                 *   try_body
+                 *   # fall through to else_body
+                 * } catch ex {
+                 *   save current exception
+                 *   set current exception to ex
+                 *   markCaught(ex)
+                 *   try {
+                 *     if (handler_1_matches(ex)) {
+                 *       assign ex to handler_1_name
+                 *       try {
+                 *         handler_1_body
+                 *       } finally {
+                 *         unbind handler_1_name
+                 *       } catch handler_1_ex {
+                 *         unbind handler_1_name
+                 *         // Freeze the bci before it gets rethrown.
+                 *         markCaught(handler_ex)
+                 *         throw handler_1_ex
+                 *       }
+                 *       goto afterElse
+                 *     }
+                 *     ... // more handlers
+                 *
+                 *     // case 1: bare except
+                 *     bare_except_body
+                 *     goto afterElse
+                 *   } finally {
+                 *     // Exception handled. Restore the exception state.
+                 *     restore current exception
+                 *   } catch handler_ex {
+                 *     // A handler raised or no handler was found. Restore exception state and reraise.
+                 *     restore current exception
+                 *     markCaught(handler_ex) // (no-op if handler_ex is the original exception)
+                 *     reraise handler_ex
+                 *   }
+                 *   // case 2: no bare except (we only reach this point if no handler matched/threw)
+                 *   reraise ex
+                 * }
+                 * else_body
+                 * afterElse:
+                 */
+                b.beginBlock(); // outermost block
+
+                BytecodeLocal savedException = b.createLocal();
+                BytecodeLabel afterElse = b.createLabel();
+
+                b.beginTryCatch();
+
+                    b.beginBlock(); // try
+                        visitSequence(node.body);
+                    b.endBlock(); // try
+
+                    b.beginBlock(); // catch
+                        emitSaveCurrentException(savedException);
+                        emitSetCurrentException();
+                        // Mark this location for the stack trace.
+                        b.beginMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+                            b.emitLoadException(); // ex
+                        b.endMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+
+                        b.beginTryFinallyCatch(() -> emitRestoreCurrentException(savedException));
+                            b.beginBlock(); // try
+                                SourceRange bareExceptRange = null;
+                                for (ExceptHandlerTy h : node.handlers) {
+boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(h, b);
+                                    if (bareExceptRange != null) {
+                                        ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "default 'except:' must be last");
+                                    }
+
+                                    ExceptHandlerTy.ExceptHandler handler = (ExceptHandlerTy.ExceptHandler) h;
+                                    if (handler.type != null) {
+                                        b.beginIfThen();
+                                            b.beginExceptMatch();
+                                                b.emitLoadException(); // ex
+                                                handler.type.accept(this);
+                                            b.endExceptMatch();
+                                    } else {
+                                        bareExceptRange = handler.getSourceRange();
+                                    }
+
+                                    b.beginBlock(); // handler body
+
+                                    if (handler.name != null) {
+                                        // Assign exception to handler name.
+                                        beginStoreLocal(handler.name, b);
+                                            b.beginUnwrapException();
+                                                b.emitLoadException(); // ex
+                                            b.endUnwrapException();
+                                        endStoreLocal(handler.name, b);
+
+                                        b.beginTryFinallyCatch(() -> emitUnbindHandlerVariable(handler));
+                                            b.beginBlock(); // try
+                                                visitSequence(handler.body);
+                                            b.endBlock(); // try
+
+                                            b.beginBlock(); // catch
+                                                emitUnbindHandlerVariable(handler);
+
+                                                b.beginMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+                                                    b.emitLoadException(); // handler_i_ex
+                                                b.endMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+
+                                                b.beginThrow();
+                                                    b.emitLoadException(); // handler_i_ex
+                                                b.endThrow();
+                                            b.endBlock(); // catch
+                                        b.endTryFinallyCatch();
+                                    } else { // bare except
+                                        b.beginBlock();
+                                            visitSequence(handler.body);
+                                        b.endBlock();
+                                    }
+
+                                    b.emitBranch(afterElse);
+
+                                    b.endBlock(); // handler body
+
+                                    if (handler.type != null) {
+                                        b.endIfThen();
+                                    }
+
+                                    endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+                                }
+                            b.endBlock(); // try
+
+                            b.beginBlock(); // catch
+                                emitRestoreCurrentException(savedException);
+
+                                b.beginMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+                                    b.emitLoadException(); // handler_ex
+                                b.endMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+
+                                b.beginReraise();
+                                    b.emitLoadException(); // handler_ex
+                                b.endReraise();
+                            b.endBlock(); // catch
+                        b.endTryFinallyCatch();
+
+                        /**
+                         * Each handler branches to afterElse. If we reach this point and there was not a
+                         * bare exception, none of the handlers matched, and we should reraise.
+                         * Optimization: If there's a bare except clause, control will never fall through
+                         * and we can omit the rethrow.
+                         */
+                        if (bareExceptRange == null) {
+                            b.beginReraise();
+                                b.emitLoadException(); // ex
+                            b.endReraise();
+                        }
+
+                    b.endBlock(); // catch
+
+                b.endTryCatch();
+
+                if (node.orElse != null) {
+                    visitSequence(node.orElse);
+                }
+                b.emitLabel(afterElse);
+
+                b.endBlock(); // outermost block
+                // @formatter:on
+            } else {
+                // Optimization: If there's no except clauses, there's no point in generating a
+                // TryCatch with a catch that just rethrows the caught exception.
+                b.beginBlock();
+                visitSequence(node.body);
+                b.endBlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void emitSaveCurrentException(BytecodeLocal savedException) {
+            b.beginStoreLocal(savedException);
+            b.emitGetCurrentException();
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+        }
+
+        private void emitSetCurrentException() {
+            b.beginSetCurrentException();
+            b.emitLoadException();
+            b.endSetCurrentException();
+        }
+
+        private void emitRestoreCurrentException(BytecodeLocal savedException) {
+            b.beginSetCurrentException();
+            b.emitLoadLocal(savedException);
+            b.endSetCurrentException();
+        }
+
+        private void emitUnbindHandlerVariable(ExceptHandlerTy.ExceptHandler handler) {
+            b.beginBlock();
+            // Store None to the variable just in case the handler deleted it.
+            beginStoreLocal(handler.name, b);
+            b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+            endStoreLocal(handler.name, b);
+            emitDelLocal(handler.name, b);
+            b.endBlock();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.TryStar node) {
+            emitNotImplemented("try star", b);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ExceptHandlerTy.ExceptHandler node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.While node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            b.beginBlock();
+
+            BytecodeLabel oldBreakLabel = breakLabel;
+            BytecodeLabel oldContinueLabel = continueLabel;
+
+            BytecodeLabel currentBreakLabel = b.createLabel();
+            breakLabel = currentBreakLabel;
+
+            b.beginWhile();
+
+            b.beginBlock();
+            b.emitTraceLineAtLoopHeader(currentLocation.startLine);
+            visitCondition(node.test);
+            b.endBlock();
+
+            b.beginBlock();
+            continueLabel = b.createLabel();
+            visitStatements(node.body);
+            b.emitLabel(continueLabel);
+            b.endBlock();
+
+            b.endWhile();
+
+            breakLabel = oldBreakLabel;
+            continueLabel = oldContinueLabel;
+            visitStatements(node.orElse);
+            b.emitLabel(currentBreakLabel);
+
+            b.endBlock();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void visitWithRecurse(WithItemTy[] items, int index, StmtTy[] body, boolean async) {
+            /**
+             * For a with-statement like
+             *
+             *   with foo as x:
+             *     bar
+             *
+             * we generate code that performs (roughly)
+             *
+             * @formatter:off
+             *   contextManager = foo
+             *   resolve __enter__ and __exit__
+             *   value = __enter__()
+             *   try {
+             *     x = value
+             *     bar
+             *   } finally {
+             *     call __exit__(None, None, None)
+             *   } catch ex {
+             *     if not __exit__(...):
+             *       raise
+             *   }
+             * @formatter:on
+             *
+             * When there are multiple context managers, they are recursively generated (where "bar"
+             * is). Once we have entered all of the context managers, we emit the body.
+             */
+            WithItemTy item = items[index];
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(item, b);
+            b.beginBlock();
+
+            BytecodeLocal contextManager = b.createLocal();
+            b.beginStoreLocal(contextManager);
+            item.contextExpr.accept(this);
+            b.endStoreLocal();
+
+            BytecodeLocal exit = b.createLocal();
+            BytecodeLocal value = b.createLocal();
+            if (async) {
+                // call __aenter__
+                b.beginAsyncContextManagerEnter(exit, value);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(contextManager);
+                b.endAsyncContextManagerEnter();
+                // await the result
+                emitAwait(() -> b.emitLoadLocal(value));
+            } else {
+                // call __enter__
+                b.beginContextManagerEnter(exit, value);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(contextManager);
+                b.endContextManagerEnter();
+            }
+
+            Runnable finallyHandler;
+            if (async) {
+                finallyHandler = () -> emitAwait(() -> {
+                    b.beginAsyncContextManagerCallExit();
+                    b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(exit);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(contextManager);
+                    b.endAsyncContextManagerCallExit();
+                });
+            } else {
+                finallyHandler = () -> {
+                    // call __exit__
+                    b.beginContextManagerExit();
+                    b.emitLoadConstant(PNone.NONE);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(exit);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(contextManager);
+                    b.endContextManagerExit();
+                };
+            }
+            b.beginTryFinallyCatch(finallyHandler);
+            b.beginBlock(); // try
+            if (item.optionalVars != null) {
+                item.optionalVars.accept(new StoreVisitor(() -> b.emitLoadLocal(value)));
+            }
+            if (index < items.length - 1) {
+                visitWithRecurse(items, index + 1, body, async);
+            } else {
+                visitSequence(body);
+            }
+            b.endBlock(); // try
+
+            b.beginBlock(); // catch
+
+            // Mark this location for the stack trace.
+            b.beginMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+            b.emitLoadException();
+            b.endMarkExceptionAsCaught();
+
+            // exceptional exit
+            if (async) {
+                // call, await, and handle result of __aexit__
+                b.beginAsyncContextManagerExit();
+                b.emitLoadException();
+                emitAwait(() -> {
+                    b.beginAsyncContextManagerCallExit();
+                    b.emitLoadException();
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(exit);
+                    b.emitLoadLocal(contextManager);
+                    b.endAsyncContextManagerCallExit();
+                });
+                b.endAsyncContextManagerExit();
+            } else {
+                // call __exit__
+                b.beginContextManagerExit();
+                b.emitLoadException();
+                b.emitLoadLocal(exit);
+                b.emitLoadLocal(contextManager);
+                b.endContextManagerExit();
+            }
+            b.endBlock(); // catch
+
+            b.endTryFinallyCatch();
+            b.endBlock();
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.With node) {
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(node, b);
+            visitWithRecurse(node.items, 0, node.body, false);
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(WithItemTy node) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("" + node.getClass());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Break aThis) {
+            if (breakLabel == null) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "'break' outside loop");
+            }
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(aThis, b);
+            b.emitBranch(breakLabel);
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Continue aThis) {
+            if (continueLabel == null) {
+                ctx.errorCallback.onError(ErrorType.Syntax, currentLocation, "'continue' not properly in loop");
+            }
+            boolean newStatement = beginSourceSection(aThis, b);
+            b.emitBranch(continueLabel);
+            endSourceSection(b, newStatement);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(StmtTy.Pass aThis) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/lib/PyObjectStrAsTruffleStringNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/lib/PyObjectStrAsTruffleStringNode.java
index a3a06130c4..f1fdc37556 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/lib/PyObjectStrAsTruffleStringNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/lib/PyObjectStrAsTruffleStringNode.java
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ public static TruffleString executeUncached(Object object) {
     public abstract TruffleString execute(Frame frame, Node inliningTarget, Object object);
 
     @Specialization
-    static TruffleString doString(TruffleString obj) {
+    static TruffleString doString(Node inliningTarget, TruffleString obj) {
         return obj;
     }
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/PGuards.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/PGuards.java
index c693b01b50..d7da59f41f 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/PGuards.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/PGuards.java
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyIndexCheckNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.attributes.LookupCallableSlotInMRONode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.GetClassNode.GetPythonObjectClassNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.PException;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.PSequence;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.ByteSequenceStorage;
@@ -712,4 +713,9 @@ public static boolean isNullOrZero(Object value, InteropLibrary lib) {
     public static boolean hasBuiltinDictIter(Node inliningTarget, PDict dict, GetPythonObjectClassNode getClassNode, LookupCallableSlotInMRONode lookupIter) {
         return isBuiltinDict(dict) || lookupIter.execute(getClassNode.execute(inliningTarget, dict)) == BuiltinMethodDescriptors.DICT_ITER;
     }
+
+    @Idempotent
+    public static boolean isBytecodeDSLInterpreter() {
+        return PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/PRootNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/PRootNode.java
index 1f56957fff..46b56a408e 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/PRootNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/PRootNode.java
@@ -61,19 +61,19 @@
 public abstract class PRootNode extends RootNode {
     private final ConditionProfile frameEscaped = ConditionProfile.create();
 
-    @CompilationFinal private Assumption dontNeedCallerFrame = createCallerFrameAssumption();
+    @CompilationFinal private transient Assumption dontNeedCallerFrame = createCallerFrameAssumption();
 
     /**
      * Flag indicating if some child node of this root node (or a callee) eventually needs the
      * exception state. Hence, the caller of this root node should provide the exception state in
      * the arguments.
      */
-    @CompilationFinal private Assumption dontNeedExceptionState = createExceptionStateAssumption();
+    @CompilationFinal private transient Assumption dontNeedExceptionState = createExceptionStateAssumption();
 
-    private int nodeCount = -1;
+    private transient int nodeCount = -1;
 
     // contains the code of this root node in marshaled/serialized form
-    private byte[] code;
+    private transient byte[] code;
 
     protected PRootNode(TruffleLanguage language) {
         super(language);
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/StringLiterals.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/StringLiterals.java
index a551a36f80..7b65838c93 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/StringLiterals.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/StringLiterals.java
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ public abstract class StringLiterals {
     public static final TruffleString T_EXEC = tsLiteral("exec");
     public static final TruffleString T_EVAL = tsLiteral("eval");
     public static final TruffleString T_FUNC_TYPE = tsLiteral("func_type");
+    public static final TruffleString T_SUPER = tsLiteral("super");
     public static final String J_OB_REFCNT = "ob_refcnt";
     public static final String J_DEBUG = "debug";
     public static final String J_TRACE = "trace";
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/builtins/ListNodes.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/builtins/ListNodes.java
index 48c7b8935c..b186d64f1a 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/builtins/ListNodes.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/builtins/ListNodes.java
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.SequenceStorage;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.HostCompilerDirectives.InliningCutoff;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Shared;
@@ -316,6 +317,7 @@ Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object object) {
      */
     @GenerateUncached
     @GenerateInline(false) // footprint reduction 36 -> 17
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class AppendNode extends PNodeWithContext {
         private static final BranchProfile[] DISABLED = new BranchProfile[]{BranchProfile.getUncached()};
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/BytecodeFrameInfo.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/BytecodeFrameInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..33f588abf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/BytecodeFrameInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode;
+
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodesConstants;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
+
+public class BytecodeFrameInfo implements FrameInfo {
+    @CompilationFinal PBytecodeRootNode rootNode;
+
+    void setRootNode(PBytecodeRootNode rootNode) {
+        this.rootNode = rootNode;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PBytecodeRootNode getRootNode() {
+        return rootNode;
+    }
+
+    public int getBci(Frame frame) {
+        if (frame.isInt(rootNode.bcioffset)) {
+            return frame.getInt(rootNode.bcioffset);
+        } else {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int getLineForBci(int bci) {
+        return rootNode.bciToLine(bci);
+    }
+
+    public int getLine(Frame frame) {
+        return getLineForBci(getBci(frame));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFirstLineNumber() {
+        return rootNode.getFirstLineno();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getYieldFrom(Frame generatorFrame, int bci, int stackTop) {
+        /* Match the `yield from` bytecode pattern and get the object from stack */
+        if (bci > 3 && bci < rootNode.bytecode.length && rootNode.bytecode[bci - 3] == OpCodesConstants.SEND && rootNode.bytecode[bci - 1] == OpCodesConstants.YIELD_VALUE &&
+                        rootNode.bytecode[bci] == OpCodesConstants.RESUME_YIELD) {
+            return generatorFrame.getObject(stackTop);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CodeUnit getCodeUnit() {
+        return rootNode.getCodeUnit();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean includeInTraceback() {
+        return rootNode.frameIsVisibleToPython();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/FrameInfo.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/FrameInfo.java
index 97a4d69844..ddfdfbe8b0 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/FrameInfo.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/FrameInfo.java
@@ -41,8 +41,7 @@
 package com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode;
 
 import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit;
-import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodesConstants;
-import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRootNode;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Idempotent;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.FrameDescriptor;
@@ -53,38 +52,30 @@
  * returned by {@link FrameDescriptor#getInfo()} if and only if the frame is coming from the
  * bytecode interpreter.
  */
-public final class FrameInfo {
-    @CompilationFinal PBytecodeRootNode rootNode;
+public interface FrameInfo {
 
-    public PBytecodeRootNode getRootNode() {
-        return rootNode;
-    }
+    public PRootNode getRootNode();
 
-    public int getBci(Frame frame) {
-        if (frame.isInt(rootNode.bcioffset)) {
-            return frame.getInt(rootNode.bcioffset);
-        } else {
-            return -1;
-        }
-    }
+    public int getFirstLineNumber();
 
-    public Object getYieldFrom(Frame generatorFrame, int bci, int stackTop) {
-        /* Match the `yield from` bytecode pattern and get the object from stack */
-        if (bci > 3 && bci < rootNode.bytecode.length && rootNode.bytecode[bci - 3] == OpCodesConstants.SEND && rootNode.bytecode[bci - 1] == OpCodesConstants.YIELD_VALUE &&
-                        rootNode.bytecode[bci] == OpCodesConstants.RESUME_YIELD) {
-            return generatorFrame.getObject(stackTop);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
+    public Object getYieldFrom(Frame generatorFrame, int bci, int stackTop);
+
+    public boolean includeInTraceback();
+
+    public CodeUnit getCodeUnit();
 
     @Idempotent
-    public int getVariableCount() {
-        CodeUnit code = rootNode.getCodeUnit();
+    public default int getVariableCount() {
+        CodeUnit code = getCodeUnit();
         return code.varnames.length + code.cellvars.length + code.freevars.length;
     }
 
-    public TruffleString getVariableName(int slot) {
-        CodeUnit code = rootNode.getCodeUnit();
+    public default int getRegularVariableCount() {
+        return getCodeUnit().varnames.length;
+    }
+
+    public default TruffleString getVariableName(int slot) {
+        CodeUnit code = getCodeUnit();
         if (slot < code.varnames.length) {
             return code.varnames[slot];
         } else if (slot < code.varnames.length + code.cellvars.length) {
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetANextNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetANextNode.java
index deb1141529..efc67f3d54 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetANextNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetANextNode.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateUncached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.ImportStatic;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
-import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.profiles.InlinedBranchProfile;
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 @ImportStatic(SpecialMethodSlot.class)
 @GenerateInline(false) // used in bytecode root node
 public abstract class GetANextNode extends PNodeWithContext {
-    public abstract Object execute(Frame frame, Object receiver);
+    public abstract Object execute(VirtualFrame frame, Object receiver);
 
     public static GetANextNode getUncached() {
         return GetANextNodeGen.getUncached();
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ public static GetANextNode create() {
     }
 
     @Specialization
-    Object doGeneric(Frame frame, Object receiver,
+    Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object receiver,
                     @Bind("this") Node inliningTarget,
                     @Cached(parameters = "ANext") LookupSpecialMethodSlotNode getANext,
                     @Cached GetClassNode getAsyncIterType,
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetSendValueNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetSendValueNode.java
index 45587123f8..02ca48c2e7 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetSendValueNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetSendValueNode.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Fallback;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateInline;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateUncached;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NeverDefault;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
 
 @GenerateUncached
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ Object doSend(Object obj) {
         return obj;
     }
 
+    @NeverDefault
     public static GetSendValueNode create() {
         return GetSendValueNodeGen.create();
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetTPFlagsNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetTPFlagsNode.java
index 73f593079c..4a65206df6 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetTPFlagsNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetTPFlagsNode.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateInline;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateUncached;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NeverDefault;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node;
 
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ long get(Object object,
         return getTypeFlagsNode.execute(getClassNode.execute(inliningTarget, object));
     }
 
+    @NeverDefault
     public static GetTPFlagsNode create() {
         return GetTPFlagsNodeGen.create();
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetYieldFromIterNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetYieldFromIterNode.java
index 274e748b5a..bd2375982b 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetYieldFromIterNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/GetYieldFromIterNode.java
@@ -44,18 +44,20 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.generator.PGenerator;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectGetIter;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.BuiltinClassProfiles.IsBuiltinObjectExactProfile;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateInline;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateUncached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
-import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node;
 
 @GenerateUncached
 @GenerateInline(false) // used in BCI root node
+@OperationProxy.Proxyable
 public abstract class GetYieldFromIterNode extends Node {
-    public abstract Object execute(Frame frame, Object receiver);
+    public abstract Object execute(VirtualFrame frame, Object receiver);
 
     @Specialization
     public static Object getGeneratorOrCoroutine(PGenerator arg) {
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ public static Object getGeneratorOrCoroutine(PGenerator arg) {
     }
 
     @Specialization
-    public static Object getGeneric(Frame frame, Object arg,
+    public static Object getGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object arg,
                     @Bind("this") Node inliningTarget,
                     @Cached PyObjectGetIter getIter,
                     @Cached IsBuiltinObjectExactProfile isCoro) {
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/ImportFromNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/ImportFromNode.java
index 98e70f902c..c2941f22db 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/ImportFromNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/ImportFromNode.java
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateInline;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateUncached;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NeverDefault;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
@@ -128,6 +129,7 @@ private Object tryResolveCircularImport(Object module, TruffleString name) {
         }
     }
 
+    @NeverDefault
     public static ImportFromNode create() {
         return ImportFromNodeGen.create();
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/ImportNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/ImportNode.java
index a55b537958..95441a9c8a 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/ImportNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/ImportNode.java
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ Object doImport(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name, Object globals, @NeverDe
         return importModule(frame, name, globals, cachedFromList, level, importName);
     }
 
+    @NeverDefault
     public static ImportNode create() {
         return ImportNodeGen.create();
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/MakeFunctionNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/MakeFunctionNode.java
index b032f7da80..cb9e4ee2a3 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/MakeFunctionNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/MakeFunctionNode.java
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PKeyword;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.Signature;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.object.PythonObject;
-import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.BytecodeCodeUnit;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodes;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PNodeWithContext;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.attributes.WriteAttributeToPythonObjectNode;
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
 
 public abstract class MakeFunctionNode extends PNodeWithContext {
     private final RootCallTarget callTarget;
-    private final CodeUnit code;
+    private final BytecodeCodeUnit code;
     private final Signature signature;
     @CompilationFinal private PCode cachedCode;
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public abstract class MakeFunctionNode extends PNodeWithContext {
 
     public abstract int execute(VirtualFrame frame, Object globals, int initialStackTop, int flags);
 
-    public MakeFunctionNode(RootCallTarget callTarget, CodeUnit code, Signature signature) {
+    public MakeFunctionNode(RootCallTarget callTarget, BytecodeCodeUnit code, Signature signature) {
         this.callTarget = callTarget;
         this.code = code;
         this.signature = signature;
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ int makeFunction(VirtualFrame frame, Object globals, int initialStackTop, int fl
         return stackTop;
     }
 
-    public static MakeFunctionNode create(PythonLanguage language, CodeUnit code, Source source) {
+    public static MakeFunctionNode create(PythonLanguage language, BytecodeCodeUnit code, Source source) {
         RootCallTarget callTarget;
         PBytecodeRootNode bytecodeRootNode = PBytecodeRootNode.create(language, code, source);
         if (code.isGeneratorOrCoroutine()) {
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/PBytecodeRootNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/PBytecodeRootNode.java
index 8d5ed625b3..62842f5cc0 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/PBytecodeRootNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/PBytecodeRootNode.java
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@
 import static com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils.toTruffleStringUncached;
 
 import java.math.BigInteger;
-import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.slice.SliceNodes.CreateSliceNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.slice.SliceNodesFactory.CreateSliceNodeGen;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.BinaryOpsConstants;
-import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.BytecodeCodeUnit;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.FormatOptions;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodes;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodes.CollectionBits;
@@ -503,7 +502,7 @@ public final class PBytecodeRootNode extends PRootNode implements BytecodeOSRNod
     final int selfIndex;
     final int classcellIndex;
 
-    private final CodeUnit co;
+    private final BytecodeCodeUnit co;
     private final Source source;
     private SourceSection sourceSection;
     // For deferred deprecation warnings
@@ -575,7 +574,7 @@ public final class PBytecodeRootNode extends PRootNode implements BytecodeOSRNod
 
     @Child private InstrumentationRoot instrumentationRoot = InstrumentationRoot.create();
 
-    private static FrameDescriptor makeFrameDescriptor(CodeUnit co, FrameInfo info) {
+    private static FrameDescriptor makeFrameDescriptor(BytecodeCodeUnit co, FrameInfo info) {
         int capacity = co.varnames.length + co.cellvars.length + co.freevars.length + co.stacksize + 1;
         FrameDescriptor.Builder newBuilder = FrameDescriptor.newBuilder(capacity);
         newBuilder.info(info);
@@ -613,40 +612,27 @@ private static FrameDescriptor makeFrameDescriptor(CodeUnit co, FrameInfo info)
         return newBuilder.build();
     }
 
-    private static Signature makeSignature(CodeUnit co) {
-        int posArgCount = co.argCount + co.positionalOnlyArgCount;
-        TruffleString[] parameterNames = Arrays.copyOf(co.varnames, posArgCount);
-        TruffleString[] kwOnlyNames = Arrays.copyOfRange(co.varnames, posArgCount, posArgCount + co.kwOnlyArgCount);
-        int varArgsIndex = co.takesVarArgs() ? posArgCount : -1;
-        return new Signature(co.positionalOnlyArgCount,
-                        co.takesVarKeywordArgs(),
-                        varArgsIndex,
-                        co.positionalOnlyArgCount > 0,
-                        parameterNames,
-                        kwOnlyNames);
-    }
-
     @TruffleBoundary
-    public static PBytecodeRootNode create(PythonLanguage language, CodeUnit co, Source source) {
+    public static PBytecodeRootNode create(PythonLanguage language, BytecodeCodeUnit co, Source source) {
         return create(language, co, source, null);
     }
 
