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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<title>QWERTY vs Dvorak</title>
<!-- Load Francisco Hodge's `simple-keyboard` -->
<link
rel="stylesheet"
href="./libraries/hodgef-simple-keyboard/index.css"
/>
<script src="./libraries/hodgef-simple-keyboard/index.js"></script>
<!-- Load Highcharts for drawing -->
<script src="./libraries/highcharts/highcharts.js"></script>
<!-- Load smartquotes converter -->
<script async defer src="./libraries/smartquotes/smartquotes.js"></script>
<style>
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans&display=swap');
@import url(./static/fonts/Concrete/cmun-concrete.css);
@import url(./static/fonts/Typewriter/cmun-typewriter.css);
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles/style.css" />
</head>
<body>
<div id="main-wrapper">
<main>
<div id="landing">
<hgroup id="title">
<h1>Dvorak's keyboard</h1>
<h2>
Absurd or efficient? A visual comparison between the
<span class="highlight-qwerty">QWERTY</span> and
<span class="highlight-dvorak">Dvorak</span>
keyboard layouts
</h2>
</hgroup>
<form action="" id="text-input">
<aside>
<p class="note">
<a
target="_blank"
href="https://github.com/parkeraddison/dvorak-viz#what-should-i-type"
>I don't know what to type</a
>
</p>
</aside>
<textarea
id="input"
name="input"
type="text"
placeholder="Type a sentence to compare efficiency..."
></textarea>
</form>
</div>
<section id="keyboards">
<a id="typerace"></a>
<div class="keyboard-container">
<div id="qwerty-written">
<p id="text">my layout is <u>QWERTY</u></p>
</div>
<div class="simple-keyboard qwerty-keyboard"></div>
</div>
<aside class="qwerty-hidden">
<p>QWERTY</p>
<p>
Time:
<span id="qwerty-time" class="highlight-qwerty"
>...</span
>
</p>
<p>
Travel Distance:
<span id="qwerty-distance" class="highlight-qwerty"
>...</span
>
</p>
<p class="note">
<a
target="_blank"
href="https://github.com/parkeraddison/dvorak-viz#how-was-typing-speed-calibrated"
>
How was <dfn>typing speed</dfn> calibrated?
</a>
</p>
</aside>
<div class="keyboard-container">
<div id="dvorak-written">
<p id="text">i'm the <u>Dvorak</u> layout</p>
</div>
<div class="simple-keyboard dvorak-keyboard"></div>
</div>
<aside class="dvorak-hidden">
<p>
Dvorak
</p>
<p>
Time:
<span id="dvorak-time" class="highlight-dvorak"
>...</span
>
</p>
<p>
Travel Distance:
<span id="dvorak-distance" class="highlight-dvorak"
>...</span
>
</p>
</aside>
<article class="qwerty-hidden" id="explanation">
<p>
The QWERTY keyboard was designed for the first
commercial typewriter. The layout originally
positioned common pairs of letters far apart so that
their mechanical levers wouldn't jam.<!--<sup id="fnref-1"><a href="#fn-1">1</a></sup>-->
<!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY#History -->
</p>
</article>
</section>
<section id="travel-distance">
<aside>
<p class="qwerty-hidden">
In the passage above, your fingers would have
travelled
<span
id="distance-percent"
class="highlight-dvorak"
></span>
if you were using a Dvorak keyboard.
</p>
<p class="note">
<a
target="_blank"
href="https://github.com/parkeraddison/dvorak-viz#how-was-travel-distance-computed"
>
How was <dfn>travel distance</dfn> computed?
</a>
</p>
</aside>
<figure>
<!-- Line chart - # characters typed versus Finger distance -->
<div id="distance-chart"></div>
</figure>
</section>
<section id="row-usage">
<article>
<p>
The Dvorak keyboard was designed over the course of
more than a decade of research on language and
typing habits. It endeavors to place common keys in
easy-to-reach positions to maximize speed and
comfort.
</p>
<p>
Common letters should be placed on the home row and
rare letters on the bottom row. This makes typing
easier, quicker, and less awkward.
</p>
</article>
<aside>
<p>
The <b>bigger</b> the <b>home</b> row percentage,
the better.
</p>
<p>
The <b>smaller</b> the <b>bottom</b> row percentage,
the better.