     @TruffleBoundary
-    public static PBytecodeRootNode create(PythonLanguage language, CodeUnit co, Source source, RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback parserErrorCallback) {
-        FrameInfo frameInfo = new FrameInfo();
+    public static PBytecodeRootNode create(PythonLanguage language, BytecodeCodeUnit co, Source source, RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback parserErrorCallback) {
+        BytecodeFrameInfo frameInfo = new BytecodeFrameInfo();
         FrameDescriptor fd = makeFrameDescriptor(co, frameInfo);
-        PBytecodeRootNode rootNode = new PBytecodeRootNode(language, fd, makeSignature(co), co, source, parserErrorCallback);
+        PBytecodeRootNode rootNode = new PBytecodeRootNode(language, fd, co.computeSignature(), co, source, parserErrorCallback);
         PythonContext context = PythonContext.get(rootNode);
         if (context != null && context.getOption(PythonOptions.EagerlyMaterializeInstrumentationNodes)) {
             rootNode.adoptChildren();
             rootNode.instrumentationRoot.materializeInstrumentableNodes(Collections.singleton(StandardTags.StatementTag.class));
         }
-        frameInfo.rootNode = rootNode;
+        frameInfo.setRootNode(rootNode);
         return rootNode;
     }
 
     @TruffleBoundary
-    private PBytecodeRootNode(PythonLanguage language, FrameDescriptor fd, Signature sign, CodeUnit co, Source source, RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback parserErrorCallback) {
+    private PBytecodeRootNode(PythonLanguage language, FrameDescriptor fd, Signature sign, BytecodeCodeUnit co, Source source, RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback parserErrorCallback) {
         super(language, fd);
         assert source != null;
         this.celloffset = co.varnames.length;
@@ -734,7 +720,7 @@ public void setPythonInternal(boolean pythonInternal) {
         this.pythonInternal = pythonInternal;
     }
 
-    public CodeUnit getCodeUnit() {
+    public BytecodeCodeUnit getCodeUnit() {
         return co;
     }
 
@@ -1073,7 +1059,6 @@ public Object execute(VirtualFrame virtualFrame) {
             if (!co.isGeneratorOrCoroutine()) {
                 copyArgsAndCells(virtualFrame, virtualFrame.getArguments());
             }
-
             return executeFromBci(virtualFrame, virtualFrame, this, 0, getInitialStackTop());
         } finally {
             calleeContext.exit(virtualFrame, this);
@@ -2598,7 +2583,7 @@ private void bytecodeSetupAnnotations(VirtualFrame virtualFrame, boolean useCach
 
     @BytecodeInterpreterSwitch
     private int bytecodeMakeFunction(VirtualFrame virtualFrame, Object globals, int stackTop, Node[] localNodes, int beginBci, int flags, Object localConsts) {
-        CodeUnit codeUnit = (CodeUnit) localConsts;
+        BytecodeCodeUnit codeUnit = (BytecodeCodeUnit) localConsts;
         MakeFunctionNode makeFunctionNode = insertMakeFunctionNode(localNodes, beginBci, codeUnit);
         return makeFunctionNode.execute(virtualFrame, globals, stackTop, flags);
     }
@@ -2763,15 +2748,15 @@ private Object notifyEnter(VirtualFrame virtualFrame, InstrumentationSupport ins
         return null;
     }
 
-    private MakeFunctionNode insertMakeFunctionNode(Node[] localNodes, int beginBci, CodeUnit codeUnit) {
+    private MakeFunctionNode insertMakeFunctionNode(Node[] localNodes, int beginBci, BytecodeCodeUnit codeUnit) {
         return insertChildNode(localNodes, beginBci, MakeFunctionNodeGen.class, () -> MakeFunctionNode.create(getLanguage(PythonLanguage.class), codeUnit, source));
     }
 
     public void materializeContainedFunctionsForInstrumentation(Set> materializedTags) {
         usingCachedNodes = true;
-        CodeUnit.iterateBytecode(bytecode, (bci, op, oparg, followingArgs) -> {
+        BytecodeCodeUnit.iterateBytecode(bytecode, (bci, op, oparg, followingArgs) -> {
             if (op == OpCodes.MAKE_FUNCTION) {
-                CodeUnit codeUnit = (CodeUnit) consts[oparg];
+                BytecodeCodeUnit codeUnit = (BytecodeCodeUnit) consts[oparg];
                 MakeFunctionNode makeFunctionNode = insertMakeFunctionNode(getChildNodes(), bci, codeUnit);
                 RootNode rootNode = makeFunctionNode.getCallTarget().getRootNode();
                 if (rootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode) {
@@ -2939,10 +2924,10 @@ private int traceLine(VirtualFrame virtualFrame, MutableLoopData mutableData, by
                 if (pyFrame.didJump()) {
                     int newBci = lineToBci(pyFrame.getJumpDestLine());
                     mutableData.setPastBci(bci);
-                    if (newBci == CodeUnit.LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_AFTER_CODEBLOCK) {
+                    if (newBci == BytecodeCodeUnit.LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_AFTER_CODEBLOCK) {
                         // line after the code block
                         throw PRaiseNode.getUncached().raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.LINE_D_COMES_AFTER_THE_CURRENT_CODE_BLOCK, pyFrame.getLine());
-                    } else if (newBci == CodeUnit.LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_BEFORE_CODEBLOCK) {
+                    } else if (newBci == BytecodeCodeUnit.LINE_TO_BCI_LINE_BEFORE_CODEBLOCK) {
                         // line before the code block
                         throw PRaiseNode.getUncached().raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.LINE_D_COMES_BEFORE_THE_CURRENT_CODE_BLOCK, pyFrame.getJumpDestLine());
                     } else {
@@ -3148,7 +3133,7 @@ private void syncLocalsBackToFrame(VirtualFrame virtualFrame, PFrame pyFrame) {
         if (co.isGeneratorOrCoroutine()) {
             localFrame = PArguments.getGeneratorFrame(virtualFrame);
         }
-        GetFrameLocalsNode.syncLocalsBackToFrame(co, pyFrame, localFrame);
+        GetFrameLocalsNode.syncLocalsBackToFrame(co, this, pyFrame, localFrame);
     }
 
     private void profileCEvent(VirtualFrame virtualFrame, Object callable, PythonContext.ProfileEvent event, MutableLoopData mutableData, byte tracingOrProfilingEnabled) {
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/PrintExprNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/PrintExprNode.java
index c8e0576ba8..b8838c57a0 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/PrintExprNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/PrintExprNode.java
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateInline;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateUncached;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NeverDefault;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ void print(VirtualFrame frame, Object object,
         callNode.execute(frame, displayhook, object);
     }
 
+    @NeverDefault
     public static PrintExprNode create() {
         return PrintExprNodeGen.create();
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/RaiseNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/RaiseNode.java
index 4202c74e1e..6992f700f0 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/RaiseNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/RaiseNode.java
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Fallback;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateInline;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.ImportStatic;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NeverDefault;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.exception.AbstractTruffleException;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
@@ -247,6 +248,7 @@ private static PException raiseNoException(PRaiseNode raise) {
         throw raise.raise(TypeError, ErrorMessages.EXCEPTIONS_MUST_DERIVE_FROM_BASE_EX);
     }
 
+    @NeverDefault
     public static RaiseNode create() {
         return RaiseNodeGen.create();
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/SetupAnnotationsNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/SetupAnnotationsNode.java
index ab7481b702..b548ea82e5 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/SetupAnnotationsNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/SetupAnnotationsNode.java
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.BuiltinClassProfiles.IsBuiltinObjectProfile;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.PException;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Shared;
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@
 @GenerateUncached
 @ImportStatic(PArguments.class)
 @GenerateInline(false) // used in BCI root node
+@OperationProxy.Proxyable
 public abstract class SetupAnnotationsNode extends PNodeWithContext {
     public abstract void execute(Frame frame);
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/instrumentation/InstrumentationSupport.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/instrumentation/InstrumentationSupport.java
index ca1734135a..03198b5825 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/instrumentation/InstrumentationSupport.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode/instrumentation/InstrumentationSupport.java
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
  */
 package com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.instrumentation;
 
-import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.BytecodeCodeUnit;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodes;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.BuiltinNames;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode;
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
  * @see InstrumentationRoot
  */
 public final class InstrumentationSupport extends Node {
-    final CodeUnit code;
+    final BytecodeCodeUnit code;
     @Children InstrumentedBytecodeStatement[] statements;
     /*
      * When instrumentation is active, this array is used instead of PBytecodeRootNode#adoptedNodes
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLCodeUnit.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLCodeUnit.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cbe001de6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLCodeUnit.java
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+package com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.modules.MarshalModuleBuiltins;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.modules.MarshalModuleBuiltins.PBytecodeDSLSerializer;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.ints.PInt;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeRootNodes;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.serialization.BytecodeSerializer;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.source.Source;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleString;
+
+public class BytecodeDSLCodeUnit extends CodeUnit {
+    /*
+     * A {@link BytecodeDSLCodeUnit} is a context-independent representation of a root node. It
+     * contains the bytes produced from Bytecode DSL serialization.
+     *
+     * Since it is expensive to serialize every root node, we perform serialization lazily using the
+     * {@link BytecodeNodes} produced during parsing.
+     *
+     * When this code unit is directly instantiated via unmarshaling, there is no {@link
+     * BytecodeNodes}; instead, we store the serialized bytes directly.
+     */
+    @CompilationFinal(dimensions = 1) private byte[] serialized;
+    private final BytecodeRootNodes nodes;
+    public final int classcellIndex;
+    public final int selfIndex;
+
+    public BytecodeDSLCodeUnit(TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, int argCount, int kwOnlyArgCount, int positionalOnlyArgCount, int flags, TruffleString[] names, TruffleString[] varnames,
+                    TruffleString[] cellvars, TruffleString[] freevars, int[] cell2arg, Object[] constants, int startLine, int startColumn, int endLine, int endColumn,
+                    int classcellIndex, int selfIndex, byte[] serialized, BytecodeRootNodes nodes) {
+        super(name, qualname, argCount, kwOnlyArgCount, positionalOnlyArgCount, flags, names, varnames, cellvars, freevars, cell2arg, constants, startLine, startColumn, endLine, endColumn);
+        // Only one of these fields should be set. The other gets computed dynamically.
+        assert serialized == null ^ nodes == null;
+        this.serialized = serialized;
+        this.nodes = nodes;
+        this.classcellIndex = classcellIndex;
+        this.selfIndex = selfIndex;
+    }
+
+    @TruffleBoundary
+    public PBytecodeDSLRootNode createRootNode(PythonContext context, Source source) {
+        byte[] toDeserialize = getSerialized(context.getTrue(), context.getFalse());
+        BytecodeRootNodes deserialized = MarshalModuleBuiltins.deserializeBytecodeNodes(context.getLanguage(), source, toDeserialize);
+        assert deserialized.count() == 1;
+        PBytecodeDSLRootNode result = deserialized.getNode(0);
+        result.setMetadata(this, null);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public byte[] getSerialized(PInt pyTrue, PInt pyFalse) {
+        byte[] result = serialized;
+        if (result == null) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                result = serialized;
+                if (result == null) {
+                    CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
+                    result = serialized = computeSerialized(pyTrue, pyFalse);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @TruffleBoundary
+    private byte[] computeSerialized(PInt pyTrue, PInt pyFalse) {
+        try {
+            BytecodeSerializer serializer = new PBytecodeDSLSerializer(pyTrue, pyFalse);
+            ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+            nodes.serialize(new DataOutputStream(bytes), serializer);
+            return bytes.toByteArray();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public TruffleString getDocstring() {
+        // The first constant in the code unit is the docstring (if available) or PNone.
+        if (constants.length > 0 && constants[0] instanceof TruffleString docstring) {
+            return docstring;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLFrameInfo.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLFrameInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2229f81bef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/BytecodeDSLFrameInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl;
+
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.FrameInfo;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
+
+public class BytecodeDSLFrameInfo implements FrameInfo {
+    @CompilationFinal PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode;
+
+    /**
+     * The root node cannot be created without a frame descriptor, which cannot be created without
+     * the frame info, so we have to set the root node after the frame info is constructed.
+     */
+    void setRootNode(PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+        this.rootNode = rootNode;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PBytecodeDSLRootNode getRootNode() {
+        return rootNode;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFirstLineNumber() {
+        return rootNode.getFirstLineno();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getYieldFrom(Frame generatorFrame, int bci, int stackTop) {
+        // TODO implement
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("not implemented");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CodeUnit getCodeUnit() {
+        return rootNode.getCodeUnit();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean includeInTraceback() {
+        return !rootNode.isInternal();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88a297b7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+package com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl;
+
+import com.oracle.graal.python.PythonLanguage;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.PNone;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PArguments;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PFunction;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.Signature;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRootNode;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerAsserts;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.FrameDescriptor;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.profiles.ConditionProfile;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.source.SourceSection;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleString;
+
+public final class PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode extends PRootNode {
+    private final PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode;
+    private final TruffleString originalName;
+    private final ConditionProfile isIterableCoroutine = ConditionProfile.create();
+
+    @TruffleBoundary
+    public PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode(PythonLanguage language, FrameDescriptor frameDescriptor, PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode, TruffleString originalName) {
+        super(language, frameDescriptor);
+        this.rootNode = rootNode;
+        this.originalName = originalName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object execute(VirtualFrame frame) {
+        Object[] arguments = frame.getArguments();
+
+        // This is passed from InvokeNode node
+        PFunction generatorFunction = PArguments.getGeneratorFunction(arguments);
+        assert generatorFunction != null;
+        if (rootNode.getCodeUnit().isGenerator()) {
+            // if CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE was explicitly set (likely by types.coroutine), we have to
+            // pass the information to the generator
+            // .gi_code.co_flags will still be wrong, but at least await will work correctly
+            if (isIterableCoroutine.profile((generatorFunction.getCode().getFlags() & 0x100) != 0)) {
+                return rootNode.factory.createIterableCoroutine(generatorFunction.getName(), generatorFunction.getQualname(), rootNode, arguments);
+            } else {
+                return rootNode.factory.createGenerator(generatorFunction.getName(), generatorFunction.getQualname(), rootNode, arguments);
+            }
+        } else if (rootNode.getCodeUnit().isCoroutine()) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createCoroutine(generatorFunction.getName(), generatorFunction.getQualname(), rootNode, arguments);
+        } else if (rootNode.getCodeUnit().isAsyncGenerator()) {
+            /*
+             * TODO: Support async generators.
+             *
+             * We need to produce something instead of failing here because async generators are
+             * instantiated in frozen module code.
+             */
+            return PNone.NONE;
+        }
+        throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere("Unknown generator/coroutine type");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return originalName.toJavaStringUncached();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        CompilerAsserts.neverPartOfCompilation();
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Signature getSignature() {
+        return rootNode.getSignature();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isPythonInternal() {
+        return rootNode.isPythonInternal();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SourceSection getSourceSection() {
+        return rootNode.getSourceSection();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected byte[] extractCode() {
+        return rootNode.extractCode();
+    }
+
+    public PBytecodeDSLRootNode getBytecodeRootNode() {
+        return rootNode;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/PBytecodeDSLRootNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/PBytecodeDSLRootNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a88c15510f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/bytecode_dsl/PBytecodeDSLRootNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,4143 @@
+package com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl;
+
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.PythonBuiltinClassType.AttributeError;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.PythonBuiltinClassType.GeneratorExit;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.PythonBuiltinClassType.RecursionError;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.PythonBuiltinClassType.SystemError;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.PythonBuiltinClassType.TypeError;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.PythonBuiltinClassType.ValueError;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.SpecialAttributeNames.T___ANNOTATIONS__;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.SpecialAttributeNames.T___DOC__;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.SpecialMethodNames.T___AENTER__;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.SpecialMethodNames.T___AEXIT__;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.SpecialMethodNames.T___ENTER__;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.SpecialMethodNames.T___EXIT__;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.PythonErrorType.AssertionError;
+import static com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils.tsLiteral;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+import com.oracle.graal.python.PythonLanguage;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.PythonBuiltinClassType;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.modules.BuiltinFunctions.FormatNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.modules.MarshalModuleBuiltins;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.PNone;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.PNotImplemented;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.asyncio.GetAwaitableNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.cell.PCell;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.code.PCode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.common.EmptyStorage;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.common.HashingCollectionNodes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.common.HashingStorage;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.common.HashingStorageNodes.HashingStorageSetItem;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.common.SequenceNodes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.common.SequenceStorageNodes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.common.SequenceStorageNodes.ListGeneralizationNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.dict.DictNodes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.dict.PDict;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.exception.ChainExceptionsNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.exception.ExceptionNodes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.exception.PBaseException;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.exception.StopIterationBuiltins;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.frame.PFrame;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PArguments;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PFunction;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PKeyword;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.Signature;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.generator.CommonGeneratorBuiltins;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.generator.PGenerator;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.iterator.IteratorNodes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.iterator.PDoubleSequenceIterator;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.iterator.PIntRangeIterator;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.iterator.PIntegerIterator;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.iterator.PIntegerSequenceIterator;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.iterator.PLongSequenceIterator;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.iterator.PObjectSequenceIterator;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.list.ListBuiltins.ListExtendNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.list.PList;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.set.PFrozenSet;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.set.PSet;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.set.SetNodes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.str.StringUtils;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.tuple.PTuple;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.type.SpecialMethodSlot;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.type.TypeFlags;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.OpCodes.CollectionBits;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.GetNextNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyIterCheckNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyNumberAddNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyNumberMultiplyNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectAsciiNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectCallMethodObjArgs;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectDelItem;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectFunctionStr;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectGetItem;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectGetIter;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectGetMethod;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectIsTrueNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectLookupAttr;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectReprAsTruffleStringNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectSetAttr;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectSetAttrNodeGen;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectSetItem;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectSizeNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyObjectStrAsTruffleStringNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.BuiltinNames;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.ErrorMessages;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PGuards;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRaiseNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.WriteUnraisableNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.argument.keywords.ConcatDictToStorageNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.argument.keywords.ExpandKeywordStarargsNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.argument.keywords.NonMappingException;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.argument.keywords.SameDictKeyException;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.attributes.GetAttributeNode.GetFixedAttributeNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.builtins.ListNodes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.GetSendValueNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.GetTPFlagsNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.GetYieldFromIterNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.ImportFromNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.ImportNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.ImportStarNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeGeneratorRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PrintExprNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.RaiseNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.SetupAnnotationsNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.CallNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.CallBinaryMethodNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.CallQuaternaryMethodNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.CallTernaryMethodNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.CallUnaryMethodNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.LookupAndCallBinaryNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.LookupAndCallTernaryNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.LookupSpecialMethodSlotNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.exception.ExceptMatchNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.BitAndNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.BitOrNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.BitXorNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.DivModNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.FloorDivNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.LShiftNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.MatMulNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.ModNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.PowNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.RShiftNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.SubNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryArithmetic.TrueDivNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.CoerceToBooleanNode.NotNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.CoerceToBooleanNode.YesNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.ContainsNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.InplaceArithmetic;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.LookupAndCallInplaceNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.UnaryArithmetic.InvertNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.UnaryArithmetic.NegNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.UnaryArithmetic.PosNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.DeleteGlobalNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.GetFrameLocalsNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.MaterializeFrameNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.ReadFromLocalsNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.ReadGlobalOrBuiltinNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.ReadNameNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.WriteGlobalNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.frame.WriteNameNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.BuiltinClassProfiles.IsBuiltinObjectProfile;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.GetClassNode.GetPythonObjectClassNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.GetClassNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.IsNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.truffle.PythonTypes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.util.ExceptionStateNodes;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.ExecutionContext.CalleeContext;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext.ProfileEvent;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext.PythonThreadState;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext.TraceEvent;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.ExceptionUtils;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.PException;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.PythonErrorType;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.PSequence;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.BoolSequenceStorage;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.DoubleSequenceStorage;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.IntSequenceStorage;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.LongSequenceStorage;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.ObjectSequenceStorage;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.SequenceStorage;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.util.OverflowException;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.Assumption;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerAsserts;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.RootCallTarget;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.HostCompilerDirectives.InliningCutoff;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.Truffle;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleLanguage;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeConfig;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeLocation;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeNode;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeRootNode;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.ConstantOperand;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.EpilogExceptional;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.EpilogReturn;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.GenerateBytecode;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.Instruction;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.Instrumentation;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.LocalSetter;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.LocalSetterRange;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.Operation;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.Prolog;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.ShortCircuitOperation;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.ShortCircuitOperation.Operator;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.Variadic;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Exclusive;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Shared;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Fallback;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Idempotent;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.ImportStatic;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NeverDefault;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NonIdempotent;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.TypeSystemReference;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.exception.AbstractTruffleException;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.FrameDescriptor;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.MaterializedFrame;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.library.CachedLibrary;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.EncapsulatingNodeReference;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.ExplodeLoop;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.UnexpectedResultException;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node.Child;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.object.DynamicObjectLibrary;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.profiles.InlinedBranchProfile;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.source.Source;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.source.SourceSection;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleString;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.strings.TruffleStringBuilder;
+
+@GenerateBytecode(//
+                languageClass = PythonLanguage.class, //
+                enableLocalScoping = false, //
+                enableYield = true, //
+                enableSerialization = true, //
+                enableTagInstrumentation = true, //
+                boxingEliminationTypes = {int.class, boolean.class}, //
+                storeBytecodeIndexInFrame = true //
+)
+@TypeSystemReference(PythonTypes.class)
+@OperationProxy(SubNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(TrueDivNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(FloorDivNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(ModNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(LShiftNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(RShiftNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(BitAndNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(BitOrNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(BitXorNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(MatMulNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(PowNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(DivModNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(PosNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(NegNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(InvertNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(IsNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(ContainsNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(FormatNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(ExceptMatchNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(GetYieldFromIterNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(GetAwaitableNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(SetupAnnotationsNode.class)
+@OperationProxy(value = ListNodes.AppendNode.class, name = "ListAppend")
+@OperationProxy(value = SetNodes.AddNode.class, name = "SetAdd")
+@ShortCircuitOperation(name = "BoolAnd", booleanConverter = PBytecodeDSLRootNode.Yes.class, operator = Operator.AND_RETURN_VALUE)
+@ShortCircuitOperation(name = "BoolOr", booleanConverter = PBytecodeDSLRootNode.Yes.class, operator = Operator.OR_RETURN_VALUE)
+@ShortCircuitOperation(name = "PrimitiveBoolAnd", booleanConverter = PBytecodeDSLRootNode.BooleanIdentity.class, operator = Operator.AND_RETURN_CONVERTED)
+@ShortCircuitOperation(name = "PrimitiveBoolOr", booleanConverter = PBytecodeDSLRootNode.BooleanIdentity.class, operator = Operator.OR_RETURN_CONVERTED)
+@SuppressWarnings("unused")
+public abstract class PBytecodeDSLRootNode extends PRootNode implements BytecodeRootNode {
+    public static final int EXPLODE_LOOP_THRESHOLD = 32;
+    private static final BytecodeConfig TRACE_AND_PROFILE_CONFIG = PBytecodeDSLRootNodeGen.newConfigBuilder() //
+                    .addInstrumentation(TraceOrProfileCall.class) //
+                    .addInstrumentation(TraceLine.class) //
+                    .addInstrumentation(TraceLineAtLoopHeader.class) //
+                    .addInstrumentation(TraceOrProfileReturn.class) //
+                    .addInstrumentation(TraceException.class) //
+                    .build();
+
+    @Child protected transient PythonObjectFactory factory = PythonObjectFactory.create();
+    @Child private transient CalleeContext calleeContext = CalleeContext.create();
+    @Child private transient ExceptionStateNodes.GetCaughtExceptionNode getCaughtExceptionNode;
+    @Child private transient MaterializeFrameNode traceMaterializeFrameNode = null;
+    @Child private transient ChainExceptionsNode chainExceptionsNode;
+
+    // These fields are effectively final, but can only be set after construction.
+    @CompilationFinal protected transient BytecodeDSLCodeUnit co;
+    @CompilationFinal protected transient Signature signature;
+    @CompilationFinal protected transient int selfIndex;
+    @CompilationFinal protected transient int classcellIndex;
+
+    private transient boolean pythonInternal;
+    @CompilationFinal private transient boolean internal;
+
+    // For deferred deprecation warnings
+    @CompilationFinal private transient RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback parserErrorCallback;
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("this-escape")
+    protected PBytecodeDSLRootNode(PythonLanguage language, FrameDescriptor.Builder frameDescriptorBuilder) {
+        super(language, frameDescriptorBuilder.info(new BytecodeDSLFrameInfo()).build());
+        ((BytecodeDSLFrameInfo) getFrameDescriptor().getInfo()).setRootNode(this);
+    }
+
+    public PythonObjectFactory getFactory() {
+        return factory;
+    }
+
+    public void setMetadata(BytecodeDSLCodeUnit co, RaisePythonExceptionErrorCallback parserErrorCallback) {
+        CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
+        this.co = co;
+        this.signature = co.computeSignature();
+        this.classcellIndex = co.classcellIndex;
+        this.selfIndex = co.selfIndex;
+        this.internal = getSource().isInternal();
+        this.parserErrorCallback = parserErrorCallback;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isInternal() {
+        return internal;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isPythonInternal() {
+        return pythonInternal;
+    }
+
+    public void setPythonInternal(boolean pythonInternal) {
+        this.pythonInternal = pythonInternal;
+    }
+
+    public void triggerDeferredDeprecationWarnings() {
+        if (parserErrorCallback != null) {
+            parserErrorCallback.triggerDeprecationWarnings();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    @Prolog
+    public static final class EnterCalleeContext {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doEnter(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode root) {
+            root.calleeContext.enter(frame);
+
+            if (root.needsTraceAndProfileInstrumentation()) {
+                root.ensureTraceAndProfileEnabled();
+                root.getThreadState().pushInstrumentationData(root);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @EpilogReturn
+    public static final class EpilogForReturn {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doExit(VirtualFrame frame, Object returnValue,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode root,
+                        @Bind Node location) {
+            if (root.needsTraceAndProfileInstrumentation()) {
+                root.getThreadState().popInstrumentationData(root);
+            }
+
+            root.calleeContext.exit(frame, root, location);
+            return returnValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @EpilogExceptional
+    public static final class EpilogForException {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doExit(VirtualFrame frame, AbstractTruffleException ate,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode root,
+                        @Bind Node location) {
+            if (ate instanceof PException pe) {
+                pe.notifyAddedTracebackFrame(!root.isInternal());
+            }
+
+            if (root.needsTraceAndProfileInstrumentation()) {
+                root.traceOrProfileReturn(frame, location, null);
+                root.getThreadState().popInstrumentationData(root);
+            }
+
+            root.calleeContext.exit(frame, root, location);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Data for tracing, profiling and instrumentation
+     */
+    public static final class InstrumentationData {
+        private final InstrumentationData previous;
+        private final PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode;
+        private int pastLine;
+
+        public InstrumentationData(PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode, InstrumentationData previous) {
+            this.previous = previous;
+            this.rootNode = rootNode;
+            this.pastLine = -1;
+        }
+
+        public InstrumentationData getPrevious() {
+            return previous;
+        }
+
+        public PBytecodeDSLRootNode getRootNode() {
+            return rootNode;
+        }
+
+        int getPastLine() {
+            return pastLine;
+        }
+
+        void setPastLine(int pastLine) {
+            this.pastLine = pastLine;
+        }
+
+        void clearPastLine() {
+            this.pastLine = -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @NonIdempotent
+    public boolean needsTraceAndProfileInstrumentation() {
+        // We need instrumentation only if the assumption is invalid and the root node is visible.
+        return !PythonLanguage.get(this).noTracingOrProfilingAssumption.isValid() && !isInternal();
+    }
+
+    @NonIdempotent
+    public PythonThreadState getThreadState() {
+        return PythonContext.get(this).getThreadState(PythonLanguage.get(this));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reparses with instrumentations for settrace and setprofile enabled.
+     */
+    public void ensureTraceAndProfileEnabled() {
+        assert !isInternal();
+        getRootNodes().update(TRACE_AND_PROFILE_CONFIG);
+    }
+
+    private PFrame ensurePyFrame(VirtualFrame frame, Node location) {
+        if (traceMaterializeFrameNode == null) {
+            CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
+            traceMaterializeFrameNode = insert(MaterializeFrameNode.create());
+        }
+        return traceMaterializeFrameNode.execute(frame, location, true, true);
+    }
+
+    private void syncLocalsBackToFrame(VirtualFrame frame, PFrame pyFrame) {
+        GetFrameLocalsNode.syncLocalsBackToFrame(co, this, pyFrame, frame);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When tracing/profiling is enabled, we emit a lot of extra operations. Reduce compiled code
+     * size by putting the calls behind a boundary (the uncached invoke will eventually perform an
+     * indirect call anyway).
+     */
+    @TruffleBoundary
+    private static Object doInvokeProfileOrTraceFunction(Object fun, PFrame pyFrame, TruffleString eventName, Object arg) {
+        return CallTernaryMethodNode.getUncached().execute(null, fun, pyFrame, eventName, arg == null ? PNone.NONE : arg);
+    }
+
+    @InliningCutoff
+    private void invokeProfileFunction(VirtualFrame virtualFrame, Node location, Object profileFun,
+                    PythonContext.PythonThreadState threadState, PythonContext.ProfileEvent event, Object arg) {
+        if (threadState.isProfiling()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        threadState.profilingStart();
+        PFrame pyFrame = ensurePyFrame(virtualFrame, location);
+        EncapsulatingNodeReference encapsulating = EncapsulatingNodeReference.getCurrent();
+        Node oldEncapsulatingNode = encapsulating.set(location);
+        try {
+            // Force locals dict sync, so that we can sync them back later
+            GetFrameLocalsNode.executeUncached(pyFrame);
+            Object result = doInvokeProfileOrTraceFunction(profileFun, pyFrame, event.name, arg);
+            syncLocalsBackToFrame(virtualFrame, pyFrame);
+            Object realResult = result == PNone.NONE ? null : result;
+            pyFrame.setLocalTraceFun(realResult);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            threadState.setProfileFun(null, PythonLanguage.get(this));
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            threadState.profilingStop();
+            encapsulating.set(oldEncapsulatingNode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @InliningCutoff
+    private void invokeTraceFunction(VirtualFrame virtualFrame, Node location, Object traceFun, PythonContext.PythonThreadState threadState,
+                    PythonContext.TraceEvent event, Object arg, int line) {
+        if (threadState.isTracing()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        assert event != PythonContext.TraceEvent.DISABLED;
+        threadState.tracingStart(event);
+        PFrame pyFrame = ensurePyFrame(virtualFrame, location);
+        /**
+         * Call events use the thread-local trace function, which returns a "local" trace function
+         * to use for other trace events.
+         */
+        boolean useLocalFn = event != TraceEvent.CALL;
+        Object traceFn = useLocalFn ? pyFrame.getLocalTraceFun() : traceFun;
+        if (traceFn == null) {
+            threadState.tracingStop();
+            return;
+        }
+        Object nonNullArg = arg == null ? PNone.NONE : arg;
+
+        EncapsulatingNodeReference encapsulating = EncapsulatingNodeReference.getCurrent();
+        Node oldEncapsulatingNode = encapsulating.set(location);
+        try {
+            /**
+             * The PFrame syncs to the line of the current bci. Sometimes this location is
+             * inaccurate and needs to be overridden (e.g., when tracing an implicit return at the
+             * end of a function, we need to trace the line of the last statement executed).
+             */
+            if (line != -1) {
+                pyFrame.setLineLock(line);
+            }
+
+            // Force locals dict sync, so that we can sync them back later
+            GetFrameLocalsNode.executeUncached(pyFrame);
+            Object result = doInvokeProfileOrTraceFunction(traceFn, pyFrame, event.pythonName, nonNullArg);
+            syncLocalsBackToFrame(virtualFrame, pyFrame);
+            // https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/104232
+            if (useLocalFn) {
+                Object realResult = result == PNone.NONE ? traceFn : result;
+                pyFrame.setLocalTraceFun(realResult);
+            } else if (result != PNone.NONE) {
+                pyFrame.setLocalTraceFun(result);
+            } else {
+                pyFrame.setLocalTraceFun(null);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            threadState.setTraceFun(null, PythonLanguage.get(this));
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            if (line != -1) {
+                pyFrame.lineUnlock();
+            }
+            threadState.tracingStop();
+            encapsulating.set(oldEncapsulatingNode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final void traceOrProfileCall(VirtualFrame frame, Node location, BytecodeNode bytecode, int bci) {
+        PythonThreadState threadState = getThreadState();
+        Object traceFun = threadState.getTraceFun();
+        if (traceFun != null) {
+            int line = bciToLine(bci, bytecode);
+            invokeTraceFunction(frame, location, traceFun, threadState, TraceEvent.CALL, null, line);
+        }
+        Object profileFun = threadState.getProfileFun();
+        if (profileFun != null) {
+            invokeProfileFunction(frame, location, profileFun, threadState, ProfileEvent.CALL, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @InliningCutoff
+    private final void traceLine(VirtualFrame frame, Node location, int line) {
+        PythonThreadState threadState = getThreadState();
+        InstrumentationData instrumentationData = threadState.getInstrumentationData(this);
+
+        // TODO: this should never happen by nature of how we emit TraceLine, but sometimes does.
+        // needs investigation.
+        if (line == instrumentationData.getPastLine()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        instrumentationData.setPastLine(line);
+
+        PFrame pyFrame = ensurePyFrame(frame, location);
+        if (pyFrame.getTraceLine()) {
+            Object traceFun = threadState.getTraceFun();
+            if (traceFun != null) {
+                invokeTraceFunction(frame, location, traceFun, threadState, TraceEvent.LINE, null, line);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @InliningCutoff
+    private final void traceLineAtLoopHeader(VirtualFrame frame, Node location, int line) {
+        PythonThreadState threadState = getThreadState();
+        InstrumentationData instrumentationData = threadState.getInstrumentationData(this);
+        int pastLine = instrumentationData.getPastLine();
+
+        /**
+         * A loop should always be traced once, even if it is not entered. We also need to trace the
+         * loop header on each iteration. To accomplish this, we emit a TraceLine at the top of each
+         * loop (before loop initialization) and a TraceLineAtLoopHeader before the loop condition
+         * evaluates. To avoid tracing twice on the first iteration, we need to check our line
+         * against pastLine.
+         */
+        if (line != pastLine) {
+            Object traceFun = threadState.getTraceFun();
+            if (traceFun != null) {
+                invokeTraceFunction(frame, location, traceFun, threadState, TraceEvent.LINE, null, line);
+            }
+        }
+        /**
+         * If the loop is all on one line, we need to trace on each iteration (even though the line
+         * hasn't changed). Clear pastLine so the line comparison above succeeds.
+         */
+        instrumentationData.clearPastLine();
+    }
+
+    private final void traceOrProfileReturn(VirtualFrame frame, Node location, Object value) {
+        PythonThreadState threadState = getThreadState();
+        Object traceFun = threadState.getTraceFun();
+        if (traceFun != null) {
+            invokeTraceFunction(frame, location, traceFun, threadState, TraceEvent.RETURN, value, threadState.getInstrumentationData(this).getPastLine());
+        }
+        Object profileFun = threadState.getProfileFun();
+        if (profileFun != null) {
+            invokeProfileFunction(frame, location, profileFun, threadState, ProfileEvent.RETURN, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @InliningCutoff
+    private final PException traceException(VirtualFrame frame, BytecodeNode bytecode, int bci, PException pe) {
+        PException result = pe;
+
+        PythonThreadState threadState = getThreadState();
+        // We should only trace the exception if tracing is enabled.
+        if (threadState.getTraceFun() != null) {
+            PFrame pyFrame = ensurePyFrame(frame, bytecode);
+            // We use the local function for tracing exceptions.
+            if (pyFrame.getLocalTraceFun() != null) {
+                pe.markAsCaught(frame, this);
+                Object peForPython = pe.getEscapedException();
+                Object peType = GetClassNode.executeUncached(peForPython);
+                Object traceback = ExceptionNodes.GetTracebackNode.executeUncached(peForPython);
+                try {
+                    invokeTraceFunction(frame, bytecode, null, threadState, TraceEvent.EXCEPTION,
+                                    factory.createTuple(new Object[]{peType, peForPython, traceback}),
+                                    bciToLine(bci, bytecode));
+                } catch (PException newPe) {
+                    // If the trace function raises, handle its exception instead.
+                    result = newPe;
+                    // Below, we get the exception for reraise in order to hide the original
+                    // raising site that's being traced (i.e., hiding the original cause).
+                }
+                // The exception was reified already. Return a new exception that looks like this
+                // catch didn't happen.
+                result = result.getExceptionForReraise(!isInternal());
+                result.setCatchLocation(bci, bytecode);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Instrumentation
+    public static final class TraceOrProfileCall {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void perform(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        @Bind Node location,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode root,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            root.traceOrProfileCall(frame, location, bytecode, bci);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Instrumentation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    public static final class TraceLine {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void perform(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        int line,
+                        @Bind Node location,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode root) {
+            root.traceLine(frame, location, line);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Instrumentation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    public static final class TraceLineAtLoopHeader {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void perform(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        int line,
+                        @Bind Node location,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode root) {
+            root.traceLineAtLoopHeader(frame, location, line);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Instrumentation
+    public static final class TraceOrProfileReturn {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(VirtualFrame frame, Object value,
+                        @Bind Node location,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode root) {
+            root.traceOrProfileReturn(frame, location, value);
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Instrumentation
+    public static final class TraceException {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void perform() {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("trace exception not implemented");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Throwable interceptInternalException(Throwable throwable, BytecodeNode bytecodeNode, int bci) {
+        if (throwable instanceof StackOverflowError soe) {
+            PythonContext.get(this).ensureGilAfterFailure();
+            return ExceptionUtils.wrapJavaException(soe, this, factory.createBaseException(RecursionError, ErrorMessages.MAXIMUM_RECURSION_DEPTH_EXCEEDED, new Object[]{}));
+        }
+        return throwable;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public AbstractTruffleException interceptTruffleException(AbstractTruffleException ex, VirtualFrame frame, BytecodeNode bytecodeNode, int bci) {
+        if (ex instanceof PException pe) {
+            pe.setCatchLocation(bci, bytecodeNode);
+
+            if (needsTraceAndProfileInstrumentation() && !getThreadState().isTracing()) {
+                pe = traceException(frame, bytecodeNode, bci, pe);
+            }
+
+            // Fill in the __context__, if available.
+            if (getCaughtExceptionNode == null) {
+                CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
+                getCaughtExceptionNode = insert(ExceptionStateNodes.GetCaughtExceptionNode.create());
+            }
+            AbstractTruffleException context = getCaughtExceptionNode.execute(frame);
+            if (context instanceof PException pe2) {
+                if (chainExceptionsNode == null) {
+                    CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
+                    chainExceptionsNode = insert(ChainExceptionsNode.create());
+                }
+                chainExceptionsNode.execute(pe, pe2);
+            }
+            return pe;
+        }
+
+        return ex;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean setsUpCalleeContext() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        if (co == null) {
+            // getName can be called by validation code before the code unit has been set.
+            return null;
+        }
+        return co.name.toJavaStringUncached();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Signature getSignature() {
+        return signature;
+    }
+
+    public BytecodeDSLCodeUnit getCodeUnit() {
+        return co;
+    }
+
+    public int getFirstLineno() {
+        return co.startLine;
+    }
+
+    protected Source getSource() {
+        SourceSection section = getSourceSection();
+        if (section == null) {
+            return PythonUtils.createFakeSource();
+        }
+        return section.getSource();
+    }
+
+    @TruffleBoundary
+    public int bciToLine(int bci, BytecodeNode bytecodeNode) {
+        return getSourceSectionForLocation(bci, bytecodeNode).getStartLine();
+    }
+
+    @TruffleBoundary
+    public SourceSection getSourceSectionForLocation(BytecodeLocation location) {
+        SourceSection sourceSection = null;
+        if (location != null) {
+            sourceSection = location.getSourceLocation();
+        }
+
+        if (sourceSection == null) {
+            /**
+             * If we don't have a source section, fall back on the root node's source section. This
+             * can happen, for example, when throwing into an unstarted generator, where we don't
+             * have an actual location (and the first line of the root node is expected).
+             */
+            sourceSection = getSourceSection();
+        }
+
+        return sourceSection;
+    }
+
+    @TruffleBoundary
+    public SourceSection getSourceSectionForLocation(int bci, BytecodeNode bytecodeNode) {
+        BytecodeLocation location = null;
+        if (bytecodeNode != null) {
+            location = bytecodeNode.getBytecodeLocation(bci);
+        }
+        return getSourceSectionForLocation(location);
+    }
+
+    public static int bciToLasti(int bci, BytecodeNode bytecodeNode) {
+        if (bci <= 0) {
+            return bci;
+        }
+        int number = 0;
+        for (Instruction instruction : bytecodeNode.getInstructions()) {
+            if (instruction.isInstrumentation()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (instruction.getBytecodeIndex() >= bci) {
+                return number;
+            }
+            // Emulate CPython's fixed 2-word instructions.
+            number += 2;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    public static int lastiToBci(int lasti, BytecodeNode bytecodeNode) {
+        if (lasti < 0) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        Iterator iter = bytecodeNode.getInstructions().iterator();
+        assert iter.hasNext();
+
+        int nexti = 0;
+        Instruction result;
+        do {
+            result = iter.next();
+            if (result.isInstrumentation()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            nexti += 2;
+        } while (nexti <= lasti && iter.hasNext());
+        return result.getBytecodeIndex();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected byte[] extractCode() {
+        return MarshalModuleBuiltins.serializeCodeUnit(co);
+    }
+
+    private static Object checkUnboundCell(PCell cell, int index, PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode, Node inliningTarget, PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+        Object result = cell.getRef();
+        if (result == null) {
+            CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
+            CodeUnit codeUnit = rootNode.getCodeUnit();
+            if (index < codeUnit.cellvars.length) {
+                TruffleString localName = codeUnit.cellvars[index];
+                throw raiseNode.get(inliningTarget).raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.UnboundLocalError, ErrorMessages.LOCAL_VAR_REFERENCED_BEFORE_ASSIGMENT, localName);
+            } else {
+                TruffleString localName = codeUnit.freevars[index - codeUnit.cellvars.length];
+                throw raiseNode.get(inliningTarget).raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.NameError, ErrorMessages.UNBOUNDFREEVAR, localName);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public PCell readClassCell(Frame frame) {
+        if (classcellIndex < 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return (PCell) getBytecodeNode().getLocalValue(0, frame, classcellIndex);
+    }
+
+    public Object readSelf(Frame frame) {
+        if (selfIndex < 0) {
+            return null;
+        } else if (selfIndex == 0) {
+            return getBytecodeNode().getLocalValue(0, frame, 0);
+        } else {
+            PCell selfCell = (PCell) getBytecodeNode().getLocalValue(0, frame, selfIndex);
+            return selfCell.getRef();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class BooleanIdentity {
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean doBoolean(boolean b) {
+            return b;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class ArrayIndex {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doObject(Object[] array, int i) {
+            return array[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class UnwrapException {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doPException(PException ex) {
+            return ex.getEscapedException();
+        }
+
+        @Fallback
+        public static Object doOther(Object ex) {
+            // Let interop exceptions be
+            assert ex instanceof AbstractTruffleException;
+            return ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Yes {
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean perform(VirtualFrame frame, Object o,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached YesNode yesNode) {
+            return yesNode.executeBoolean(frame, inliningTarget, o);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Not {
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean perform(VirtualFrame frame, Object o,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached NotNode notNode) {
+            return notNode.executeBoolean(frame, inliningTarget, o);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class MakeVariadic {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object[] perform(@Variadic Object[] values) {
+            return values;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class GetVariableArguments {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object[] perform(VirtualFrame frame) {
+            return PArguments.getVariableArguments(frame);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    public static final class WriteName {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void perform(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name, Object value,
+                        @Cached WriteNameNode writeNode) {
+            writeNode.execute(frame, name, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    public static final class ReadName {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name,
+                        @Cached ReadNameNode readNode) {
+            return readNode.execute(frame, name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    public static final class DeleteName {
+        @Specialization(guards = "hasLocals(frame)")
+        public static void performLocals(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PyObjectDelItem deleteNode) {
+            deleteNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, PArguments.getSpecialArgument(frame), name);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(guards = "!hasLocals(frame)")
+        public static void performGlobals(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name,
+                        @Cached DeleteGlobalNode deleteNode) {
+            deleteNode.executeWithGlobals(frame, PArguments.getGlobals(frame), name);
+        }
+
+        public static boolean hasLocals(VirtualFrame frame) {
+            return PArguments.getSpecialArgument(frame) != null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class LoadArgumentOptional {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(VirtualFrame frame, int argumentIndex) {
+            Object[] arguments = frame.getArguments();
+            if (arguments.length > argumentIndex) {
+                return arguments[argumentIndex];
+            } else {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class LoadVariableArguments {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createTuple(PArguments.getVariableArguments(frame));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class LoadKeywordArguments {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createDict(PArguments.getKeywordArguments(frame));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = double.class)
+    @ConstantOperand(type = double.class)
+    public static final class LoadComplex {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(double real, double imag,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createComplex(real, imag);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = BigInteger.class)
+    public static final class LoadBigInt {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(BigInteger bigInt,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createInt(bigInt);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = byte[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    public static final class LoadBytes {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(byte[] bytes,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createBytes(bytes);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Add {
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = UnexpectedResultException.class)
+        public static int performInts(VirtualFrame frame, int left, int right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached @Shared PyNumberAddNode pyAddNode) throws UnexpectedResultException {
+            return pyAddNode.executeInt(frame, inliningTarget, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = UnexpectedResultException.class)
+        public static double performDoubles(VirtualFrame frame, double left, double right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached @Shared PyNumberAddNode pyAddNode) throws UnexpectedResultException {
+            return pyAddNode.executeDouble(frame, inliningTarget, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object performObjects(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached @Shared PyNumberAddNode pyAddNode) {
+            return pyAddNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, left, right);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Mul {
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = UnexpectedResultException.class)
+        public static int performInts(VirtualFrame frame, int left, int right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached @Shared PyNumberMultiplyNode pyMultiplyNode) throws UnexpectedResultException {
+            return pyMultiplyNode.executeInt(frame, inliningTarget, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = UnexpectedResultException.class)
+        public static double performDoubles(VirtualFrame frame, double left, double right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached @Shared PyNumberMultiplyNode pyMultiplyNode) throws UnexpectedResultException {
+            return pyMultiplyNode.executeDouble(frame, inliningTarget, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object performObjects(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached @Shared PyNumberMultiplyNode pyMultiplyNode) {
+            return pyMultiplyNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, left, right);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class GetIter {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(VirtualFrame frame, Object receiver,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PyObjectGetIter getIterNode) {
+            return getIterNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, receiver);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class GetItem {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(VirtualFrame frame, Object key, Object value,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PyObjectGetItem getItemNode) {
+            return getItemNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, key, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class FormatStr {
+        @Specialization
+        public static TruffleString perform(VirtualFrame frame, Object object,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PyObjectStrAsTruffleStringNode asTruffleStringNode) {
+            return asTruffleStringNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, object);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class FormatRepr {
+        @Specialization
+        public static TruffleString perform(VirtualFrame frame, Object object,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PyObjectReprAsTruffleStringNode asTruffleStringNode) {
+            return asTruffleStringNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, object);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class FormatAscii {
+        @Specialization
+        public static TruffleString perform(VirtualFrame frame, Object object,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PyObjectAsciiNode asTruffleStringNode) {
+            return asTruffleStringNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, object);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class PrintExpr {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void perform(VirtualFrame frame, Object object,
+                        @Cached PrintExprNode printExprNode) {
+            printExprNode.execute(frame, object);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class, name = "name")
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class, name = "qualifiedName")
+    @ConstantOperand(type = BytecodeDSLCodeUnit.class)
+    public static final class MakeFunction {
+        @Specialization(guards = {"isSingleContext(rootNode)", "!codeUnit.isGeneratorOrCoroutine()"})
+        public static Object functionSingleContext(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        TruffleString name,
+                        TruffleString qualifiedName,
+                        BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit,
+                        Object[] defaults,
+                        Object[] kwDefaultsObject,
+                        Object closure,
+                        Object annotations,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Cached(value = "createFunctionRootNode(rootNode, codeUnit)", adopt = false) PBytecodeDSLRootNode functionRootNode,
+                        @Cached("createCode(rootNode, codeUnit, functionRootNode)") PCode cachedCode,
+                        @Shared @CachedLibrary(limit = "1") DynamicObjectLibrary dylib) {
+            return createFunction(frame, name, qualifiedName, codeUnit.getDocstring(), cachedCode, defaults, kwDefaultsObject, closure, annotations, rootNode, dylib);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(replaces = "functionSingleContext", guards = "!codeUnit.isGeneratorOrCoroutine()")
+        public static Object functionMultiContext(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        TruffleString name,
+                        TruffleString qualifiedName,
+                        BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit,
+                        Object[] defaults,
+                        Object[] kwDefaultsObject,
+                        Object closure,
+                        Object annotations,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Cached(value = "createFunctionRootNode(rootNode, codeUnit)", adopt = false) PBytecodeDSLRootNode functionRootNode,
+                        @Shared @CachedLibrary(limit = "1") DynamicObjectLibrary dylib) {
+            PCode code = createCode(rootNode, codeUnit, functionRootNode);
+            return createFunction(frame, name, qualifiedName, codeUnit.getDocstring(), code, defaults, kwDefaultsObject, closure, annotations, rootNode, dylib);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(guards = {"isSingleContext(rootNode)", "codeUnit.isGeneratorOrCoroutine()"})
+        public static Object generatorOrCoroutineSingleContext(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        TruffleString name,
+                        TruffleString qualifiedName,
+                        BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit,
+                        Object[] defaults,
+                        Object[] kwDefaultsObject,
+                        Object closure,
+                        Object annotations,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Cached(value = "createFunctionRootNode(rootNode, codeUnit)", adopt = false) PBytecodeDSLRootNode functionRootNode,
+                        @Cached(value = "createGeneratorRootNode(rootNode, functionRootNode, codeUnit)", adopt = false) PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode generatorRootNode,
+                        @Cached("createCode(rootNode, codeUnit, generatorRootNode)") PCode cachedCode,
+                        @Shared @CachedLibrary(limit = "1") DynamicObjectLibrary dylib) {
+            return createFunction(frame, name, qualifiedName, codeUnit.getDocstring(), cachedCode, defaults, kwDefaultsObject, closure, annotations, rootNode, dylib);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(replaces = "generatorOrCoroutineSingleContext", guards = "codeUnit.isGeneratorOrCoroutine()")
+        public static Object generatorOrCoroutineMultiContext(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        TruffleString name,
+                        TruffleString qualifiedName,
+                        BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit,
+                        Object[] defaults,
+                        Object[] kwDefaultsObject,
+                        Object closure,
+                        Object annotations,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Cached(value = "createFunctionRootNode(rootNode, codeUnit)", adopt = false) PBytecodeDSLRootNode functionRootNode,
+                        @Cached(value = "createGeneratorRootNode(rootNode, functionRootNode, codeUnit)", adopt = false) PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode generatorRootNode,
+                        @Shared @CachedLibrary(limit = "1") DynamicObjectLibrary dylib) {
+            PCode code = createCode(rootNode, codeUnit, generatorRootNode);
+            return createFunction(frame, name, qualifiedName, codeUnit.getDocstring(), code, defaults, kwDefaultsObject, closure, annotations, rootNode, dylib);
+        }
+
+        @Idempotent
+        protected static boolean isSingleContext(Node node) {
+            return PythonLanguage.get(node).isSingleContext();
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        protected static PBytecodeDSLRootNode createFunctionRootNode(PBytecodeDSLRootNode outerRootNode, BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit) {
+            return codeUnit.createRootNode(PythonContext.get(outerRootNode), outerRootNode.getSource());
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        protected static PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode createGeneratorRootNode(PBytecodeDSLRootNode outerRootNode, PBytecodeDSLRootNode functionRootNode,
+                        BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit) {
+            return new PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode(PythonLanguage.get(outerRootNode), functionRootNode.getFrameDescriptor(), functionRootNode, codeUnit.name);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        protected static PCode createCode(PBytecodeDSLRootNode outerRootNode, BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit, PRootNode rootNode) {
+            return outerRootNode.getFactory().createCode(
+                            rootNode.getCallTarget(),
+                            rootNode.getSignature(),
+                            codeUnit);
+        }
+
+        protected static PFunction createFunction(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        TruffleString name, TruffleString qualifiedName, TruffleString doc,
+                        PCode code, Object[] defaults,
+                        Object[] kwDefaultsObject, Object closure, Object annotations,
+                        PBytecodeDSLRootNode node,
+                        DynamicObjectLibrary dylib) {
+            PKeyword[] kwDefaults = new PKeyword[kwDefaultsObject.length];
+            System.arraycopy(kwDefaultsObject, 0, kwDefaults, 0, kwDefaults.length);
+            PFunction function = node.factory.createFunction(name, qualifiedName, code, PArguments.getGlobals(frame), defaults, kwDefaults, (PCell[]) closure);
+
+            if (annotations != null) {
+                dylib.put(function, T___ANNOTATIONS__, annotations);
+            }
+            if (doc != null) {
+                dylib.put(function, T___DOC__, doc);
+            }
+
+            return function;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IAdd {
+
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = ArithmeticException.class)
+        public static int add(int left, int right) {
+            return Math.addExact(left, right);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static long doIIOvf(int left, int right) {
+            return left + (long) right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = ArithmeticException.class)
+        public static long addLong(long left, long right) {
+            return Math.addExact(left, right);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDD(double left, double right) {
+            return left + right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDL(double left, long right) {
+            return left + right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doLD(long left, double right) {
+            return left + right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode create() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.IAdd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IAnd {
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static int add(int left, int right) {
+            return left & right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static long addLong(long left, long right) {
+            return left & right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode create() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.IAnd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IOr {
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static int add(int left, int right) {
+            return left | right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static long addLong(long left, long right) {
+            return left | right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode create() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.IOr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IXor {
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static int add(int left, int right) {
+            return left ^ right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static long addLong(long left, long right) {
+            return left ^ right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode create() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.IXor);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IRShift {
+
+        @Specialization(guards = {"right < 32", "right >= 0"})
+        public static int doIISmall(int left, int right) {
+            return left >> right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(guards = {"right < 64", "right >= 0"})
+        public static long doIISmall(long left, long right) {
+            return left >> right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode create() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.IRShift);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class ILShift {
+
+        @Specialization(guards = {"right < 32", "right >= 0"}, rewriteOn = OverflowException.class)
+        public static int doII(int left, int right) throws OverflowException {
+            int result = left << right;
+            if (left != result >> right) {
+                throw OverflowException.INSTANCE;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(guards = {"right < 64", "right >= 0"}, rewriteOn = OverflowException.class)
+        public static long doLL(long left, long right) throws OverflowException {
+            long result = left << right;
+            if (left != result >> right) {
+                throw OverflowException.INSTANCE;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode create() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.ILShift);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IMatMul {
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode create() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.IMatMul);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class ISub {
+
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = ArithmeticException.class)
+        public static int doII(int left, int right) {
+            return Math.subtractExact(left, right);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static long doIIOvf(int x, int y) {
+            return x - (long) y;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = ArithmeticException.class)
+        public static long addLong(long left, long right) {
+            return Math.subtractExact(left, right);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDD(double left, double right) {
+            return left - right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDL(double left, long right) {
+            return left - right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doLD(long left, double right) {
+            return left - right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode create() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.ISub);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IMult {
+
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = ArithmeticException.class)
+        public static int add(int left, int right) {
+            return Math.multiplyExact(left, right);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static long doIIOvf(int x, int y) {
+            return x * (long) y;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = ArithmeticException.class)
+        public static long addLong(long left, long right) {
+            return Math.multiplyExact(left, right);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDD(double left, double right) {
+            return left * right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDL(double left, long right) {
+            return left * right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doLD(long left, double right) {
+            return left * right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode create() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.IMul);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class ITrueDiv {
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doII(int left, int right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return TrueDivNode.doII(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doLD(long left, double right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return TrueDivNode.doLD(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDL(double left, long right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return TrueDivNode.doDL(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDD(double left, double right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return TrueDivNode.doDD(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached("createCallNode()") LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode createCallNode() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.ITrueDiv);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IFloorDiv {
+        @Specialization
+        public static int doII(int left, int right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return FloorDivNode.doII(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = OverflowException.class)
+        public static long doLL(long left, long right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) throws OverflowException {
+            return FloorDivNode.doLL(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDL(double left, long right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return FloorDivNode.doDL(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDD(double left, double right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return FloorDivNode.doDD(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doLD(long left, double right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return FloorDivNode.doLD(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached("createCallNode()") LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode createCallNode() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.IFloorDiv);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IPow {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached("createCallNode()") LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode createCallNode() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.IPow);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IMod {
+        @Specialization
+        public static int doII(int left, int right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return ModNode.doII(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(rewriteOn = OverflowException.class)
+        public static long doLL(long left, long right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) throws OverflowException {
+            return ModNode.doLL(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDL(double left, long right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return ModNode.doDL(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDD(double left, double right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return ModNode.doDD(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doLD(long left, double right,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return ModNode.doLD(left, right, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached("createCallNode()") LookupAndCallInplaceNode callNode) {
+            return callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode createCallNode() {
+            return LookupAndCallInplaceNode.create(InplaceArithmetic.IMod);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetter.class)
+    public static final class ForIterate {
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean doIntegerSequence(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter output, PIntegerSequenceIterator iterator,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            return doInteger(frame, output, iterator, bytecode, bci);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean doIntRange(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter output, PIntRangeIterator iterator,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            return doInteger(frame, output, iterator, bytecode, bci);
+        }
+
+        private static boolean doInteger(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter output,
+                        PIntegerIterator iterator, BytecodeNode bytecode, int bci) {
+            if (!iterator.hasNext()) {
+                iterator.setExhausted();
+                return false;
+            }
+            output.setInt(bytecode, bci, frame, iterator.next());
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean doObjectIterator(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter output, PObjectSequenceIterator iterator,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            if (!iterator.hasNext()) {
+                iterator.setExhausted();
+                output.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, null);
+                return false;
+            }
+            Object value = iterator.next();
+            output.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, value);
+            return value != null;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean doLongIterator(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter output, PLongSequenceIterator iterator,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            if (!iterator.hasNext()) {
+                iterator.setExhausted();
+                return false;
+            }
+            output.setLong(bytecode, bci, frame, iterator.next());
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean doDoubleIterator(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter output, PDoubleSequenceIterator iterator,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            if (!iterator.hasNext()) {
+                iterator.setExhausted();
+                return false;
+            }
+            output.setDouble(bytecode, bci, frame, iterator.next());
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static boolean doIterator(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter output, Object object,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Cached GetNextNode next,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile errorProfile) {
+            try {
+                Object value = next.execute(frame, object);
+                output.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, value);
+                return value != null;
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                output.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, null);
+                e.expectStopIteration(inliningTarget, errorProfile);
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    public static final class GetMethod {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doIt(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        TruffleString name, Object obj,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PyObjectGetMethod getMethod) {
+            return getMethod.execute(frame, inliningTarget, obj, name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    public static final class GetAttribute {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doIt(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        TruffleString name,
+                        Object obj,
+                        @Cached("create(name)") GetFixedAttributeNode getAttributeNode) {
+            return getAttributeNode.execute(frame, obj);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    public static final class SetAttribute {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doIt(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        TruffleString key,
+                        Object value,
+                        Object object,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PyObjectSetAttr setAttrNode) {
+            setAttrNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, object, key, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    public static final class DeleteAttribute {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doObject(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        TruffleString key,
+                        Object object,
+                        @Cached LookupAndCallBinaryNode call) {
+            return call.executeObject(frame, object, key);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static LookupAndCallBinaryNode create() {
+            return LookupAndCallBinaryNode.create(SpecialMethodSlot.DelAttr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ImportStatic(SpecialMethodSlot.class)
+    public static final class DeleteItem {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doWithFrame(VirtualFrame frame, Object primary, Object index,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached GetClassNode getClassNode,
+                        @Cached("create(DelItem)") LookupSpecialMethodSlotNode lookupDelitem,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode raise,
+                        @Cached CallBinaryMethodNode callDelitem) {
+            Object delitem = lookupDelitem.execute(frame, getClassNode.execute(inliningTarget, primary), primary);
+            if (delitem == PNone.NO_VALUE) {
+                throw raise.raise(TypeError, ErrorMessages.OBJ_DOESNT_SUPPORT_DELETION, primary);
+            }
+            callDelitem.executeObject(frame, delitem, primary, index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    public static final class ReadGlobal {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name,
+                        @Cached ReadGlobalOrBuiltinNode readNode) {
+            return readNode.execute(frame, name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    public static final class WriteGlobal {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void perform(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name, Object value,
+                        @Cached WriteGlobalNode writeNode) {
+            writeNode.executeObject(frame, name, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    public static final class DeleteGlobal {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void perform(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name,
+                        @Cached DeleteGlobalNode deleteNode) {
+            deleteNode.executeWithGlobals(frame, PArguments.getGlobals(frame), name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class BuildClass {
+
+        public static final TruffleString NAME = BuiltinNames.T___BUILD_CLASS__;
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object perform(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        @Cached ReadGlobalOrBuiltinNode readNode) {
+            return readNode.execute(frame, NAME);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class MakeList {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PList perform(Object[] elements,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createList(elements);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ImportStatic({PBytecodeDSLRootNode.class})
+    public static final class MakeSet {
+        @Specialization(guards = {"elements.length == length", "length <= EXPLODE_LOOP_THRESHOLD"}, limit = "1")
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        public static PSet performExploded(VirtualFrame frame, Object[] elements,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Bind Node node,
+                        @Cached(value = "elements.length") int length,
+                        @Shared @Cached SetNodes.AddNode addNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached HashingCollectionNodes.SetItemNode setItemNode) {
+            PSet set = rootNode.factory.createSet();
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                SetNodes.AddNode.add(frame, set, elements[i], addNode, setItemNode);
+            }
+            return set;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static PSet performRegular(VirtualFrame frame, Object[] elements,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Bind Node node,
+                        @Shared @Cached SetNodes.AddNode addNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached HashingCollectionNodes.SetItemNode setItemNode) {
+            PSet set = rootNode.factory.createSet();
+            for (int i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
+                SetNodes.AddNode.add(frame, set, elements[i], addNode, setItemNode);
+            }
+            return set;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class MakeEmptySet {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PSet perform(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createSet();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    public static final class MakeFrozenSet {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PFrozenSet perform(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        int length,
+                        @Variadic Object[] elements,
+                        @Cached HashingStorageSetItem hashingStorageLibrary,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget) {
+            HashingStorage setStorage;
+            if (length <= EXPLODE_LOOP_THRESHOLD) {
+                setStorage = doExploded(frame, inliningTarget, elements, length, hashingStorageLibrary);
+            } else {
+                setStorage = doRegular(frame, inliningTarget, elements, length, hashingStorageLibrary);
+            }
+            return rootNode.factory.createFrozenSet(setStorage);
+        }
+
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        private static HashingStorage doExploded(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, Object[] elements, int length, HashingStorageSetItem hashingStorageLibrary) {
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(length);
+            HashingStorage setStorage = EmptyStorage.INSTANCE;
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+                Object o = elements[i];
+                setStorage = hashingStorageLibrary.execute(frame, inliningTarget, setStorage, o, PNone.NONE);
+            }
+            return setStorage;
+        }
+
+        private static HashingStorage doRegular(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, Object[] elements, int length, HashingStorageSetItem hashingStorageLibrary) {
+            HashingStorage setStorage = EmptyStorage.INSTANCE;
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+                Object o = elements[i];
+                setStorage = hashingStorageLibrary.execute(frame, inliningTarget, setStorage, o, PNone.NONE);
+            }
+            return setStorage;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class MakeEmptyList {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PList perform(@Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createList();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class MakeTuple {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(Object[] elements,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createTuple(elements);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    public static final class MakeConstantIntList {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PList perform(int[] array,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = new IntSequenceStorage(PythonUtils.arrayCopyOf(array, array.length));
+            return rootNode.factory.createList(storage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = long[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    public static final class MakeConstantLongList {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PList perform(long[] array,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = new LongSequenceStorage(PythonUtils.arrayCopyOf(array, array.length));
+            return rootNode.factory.createList(storage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = boolean[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    public static final class MakeConstantBooleanList {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PList perform(boolean[] array,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = new BoolSequenceStorage(PythonUtils.arrayCopyOf(array, array.length));
+            return rootNode.factory.createList(storage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = double[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    public static final class MakeConstantDoubleList {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PList perform(double[] array,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = new DoubleSequenceStorage(PythonUtils.arrayCopyOf(array, array.length));
+            return rootNode.factory.createList(storage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = Object[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    public static final class MakeConstantObjectList {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PList perform(Object[] array,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = new ObjectSequenceStorage(PythonUtils.arrayCopyOf(array, array.length));
+            return rootNode.factory.createList(storage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    public static final class MakeConstantIntTuple {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PTuple perform(int[] array,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = new IntSequenceStorage(array);
+            return rootNode.factory.createTuple(storage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = long[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    public static final class MakeConstantLongTuple {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PTuple perform(long[] array,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = new LongSequenceStorage(array);
+            return rootNode.factory.createTuple(storage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = boolean[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    public static final class MakeConstantBooleanTuple {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PTuple perform(boolean[] array,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = new BoolSequenceStorage(array);
+            return rootNode.factory.createTuple(storage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = double[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    public static final class MakeConstantDoubleTuple {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PTuple perform(double[] array,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = new DoubleSequenceStorage(array);
+            return rootNode.factory.createTuple(storage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = Object[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    public static final class MakeConstantObjectTuple {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PTuple perform(Object[] array,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = new ObjectSequenceStorage(array);
+            return rootNode.factory.createTuple(storage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class MakeSlice {
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doIII(int start, int end, int step,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createIntSlice(start, end, step);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doNIN(PNone start, int end, PNone step,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createIntSlice(0, end, 1, true, true);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doIIN(int start, int end, PNone step,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createIntSlice(start, end, 1, false, true);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doNII(PNone start, int end, int step,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createIntSlice(0, end, step, true, false);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(Object start, Object end, Object step,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createObjectSlice(start, end, step);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString[].class, dimensions = 0, specifyAtEnd = true)
+    public static final class MakeKeywords {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PKeyword[] perform(@Variadic Object[] values, TruffleString[] keys) {
+            if (keys.length <= EXPLODE_LOOP_THRESHOLD) {
+                return doExploded(keys, values);
+            } else {
+                return doRegular(keys, values);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        private static PKeyword[] doExploded(TruffleString[] keys, Object[] values) {
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(keys.length);
+            PKeyword[] result = new PKeyword[keys.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+                result[i] = new PKeyword(keys[i], values[i]);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        private static PKeyword[] doRegular(TruffleString[] keys, Object[] values) {
+            PKeyword[] result = new PKeyword[keys.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+                result[i] = new PKeyword(keys[i], values[i]);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class MappingToKeywords {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PKeyword[] perform(Object sourceCollection,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached ExpandKeywordStarargsNode expandKeywordStarargsNode,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode raise) {
+            return expandKeywordStarargsNode.execute(inliningTarget, sourceCollection);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    public static final class MakeDict {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PDict perform(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        int entries,
+                        @Variadic Object[] keysAndValues,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Cached DictNodes.UpdateNode updateNode) {
+            PDict dict = rootNode.factory.createDict();
+            if (entries <= EXPLODE_LOOP_THRESHOLD) {
+                doExploded(frame, keysAndValues, entries, updateNode, dict);
+            } else {
+                doRegular(frame, keysAndValues, entries, updateNode, dict);
+            }
+            return dict;
+        }
+
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        private static void doExploded(VirtualFrame frame, Object[] keysAndValues, int entries, DictNodes.UpdateNode updateNode, PDict dict) {
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(entries);
+            for (int i = 0; i < entries; i++) {
+                Object key = keysAndValues[i * 2];
+                Object value = keysAndValues[i * 2 + 1];
+                if (key == PNone.NO_VALUE) {
+                    updateNode.execute(frame, dict, value);
+                } else {
+                    dict.setItem(key, value);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void doRegular(VirtualFrame frame, Object[] keysAndValues, int entries, DictNodes.UpdateNode updateNode, PDict dict) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < entries; i++) {
+                Object key = keysAndValues[i * 2];
+                Object value = keysAndValues[i * 2 + 1];
+                if (key == PNone.NO_VALUE) {
+                    updateNode.execute(frame, dict, value);
+                } else {
+                    dict.setItem(key, value);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class MakeEmptyDict {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PDict perform(@Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return rootNode.factory.createDict();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class SetDictItem {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void perform(VirtualFrame frame, PDict item, Object key, Object value,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached HashingStorageSetItem setItem) {
+            item.setDictStorage(setItem.execute(frame, inliningTarget, item.getDictStorage(), key, value));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class LiteralBoolean {
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean doBoolean(boolean value) {
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class SetItem {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void performB(VirtualFrame frame, boolean value, Object primary, Object slice,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PyObjectSetItem setItemNode) {
+            setItemNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, primary, slice, value);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static void performI(VirtualFrame frame, int value, Object primary, Object slice,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PyObjectSetItem setItemNode) {
+            setItemNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, primary, slice, value);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static void performL(VirtualFrame frame, long value, Object primary, Object slice,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PyObjectSetItem setItemNode) {
+            setItemNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, primary, slice, value);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static void performD(VirtualFrame frame, double value, Object primary, Object slice,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PyObjectSetItem setItemNode) {
+            setItemNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, primary, slice, value);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static void performO(VirtualFrame frame, Object value, Object primary, Object slice,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PyObjectSetItem setItemNode) {
+            setItemNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, primary, slice, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetterRange.class)
+    @ImportStatic({PGuards.class})
+    public static final class UnpackToLocals {
+        @Specialization(guards = "isBuiltinSequence(sequence)")
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        public static void doUnpackSequence(VirtualFrame localFrame, LocalSetterRange results, PSequence sequence,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Cached SequenceNodes.GetSequenceStorageNode getSequenceStorageNode,
+                        @Cached SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemScalarNode getItemNode,
+                        @Cached InlinedBranchProfile errorProfile,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = getSequenceStorageNode.execute(inliningTarget, sequence);
+            int len = storage.length();
+
+            int count = results.getLength();
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(count);
+
+            if (len == count) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    results.setObject(bytecode, bci, localFrame, i, getItemNode.execute(inliningTarget, storage, i));
+                }
+            } else {
+                errorProfile.enter(inliningTarget);
+                if (len < count) {
+                    throw raiseNode.raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.NOT_ENOUGH_VALUES_TO_UNPACK, count, len);
+                } else {
+                    throw raiseNode.raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.TOO_MANY_VALUES_TO_UNPACK, count);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doUnpackIterable(VirtualFrame virtualFrame, LocalSetterRange results, Object collection,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Cached PyObjectGetIter getIter,
+                        @Cached GetNextNode getNextNode,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile notIterableProfile,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile1,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile2,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            int count = results.getLength();
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(count);
+
+            Object iterator;
+            try {
+                iterator = getIter.execute(virtualFrame, inliningTarget, collection);
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                e.expectTypeError(inliningTarget, notIterableProfile);
+                throw raiseNode.raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.TypeError, ErrorMessages.CANNOT_UNPACK_NON_ITERABLE, collection);
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                try {
+                    results.setObject(bytecode, bci, virtualFrame, i, getNextNode.execute(virtualFrame, iterator));
+                } catch (PException e) {
+                    e.expectStopIteration(inliningTarget, stopIterationProfile1);
+                    throw raiseNode.raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.NOT_ENOUGH_VALUES_TO_UNPACK, count, i);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                getNextNode.execute(virtualFrame, iterator);
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                e.expectStopIteration(inliningTarget, stopIterationProfile2);
+                return;
+            }
+            throw raiseNode.raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.TOO_MANY_VALUES_TO_UNPACK, count);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetterRange.class)
+    @ImportStatic({PGuards.class})
+    @SuppressWarnings("truffle-interpreted-performance")
+    public static final class UnpackStarredToLocals {
+        @Specialization(guards = "isBuiltinSequence(sequence)")
+        public static void doUnpackSequence(VirtualFrame localFrame,
+                        int starIndex,
+                        LocalSetterRange results,
+                        PSequence sequence,
+                        @Cached SequenceNodes.GetSequenceStorageNode getSequenceStorageNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemScalarNode getItemNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemSliceNode getItemSliceNode,
+                        @Cached InlinedBranchProfile errorProfile,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            int resultsLength = results.getLength();
+            int countBefore = starIndex;
+            int countAfter = resultsLength - starIndex - 1;
+
+            SequenceStorage storage = getSequenceStorageNode.execute(inliningTarget, sequence);
+            int len = storage.length();
+
+            int starLen = len - resultsLength + 1;
+            if (starLen < 0) {
+                errorProfile.enter(inliningTarget);
+                throw raiseNode.raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.NOT_ENOUGH_VALUES_TO_UNPACK_EX, countBefore + countAfter, len);
+            }
+
+            copyToLocalsFromSequence(storage, 0, 0, countBefore, results, localFrame, inliningTarget, bytecode, bci, getItemNode);
+            PList starList = rootNode.factory.createList(getItemSliceNode.execute(storage, countBefore, countBefore + starLen, 1, starLen));
+            results.setObject(bytecode, bci, localFrame, starIndex, starList);
+            copyToLocalsFromSequence(storage, starIndex + 1, len - countAfter, countAfter, results, localFrame, inliningTarget, bytecode, bci, getItemNode);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doUnpackIterable(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        int starIndex,
+                        LocalSetterRange results,
+                        Object collection,
+                        @Cached PyObjectGetIter getIter,
+                        @Cached GetNextNode getNextNode,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile notIterableProfile,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile,
+                        @Cached ListNodes.ConstructListNode constructListNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemScalarNode getItemNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemSliceNode getItemSliceNode,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            int resultsLength = results.getLength();
+            int countBefore = starIndex;
+            int countAfter = resultsLength - starIndex - 1;
+
+            Object iterator;
+            try {
+                iterator = getIter.execute(frame, inliningTarget, collection);
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                e.expectTypeError(inliningTarget, notIterableProfile);
+                throw raiseNode.raise(TypeError, ErrorMessages.CANNOT_UNPACK_NON_ITERABLE, collection);
+            }
+
+            copyToLocalsFromIterator(iterator, countBefore, results, frame, inliningTarget, bytecode, bci, countBefore + countAfter, getNextNode, stopIterationProfile, raiseNode);
+
+            PList starAndAfter = constructListNode.execute(frame, iterator);
+            SequenceStorage storage = starAndAfter.getSequenceStorage();
+            int lenAfter = storage.length();
+            if (lenAfter < countAfter) {
+                throw raiseNode.raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.NOT_ENOUGH_VALUES_TO_UNPACK_EX, countBefore + countAfter, countBefore + lenAfter);
+            }
+            if (countAfter == 0) {
+                results.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, starIndex, starAndAfter);
+            } else {
+                int starLen = lenAfter - countAfter;
+                PList starList = rootNode.factory.createList(getItemSliceNode.execute(storage, 0, starLen, 1, starLen));
+                results.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, starIndex, starList);
+
+                copyToLocalsFromSequence(storage, starIndex + 1, starLen, countAfter, results, frame, inliningTarget, bytecode, bci, getItemNode);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        private static void copyToLocalsFromIterator(Object iterator, int length, LocalSetterRange results,
+                        VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, BytecodeNode bytecode, int bci,
+                        int requiredLength, GetNextNode getNextNode, IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile, PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                try {
+                    Object item = getNextNode.execute(frame, iterator);
+                    results.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, i, item);
+                } catch (PException e) {
+                    e.expectStopIteration(inliningTarget, stopIterationProfile);
+                    throw raiseNode.raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.NOT_ENOUGH_VALUES_TO_UNPACK_EX, requiredLength, i);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        private static void copyToLocalsFromSequence(SequenceStorage storage, int runOffset, int offset, int length, LocalSetterRange run,
+                        VirtualFrame localFrame, Node inliningTarget, BytecodeNode bytecode, int bci,
+                        SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemScalarNode getItemNode) {
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                run.setObject(bytecode, bci, localFrame, runOffset + i, getItemNode.execute(inliningTarget, storage, offset + i));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final RuntimeException notSupported(Object left, Object right, PRaiseNode raiseNode, TruffleString operator) {
+        throw raiseNode.raise(PythonErrorType.TypeError, ErrorMessages.NOT_SUPPORTED_BETWEEN_INSTANCES, operator, left, right);
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Le {
+
+        private static final TruffleString T_OPERATOR = PythonUtils.tsLiteral("<=");
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, int right) {
+            return left <= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(long left, long right) {
+            return left <= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(char left, char right) {
+            return left <= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(byte left, byte right) {
+            return left <= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, double right) {
+            return left <= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(TruffleString left, TruffleString right,
+                        @Cached TruffleString.CompareIntsUTF32Node compareIntsUTF32Node) {
+            return StringUtils.compareStrings(left, right, compareIntsUTF32Node) <= 0;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, double right) {
+            return left <= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, int right) {
+            return left <= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static final Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached("createCallNode()") LookupAndCallBinaryNode callNode,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            Object result = callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+            if (result == PNotImplemented.NOT_IMPLEMENTED) {
+                throw notSupported(left, right, raiseNode, T_OPERATOR);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        static LookupAndCallBinaryNode createCallNode() {
+            return LookupAndCallBinaryNode.create(SpecialMethodSlot.Le, SpecialMethodSlot.Ge, true, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Lt {
+
+        private static final TruffleString T_OPERATOR = PythonUtils.tsLiteral("<");
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, int right) {
+            return left < right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(long left, long right) {
+            return left < right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(char left, char right) {
+            return left < right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(byte left, byte right) {
+            return left < right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, double right) {
+            return left < right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(TruffleString left, TruffleString right,
+                        @Cached TruffleString.CompareIntsUTF32Node compareIntsUTF32Node) {
+            return StringUtils.compareStrings(left, right, compareIntsUTF32Node) < 0;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, double right) {
+            return left < right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, int right) {
+            return left < right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static final Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached("createCallNode()") LookupAndCallBinaryNode callNode,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            Object result = callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+            if (result == PNotImplemented.NOT_IMPLEMENTED) {
+                throw notSupported(left, right, raiseNode, T_OPERATOR);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        static LookupAndCallBinaryNode createCallNode() {
+            return LookupAndCallBinaryNode.create(SpecialMethodSlot.Lt, SpecialMethodSlot.Gt, true, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Ge {
+
+        private static final TruffleString T_OPERATOR = PythonUtils.tsLiteral(">=");
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, int right) {
+            return left >= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(long left, long right) {
+            return left >= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(char left, char right) {
+            return left >= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(byte left, byte right) {
+            return left >= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, double right) {
+            return left >= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(TruffleString left, TruffleString right,
+                        @Cached TruffleString.CompareIntsUTF32Node compareIntsUTF32Node) {
+            return StringUtils.compareStrings(left, right, compareIntsUTF32Node) >= 0;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, double right) {
+            return left >= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, int right) {
+            return left >= right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static final Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached("createCallNode()") LookupAndCallBinaryNode callNode,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            Object result = callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+            if (result == PNotImplemented.NOT_IMPLEMENTED) {
+                throw notSupported(left, right, raiseNode, T_OPERATOR);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        static LookupAndCallBinaryNode createCallNode() {
+            return LookupAndCallBinaryNode.create(SpecialMethodSlot.Ge, SpecialMethodSlot.Le, true, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Gt {
+
+        private static final TruffleString T_OPERATOR = PythonUtils.tsLiteral(">");
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, int right) {
+            return left > right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(long left, long right) {
+            return left > right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(char left, char right) {
+            return left > right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(byte left, byte right) {
+            return left > right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, double right) {
+            return left > right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(TruffleString left, TruffleString right,
+                        @Cached TruffleString.CompareIntsUTF32Node compareIntsUTF32Node) {
+            return StringUtils.compareStrings(left, right, compareIntsUTF32Node) > 0;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, double right) {
+            return left > right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, int right) {
+            return left > right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static final Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached("createCallNode()") LookupAndCallBinaryNode callNode,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            Object result = callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+            if (result == PNotImplemented.NOT_IMPLEMENTED) {
+                throw notSupported(left, right, raiseNode, T_OPERATOR);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        static LookupAndCallBinaryNode createCallNode() {
+            return LookupAndCallBinaryNode.create(SpecialMethodSlot.Gt, SpecialMethodSlot.Lt, true, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Eq {
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, int right) {
+            return left == right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(long left, long right) {
+            return left == right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(char left, char right) {
+            return left == right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(byte left, byte right) {
+            return left == right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, double right) {
+            return left == right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(TruffleString left, TruffleString right,
+                        @Cached TruffleString.EqualNode equalNode) {
+            return equalNode.execute(left, right, PythonUtils.TS_ENCODING);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, double right) {
+            return left == right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, int right) {
+            return left == right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached("createCallNode()") LookupAndCallBinaryNode callNode,
+                        @Cached IsNode isNode) {
+            Object result = callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+            if (result == PNotImplemented.NOT_IMPLEMENTED) {
+                return isNode.execute(left, right);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        static LookupAndCallBinaryNode createCallNode() {
+            return LookupAndCallBinaryNode.create(SpecialMethodSlot.Eq, SpecialMethodSlot.Eq, true, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Ne {
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, int right) {
+            return left != right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(long left, long right) {
+            return left != right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(char left, char right) {
+            return left != right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(byte left, byte right) {
+            return left != right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, double right) {
+            return left != right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(TruffleString left, TruffleString right,
+                        @Cached TruffleString.EqualNode equalNode) {
+            return !equalNode.execute(left, right, PythonUtils.TS_ENCODING);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(int left, double right) {
+            return left != right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean cmp(double left, int right) {
+            return left != right;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
+                        @Cached("createCallNode()") LookupAndCallBinaryNode callNode,
+                        @Cached IsNode isNode) {
+            Object result = callNode.executeObject(frame, left, right);
+            if (result == PNotImplemented.NOT_IMPLEMENTED) {
+                return !isNode.execute(left, right);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        static LookupAndCallBinaryNode createCallNode() {
+            return LookupAndCallBinaryNode.create(SpecialMethodSlot.Ne, SpecialMethodSlot.Ne, true, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString[].class, dimensions = 0)
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    public static final class Import {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doImport(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name, TruffleString[] fromList, int level,
+                        @Cached ImportNode node) {
+            return node.execute(frame, name, PArguments.getGlobals(frame), fromList, level);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    public static final class ImportFrom {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doImport(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name, Object module,
+                        @Cached ImportFromNode node) {
+            return node.execute(frame, module, name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = TruffleString.class)
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    public static final class ImportStar {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doImport(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name, int level,
+                        @Cached("create(name, level)") ImportStarNode node) {
+            node.execute(frame, name, level);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        static ImportStarNode create(TruffleString name, int level) {
+            return ImportStarNode.create();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Raise {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void perform(VirtualFrame frame, Object typeOrExceptionObject, Object cause,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode root,
+                        @Cached RaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            raiseNode.execute(frame, typeOrExceptionObject, cause, !root.isInternal());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Reraise {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doPException(PException ex,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode root) {
+            throw ex.getExceptionForReraise(!root.isInternal());
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doAbstractTruffleException(AbstractTruffleException ex) {
+            throw ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throw is used internally for our try-catch-finally implementation when we need to throw an
+     * exception and catch it elsewhere. We don't need to do any of the work done by RaiseNode.
+     */
+    @Operation
+    public static final class Throw {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doAbstractTruffleException(AbstractTruffleException ex) {
+            throw ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class GetCurrentException {
+        @Specialization
+        public static AbstractTruffleException doPException(VirtualFrame frame) {
+            return PArguments.getException(frame);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class SetCurrentException {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doPException(VirtualFrame frame, PException ex) {
+            PArguments.setException(frame, ex);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(guards = {"notPException(ex)"})
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doAbstractTruffleException(VirtualFrame frame, AbstractTruffleException ex,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            PArguments.setException(frame, ExceptionUtils.wrapJavaException(ex, rootNode, rootNode.factory.createBaseException(SystemError, ErrorMessages.M, new Object[]{ex})));
+        }
+
+        @Fallback
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doNull(VirtualFrame frame, Object ex) {
+            assert ex == null;
+            PArguments.setException(frame, PException.NO_EXCEPTION);
+        }
+
+        static boolean notPException(AbstractTruffleException ex) {
+            return ex != null && !(ex instanceof PException);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class MarkExceptionAsCaught {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doPException(VirtualFrame frame, PException ex,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            ex.markAsCaught(frame, rootNode);
+        }
+
+        @Fallback
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doNothing(@SuppressWarnings("unused") Object ex) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class GetExceptionForReraise {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static PException doPException(PException ex,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            return ex.getExceptionForReraise(!rootNode.isInternal());
+        }
+
+        @Fallback
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doNothing(@SuppressWarnings("unused") Object ex) {
+            return ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class AssertFailed {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doAssertFailed(VirtualFrame frame, Object assertionMessage,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode raise) {
+            if (assertionMessage == PNone.NO_VALUE) {
+                throw raise.raise(AssertionError);
+            } else {
+                throw raise.raise(AssertionError, new Object[]{assertionMessage});
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    public static final class LoadCell {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doLoadCell(int index, PCell cell,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            return checkUnboundCell(cell, index, rootNode, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    public static final class ClassLoadCell {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doLoadCell(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        int index,
+                        PCell cell,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached ReadFromLocalsNode readLocalsNode,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            CodeUnit co = rootNode.getCodeUnit();
+            TruffleString name = co.freevars[index - co.cellvars.length];
+            Object locals = PArguments.getSpecialArgument(frame);
+            Object value = readLocalsNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, locals, name);
+            if (value != PNone.NO_VALUE) {
+                return value;
+            } else {
+                return checkUnboundCell(cell, index, rootNode, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class StoreCell {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doStoreCell(PCell cell, Object value) {
+            cell.setRef(value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class CreateCell {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PCell doCreateCell(Object value) {
+            PCell cell = new PCell(Assumption.create());
+            cell.setRef(value);
+            return cell;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    public static final class ClearCell {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doClearCell(int index, PCell cell,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            checkUnboundCell(cell, index, rootNode, inliningTarget, raiseNode);
+            cell.clearRef();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetter.class)
+    public static final class ClearLocal {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doClearLocal(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter localSetter,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            localSetter.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class LoadClosure {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PCell[] doLoadClosure(VirtualFrame frame) {
+            return PArguments.getClosure(frame);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetterRange.class)
+    public static final class StoreRange {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void perform(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetterRange locals, Object[] values,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            if (values.length <= EXPLODE_LOOP_THRESHOLD) {
+                doExploded(frame, locals, values, bytecode, bci);
+            } else {
+                doRegular(frame, locals, values, bytecode, bci);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        private static void doExploded(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetterRange locals, Object[] values,
+                        BytecodeNode bytecode, int bci) {
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(values.length);
+            assert values.length == locals.getLength();
+            for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+                locals.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, i, values[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void doRegular(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetterRange locals, Object[] values,
+                        BytecodeNode bytecode, int bci) {
+            assert values.length == locals.getLength();
+            for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+                locals.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, i, values[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class MakeCellArray {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PCell[] doMakeCellArray(@Variadic Object[] cells) {
+            return PCell.toCellArray(cells);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flattens an array of arrays. Used for splatting Starred expressions.
+     */
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class, specifyAtEnd = true)
+    public static final class Unstar {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object[] perform(@Variadic Object[] values,
+                        int length) {
+            if (length <= EXPLODE_LOOP_THRESHOLD) {
+                return doExploded(values, length);
+            } else {
+                return doRegular(values, length);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        private static Object[] doExploded(Object[] values, int length) {
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(length);
+            int totalLength = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                totalLength += ((Object[]) values[i]).length;
+            }
+            Object[] result = new Object[totalLength];
+            int idx = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                int nl = ((Object[]) values[i]).length;
+                System.arraycopy(values[i], 0, result, idx, nl);
+                idx += nl;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        private static Object[] doRegular(Object[] values, int length) {
+            int totalLength = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                totalLength += ((Object[]) values[i]).length;
+            }
+            Object[] result = new Object[totalLength];
+            int idx = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                int nl = ((Object[]) values[i]).length;
+                System.arraycopy(values[i], 0, result, idx, nl);
+                idx += nl;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class KwargsMerge {
+        @Specialization
+        public static PDict doMerge(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        PDict dict,
+                        Object toMerge,
+                        Object function,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Cached ConcatDictToStorageNode concatNode,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode raise) {
+            try {
+                HashingStorage resultStorage = concatNode.execute(frame, dict.getDictStorage(), toMerge);
+                dict.setDictStorage(resultStorage);
+            } catch (SameDictKeyException e) {
+                throw raise.raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.TypeError, ErrorMessages.S_GOT_MULTIPLE_VALUES_FOR_KEYWORD_ARG, PyObjectFunctionStr.execute(function), e.getKey());
+            } catch (NonMappingException e) {
+                throw raise.raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.TypeError, ErrorMessages.ARG_AFTER_MUST_BE_MAPPING, PyObjectFunctionStr.execute(function), toMerge);
+            }
+            return dict;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ImportStatic({PGuards.class})
+    public static final class UnpackStarred {
+        @Specialization(guards = "isBuiltinSequence(sequence)")
+        public static Object[] doUnpackSequence(VirtualFrame localFrame, PSequence sequence,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached SequenceNodes.GetSequenceStorageNode getSequenceStorageNode,
+                        @Cached SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemScalarNode getItemNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = getSequenceStorageNode.execute(inliningTarget, sequence);
+            int len = storage.length();
+            Object[] result = new Object[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                result[i] = getItemNode.execute(inliningTarget, storage, i);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object[] doUnpackIterable(VirtualFrame virtualFrame, Object collection,
+                        @Cached PyObjectGetIter getIter,
+                        @Cached GetNextNode getNextNode,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile notIterableProfile,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile1,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+
+            Object iterator;
+            try {
+                iterator = getIter.execute(virtualFrame, inliningTarget, collection);
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                e.expectTypeError(inliningTarget, notIterableProfile);
+                throw raiseNode.raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.TypeError, ErrorMessages.CANNOT_UNPACK_NON_ITERABLE, collection);
+            }
+            ArrayList result = new ArrayList<>();
+            while (true) {
+                try {
+                    Object item = getNextNode.execute(virtualFrame, iterator);
+                    appendItem(result, item);
+                } catch (PException e) {
+                    e.expectStopIteration(inliningTarget, stopIterationProfile1);
+                    return result.toArray();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @TruffleBoundary
+        private static void appendItem(ArrayList result, Object item) {
+            result.add(item);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    @ImportStatic({PGuards.class})
+    public static final class UnpackSequence {
+        @Specialization(guards = "isBuiltinSequence(sequence)")
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        public static Object[] doUnpackSequence(VirtualFrame localFrame,
+                        int count,
+                        PSequence sequence,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached SequenceNodes.GetSequenceStorageNode getSequenceStorageNode,
+                        @Cached SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemScalarNode getItemNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = getSequenceStorageNode.execute(inliningTarget, sequence);
+            int len = storage.length();
+            if (len == count) {
+                Object[] result = new Object[len];
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    result[i] = getItemNode.execute(inliningTarget, storage, i);
+                }
+                return result;
+            } else {
+                if (len < count) {
+                    throw raiseNode.raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.NOT_ENOUGH_VALUES_TO_UNPACK, count, len);
+                } else {
+                    throw raiseNode.raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.TOO_MANY_VALUES_TO_UNPACK, count);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object[] doUnpackIterable(VirtualFrame virtualFrame,
+                        int count,
+                        Object collection,
+                        @Cached PyObjectGetIter getIter,
+                        @Cached GetNextNode getNextNode,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile notIterableProfile,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile1,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile2,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Shared @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            Object iterator;
+            try {
+                iterator = getIter.execute(virtualFrame, inliningTarget, collection);
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                e.expectTypeError(inliningTarget, notIterableProfile);
+                throw raiseNode.raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.TypeError, ErrorMessages.CANNOT_UNPACK_NON_ITERABLE, collection);
+            }
+
+            Object[] result = new Object[count];
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                try {
+                    result[i] = getNextNode.execute(virtualFrame, iterator);
+                } catch (PException e) {
+                    e.expectStopIteration(inliningTarget, stopIterationProfile1);
+                    throw raiseNode.raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.NOT_ENOUGH_VALUES_TO_UNPACK, count, i);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                getNextNode.execute(virtualFrame, iterator);
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                e.expectStopIteration(inliningTarget, stopIterationProfile2);
+                return result;
+            }
+            throw raiseNode.raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.TOO_MANY_VALUES_TO_UNPACK, count);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    @ImportStatic({PGuards.class})
+    public static final class UnpackEx {
+        @Specialization(guards = "isBuiltinSequence(sequence)")
+        public static Object[] doUnpackSequence(VirtualFrame localFrame,
+                        int countBefore,
+                        int countAfter,
+                        PSequence sequence,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @SuppressWarnings("unused") @Cached GetPythonObjectClassNode getClassNode,
+                        @Cached SequenceNodes.GetSequenceStorageNode getSequenceStorageNode,
+                        @Exclusive @Cached SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemScalarNode getItemNode,
+                        @Exclusive @Cached SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemSliceNode getItemSliceNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached PythonObjectFactory factory,
+                        @Exclusive @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            SequenceStorage storage = getSequenceStorageNode.execute(inliningTarget, sequence);
+            int len = storage.length();
+            int starLen = len - countBefore - countAfter;
+            if (starLen < 0) {
+                throw raiseNode.get(inliningTarget).raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.NOT_ENOUGH_VALUES_TO_UNPACK_EX, countBefore + countAfter, len);
+            }
+
+            Object[] result = new Object[countBefore + 1 + countAfter];
+            copyItemsToArray(inliningTarget, storage, 0, result, 0, countBefore, getItemNode);
+            result[countBefore] = factory.createList(getItemSliceNode.execute(storage, countBefore, countBefore + starLen, 1, starLen));
+            copyItemsToArray(inliningTarget, storage, len - countAfter, result, countBefore + 1, countAfter, getItemNode);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object[] doUnpackIterable(VirtualFrame virtualFrame,
+                        int countBefore,
+                        int countAfter,
+                        Object collection,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PyObjectGetIter getIter,
+                        @Cached GetNextNode getNextNode,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile notIterableProfile,
+                        @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile,
+                        @Cached ListNodes.ConstructListNode constructListNode,
+                        @Exclusive @Cached SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemScalarNode getItemNode,
+                        @Exclusive @Cached SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemSliceNode getItemSliceNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached PythonObjectFactory factory,
+                        @Exclusive @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            Object iterator;
+            try {
+                iterator = getIter.execute(virtualFrame, inliningTarget, collection);
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                e.expectTypeError(inliningTarget, notIterableProfile);
+                throw raiseNode.get(inliningTarget).raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.TypeError, ErrorMessages.CANNOT_UNPACK_NON_ITERABLE, collection);
+            }
+
+            Object[] result = new Object[countBefore + 1 + countAfter];
+            copyItemsToArray(virtualFrame, inliningTarget, iterator, result, 0, countBefore, countBefore + countAfter, getNextNode, stopIterationProfile, raiseNode);
+            PList starAndAfter = constructListNode.execute(virtualFrame, iterator);
+            SequenceStorage storage = starAndAfter.getSequenceStorage();
+            int lenAfter = storage.length();
+            if (lenAfter < countAfter) {
+                throw raiseNode.get(inliningTarget).raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.NOT_ENOUGH_VALUES_TO_UNPACK_EX, countBefore + countAfter, countBefore + lenAfter);
+            }
+            if (countAfter == 0) {
+                result[countBefore] = starAndAfter;
+            } else {
+                int starLen = lenAfter - countAfter;
+                PList starList = factory.createList(getItemSliceNode.execute(storage, 0, starLen, 1, starLen));
+                result[countBefore] = starList;
+                copyItemsToArray(inliningTarget, storage, starLen, result, countBefore + 1, countAfter, getItemNode);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        private static void copyItemsToArray(VirtualFrame frame, Node inliningTarget, Object iterator, Object[] destination, int destinationOffset, int length, int totalLength,
+                        GetNextNode getNextNode,
+                        IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile, PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(destinationOffset);
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(length);
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(totalLength);
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                try {
+                    destination[destinationOffset + i] = getNextNode.execute(frame, iterator);
+                } catch (PException e) {
+                    e.expectStopIteration(inliningTarget, stopIterationProfile);
+                    throw raiseNode.get(inliningTarget).raise(ValueError, ErrorMessages.NOT_ENOUGH_VALUES_TO_UNPACK_EX, totalLength, destinationOffset + i);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        private static void copyItemsToArray(Node inliningTarget, SequenceStorage source, int sourceOffset, Object[] destination, int destinationOffset, int length,
+                        SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemScalarNode getItemNode) {
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(sourceOffset);
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(destinationOffset);
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                destination[destinationOffset + i] = getItemNode.execute(inliningTarget, source, sourceOffset + i);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class CallNilaryMethod {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doCall(VirtualFrame frame, Object callable,
+                        @Cached CallNode node) {
+            return node.execute(frame, callable, PythonUtils.EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY, PKeyword.EMPTY_KEYWORDS);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class CallUnaryMethod {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doCall(VirtualFrame frame, Object callable, Object arg0,
+                        @Cached CallUnaryMethodNode node) {
+            return node.executeObject(frame, callable, arg0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class CallBinaryMethod {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doObject(VirtualFrame frame, Object callable, Object arg0, Object arg1,
+                        @Cached CallBinaryMethodNode node) {
+            return node.executeObject(frame, callable, arg0, arg1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class CallTernaryMethod {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doCall(VirtualFrame frame, Object callable, Object arg0, Object arg1, Object arg2,
+                        @Cached CallTernaryMethodNode node) {
+            return node.execute(frame, callable, arg0, arg1, arg2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class CallQuaternaryMethod {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doCall(VirtualFrame frame, Object callable, Object arg0, Object arg1, Object arg2, Object arg3,
+                        @Cached CallQuaternaryMethodNode node) {
+            return node.execute(frame, callable, arg0, arg1, arg2, arg3);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class CallVarargsMethod {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doCall(VirtualFrame frame, Object callable, Object[] args, PKeyword[] keywords,
+                        @Cached CallNode node) {
+            return node.execute(frame, callable, args, keywords);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetter.class)
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetter.class)
+    @ImportStatic({SpecialMethodSlot.class})
+    public static final class ContextManagerEnter {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doEnter(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        LocalSetter exitSetter,
+                        LocalSetter resultSetter,
+                        Object contextManager,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Cached GetClassNode getClass,
+                        @Cached(parameters = "Enter") LookupSpecialMethodSlotNode lookupEnter,
+                        @Cached(parameters = "Exit") LookupSpecialMethodSlotNode lookupExit,
+                        @Cached CallUnaryMethodNode callEnter,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            Object type = getClass.execute(inliningTarget, contextManager);
+            Object enter = lookupEnter.execute(frame, type, contextManager);
+            if (enter == PNone.NO_VALUE) {
+                throw raiseNode.get(inliningTarget).raise(TypeError, ErrorMessages.N_OBJECT_DOES_NOT_SUPPORT_CONTEXT_MANAGER_PROTOCOL, type);
+            }
+            Object exit = lookupExit.execute(frame, type, contextManager);
+            if (exit == PNone.NO_VALUE) {
+                throw raiseNode.get(inliningTarget).raise(TypeError, ErrorMessages.N_OBJECT_DOES_NOT_SUPPORT_CONTEXT_MANAGER_PROTOCOL_EXIT, type);
+            }
+            Object result = callEnter.executeObject(frame, enter, contextManager);
+            exitSetter.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, exit);
+            resultSetter.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class ContextManagerExit {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doRegular(VirtualFrame frame, PNone none, Object exit, Object contextManager,
+                        @Shared @Cached CallQuaternaryMethodNode callExit) {
+            callExit.execute(frame, exit, contextManager, PNone.NONE, PNone.NONE, PNone.NONE);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doExceptional(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        Object exception, Object exit, Object contextManager,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached CallQuaternaryMethodNode callExit,
+                        @Cached GetClassNode getClass,
+                        @Cached ExceptionNodes.GetTracebackNode getTraceback,
+                        @Cached PyObjectIsTrueNode isTrue,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            AbstractTruffleException savedExcState = PArguments.getException(frame);
+            try {
+                Object pythonException = exception;
+                if (exception instanceof PException pException) {
+                    PArguments.setException(frame, pException);
+                    pythonException = pException.getEscapedException();
+                }
+                Object excType = getClass.execute(inliningTarget, pythonException);
+                Object excTraceback = getTraceback.execute(inliningTarget, pythonException);
+                Object result = callExit.execute(frame, exit, contextManager, excType, pythonException, excTraceback);
+                if (!isTrue.execute(frame, inliningTarget, result)) {
+                    if (exception instanceof PException pException) {
+                        throw pException.getExceptionForReraise(!rootNode.isInternal());
+                    } else if (exception instanceof AbstractTruffleException ate) {
+                        throw ate;
+                    } else {
+                        throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere("Exception not on stack");
+                    }
+                }
+            } finally {
+                PArguments.setException(frame, savedExcState);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetter.class)
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetter.class)
+    @ImportStatic({SpecialMethodSlot.class})
+    public static final class AsyncContextManagerEnter {
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doEnter(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        LocalSetter exitSetter,
+                        LocalSetter resultSetter,
+                        Object contextManager,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Cached GetClassNode getClass,
+                        @Cached(parameters = "AEnter") LookupSpecialMethodSlotNode lookupEnter,
+                        @Cached(parameters = "AExit") LookupSpecialMethodSlotNode lookupExit,
+                        @Cached CallUnaryMethodNode callEnter,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            Object type = getClass.execute(inliningTarget, contextManager);
+            Object enter = lookupEnter.execute(frame, type, contextManager);
+            if (enter == PNone.NO_VALUE) {
+                throw raiseNode.raise(AttributeError, new Object[]{T___AENTER__});
+            }
+            Object exit = lookupExit.execute(frame, type, contextManager);
+            if (exit == PNone.NO_VALUE) {
+                throw raiseNode.raise(AttributeError, new Object[]{T___AEXIT__});
+            }
+            Object result = callEnter.executeObject(frame, enter, contextManager);
+            exitSetter.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, exit);
+            resultSetter.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class AsyncContextManagerCallExit {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doRegular(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        PNone none, Object exit, Object contextManager,
+                        @Shared @Cached CallQuaternaryMethodNode callExit) {
+            return callExit.execute(frame, exit, contextManager, PNone.NONE, PNone.NONE, PNone.NONE);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static Object doExceptional(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        Object exception, Object exit, Object contextManager,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached CallQuaternaryMethodNode callExit,
+                        @Cached GetClassNode getClass,
+                        @Cached ExceptionNodes.GetTracebackNode getTraceback,
+                        @Cached PyObjectIsTrueNode isTrue,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            AbstractTruffleException savedExcState = PArguments.getException(frame);
+            try {
+                Object pythonException = exception;
+                if (exception instanceof PException) {
+                    PArguments.setException(frame, (PException) exception);
+                    pythonException = ((PException) exception).getEscapedException();
+                }
+                Object excType = getClass.execute(inliningTarget, pythonException);
+                Object excTraceback = getTraceback.execute(inliningTarget, pythonException);
+                return callExit.execute(frame, exit, contextManager, excType, pythonException, excTraceback);
+            } finally {
+                PArguments.setException(frame, savedExcState);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class AsyncContextManagerExit {
+        /**
+         * NB: There is nothing to do after awaiting __exit__(None, None, None), so this operation
+         * is only emitted for the case where the context manager exits due to an exception.
+         */
+        @Specialization
+        @InliningCutoff
+        public static void doExceptional(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        Object exception, Object result,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Cached CallQuaternaryMethodNode callExit,
+                        @Cached GetClassNode getClass,
+                        @Cached ExceptionNodes.GetTracebackNode getTraceback,
+                        @Cached PyObjectIsTrueNode isTrue,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            if (!isTrue.execute(frame, inliningTarget, result)) {
+                if (exception instanceof PException) {
+                    throw ((PException) exception).getExceptionForReraise(!rootNode.isInternal());
+                } else if (exception instanceof AbstractTruffleException) {
+                    throw (AbstractTruffleException) exception;
+                } else {
+                    throw CompilerDirectives.shouldNotReachHere("Exception not on stack");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    public static final class BuildString {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object perform(
+                        int length,
+                        @Variadic Object[] strings,
+                        @Cached TruffleStringBuilder.AppendStringNode appendNode,
+                        @Cached TruffleStringBuilder.ToStringNode toString) {
+            TruffleStringBuilder tsb = TruffleStringBuilder.create(PythonUtils.TS_ENCODING);
+            if (length <= EXPLODE_LOOP_THRESHOLD) {
+                doExploded(strings, length, appendNode, tsb);
+            } else {
+                doRegular(strings, length, appendNode, tsb);
+            }
+            return toString.execute(tsb);
+        }
+
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        private static void doExploded(Object[] strings, int length, TruffleStringBuilder.AppendStringNode appendNode, TruffleStringBuilder tsb) {
+            CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                appendNode.execute(tsb, (TruffleString) strings[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void doRegular(Object[] strings, int length, TruffleStringBuilder.AppendStringNode appendNode, TruffleStringBuilder tsb) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                appendNode.execute(tsb, (TruffleString) strings[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class ListExtend {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void listExtend(VirtualFrame frame, PList list, Object obj,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached IteratorNodes.GetLength lenNode,
+                        @Cached("createExtend()") SequenceStorageNodes.ExtendNode extendNode) {
+            ListExtendNode.extendSequence(frame, list, obj, inliningTarget, lenNode, extendNode);
+        }
+
+        @NeverDefault
+        public static SequenceStorageNodes.ExtendNode createExtend() {
+            return SequenceStorageNodes.ExtendNode.create(ListGeneralizationNode.SUPPLIER);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetter.class)
+    public static final class TeeLocal {
+        @Specialization
+        public static int doInt(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter local, int value,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            local.setInt(bytecode, bci, frame, value);
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static double doDouble(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter local, double value,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            local.setDouble(bytecode, bci, frame, value);
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static long doLong(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter local, long value,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            local.setLong(bytecode, bci, frame, value);
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(replaces = {"doInt", "doDouble", "doLong"})
+        public static Object doObject(VirtualFrame frame, LocalSetter local, Object value,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci) {
+            local.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, value);
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class NonNull {
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean doObject(Object value) {
+            return value != null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class GetLen {
+        @Specialization
+        public static int doObject(VirtualFrame frame, Object value,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PyObjectSizeNode sizeNode) {
+            return sizeNode.execute(frame, inliningTarget, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IsSequence {
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean doObject(Object value,
+                        @Cached GetTPFlagsNode getTPFlagsNode) {
+            return (getTPFlagsNode.execute(value) & TypeFlags.SEQUENCE) != 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class IsMapping {
+        @Specialization
+        public static boolean doObject(Object value,
+                        @Cached GetTPFlagsNode getTPFlagsNode) {
+            return (getTPFlagsNode.execute(value) & TypeFlags.MAPPING) != 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ImportStatic(PGuards.class)
+    public static final class BinarySubscript {
+        // TODO: support boxing elimination
+// @Specialization(guards = "cannotBeOverriddenForImmutableType(sequence)")
+// public static int doIntSequence(PList sequence, int index,
+// @Shared("list") @Cached("createForList()") SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemNode getItemNode) throws
+// UnexpectedResultException {
+// return getItemNode.executeInt(sequence.getSequenceStorage(), index);
+// }
+//
+// @Specialization(guards = "cannotBeOverriddenForImmutableType(sequence)")
+// public static int doIntTuple(PTuple sequence, int index,
+// @Shared("tuple") @Cached("createForTuple()") SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemNode getItemNode) throws
+// UnexpectedResultException {
+// return getItemNode.executeInt(sequence.getSequenceStorage(), index);
+// }
+//
+// @Specialization(guards = "cannotBeOverriddenForImmutableType(sequence)")
+// public static double doDoubleSequence(PList sequence, int index,
+// @Shared("list") @Cached("createForList()") SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemNode getItemNode) throws
+// UnexpectedResultException {
+// return getItemNode.executeDouble(sequence.getSequenceStorage(), index);
+// }
+//
+// @Specialization(guards = "cannotBeOverriddenForImmutableType(sequence)")
+// public static double doDoubleTuple(PTuple sequence, int index,
+// @Shared("tuple") @Cached("createForTuple()") SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemNode getItemNode) throws
+// UnexpectedResultException {
+// return getItemNode.executeDouble(sequence.getSequenceStorage(), index);
+// }
+// TODO: add @Shared to GetItemNodes
+
+        @Specialization(guards = "isBuiltinList(sequence)")
+        public static Object doObjectSequence(PList sequence, int index,
+                        @Cached("createForList()") SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemNode getItemNode) {
+            return getItemNode.execute(sequence.getSequenceStorage(), index);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(guards = "isBuiltinTuple(sequence)")
+        public static Object doObjectTuple(PTuple sequence, int index,
+                        @Cached("createForTuple()") SequenceStorageNodes.GetItemNode getItemNode) {
+            return getItemNode.execute(sequence.getSequenceStorage(), index);
+        }
+
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doObjectKey(VirtualFrame frame, Object receiver, Object key,
+                        @Cached(inline = false) PyObjectGetItem getItemNode) {
+            return getItemNode.executeCached(frame, receiver, key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs some clean-up steps before suspending execution.
+     */
+    @Operation
+    public static final class PreYield {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doObject(VirtualFrame frame, Object value,
+                        @Bind Node location,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode root) {
+            if (root.needsTraceAndProfileInstrumentation()) {
+                root.traceOrProfileReturn(frame, location, value);
+                root.getThreadState().popInstrumentationData(root);
+            }
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resumes execution after yield.
+     */
+    @Operation
+    public static final class ResumeYield {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doObject(VirtualFrame frame, Object sendValue,
+                        @Bind Node location,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode root,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Cached GetSendValueNode getSendValue) {
+            if (root.needsTraceAndProfileInstrumentation()) {
+                // We may not have reparsed the root with instrumentation yet.
+                root.ensureTraceAndProfileEnabled();
+                root.getThreadState().pushInstrumentationData(root);
+                root.traceOrProfileCall(frame, location, bytecode, bci);
+            }
+
+            return getSendValue.execute(sendValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetter.class)
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetter.class)
+    @SuppressWarnings("truffle-interpreted-performance")
+    public static final class YieldFromSend {
+        private static final TruffleString T_SEND = tsLiteral("send");
+
+        @Specialization
+        static boolean doGenerator(VirtualFrame virtualFrame,
+                        LocalSetter yieldedValue,
+                        LocalSetter returnedValue,
+                        PGenerator generator,
+                        Object arg,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Cached CommonGeneratorBuiltins.SendNode sendNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile,
+                        @Shared @Cached StopIterationBuiltins.StopIterationValueNode getValue) {
+            try {
+                Object value = sendNode.execute(virtualFrame, generator, arg);
+                yieldedValue.setObject(bytecode, bci, virtualFrame, value);
+                return false;
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                handleException(virtualFrame, e, inliningTarget, bytecode, bci, stopIterationProfile, getValue, returnedValue);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Specialization(guards = "iterCheck.execute(inliningTarget, iter)", limit = "1")
+        static boolean doIterator(VirtualFrame virtualFrame,
+                        LocalSetter yieldedValue,
+                        LocalSetter returnedValue,
+                        Object iter,
+                        @SuppressWarnings("unused") PNone arg,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @SuppressWarnings("unused") @Cached PyIterCheckNode iterCheck,
+                        @Cached GetNextNode getNextNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile,
+                        @Shared @Cached StopIterationBuiltins.StopIterationValueNode getValue) {
+            try {
+                Object value = getNextNode.execute(virtualFrame, iter);
+                yieldedValue.setObject(bytecode, bci, virtualFrame, value);
+                return false;
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                handleException(virtualFrame, e, inliningTarget, bytecode, bci, stopIterationProfile, getValue, returnedValue);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Fallback
+        static boolean doOther(VirtualFrame virtualFrame,
+                        LocalSetter yieldedValue,
+                        LocalSetter returnedValue,
+                        Object obj,
+                        Object arg,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Cached PyObjectCallMethodObjArgs callMethodNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile,
+                        @Shared @Cached StopIterationBuiltins.StopIterationValueNode getValue) {
+            try {
+                Object value = callMethodNode.execute(virtualFrame, inliningTarget, obj, T_SEND, arg);
+                yieldedValue.setObject(bytecode, bci, virtualFrame, value);
+                return false;
+            } catch (PException e) {
+                handleException(virtualFrame, e, inliningTarget, bytecode, bci, stopIterationProfile, getValue, returnedValue);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void handleException(VirtualFrame frame, PException e, Node inliningTarget, BytecodeNode bytecode, int bci,
+                        IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile,
+                        StopIterationBuiltins.StopIterationValueNode getValue,
+                        LocalSetter returnedValue) {
+            e.expectStopIteration(inliningTarget, stopIterationProfile);
+            returnedValue.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, getValue.execute((PBaseException) e.getUnreifiedException()));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetter.class)
+    @ConstantOperand(type = LocalSetter.class)
+    @SuppressWarnings("truffle-interpreted-performance")
+    public static final class YieldFromThrow {
+
+        private static final TruffleString T_CLOSE = tsLiteral("close");
+        private static final TruffleString T_THROW = tsLiteral("throw");
+
+        @Specialization
+        static boolean doGenerator(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        LocalSetter yieldedValue,
+                        LocalSetter returnedValue,
+                        PGenerator generator,
+                        PException exception,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Cached CommonGeneratorBuiltins.ThrowNode throwNode,
+                        @Cached CommonGeneratorBuiltins.CloseNode closeNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile profileExit,
+                        @Shared @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile,
+                        @Shared @Cached StopIterationBuiltins.StopIterationValueNode getValue) {
+            if (profileExit.profileException(inliningTarget, exception, GeneratorExit)) {
+                closeNode.execute(frame, generator);
+                throw exception;
+            } else {
+                try {
+                    Object value = throwNode.execute(frame, generator, exception.getEscapedException(), PNone.NO_VALUE, PNone.NO_VALUE);
+                    yieldedValue.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, value);
+                    return false;
+                } catch (PException e) {
+                    handleException(frame, e, inliningTarget, bytecode, bci, stopIterationProfile, getValue, returnedValue);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Fallback
+        static boolean doOther(VirtualFrame frame,
+                        LocalSetter yieldedValue,
+                        LocalSetter returnedValue,
+                        Object obj,
+                        Object exception,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Bind BytecodeNode bytecode,
+                        @Bind("$bytecodeIndex") int bci,
+                        @Cached PyObjectLookupAttr lookupThrow,
+                        @Cached PyObjectLookupAttr lookupClose,
+                        @Cached CallNode callThrow,
+                        @Cached CallNode callClose,
+                        @Cached WriteUnraisableNode writeUnraisableNode,
+                        @Shared @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile profileExit,
+                        @Shared @Cached IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile,
+                        @Shared @Cached StopIterationBuiltins.StopIterationValueNode getValue) {
+            PException pException = (PException) exception;
+            if (profileExit.profileException(inliningTarget, pException, GeneratorExit)) {
+                Object close = PNone.NO_VALUE;
+                try {
+                    close = lookupClose.execute(frame, inliningTarget, obj, T_CLOSE);
+                } catch (PException e) {
+                    writeUnraisableNode.execute(frame, e.getEscapedException(), null, obj);
+                }
+                if (close != PNone.NO_VALUE) {
+                    callClose.execute(frame, close);
+                }
+                throw pException;
+            } else {
+                Object throwMethod = lookupThrow.execute(frame, inliningTarget, obj, T_THROW);
+                if (throwMethod == PNone.NO_VALUE) {
+                    throw pException;
+                }
+                try {
+                    Object value = callThrow.execute(frame, throwMethod, pException.getEscapedException());
+                    yieldedValue.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, value);
+                    return false;
+                } catch (PException e) {
+                    handleException(frame, e, inliningTarget, bytecode, bci, stopIterationProfile, getValue, returnedValue);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void handleException(VirtualFrame frame, PException e, Node inliningTarget, BytecodeNode bytecode, int bci,
+                        IsBuiltinObjectProfile stopIterationProfile, StopIterationBuiltins.StopIterationValueNode getValue,
+                        LocalSetter returnedValue) {
+            e.expectStopIteration(inliningTarget, stopIterationProfile);
+            returnedValue.setObject(bytecode, bci, frame, getValue.execute((PBaseException) e.getUnreifiedException()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    @ConstantOperand(type = int.class)
+    public static final class CheckUnboundLocal {
+        @Specialization
+        public static Object doObject(int index, Object localValue,
+                        @Bind PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode,
+                        @Bind Node inliningTarget,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode.Lazy raiseNode) {
+            if (localValue == null) {
+                CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
+                TruffleString localName = rootNode.getCodeUnit().varnames[index];
+                throw raiseNode.get(inliningTarget).raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.UnboundLocalError, ErrorMessages.LOCAL_VAR_REFERENCED_BEFORE_ASSIGMENT, localName);
+            }
+            return localValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Operation
+    public static final class RaiseNotImplementedError {
+        @Specialization
+        public static void doRaise(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name,
+                        @Cached PRaiseNode raiseNode) {
+            throw raiseNode.raise(PythonBuiltinClassType.NotImplementedError, name);
+
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/call/InvokeNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/call/InvokeNode.java
index 68fbf82cfe..5230314fb8 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/call/InvokeNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/call/InvokeNode.java
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.method.PBuiltinMethod;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.builtins.FunctionNodes.GetCallTargetNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CallTarget;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerAsserts;
@@ -66,12 +67,16 @@ protected static RootCallTarget getCallTarget(Object callee) {
 
     protected static void optionallySetGeneratorFunction(Node inliningTarget, Object[] arguments, CallTarget callTarget, InlinedConditionProfile isGeneratorFunctionProfile, PFunction callee) {
         RootNode rootNode = ((RootCallTarget) callTarget).getRootNode();
-        if (isGeneratorFunctionProfile.profile(inliningTarget, rootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode)) {
+        if (isGeneratorFunctionProfile.profile(inliningTarget, isGeneratorFunction(rootNode))) {
             assert callee != null : "generator function callee not passed to invoke node";
             PArguments.setGeneratorFunction(arguments, callee);
         }
     }
 
+    private static boolean isGeneratorFunction(RootNode rootNode) {
+        return rootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode || rootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode;
+    }
+
     protected static boolean isBuiltin(Object callee) {
         return callee instanceof PBuiltinFunction || callee instanceof PBuiltinMethod;
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/exception/ExceptMatchNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/exception/ExceptMatchNode.java
index 589bae4724..e86619c1c8 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/exception/ExceptMatchNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/exception/ExceptMatchNode.java
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.PythonErrorType;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.sequence.storage.SequenceStorage;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Shared;
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@
 
 @ImportStatic(PGuards.class)
 @GenerateUncached
+@OperationProxy.Proxyable
 @SuppressWarnings("truffle-inlining")       // footprint reduction 44 -> 25
 public abstract class ExceptMatchNode extends Node {
     public abstract boolean executeMatch(Frame frame, Object exception, Object clause);
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/exception/TopLevelExceptionHandler.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/exception/TopLevelExceptionHandler.java
index f1d2eafe66..8fe502aa1f 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/exception/TopLevelExceptionHandler.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/exception/TopLevelExceptionHandler.java
@@ -166,7 +166,8 @@ public Object execute(VirtualFrame frame) {
     @TruffleBoundary
     private void checkInitialized() {
         Python3Core core = getContext();
-        if (core.isCoreInitialized() && PythonLanguage.MIME_TYPE.equals(source.getMimeType())) {
+        if (core.isCoreInitialized() &&
+                        (PythonLanguage.MIME_TYPE.equals(source.getMimeType()))) {
             getContext().initializeMainModule(toTruffleStringUncached(source.getPath()));
         }
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/BinaryArithmetic.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/BinaryArithmetic.java
index 460af66496..6e922b9226 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/BinaryArithmetic.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/BinaryArithmetic.java
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.util.OverflowException;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.util.Supplier;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Shared;
@@ -180,6 +181,7 @@ public static LookupAndCallBinaryNode createBinaryOp(SpecialMethodSlot slot, Sup
         }
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class SubNode extends BinaryArithmeticNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("-");
@@ -237,6 +239,7 @@ protected static void raiseDivisionByZero(boolean cond, Node inliningTarget, PRa
         }
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class TrueDivNode extends BinaryArithmeticRaiseNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("/");
@@ -278,6 +281,7 @@ public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
         }
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class FloorDivNode extends BinaryArithmeticRaiseNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("//");
@@ -333,6 +337,7 @@ public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
         }
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class ModNode extends BinaryArithmeticRaiseNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("%");
@@ -384,6 +389,7 @@ public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
         }
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class LShiftNode extends BinaryArithmeticNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("<<");
@@ -414,6 +420,7 @@ public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
         }
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class RShiftNode extends BinaryArithmeticNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler(">>");
@@ -436,6 +443,7 @@ public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
         }
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class BitAndNode extends BinaryArithmeticNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("&");
@@ -458,6 +466,7 @@ public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
 
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class BitOrNode extends BinaryArithmeticNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("|");
@@ -482,6 +491,7 @@ public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
 
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class BitXorNode extends BinaryArithmeticNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("^");
@@ -504,6 +514,7 @@ public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
 
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class MatMulNode extends BinaryArithmeticNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("@");
@@ -516,6 +527,7 @@ public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
         }
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class PowNode extends BinaryArithmeticNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("** or pow()");
@@ -528,6 +540,7 @@ public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object left, Object right,
         }
     }
 
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class DivModNode extends BinaryArithmeticRaiseNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("divmod");
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/ContainsNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/ContainsNode.java
index 755cdd8a19..dd9b82553e 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/ContainsNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/ContainsNode.java
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.LookupAndCallBinaryNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.BuiltinClassProfiles.IsBuiltinObjectProfile;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.exception.PException;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Shared;
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.UnexpectedResultException;
 
 @GenerateInline(false)
+@OperationProxy.Proxyable
 public abstract class ContainsNode extends BinaryOpNode {
     @NeverDefault
     public static ContainsNode create() {
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/LookupAndCallInplaceNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/LookupAndCallInplaceNode.java
index 5753161223..cddf9ee255 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/LookupAndCallInplaceNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/LookupAndCallInplaceNode.java
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ public abstract static class NotImplementedHandler extends PNodeWithContext {
         this.arithmetic = arithmetic;
     }
 
+    @NeverDefault
     public static LookupAndCallInplaceNode create(InplaceArithmetic arithmetic) {
         return LookupAndCallInplaceNodeGen.create(arithmetic);
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/UnaryArithmetic.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/UnaryArithmetic.java
index 6cd97b2904..fde35f9c34 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/UnaryArithmetic.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/expression/UnaryArithmetic.java
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.special.LookupAndCallUnaryNode.NoAttributeHandler;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.util.Supplier;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateCached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateInline;
@@ -153,6 +154,7 @@ public static LookupAndCallUnaryNode createCallNode(TruffleString name, Supplier
 
     @GenerateInline(inlineByDefault = true)
     @GenerateCached
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class PosNode extends UnaryArithmeticNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("+");
@@ -174,7 +176,7 @@ public static double pos(double arg) {
 
         @Specialization
         public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object arg,
-                        @Cached(value = "createCallNode(T___POS__, NOT_IMPLEMENTED)", inline = false) LookupAndCallUnaryNode callNode) {
+                        @Cached(value = "createCallNode(T___POS__, NOT_IMPLEMENTED)") LookupAndCallUnaryNode callNode) {
             return callNode.executeObject(frame, arg);
         }
 
@@ -186,6 +188,7 @@ public static PosNode create() {
 
     @GenerateInline(inlineByDefault = true)
     @GenerateCached
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class NegNode extends UnaryArithmeticNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("-");
@@ -212,7 +215,7 @@ public static double neg(double arg) {
 
         @Specialization
         public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object arg,
-                        @Cached(value = "createCallNode(T___NEG__, NOT_IMPLEMENTED)", inline = false) LookupAndCallUnaryNode callNode) {
+                        @Cached(value = "createCallNode(T___NEG__, NOT_IMPLEMENTED)") LookupAndCallUnaryNode callNode) {
             return callNode.executeObject(frame, arg);
         }
 
@@ -224,6 +227,7 @@ public static NegNode create() {
 
     @GenerateInline(inlineByDefault = true)
     @GenerateCached
+    @OperationProxy.Proxyable
     public abstract static class InvertNode extends UnaryArithmeticNode {
 
         public static final Supplier NOT_IMPLEMENTED = createHandler("~");
@@ -245,7 +249,7 @@ public static long invert(long arg) {
 
         @Specialization
         public static Object doGeneric(VirtualFrame frame, Object arg,
-                        @Cached(value = "createCallNode(T___INVERT__, NOT_IMPLEMENTED)", inline = false) LookupAndCallUnaryNode callNode) {
+                        @Cached(value = "createCallNode(T___INVERT__, NOT_IMPLEMENTED)") LookupAndCallUnaryNode callNode) {
             return callNode.executeObject(frame, arg);
         }
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/DeleteGlobalNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/DeleteGlobalNode.java
index e24332f33f..e8dea534c8 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/DeleteGlobalNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/DeleteGlobalNode.java
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Shared;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateUncached;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NeverDefault;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node;
@@ -58,12 +59,13 @@
 @GenerateUncached
 @SuppressWarnings("truffle-inlining")       // footprint reduction 52 -> 36
 public abstract class DeleteGlobalNode extends PNodeWithContext {
+    @NeverDefault
     public static DeleteGlobalNode create() {
         return DeleteGlobalNodeGen.create();
     }
 
     public final void executeWithGlobals(VirtualFrame frame, Object globals, TruffleString attributeId) {
-        CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(attributeId);
+        CompilerAsserts.compilationConstant(attributeId);
         executeWithGlobalsImpl(frame, globals, attributeId);
     }
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/GetFrameLocalsNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/GetFrameLocalsNode.java
index fc9a5628bd..225076c8c9 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/GetFrameLocalsNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/GetFrameLocalsNode.java
@@ -47,8 +47,15 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyDictDelItem;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyDictGetItem;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyDictSetItem;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.BytecodeFrameInfo;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.FrameInfo;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLFrameInfo;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeNode;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Shared;
@@ -120,10 +127,19 @@ void doCachedFd(MaterializedFrame locals, PDict dict,
                         @Bind("info.getVariableCount()") int count,
                         @Shared("setItem") @Cached PyDictSetItem setItem,
                         @Shared("delItem") @Cached PyDictDelItem delItem) {
-            CodeUnit co = info.getRootNode().getCodeUnit();
-            int regularVarCount = co.varnames.length;
-            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-                copyItem(inliningTarget, locals, info, dict, setItem, delItem, i, i >= regularVarCount);
+            int regularVarCount = info.getRegularVariableCount();
+
+            if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                BytecodeDSLFrameInfo bytecodeDSLFrameInfo = (BytecodeDSLFrameInfo) info;
+                PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode = bytecodeDSLFrameInfo.getRootNode();
+                Object[] localsArray = rootNode.getBytecodeNode().getLocalValues(0, locals);
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    copyItem(inliningTarget, localsArray[i], info, dict, setItem, delItem, i, i >= regularVarCount);
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    copyItem(inliningTarget, locals.getValue(i), info, dict, setItem, delItem, i, i >= regularVarCount);
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -134,16 +150,25 @@ void doGeneric(MaterializedFrame locals, PDict dict,
                         @Shared("delItem") @Cached PyDictDelItem delItem) {
             FrameInfo info = getInfo(locals.getFrameDescriptor());
             int count = info.getVariableCount();
-            CodeUnit co = info.getRootNode().getCodeUnit();
-            int regularVarCount = co.varnames.length;
-            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-                copyItem(inliningTarget, locals, info, dict, setItem, delItem, i, i >= regularVarCount);
+            int regularVarCount = info.getRegularVariableCount();
+
+            if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                BytecodeDSLFrameInfo bytecodeDSLFrameInfo = (BytecodeDSLFrameInfo) info;
+                PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode = bytecodeDSLFrameInfo.getRootNode();
+                Object[] localsArray = rootNode.getBytecodeNode().getLocalValues(0, locals);
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    copyItem(inliningTarget, localsArray[i], info, dict, setItem, delItem, i, i >= regularVarCount);
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    copyItem(inliningTarget, locals.getValue(i), info, dict, setItem, delItem, i, i >= regularVarCount);
+                }
             }
         }
 
-        private static void copyItem(Node inliningTarget, MaterializedFrame locals, FrameInfo info, PDict dict, PyDictSetItem setItem, PyDictDelItem delItem, int i, boolean deref) {
+        private static void copyItem(Node inliningTarget, Object localValue, FrameInfo info, PDict dict, PyDictSetItem setItem, PyDictDelItem delItem, int i, boolean deref) {
             TruffleString name = info.getVariableName(i);
-            Object value = locals.getValue(i);
+            Object value = localValue;
             if (deref && value != null) {
                 value = ((PCell) value).getRef();
             }
@@ -163,24 +188,39 @@ protected static FrameInfo getInfo(FrameDescriptor fd) {
     /**
      * Equivalent of CPython's {@code PyFrame_LocalsToFast}
      */
-    public static void syncLocalsBackToFrame(CodeUnit co, PFrame pyFrame, Frame localFrame) {
+    public static void syncLocalsBackToFrame(CodeUnit co, PRootNode root, PFrame pyFrame, Frame localFrame) {
         if (!pyFrame.hasCustomLocals()) {
             PDict localsDict = (PDict) pyFrame.getLocalsDict();
-            copyLocalsArray(localFrame, localsDict, co.varnames, 0, false);
-            copyLocalsArray(localFrame, localsDict, co.cellvars, co.varnames.length, true);
-            copyLocalsArray(localFrame, localsDict, co.freevars, co.varnames.length + co.cellvars.length, true);
+            copyLocalsArray(localFrame, root, localsDict, co.varnames, 0, false);
+            copyLocalsArray(localFrame, root, localsDict, co.cellvars, co.varnames.length, true);
+            copyLocalsArray(localFrame, root, localsDict, co.freevars, co.varnames.length + co.cellvars.length, true);
         }
     }
 
-    private static void copyLocalsArray(Frame localFrame, PDict localsDict, TruffleString[] namesArray, int offset, boolean deref) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < namesArray.length; i++) {
-            TruffleString varname = namesArray[i];
-            Object value = PyDictGetItem.executeUncached(localsDict, varname);
-            if (deref) {
-                PCell cell = (PCell) localFrame.getObject(offset + i);
-                cell.setRef(value);
-            } else {
-                localFrame.setObject(offset + i, value);
+    private static void copyLocalsArray(Frame localFrame, PRootNode root, PDict localsDict, TruffleString[] namesArray, int offset, boolean deref) {
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            PBytecodeDSLRootNode bytecodeDSLRootNode = (PBytecodeDSLRootNode) root;
+            BytecodeNode bytecodeNode = bytecodeDSLRootNode.getBytecodeNode();
+            for (int i = 0; i < namesArray.length; i++) {
+                TruffleString varname = namesArray[i];
+                Object value = PyDictGetItem.executeUncached(localsDict, varname);
+                if (deref) {
+                    PCell cell = (PCell) bytecodeNode.getLocalValue(0, localFrame, offset + i);
+                    cell.setRef(value);
+                } else {
+                    bytecodeNode.setLocalValue(0, localFrame, offset + i, value);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < namesArray.length; i++) {
+                TruffleString varname = namesArray[i];
+                Object value = PyDictGetItem.executeUncached(localsDict, varname);
+                if (deref) {
+                    PCell cell = (PCell) localFrame.getObject(offset + i);
+                    cell.setRef(value);
+                } else {
+                    localFrame.setObject(offset + i, value);
+                }
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/MaterializeFrameNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/MaterializeFrameNode.java
index 113f6234cc..914607b716 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/MaterializeFrameNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/MaterializeFrameNode.java
@@ -42,10 +42,15 @@
 
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.frame.PFrame;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.function.PArguments;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.BytecodeFrameInfo;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.FrameInfo;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLFrameInfo;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.util.PythonUtils;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.Truffle;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeNode;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Shared;
@@ -111,7 +116,7 @@ static PFrame freshPFrameCachedFD(Node location, boolean markAsEscaped, boolean
                     @Shared("syncValuesNode") @Cached SyncFrameValuesNode syncValuesNode) {
         MaterializedFrame locals = createLocalsFrame(cachedFD);
         PFrame escapedFrame = factory.createPFrame(PArguments.getCurrentFrameInfo(frameToMaterialize), location, locals);
-        return doEscapeFrame(frameToMaterialize, escapedFrame, markAsEscaped, forceSync, syncValuesNode);
+        return doEscapeFrame(frameToMaterialize, escapedFrame, markAsEscaped, forceSync, location, syncValuesNode);
     }
 
     @Specialization(guards = {"getPFrame(frameToMaterialize) == null", "!hasGeneratorFrame(frameToMaterialize)", "!hasCustomLocals(frameToMaterialize)"}, replaces = "freshPFrameCachedFD")
@@ -120,7 +125,7 @@ static PFrame freshPFrame(Node location, boolean markAsEscaped, boolean forceSyn
                     @Shared("syncValuesNode") @Cached SyncFrameValuesNode syncValuesNode) {
         MaterializedFrame locals = createLocalsFrame(frameToMaterialize.getFrameDescriptor());
         PFrame escapedFrame = factory.createPFrame(PArguments.getCurrentFrameInfo(frameToMaterialize), location, locals);
-        return doEscapeFrame(frameToMaterialize, escapedFrame, markAsEscaped, forceSync, syncValuesNode);
+        return doEscapeFrame(frameToMaterialize, escapedFrame, markAsEscaped, forceSync, location, syncValuesNode);
     }
 
     @Specialization(guards = {"getPFrame(frameToMaterialize) == null", "!hasGeneratorFrame(frameToMaterialize)", "hasCustomLocals(frameToMaterialize)"})
@@ -129,7 +134,7 @@ static PFrame freshPFrameCusstomLocals(Node location, boolean markAsEscaped, @Su
                     @Shared("factory") @Cached PythonObjectFactory factory) {
         PFrame escapedFrame = factory.createPFrame(PArguments.getCurrentFrameInfo(frameToMaterialize), location, null);
         escapedFrame.setLocalsDict(PArguments.getSpecialArgument(frameToMaterialize));
-        return doEscapeFrame(frameToMaterialize, escapedFrame, markAsEscaped, false, null);
+        return doEscapeFrame(frameToMaterialize, escapedFrame, markAsEscaped, false, location, null);
     }
 
     @Specialization(guards = {"getPFrame(frameToMaterialize) == null", "hasGeneratorFrame(frameToMaterialize)"})
@@ -139,7 +144,7 @@ static PFrame freshPFrameForGenerator(Node location, @SuppressWarnings("unused")
         PFrame.Reference frameRef = PArguments.getCurrentFrameInfo(frameToMaterialize);
         PFrame escapedFrame = materializeGeneratorFrame(location, generatorFrame, frameRef, factory);
         frameRef.setPyFrame(escapedFrame);
-        return doEscapeFrame(frameToMaterialize, escapedFrame, markAsEscaped, false, null);
+        return doEscapeFrame(frameToMaterialize, escapedFrame, markAsEscaped, false, location, null);
     }
 
     @Specialization(guards = "getPFrame(frameToMaterialize) != null")
@@ -154,7 +159,7 @@ static PFrame alreadyEscapedFrame(@SuppressWarnings("unused") Node location, boo
         if (markAsEscaped) {
             pyFrame.getRef().markAsEscaped();
         }
-        processBytecodeFrame(frameToMaterialize, pyFrame);
+        processBytecodeFrame(frameToMaterialize, pyFrame, location);
         return pyFrame;
     }
 
@@ -168,16 +173,34 @@ public static PFrame materializeGeneratorFrame(Node location, MaterializedFrame
         return escapedFrame;
     }
 
-    private static void processBytecodeFrame(Frame frameToMaterialize, PFrame pyFrame) {
-        FrameInfo info = (FrameInfo) frameToMaterialize.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo();
-        if (info != null) {
-            pyFrame.setBci(info.getBci(frameToMaterialize));
-            pyFrame.setLocation(info.getRootNode());
+    private static void processBytecodeFrame(Frame frameToMaterialize, PFrame pyFrame, Node location) {
+        Object info = frameToMaterialize.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo();
+        if (info == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            BytecodeNode bytecodeNode = BytecodeNode.get(location);
+            if (bytecodeNode == null) {
+                /**
+                 * Sometimes we don't have a precise location (see
+                 * {@link ReadCallerFrameNode#getFrame}). Set bci to -1 to mark the location as
+                 * unknown.
+                 */
+                pyFrame.setBci(-1);
+                pyFrame.setLocation(location);
+            } else {
+                pyFrame.setBci(bytecodeNode.getBytecodeIndex(frameToMaterialize));
+                pyFrame.setLocation(bytecodeNode);
+            }
+        } else {
+            BytecodeFrameInfo bytecodeFrameInfo = (BytecodeFrameInfo) info;
+            pyFrame.setBci(bytecodeFrameInfo.getBci(frameToMaterialize));
+            pyFrame.setLocation(bytecodeFrameInfo.getRootNode());
         }
     }
 
     private static PFrame doEscapeFrame(Frame frameToMaterialize, PFrame escapedFrame, boolean markAsEscaped, boolean forceSync,
-                    SyncFrameValuesNode syncValuesNode) {
+                    Node location, SyncFrameValuesNode syncValuesNode) {
         PFrame.Reference topFrameRef = PArguments.getCurrentFrameInfo(frameToMaterialize);
         topFrameRef.setPyFrame(escapedFrame);
 
@@ -189,12 +212,13 @@ private static PFrame doEscapeFrame(Frame frameToMaterialize, PFrame escapedFram
         if (markAsEscaped) {
             topFrameRef.markAsEscaped();
         }
-        processBytecodeFrame(frameToMaterialize, escapedFrame);
+        processBytecodeFrame(frameToMaterialize, escapedFrame, location);
         return escapedFrame;
     }
 
     protected static boolean hasGeneratorFrame(Frame frame) {
-        return PArguments.getGeneratorFrame(frame) != null;
+        return !PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER &&
+                        PArguments.getGeneratorFrame(frame) != null;
     }
 
     protected static boolean hasCustomLocals(Frame frame) {
@@ -216,7 +240,8 @@ public abstract static class SyncFrameValuesNode extends Node {
 
         public abstract void execute(PFrame pyFrame, Frame frameToSync);
 
-        @Specialization(guards = {"!pyFrame.hasCustomLocals()", "frameToSync.getFrameDescriptor() == cachedFd",
+        @Specialization(guards = {"!pyFrame.hasCustomLocals()",
+                        "frameToSync.getFrameDescriptor() == cachedFd",
                         "variableSlotCount(cachedFd) < 32"}, limit = "1")
         @ExplodeLoop
         static void doSyncExploded(PFrame pyFrame, Frame frameToSync,
@@ -224,17 +249,37 @@ static void doSyncExploded(PFrame pyFrame, Frame frameToSync,
             MaterializedFrame target = pyFrame.getLocals();
             assert cachedFd == target.getFrameDescriptor();
             int slotCount = variableSlotCount(cachedFd);
-            for (int slot = 0; slot < slotCount; slot++) {
-                PythonUtils.copyFrameSlot(frameToSync, target, slot);
+
+            if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                FrameInfo info = (FrameInfo) cachedFd.getInfo();
+                if (info instanceof BytecodeDSLFrameInfo bytecodeDSLFrameInfo) {
+                    PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode = bytecodeDSLFrameInfo.getRootNode();
+                    rootNode.getBytecodeNode().copyLocalValues(0, frameToSync, target, 0, slotCount);
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < slotCount; i++) {
+                    PythonUtils.copyFrameSlot(frameToSync, target, i);
+                }
             }
         }
 
         @Specialization(guards = "!pyFrame.hasCustomLocals()", replaces = "doSyncExploded")
-        static void doSyncLoop(PFrame pyFrame, Frame frameToSync) {
+        @ExplodeLoop
+        static void doSync(PFrame pyFrame, Frame frameToSync) {
             MaterializedFrame target = pyFrame.getLocals();
-            int slotCount = variableSlotCount(frameToSync.getFrameDescriptor());
-            for (int slot = 0; slot < slotCount; slot++) {
-                PythonUtils.copyFrameSlot(frameToSync, target, slot);
+            FrameDescriptor fd = target.getFrameDescriptor();
+            int slotCount = variableSlotCount(fd);
+
+            if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                FrameInfo info = (FrameInfo) fd.getInfo();
+                if (info instanceof BytecodeDSLFrameInfo bytecodeDSLFrameInfo) {
+                    PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode = bytecodeDSLFrameInfo.getRootNode();
+                    rootNode.getBytecodeNode().copyLocalValues(0, frameToSync, target, 0, slotCount);
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < slotCount; i++) {
+                    PythonUtils.copyFrameSlot(frameToSync, target, i);
+                }
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadCallerFrameNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadCallerFrameNode.java
index cb377ffbd2..a70e54a0e2 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadCallerFrameNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadCallerFrameNode.java
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.RootCallTarget;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.Truffle;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.ContinuationRootNode;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NeverDefault;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.FrameInstance;
@@ -308,14 +309,13 @@ private static Frame getFrame(Node requestingNode, PFrame.Reference startFrame,
              * 
              */
             public Frame visitFrame(FrameInstance frameInstance) {
-                RootCallTarget target = (RootCallTarget) frameInstance.getCallTarget();
-                RootNode rootNode = target.getRootNode();
+                RootNode rootNode = getRootNode(frameInstance);
                 Node callNode = frameInstance.getCallNode();
                 boolean didMark = IndirectCallData.setEncapsulatingNeedsToPassCallerFrame(callNode != null ? callNode : requestingNode);
                 if (outputFrame[0] == null && rootNode instanceof PRootNode pRootNode && pRootNode.setsUpCalleeContext()) {
                     pRootNode.setNeedsCallerFrame();
                     if (i < 0 && startFrame != null) {
-                        Frame roFrame = frameInstance.getFrame(FrameInstance.FrameAccess.READ_ONLY);
+                        Frame roFrame = getFrame(frameInstance, FrameInstance.FrameAccess.READ_ONLY);
                         if (PArguments.getCurrentFrameInfo(roFrame) == startFrame) {
                             i = 0;
                         }
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ public Frame visitFrame(FrameInstance frameInstance) {
                         // a Python frame in CPython.
                         if (!selector.skip(pRootNode)) {
                             if (i == level || startFrame == null) {
-                                Frame frame = frameInstance.getFrame(frameAccess);
+                                Frame frame = getFrame(frameInstance, frameAccess);
                                 assert PArguments.isPythonFrame(frame);
                                 PFrame.Reference info = PArguments.getCurrentFrameInfo(frame);
                                 // avoid overriding the location if we don't know it
@@ -355,6 +355,25 @@ public Frame visitFrame(FrameInstance frameInstance) {
         return outputFrame[0];
     }
 
+    private static RootNode getRootNode(FrameInstance frameInstance) {
+        RootCallTarget target = (RootCallTarget) frameInstance.getCallTarget();
+        RootNode rootNode = target.getRootNode();
+        if (rootNode instanceof ContinuationRootNode continuationRoot) {
+            return (RootNode) continuationRoot.getSourceRootNode();
+        }
+        return rootNode;
+    }
+
+    private static Frame getFrame(FrameInstance frameInstance, FrameInstance.FrameAccess frameAccess) {
+        Frame frame = frameInstance.getFrame(frameAccess);
+
+        RootCallTarget target = (RootCallTarget) frameInstance.getCallTarget();
+        if (target.getRootNode() instanceof ContinuationRootNode) {
+            return (Frame) frame.getArguments()[0];
+        }
+        return frame;
+    }
+
     private MaterializeFrameNode ensureMaterializeNode() {
         if (materializeNode == null) {
             CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadGlobalOrBuiltinNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadGlobalOrBuiltinNode.java
index 465481c0aa..c6a97f05fa 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadGlobalOrBuiltinNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadGlobalOrBuiltinNode.java
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@
 @SuppressWarnings("truffle-inlining")       // footprint reduction 48 -> 30
 public abstract class ReadGlobalOrBuiltinNode extends PNodeWithContext {
     public final Object execute(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name) {
-        CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(name);
+        CompilerAsserts.compilationConstant(name);
         return executeWithGlobals(frame, PArguments.getGlobals(frame), name);
     }
 
     protected abstract Object executeWithGlobals(VirtualFrame frame, Object globals, TruffleString name);
 
     public Object read(Frame frame, Object globals, TruffleString name) {
-        CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(name);
+        CompilerAsserts.compilationConstant(name);
         return executeWithGlobals((VirtualFrame) frame, globals, name);
     }
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadNameNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadNameNode.java
index 2914a0f998..7bdf89d9ba 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadNameNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/ReadNameNode.java
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Exclusive;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateUncached;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NeverDefault;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node;
@@ -62,12 +63,13 @@
 @SuppressWarnings("truffle-inlining")       // footprint reduction 36 -> 17
 public abstract class ReadNameNode extends PNodeWithContext implements AccessNameNode {
     public final Object execute(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString attributeId) {
-        CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(attributeId);
+        CompilerAsserts.compilationConstant(attributeId);
         return executeImpl(frame, attributeId);
     }
 
     public abstract Object executeImpl(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString attributeId);
 
+    @NeverDefault
     public static ReadNameNode create() {
         return ReadNameNodeGen.create();
     }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/WriteGlobalNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/WriteGlobalNode.java
index ade2eadf09..e4027b3705 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/WriteGlobalNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/WriteGlobalNode.java
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ public static WriteGlobalNode create() {
     }
 
     public final void executeObject(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString name, Object value) {
-        CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(name);
+        CompilerAsserts.compilationConstant(name);
         executeObjectWithGlobals(frame, PArguments.getGlobals(frame), name, value);
     }
 
     public final void write(Frame frame, Object globals, TruffleString name, Object value) {
-        CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(name);
+        CompilerAsserts.compilationConstant(name);
         executeObjectWithGlobals((VirtualFrame) frame, globals, name, value);
     }
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/WriteNameNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/WriteNameNode.java
index cadc06ea8e..eb45e7a047 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/WriteNameNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/frame/WriteNameNode.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 public abstract class WriteNameNode extends PNodeWithContext implements AccessNameNode {
 
     public final void execute(VirtualFrame frame, TruffleString attributeId, Object value) {
-        CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(attributeId);
+        CompilerAsserts.compilationConstant(attributeId);
         executeImpl(frame, attributeId, value);
     }
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/object/IsNode.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/object/IsNode.java
index fb5dd6d72e..06b1557de1 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/object/IsNode.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/nodes/object/IsNode.java
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.type.PythonBuiltinClass;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.expression.BinaryOp;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.BuiltinClassProfiles.IsAnyBuiltinObjectProfile;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext;
@@ -62,6 +64,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.util.ComparisonOp;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.util.OverflowException;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.RootCallTarget;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.OperationProxy;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Shared;
@@ -79,6 +82,7 @@
 
 @ImportStatic(PythonOptions.class)
 @GenerateUncached
+@OperationProxy.Proxyable
 @SuppressWarnings("truffle-inlining")       // footprint reduction 44 -> 26
 public abstract class IsNode extends Node implements BinaryOp {
 
@@ -229,14 +233,28 @@ public static boolean doCode(PCode left, PCode right,
             if (leftCt != null && rightCt != null) {
                 RootNode leftRootNode = leftCt.getRootNode();
                 RootNode rightRootNode = rightCt.getRootNode();
-                if (leftRootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode) {
-                    leftRootNode = ((PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode) leftRootNode).getBytecodeRootNode();
-                }
-                if (rightRootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode) {
-                    rightRootNode = ((PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode) rightRootNode).getBytecodeRootNode();
-                }
-                if (leftRootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode && rightRootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode) {
-                    return ((PBytecodeRootNode) leftRootNode).getCodeUnit() == ((PBytecodeRootNode) rightRootNode).getCodeUnit();
+                if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                    if (leftRootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode l) {
+                        leftRootNode = l.getBytecodeRootNode();
+                    }
+                    if (rightRootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLGeneratorFunctionRootNode r) {
+                        rightRootNode = r.getBytecodeRootNode();
+                    }
+
+                    if (leftRootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLRootNode l && rightRootNode instanceof PBytecodeDSLRootNode r) {
+                        return l.getCodeUnit() == r.getCodeUnit();
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (leftRootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode l) {
+                        leftRootNode = l.getBytecodeRootNode();
+                    }
+                    if (rightRootNode instanceof PBytecodeGeneratorFunctionRootNode r) {
+                        rightRootNode = r.getBytecodeRootNode();
+                    }
+
+                    if (leftRootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode l && rightRootNode instanceof PBytecodeRootNode r) {
+                        return l.getCodeUnit() == r.getCodeUnit();
+                    }
                 }
                 return leftRootNode == rightRootNode;
             } else {
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/ExecutionContext.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/ExecutionContext.java
index 2dee13fd81..c025f592b7 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/ExecutionContext.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/ExecutionContext.java
@@ -59,13 +59,16 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.CompilationFinal;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.ValueType;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.HostCompilerDirectives.InliningCutoff;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.ContinuationRootNode;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.RootCallTarget;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.NeverDefault;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.exception.AbstractTruffleException;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.FrameInstance;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.MaterializedFrame;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.RootNode;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.profiles.ConditionProfile;
 
 /**
@@ -95,17 +98,33 @@ private CallContext(boolean adoptable) {
          * Prepare an indirect call from a Python frame to a Python function.
          */
         public void prepareIndirectCall(VirtualFrame frame, Object[] callArguments, Node callNode) {
-            prepareCall(frame, callArguments, callNode, true, true);
+            prepareCall(frame, getActualCallArguments(callArguments), callNode, true, true);
         }
 
         /**
          * Prepare a call from a Python frame to a Python function.
          */
         public void prepareCall(VirtualFrame frame, Object[] callArguments, RootCallTarget callTarget, Node callNode) {
-            // n.b.: The class cast should always be correct, since this context
-            // must only be used when calling from Python to Python
-            PRootNode calleeRootNode = (PRootNode) callTarget.getRootNode();
-            prepareCall(frame, callArguments, callNode, calleeRootNode.needsCallerFrame(), calleeRootNode.needsExceptionState());
+            RootNode rootNode = callTarget.getRootNode();
+
+            PRootNode calleeRootNode;
+            Object[] actualCallArguments;
+            boolean needsExceptionState;
+            if (rootNode instanceof ContinuationRootNode continuationRoot) {
+                calleeRootNode = (PRootNode) continuationRoot.getSourceRootNode();
+                assert callArguments.length == 2;
+                actualCallArguments = ((MaterializedFrame) callArguments[0]).getArguments();
+                // Local exception state takes precedence over any exception in the caller's context
+                needsExceptionState = calleeRootNode.needsExceptionState() && !PArguments.hasException(actualCallArguments);
+            } else {
+                // n.b.: The class cast should always be correct, since this context
+                // must only be used when calling from Python to Python
+                calleeRootNode = (PRootNode) rootNode;
+                actualCallArguments = callArguments;
+                needsExceptionState = calleeRootNode.needsExceptionState();
+            }
+            prepareCall(frame, actualCallArguments, callNode, calleeRootNode.needsCallerFrame(), needsExceptionState);
+
         }
 
         private void prepareCall(VirtualFrame frame, Object[] callArguments, Node callNode, boolean needsCallerFrame, boolean needsExceptionState) {
@@ -162,6 +181,19 @@ private void prepareCall(VirtualFrame frame, Object[] callArguments, Node callNo
             }
         }
 
+        private static Object[] getActualCallArguments(Object[] callArguments) {
+            /**
+             * Bytecode DSL note: When resuming a generator/coroutine, the call target is a
+             * ContinuationRoot with a different calling convention from regular PRootNodes. The
+             * first argument is a materialized frame containing the arguments used for argument
+             * reads.
+             */
+            if (callArguments.length == 2 && callArguments[0] instanceof MaterializedFrame materialized) {
+                return materialized.getArguments();
+            }
+            return callArguments;
+        }
+
         private PFrame materialize(VirtualFrame frame, Node callNode, boolean markAsEscaped, boolean forceSync) {
             if (adoptable) {
                 return ensureMaterializeNode().execute(frame, callNode, markAsEscaped, forceSync);
@@ -226,6 +258,10 @@ public void enter(VirtualFrame frame) {
         }
 
         public void exit(VirtualFrame frame, PRootNode node) {
+            exit(frame, node, node);
+        }
+
+        public void exit(VirtualFrame frame, PRootNode node, Node location) {
             /*
              * equivalent to PyPy's ExecutionContext.leave. Note that got_exception in
              * their code is handled automatically by the Truffle lazy exceptions, so here we only
@@ -234,12 +270,12 @@ public void exit(VirtualFrame frame, PRootNode node) {
             PFrame.Reference info = PArguments.getCurrentFrameInfo(frame);
             CompilerAsserts.partialEvaluationConstant(node);
             if (node.getFrameEscapedProfile().profile(info.isEscaped())) {
-                exitEscaped(frame, node, info);
+                exitEscaped(frame, node, location, info);
             }
         }
 
         @InliningCutoff
-        private void exitEscaped(VirtualFrame frame, PRootNode node, Reference info) {
+        private void exitEscaped(VirtualFrame frame, PRootNode node, Node location, Reference info) {
             if (!everEscaped) {
                 CompilerDirectives.transferToInterpreterAndInvalidate();
                 everEscaped = true;
@@ -267,7 +303,7 @@ private void exitEscaped(VirtualFrame frame, PRootNode node, Reference info) {
             }
 
             // force the frame so that it can be accessed later
-            ensureMaterializeNode().execute(frame, node, false, true);
+            ensureMaterializeNode().execute(frame, location, false, true);
             // if this frame escaped we must ensure that also f_back does
             callerInfo.markAsEscaped();
             info.setBackref(callerInfo);
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/PythonContext.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/PythonContext.java
index 8583bf8d58..1b9d2d0a56 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/PythonContext.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/PythonContext.java
@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.SpecialMethodNames;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.WriteUnraisableNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.attributes.ReadAttributeFromObjectNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.CallNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.SetDictNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.statement.AbstractImportNode;
@@ -183,6 +184,7 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.HostCompilerDirectives.InliningCutoff;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.RootCallTarget;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.ThreadLocalAction;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.Truffle;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleContext;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleContext.Builder;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleFile;
@@ -372,6 +374,13 @@ public static final class PythonThreadState {
          */
         Object asyncgenFirstIter;
 
+        /*
+         * Instrumentation data (Bytecode DSL interpreter only). For the manual bytecode
+         * interpreter, this data is stored in a local state variable, but the DSL interpreter must
+         * use a thread local.
+         */
+        PBytecodeDSLRootNode.InstrumentationData instrumentationData;
+
         /*
          * Counter for C-level recursion depth used for Py_(Enter/Leave)RecursiveCall.
          */
@@ -550,13 +559,48 @@ public void dispose(PythonContext context) {
             }
         }
 
+        private static void invalidateNoTracingOrProfilingAssumption(PythonLanguage language) {
+            if (language.noTracingOrProfilingAssumption.isValid()) {
+                language.noTracingOrProfilingAssumption.invalidate();
+
+                if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                    enableTracingOrProfilingForActiveRootNodes();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @TruffleBoundary
+        private static void enableTracingOrProfilingForActiveRootNodes() {
+            final List rootNodes = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            // Ensure tracing + profiling are enabled for each method on the stack.
+            Truffle.getRuntime().iterateFrames((frameInstance) -> {
+                if (frameInstance.getCallTarget() instanceof RootCallTarget c && c.getRootNode() instanceof PBytecodeDSLRootNode r) {
+                    if (r.needsTraceAndProfileInstrumentation()) {
+                        r.ensureTraceAndProfileEnabled();
+                    }
+                    rootNodes.add(r);
+                }
+                return null;
+            });
+
+            /**
+             * Normally, a root node will push + pop the instrumentation data in its prolog/epilog.
+             * Since these nodes are on stack, we need to push them manually, starting from the
+             * deepest stack frame.
+             */
+            for (PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode : rootNodes.reversed()) {
+                rootNode.getThreadState().pushInstrumentationData(rootNode);
+            }
+        }
+
         public Object getTraceFun() {
             return traceFun;
         }
 
         public void setTraceFun(Object traceFun, PythonLanguage language) {
             if (this.traceFun != traceFun) {
-                language.noTracingOrProfilingAssumption.invalidate();
+                invalidateNoTracingOrProfilingAssumption(language);
                 this.traceFun = traceFun;
             }
         }
@@ -585,7 +629,7 @@ public void setTracingWhat(TraceEvent tracingWhat) {
 
         public void setProfileFun(Object profileFun, PythonLanguage language) {
             if (this.profileFun != profileFun) {
-                language.noTracingOrProfilingAssumption.invalidate();
+                invalidateNoTracingOrProfilingAssumption(language);
                 this.profileFun = profileFun;
             }
         }
@@ -607,6 +651,23 @@ public void profilingStop() {
             this.profiling = false;
         }
 
+        public PBytecodeDSLRootNode.InstrumentationData getInstrumentationData(PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            assert PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER;
+            assert instrumentationData != null && instrumentationData.getRootNode() == rootNode;
+            return instrumentationData;
+        }
+
+        public void pushInstrumentationData(PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            assert PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER;
+            instrumentationData = new PBytecodeDSLRootNode.InstrumentationData(rootNode, instrumentationData);
+        }
+
+        public void popInstrumentationData(PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode) {
+            assert PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER;
+            assert instrumentationData != null && instrumentationData.getRootNode() == rootNode;
+            instrumentationData = instrumentationData.getPrevious();
+        }
+
         public Object getAsyncgenFirstIter() {
             return asyncgenFirstIter;
         }
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/PythonOptions.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/PythonOptions.java
index 3b3e52a633..3ecdd32714 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/PythonOptions.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/PythonOptions.java
@@ -82,6 +82,12 @@ public final class PythonOptions {
      */
     public static final boolean AUTOMATIC_ASYNC_ACTIONS = !"false".equalsIgnoreCase(System.getProperty("python.AutomaticAsyncActions"));
 
+    /**
+     * Whether to use the experimental Bytecode DSL interpreter instead of the manually-written
+     * bytecode interpreter.
+     */
+    public static final boolean ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER = Boolean.getBoolean("python.EnableBytecodeDSLInterpreter");
+
     public enum HPyBackendMode {
         NFI,
         JNI,
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/exception/ExceptionUtils.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/exception/ExceptionUtils.java
index 9bfdff7330..5cd8b646ac 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/exception/ExceptionUtils.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/exception/ExceptionUtils.java
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.traceback.LazyTraceback;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.BuiltinNames;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.ErrorMessages;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.BytecodeFrameInfo;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.FrameInfo;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.call.CallNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.exception.TopLevelExceptionHandler;
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.GetClassNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerAsserts;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary;
@@ -72,8 +74,8 @@
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.Truffle;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleStackTrace;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.TruffleStackTraceElement;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeNode;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
-import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.FrameDescriptor;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.FrameInstance;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.FrameInstanceVisitor;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.InteropLibrary;
@@ -98,24 +100,34 @@ public static void printPythonLikeStackTrace() {
             if (location == null) {
                 location = rootNode;
             }
-            int lineno = getLineno(frameInstance.getFrame(FrameInstance.FrameAccess.READ_ONLY));
+            int lineno = getLineno(frameInstance.getFrame(FrameInstance.FrameAccess.READ_ONLY), location, frameInstance);
             appendStackLine(stack, location, rootNode, true, lineno);
             return null;
         });
         printStack(new PrintWriter(System.err, true), stack);
     }
 
-    private static int getLineno(Frame frame) {
-        int lineno = -1;
-        if (frame != null) {
-            FrameDescriptor fd = frame.getFrameDescriptor();
-            if (fd.getInfo() instanceof FrameInfo) {
-                FrameInfo frameInfo = (FrameInfo) fd.getInfo();
-                int bci = frameInfo.getBci(frame);
-                lineno = frameInfo.getRootNode().bciToLine(bci);
+    private static int getLineno(Frame frame, Node location, FrameInstance frameInstance) {
+        if (frame != null && frame.getFrameDescriptor().getInfo() instanceof FrameInfo frameInfo) {
+            if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+                BytecodeNode bytecodeNode = null;
+                if (frameInstance != null) {
+                    bytecodeNode = BytecodeNode.get(frameInstance);
+                } else {
+                    // NB: This fails for the top stack frame, which has no BytecodeNode.
+                    bytecodeNode = BytecodeNode.get(location);
+                }
+
+                if (bytecodeNode != null) {
+                    int bci = bytecodeNode.getBytecodeIndex(frame);
+                    return bytecodeNode.getBytecodeLocation(bci).getSourceLocation().getStartLine();
+                }
+            } else {
+                return ((BytecodeFrameInfo) frameInfo).getLine(frame);
             }
         }
-        return lineno;
+        return -1;
+
     }
 
     @TruffleBoundary
@@ -149,7 +161,7 @@ public static void printPythonLikeStackTrace(PrintWriter p, Throwable e) {
             for (TruffleStackTraceElement frame : stackTrace) {
                 Node location = frame.getLocation();
                 RootNode rootNode = frame.getTarget().getRootNode();
-                int lineno = getLineno(frame.getFrame());
+                int lineno = getLineno(frame.getFrame(), location, null);
                 appendStackLine(stack, location, rootNode, false, lineno);
             }
             printStack(p, stack);
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/exception/PException.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/exception/PException.java
index 0db09d048e..987ac2d3da 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/exception/PException.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/exception/PException.java
@@ -50,11 +50,15 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.traceback.MaterializeLazyTracebackNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.traceback.PTraceback;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.lib.PyExceptionInstanceCheckNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.PRootNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.object.BuiltinClassProfiles.IsBuiltinObjectProfile;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.GilNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerAsserts;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary;
+import com.oracle.truffle.api.bytecode.BytecodeNode;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Bind;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached.Exclusive;
@@ -86,7 +90,12 @@ public final class PException extends AbstractTruffleException {
     private String message = null;
     final transient Object pythonException;
     private transient PFrame.Reference frameInfo;
-    private transient PBytecodeRootNode catchRootNode;
+
+    // This node is a manual bytecode or Bytecode DSL root node.
+    private transient PRootNode rootNode;
+    // This node is present when using the Bytecode DSL.
+    private transient BytecodeNode bytecodeNode;
+
     private int catchBci;
     private boolean reified = false;
     private boolean skipFirstTracebackFrame;
@@ -176,17 +185,35 @@ public void skipFirstTracebackFrame() {
     }
 
     public boolean catchingFrameWantedForTraceback() {
-        return tracebackFrameCount >= 0 && catchRootNode != null && catchRootNode.frameIsVisibleToPython();
-    }
-
-    public PBytecodeRootNode getCatchRootNode() {
-        return catchRootNode;
+        if (tracebackFrameCount < 0 || rootNode == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            return !((PBytecodeDSLRootNode) rootNode).isInternal();
+        } else {
+            return ((PBytecodeRootNode) rootNode).frameIsVisibleToPython();
+        }
     }
 
     public int getCatchBci() {
         return catchBci;
     }
 
+    public BytecodeNode getBytecodeNode() {
+        return bytecodeNode;
+    }
+
+    public int getCatchLine() {
+        if (rootNode == null) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            return ((PBytecodeDSLRootNode) rootNode).bciToLine(catchBci, bytecodeNode);
+        } else {
+            return ((PBytecodeRootNode) rootNode).bciToLine(catchBci);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Return the associated {@link PBaseException}. This method doesn't ensure traceback
      * consistency and should be avoided unless you can guarantee that the exception will not escape
@@ -240,12 +267,67 @@ public void expect(Node inliningTarget, PythonBuiltinClassType error, IsBuiltinO
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Set the catching frame reference for a manual bytecode node.
+     */
     public void setCatchingFrameReference(Frame frame, PBytecodeRootNode catchLocation, int catchBci) {
         this.frameInfo = PArguments.getCurrentFrameInfo(frame);
-        this.catchRootNode = catchLocation;
+        this.rootNode = catchLocation;
         this.catchBci = catchBci;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Sets the catching frame information for a Bytecode DSL node.
+     *
+     * NB: The manual bytecode interpreter sets all of the catching frame info in one step after it
+     * finds a handler for the bci. This is possible because it has control over the handler
+     * dispatch logic.
+     *
+     * The Bytecode DSL interpreter's generated code automatically dispatches to a handler. We can
+     * set the frame info inside the handler code, but the bci of the raising instruction is lost at
+     * that point.
+     *
+     * We thus set the catch information in two steps:
+     * 
    
+     * 
  1. First, we use a hook in the DSL to set the catch location every time an exception is
+     * thrown from the bytecode loop ({@link #setCatchLocation}).
    2. 
+     * 
  2. Then, we mark the exception as "caught" when we reach a handler
+     * ({@link #markAsCaught(Frame, PBytecodeDSLRootNode)}. Once it's "caught", the catch location
+     * is frozen.
    3. 
+     * 

+     *
+     * (It is necessary to freeze the location after calling
+     * {@link #markAsCaught(Frame, PBytecodeDSLRootNode)} because Python-level try-except-finally
+     * blocks are implemented with multiple DSL-level throws; these throws will trigger subsequent
+     * {@link #setCatchLocation} calls that would overwrite the location.)
+     *
+     * Since the catch location is set unconditionally, it could refer to a location that had no
+     * handler (i.e., the location is invalid). Code should not use the location unless the other
+     * frame info (e.g., the {@link #rootNode}) has been set, which indicates that a handler was
+     * found and that the catch location actually refers to a guarded instruction.
+     */
+    public void setCatchLocation(int catchBci, BytecodeNode bytecodeNode) {
+        assert PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER;
+        // Overwrite the catchBci as long as no handler has been found yet.
+        if (!isCaught()) {
+            this.catchBci = catchBci;
+            this.bytecodeNode = bytecodeNode;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void markAsCaught(Frame frame, PBytecodeDSLRootNode catchLocation) {
+        assert PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER;
+        if (!isCaught()) {
+            this.frameInfo = PArguments.getCurrentFrameInfo(frame);
+            this.rootNode = catchLocation;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isCaught() {
+        assert PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER;
+        return rootNode != null;
+    }
+
     public void markEscaped() {
         markFrameEscaped();
         if (!(pythonException instanceof PBaseException)) {
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/object/PythonObjectFactory.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/object/PythonObjectFactory.java
index d9644dce77..9ecb2fc7da 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/object/PythonObjectFactory.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/runtime/object/PythonObjectFactory.java
@@ -226,8 +226,11 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.types.PGenericAlias;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.types.PGenericAliasIterator;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.builtins.objects.types.PUnionType;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.BytecodeCodeUnit;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.compiler.CodeUnit;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode.PBytecodeRootNode;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.BytecodeDSLCodeUnit;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.bytecode_dsl.PBytecodeDSLRootNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.NFIZlibSupport;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonContext;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
@@ -954,14 +957,26 @@ public final PGenerator createGenerator(TruffleString name, TruffleString qualna
         return trace(PGenerator.create(getLanguage(), name, qualname, rootNode, callTargets, arguments, PythonBuiltinClassType.PGenerator));
     }
 
+    public final PGenerator createGenerator(TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode, Object[] arguments) {
+        return trace(PGenerator.create(getLanguage(), name, qualname, rootNode, arguments, PythonBuiltinClassType.PGenerator));
+    }
+
     public final PGenerator createIterableCoroutine(TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, PBytecodeRootNode rootNode, RootCallTarget[] callTargets, Object[] arguments) {
         return trace(PGenerator.create(getLanguage(), name, qualname, rootNode, callTargets, arguments, PythonBuiltinClassType.PGenerator, true));
     }
 
+    public final PGenerator createIterableCoroutine(TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode, Object[] arguments) {
+        return trace(PGenerator.create(getLanguage(), name, qualname, rootNode, arguments, PythonBuiltinClassType.PGenerator, true));
+    }
+
     public final PGenerator createCoroutine(TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, PBytecodeRootNode rootNode, RootCallTarget[] callTargets, Object[] arguments) {
         return trace(PGenerator.create(getLanguage(), name, qualname, rootNode, callTargets, arguments, PythonBuiltinClassType.PCoroutine));
     }
 
+    public final PGenerator createCoroutine(TruffleString name, TruffleString qualname, PBytecodeDSLRootNode rootNode, Object[] arguments) {
+        return trace(PGenerator.create(getLanguage(), name, qualname, rootNode, arguments, PythonBuiltinClassType.PCoroutine));
+    }
+
     public final PCoroutineWrapper createCoroutineWrapper(PGenerator generator) {
         return trace(new PCoroutineWrapper(getLanguage(), generator));
     }
@@ -1201,7 +1216,11 @@ public final PCode createCode(RootCallTarget ct, int flags, int firstlineno, byt
         return trace(new PCode(PythonBuiltinClassType.PCode, PythonBuiltinClassType.PCode.getInstanceShape(getLanguage()), ct, flags, firstlineno, linetable, filename));
     }
 
-    public final PCode createCode(RootCallTarget callTarget, Signature signature, CodeUnit codeUnit) {
+    public final PCode createCode(RootCallTarget callTarget, Signature signature, BytecodeCodeUnit codeUnit) {
+        return trace(new PCode(PythonBuiltinClassType.PCode, getShape(PythonBuiltinClassType.PCode), callTarget, signature, codeUnit));
+    }
+
+    public final PCode createCode(RootCallTarget callTarget, Signature signature, BytecodeDSLCodeUnit codeUnit) {
         return trace(new PCode(PythonBuiltinClassType.PCode, getShape(PythonBuiltinClassType.PCode), callTarget, signature, codeUnit));
     }
 
diff --git a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/util/PythonUtils.java b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/util/PythonUtils.java
index 00c43e123d..5d4bdb03c3 100644
--- a/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/util/PythonUtils.java
+++ b/graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python/src/com/oracle/graal/python/util/PythonUtils.java
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@
 import com.oracle.graal.python.nodes.util.CastToTruffleStringNode;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.scope.ScopeEnvironment;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.sst.ConstantValue;
+import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.PythonOptions;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectFactory;
 import com.oracle.graal.python.runtime.object.PythonObjectSlowPathFactory;
 import com.oracle.truffle.api.CallTarget;
@@ -779,7 +780,12 @@ public static Source createFakeSource() {
 
     @TruffleBoundary
     public static Source createFakeSource(TruffleString name) {
-        return Source.newBuilder(PythonLanguage.ID, EMPTY_BYTE_SEQUENCE, name.toJavaStringUncached()).build();
+        if (PythonOptions.ENABLE_BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER) {
+            // The DSL interpreter requires character-based sources.
+            return Source.newBuilder(PythonLanguage.ID, "", name.toJavaStringUncached()).content(Source.CONTENT_NONE).build();
+        } else {
+            return Source.newBuilder(PythonLanguage.ID, EMPTY_BYTE_SEQUENCE, name.toJavaStringUncached()).build();
+        }
     }
 
     public static Object[] prependArgument(Object primary, Object[] arguments) {
diff --git a/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/support/__init__.py b/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/support/__init__.py
index 065e1ef0d7..f06bcfcae9 100644
--- a/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/support/__init__.py
+++ b/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/support/__init__.py
@@ -1056,6 +1056,17 @@ def impl_detail(msg=None, **guards):
         msg = msg.format(' or '.join(guardnames))
     return unittest.skip(msg)
 
+def bytecode_dsl_excluded(test):
+    """
+    Decorator for tests that don't apply to the Bytecode DSL interpreter.
+    """
+    try:
+        if sys.implementation.name == 'graalpy' and __graalpython__.is_bytecode_dsl_interpreter:
+            return unittest.skip("Not supported by the Bytecode DSL interpreter")
+    except NameError:
+        pass
+    return test
+
 def _parse_guards(guards):
     # Returns a tuple ({platform_name: run_me}, default_value)
     if not guards:
diff --git a/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/test_fstring.py b/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/test_fstring.py
index 8e719cdef2..733b65ba6a 100644
--- a/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/test_fstring.py
+++ b/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/test_fstring.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 import types
 import decimal
 import unittest
-from test.support import impl_detail
 from test.support.os_helper import temp_cwd
 from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_failure
 
diff --git a/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/test_sys_settrace.py b/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/test_sys_settrace.py
index e97e122534..6f06ed017b 100644
--- a/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/test_sys_settrace.py
+++ b/graalpython/lib-python/3/test/test_sys_settrace.py
@@ -1869,6 +1869,7 @@ def no_jump_without_trace_function():
         raise AssertionError("Trace-function-less jump failed to fail")
 
 
+@support.bytecode_dsl_excluded
 class JumpTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.addCleanup(sys.settrace, sys.gettrace())
diff --git a/mx.graalpython/mx_graalpython.py b/mx.graalpython/mx_graalpython.py
index 5c8391625c..cf1c5232d5 100644
--- a/mx.graalpython/mx_graalpython.py
+++ b/mx.graalpython/mx_graalpython.py
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ def get_boolean_env(name, default=False):
 CI = get_boolean_env("CI")
 WIN32 = sys.platform == "win32"
 BUILD_NATIVE_IMAGE_WITH_ASSERTIONS = get_boolean_env('BUILD_WITH_ASSERTIONS', CI)
+BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER = get_boolean_env('BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER', False)
 
 if CI and not os.environ.get("GRAALPYTEST_FAIL_FAST"):
     os.environ["GRAALPYTEST_FAIL_FAST"] = "true"
@@ -386,6 +387,9 @@ def __str__(self):
 
     vm_args = ['-Dpolyglot.engine.WarnInterpreterOnly=false']
 
+    if BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER:
+        vm_args.append("-Dpython.EnableBytecodeDSLInterpreter=true")
+
     # Note: we must use filters instead of --regex so that mx correctly processes the unit test configs,
     # but it is OK to apply --regex on top of the filters
     graalpy_tests = ['com.oracle.graal.python.test', 'com.oracle.graal.python.pegparser.test', 'org.graalvm.python.embedding.utils.test']
@@ -481,8 +485,12 @@ def run_cpython_test(raw_args):
     for tag in test_tags or ():
         test_args += ['-k', tag]
 
+    vm_args = ['--vm.ea']
+    if BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER:
+        vm_args += ['--vm.Dpython.EnableBytecodeDSLInterpreter=true']
+
     python_args = [
-        '--vm.ea',
+        *vm_args,
         *rest_args,
         os.path.join(SUITE.dir, "graalpython/com.oracle.graal.python.test/src/tests/run_cpython_test.py"),
         *test_args,
@@ -880,6 +888,15 @@ def graalpy_standalone_home(standalone_type, enterprise=False, dev=False, build=
         import_managed_status = mx.run([launcher, "-c", "import sys; assert 'Oracle GraalVM' in sys.version"], nonZeroIsFatal=False, out=out, err=out)
         if enterprise != (import_managed_status == 0):
             mx.abort(f"GRAALPY_HOME is not compatible with requested distribution kind ({import_managed_status=}, {enterprise=}, {out=}).")
+
+        out = mx.OutputCapture()
+        mx.run([launcher, "-c", "print(__graalpython__.is_bytecode_dsl_interpreter)"], nonZeroIsFatal=False, out=out, err=out)
+        is_bytecode_dsl_interpreter = out.data.strip() == "True"
+        if is_bytecode_dsl_interpreter != BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER:
+            requested = "Bytecode DSL" if BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER else "Manual"
+            actual = "Bytecode DSL" if is_bytecode_dsl_interpreter else "Manual"
+            mx.abort(f"GRAALPY_HOME is not compatible with requested interpreter kind ({requested=}, {actual=})")
+
         return python_home
 
     env_file = 'ce-python'
@@ -906,13 +923,20 @@ def graalpy_standalone_home(standalone_type, enterprise=False, dev=False, build=
 
     if mx_gate.get_jacoco_agent_args() or (build and not DISABLE_REBUILD):
         dep_type = 'JAVA' if standalone_type == 'jvm' else 'NATIVE'
+        mx_build_args = mx_args
+        if BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER:
+            mx_build_args = mx_args + ["--extra-image-builder-argument=-Dpython.EnableBytecodeDSLInterpreter=true"]
+
         # Example of a string we're building here: PYTHON_JAVA_STANDALONE_SVM_SVMEE_JAVA21
-        mx.run_mx(mx_args + ["build", "--dep", f"PYTHON_{dep_type}_STANDALONE{svm_component}_JAVA{jdk_version.parts[0]}"])
+        mx.run_mx(mx_build_args + ["build", "--dep", f"PYTHON_{dep_type}_STANDALONE{svm_component}_JAVA{jdk_version.parts[0]}"])
 
     out = mx.OutputCapture()
+
+
     # note: 'quiet=True' is important otherwise if the outer MX runs verbose,
     # this might fail because of additional output
     mx.run_mx(mx_args + ["standalone-home", "--type", standalone_type, "python"], out=out, quiet=True)
+
     python_home = out.data.splitlines()[-1].strip()
     if dev and standalone_type == 'native':
         path = Path(python_home)
@@ -1101,8 +1125,13 @@ def graalpytest(args):
     if not DISABLE_REBUILD:
         mx.command_function("build")(["--only", "com.oracle.graal.python.test"])
 
-    testfiles = _list_graalpython_unittests(args.test)
     cmd_args = []
+    excludes = []
+
+    if BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER:
+        cmd_args += ["--vm.Dpython.EnableBytecodeDSLInterpreter=true"]
+
+    testfiles = _list_graalpython_unittests(args.test, exclude=excludes)
     # if we got a binary path it's most likely CPython, so don't add graalpython args
     if not args.python:
         cmd_args += ["--experimental-options=true", "--python.EnableDebuggingBuiltins"]
@@ -1111,7 +1140,7 @@ def graalpytest(args):
         mx.log(f"Executable seems to be GraalPy, prepending arguments: {gp_args}")
         cmd_args += gp_args
     # we assume that unknown args are polyglot arguments and just prepend them to the test driver
-    cmd_args += unknown_args + [_graalpytest_driver()]
+    cmd_args += unknown_args + [_graalpytest_driver(), "--report", "test_report.json"]
     if args.verbose:
         cmd_args += ["-v"]
     cmd_args += testfiles
@@ -1120,7 +1149,12 @@ def graalpytest(args):
     env = extend_os_env(PYTHONHASHSEED='0')
     delete_bad_env_keys(env)
     if args.python:
-        return mx.run([args.python] + cmd_args, nonZeroIsFatal=True, env=env)
+        try:
+            result = mx.run([args.python] + cmd_args, nonZeroIsFatal=True, env=env)
+            print(f"back from mx.run, returning {result}")
+            return result
+        except BaseException as e:
+            print(f"Exception raised: {e}")
     else:
         return full_python(cmd_args, env=env)
 
@@ -1157,7 +1191,8 @@ def is_included(path):
 
 
 def run_python_unittests(python_binary, args=None, paths=None, aot_compatible=False, exclude=None, env=None,
-                         use_pytest=False, cwd=None, lock=None, out=None, err=None, nonZeroIsFatal=True, timeout=None, report=False):
+                         use_pytest=False, cwd=None, lock=None, out=None, err=None, nonZeroIsFatal=True,
+                         timeout=None, report=False):
     if lock:
         lock.acquire()
     # ensure that the test distribution is up-to-date
@@ -1172,6 +1207,7 @@ def run_python_unittests(python_binary, args=None, paths=None, aot_compatible=Fa
         "--python.CatchAllExceptions=true",
         *args,
     ]
+
     exclude = exclude or []
     if env is None:
         env = os.environ.copy()
@@ -1187,6 +1223,9 @@ def run_python_unittests(python_binary, args=None, paths=None, aot_compatible=Fa
     else:
         exclude += AOT_ONLY_TESTS
 
+    if BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER:
+        args += ['--vm.Dpython.EnableBytecodeDSLInterpreter=true']
+
     # just to be able to verify, print C ext mode (also works for CPython)
     mx.run([python_binary,
             "-c",
@@ -1341,6 +1380,7 @@ def is_alive(self):
                 mx.warn(message)
 
 
+
 def run_tagged_unittests(python_binary, env=None, cwd=None, nonZeroIsFatal=True,
                          checkIfWithGraalPythonEE=False, report=False):
     python_path = os.path.join(_dev_pythonhome(), 'lib-python/3')
@@ -1353,12 +1393,13 @@ def run_tagged_unittests(python_binary, env=None, cwd=None, nonZeroIsFatal=True,
         ENABLE_CPYTHON_TAGGED_UNITTESTS="true",
     )
     print(f"with PYTHONPATH={python_path}")
+    args = ["-v"]
 
     if checkIfWithGraalPythonEE:
         mx.run([python_binary, "-c", "import sys; print(sys.version)"])
     run_python_unittests(
         python_binary,
-        args=["-v"],
+        args=args,
         paths=["test_tagged_unittests.py"],
         env=sub_env,
         cwd=cwd,
@@ -1437,28 +1478,31 @@ def graalpython_gate_runner(args, tasks):
         excluded_tests = []
 
     # JUnit tests
+    def do_junit():
+        if WIN32:
+            punittest(
+                [
+                    "--verbose",
+                    "--no-leak-tests",
+                    "--regex",
+                    r'((com\.oracle\.truffle\.tck\.tests)|(graal\.python\.test\.integration)|(graal\.python\.test\.(builtin|interop|util)))'
+                ],
+                report=True,
+            )
+        else:
+            punittest(['--verbose'], report=report())
+            # Run tests with static exclusion paths
+            jdk = mx.get_jdk()
+            prev = jdk.java_args_pfx
+            try:
+                jdk.java_args_pfx = (mx._opts.java_args or []) + ['-Dpython.WithoutPlatformAccess=true']
+                punittest(['--verbose', '--no-leak-tests', '--regex', 'com.oracle.graal.python.test.advanced.ExclusionsTest'])
+            finally:
+                jdk.java_args_pfx = prev
+
     with Task('GraalPython JUnit', tasks, tags=[GraalPythonTags.junit, GraalPythonTags.windows]) as task:
         if task:
-            if WIN32:
-                punittest(
-                    [
-                        "--verbose",
-                        "--no-leak-tests",
-                        "--regex",
-                        r'((com\.oracle\.truffle\.tck\.tests)|(graal\.python\.test\.integration)|(graal\.python\.test\.(builtin|interop|util)))'
-                    ],
-                    report=True
-                )
-            else:
-                punittest(['--verbose'], report=report())
-                # Run tests with static exclusion paths
-                jdk = mx.get_jdk()
-                prev = jdk.java_args_pfx
-                try:
-                    jdk.java_args_pfx = (mx._opts.java_args or []) + ['-Dpython.WithoutPlatformAccess=true']
-                    punittest(['--verbose', '--no-leak-tests', '--regex', 'com.oracle.graal.python.test.advanced.ExclusionsTest'])
-                finally:
-                    jdk.java_args_pfx = prev
+            do_junit()
 
     # JUnit tests with Maven
     with Task('GraalPython integration JUnit with Maven', tasks, tags=[GraalPythonTags.junit_maven]) as task:
@@ -1490,7 +1534,8 @@ def graalpython_gate_runner(args, tasks):
                 graalpy_standalone_jvm(),
                 exclude=excluded_tests,
                 nonZeroIsFatal=nonZeroIsFatal,
-                report=report()
+                report=report(),
+                env=extend_os_env(GRAALPYTEST_FAIL_FAST="False") if BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER else None
             )
 
     with Task('GraalPython Python unittests with CPython', tasks, tags=[GraalPythonTags.unittest_cpython]) as task:
@@ -2160,6 +2205,9 @@ def _python_checkpatchfiles():
     'LLVM.org toolchain': ('lib/llvm-toolchain', []),
 }
 
+def bytecode_dsl_build_args():
+  return ['-Dpython.EnableBytecodeDSLInterpreter=true'] if BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER else []
+
 mx_sdk.register_graalvm_component(mx_sdk.GraalVmLanguage(
     suite=SUITE,
     name='GraalVM Python',
@@ -2215,7 +2263,7 @@ def _python_checkpatchfiles():
                 '-H:-CopyLanguageResources',
                 '-Dpolyglot.python.PosixModuleBackend=native',
                 '-Dpolyglot.python.Sha3ModuleBackend=native',
-            ],
+            ] + bytecode_dsl_build_args(),
             language='python',
             default_vm_args=[
                 '--vm.Xss16777216', # request 16M of stack
@@ -2689,9 +2737,26 @@ def getBuildEnv(self, replaceVar=mx_subst.path_substitutions):
         return ret
 
 
+class GraalpythonFrozenModuleBuildTask(GraalpythonBuildTask):
+    def build(self):
+        # We freeze modules twice: once for the manual Bytecode interpreter and once for the DSL interpreter.
+        args = [mx_subst.path_substitutions.substitute(a, dependency=self) for a in self.subject.args]
+        return self.run(args, "manual bytecode") or self.run(args, "dsl", extra_vm_args=["-Dpython.EnableBytecodeDSLInterpreter=true"])
+
+    def run(self, args, interpreter_kind, extra_vm_args=None):
+        mx.log(f"Building frozen modules for {interpreter_kind} interpreter.")
+        return super().run(args, extra_vm_args=extra_vm_args)
+
+
+class GraalpythonFrozenProject(GraalpythonProject):
+    def getBuildTask(self, args):
+        return GraalpythonFrozenModuleBuildTask(args, self)
+
+
 orig_clean = mx.command_function("clean")
 def python_clean(args):
-    orig_clean(args)
+    if '--just-pyc' not in args:
+        orig_clean(args)
     count = 0
     for path in os.walk(SUITE.dir):
         for file in glob.iglob(os.path.join(path[0], '*.pyc')):
@@ -3059,7 +3124,7 @@ def graalpy_standalone_wrapper(args_in):
     'python-coverage': [python_coverage, ''],
     'punittest': [punittest, ''],
     'graalpytest': [graalpytest, '[-h] [-v] [--python PYTHON] [-k TEST_PATTERN] [TESTS]'],
-    'clean': [python_clean, ''],
+    'clean': [python_clean, '[--just-pyc]'],
     'python-update-hpy-import': [update_hpy_import_cmd, '[--no-pull] PATH_TO_HPY'],
     'bisect-benchmark': [mx_graalpython_bisect.bisect_benchmark, ''],
     'python-leak-test': [run_leak_launcher, ''],
diff --git a/mx.graalpython/mx_graalpython_benchmark.py b/mx.graalpython/mx_graalpython_benchmark.py
index 0495c1ce99..0f5766e15f 100644
--- a/mx.graalpython/mx_graalpython_benchmark.py
+++ b/mx.graalpython/mx_graalpython_benchmark.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 
 import mx
 import mx_benchmark
+import mx_graalpython
 from mx_benchmark import StdOutRule, java_vm_registry, Vm, GuestVm, VmBenchmarkSuite, AveragingBenchmarkMixin
 from mx_graalpython_bench_param import HARNESS_PATH
 
@@ -367,6 +368,9 @@ def run(self, cwd, args):
         _check_vm_args(self.name(), args)
         extra_polyglot_args = self.get_extra_polyglot_args()
 
+        if mx_graalpython.BYTECODE_DSL_INTERPRETER:
+            args.insert(0, "--vm.Dpython.EnableBytecodeDSLInterpreter=true")
+
         host_vm = self.host_vm()
         if hasattr(host_vm, 'run_lang'): # this is a full GraalVM build
             return self.run_in_graalvm(cwd, args, extra_polyglot_args, host_vm)
diff --git a/mx.graalpython/suite.py b/mx.graalpython/suite.py
index 3fd7dd701a..008d0d2fe8 100644
--- a/mx.graalpython/suite.py
+++ b/mx.graalpython/suite.py
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@
         "com.oracle.graal.python.frozen": {
             "subDir": "graalpython",
             "vpath": True,
-            "type": "GraalpythonProject",
+            "type": "GraalpythonFrozenProject",
             "args": [
                 "/freeze_modules.py",
                 "--python-lib",