</p>
</aside>
<figure>
<div id="row-chart"></div>
</figure>
</section>
<section id="hand-alternating">
<article>
<p>
It's also important that a keyboard forces you to
alternate hands. This allows each hand to prepare
for the next keystroke, and lessens the strain on an
individual hand.
</p>
</article>
<aside>
<p>
Tip-tap — alternating keystrokes are also
desirable when typing with your thumbs on a phone!
</p>
<p>
Even so, iOS doesn't support the Dvorak layout.
</p>
</aside>
<figure>
<div id="hand-chart"></div>
<!-- Bar chart - percentage of consecutive keystrokes that
alternated hands -->
</figure>
</section>
<section id="passage-proportion">
<article>
<p>
So why does no one use the Dvorak layout? Precisely
<em>because</em> no one uses the Dvorak layout.
</p>
<p>
In the following excerpt from Jared Diamond's
<a
href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/the-curse-of-qwerty"
>"The Curse of QWERTY"</a
>, the proportion of
<span class="highlight-dvorak"
>salmon colored characters</span
>
roughly matches the estimated proportion of Dvorak
users in English-speaking countries.
</p>
</article>
<div id="dvorak-users">
<blockquote id="passage">
<div id="passage-written"></div>
<div id="passage-invisible">
Dvorak typists began to sweep typing speed
contests two years later, and they have held
most typing records ever since. A large-scale
comparative test of several thousand children,
carried out in the Tacoma schools in the 1930s,
showed that children learned Dvorak typing in
one- third the time required to attain the same
standard with QWERTY typing. When the U.S. Navy
faced a shortage of trained typists in World War
II, it experimented with retraining QWERTY
typists to use Dvorak. The retraining quickly
enabled the Navy’s test typists to increase
their typing accuracy by 68 percent and their
speed by 74 percent. Faced with these convincing
results, the Navy ordered thousands of Dvorak
typewriters.<br /><br />
They never got them. The Treasury Department
vetoed the Navy purchase order, probably for the
same reason that has blocked acceptance of all
improved, non-QWERTY keyboards for the last 80
years: the commitment to QWERTY of tens of
millions of typists, teachers, salespeople,
office managers, and manufacturers. Even when
daisy wheels and computer printers replaced type
bars, forever banishing the jamming problem that
had originally motivated QWERTY, manufacturers
of the efficient new technologies carried on the
inefficient old keyboard. August Dvorak died in
1975, a bitter man: I’m tired of trying to do
something worthwhile for the human race, he
complained. They simply don’t want to change!
</div>
</blockquote>
<aside class="hidden after">
<p>
Indeed, Dvorak's layout never got the necessary
momentum to replace the status quo.
</p>
<p>
By now, less than
<span class="highlight-dvorak">0.1%</span> of
the U.S. population is estimated to use the
Dvorak layout.
</p>
</aside>
</div>
</section>
<section id="conclusion">
<article>
<p>
Studies have shown that despite the claimed
superiority of the Dvorak layout,
<a href="https://daily.jstor.org/the-qwerty-truth/"
>economic momentum</a
>
largely prevented the switch from happening.
Economics classes frequently use the Dvorak layout
as an argument that free markets do not always
settle on the 'best' option.
</p>
<p>
Although, the choice to stick with QWERTY certainly
seems more convenient.
</p>
<p>
RIP Dvorak. Perhaps one day the human race will deem
it worthwhile to change how we lay out our
keyboards... though that could very well be the day
we stop using keyboards entirely.
</p>
<br class="extra-space" />
<aside class="after">
<p>
<em>Did you know?</em>
</p>
<p>
I could have saved at least
<span
id="time-savings-coder"
class="highlight-qwerty"
>8 minutes</span
>
of my life if I had written all this source code
with a Dvorak keyboard.
</p>
<p>
And <em>you</em> could have saved at least
<span
id="time-savings-user"
class="highlight-qwerty"
>NaN</span
>...
</p>
<p>Is it worth it?</p>
</aside>
</article>
</section>
<footer>
<p>
<a href="https://parkeraddison.com">
<img
src="./static/images/parker-headshot-small.jpg"
alt=""
/>
Made by Parker</a
>,
<a href="https://github.com/parkeraddison/dvorak-viz"
><code></></code> on GitHub</a
>
</p>
</footer>
</main>
</div>
<script src="scripts/keyboard.js"></script>
<script src="scripts/layouts.js"></script>
<script src="scripts/simulate.js"></script>
<script src="scripts/drawing.js"></script>
<script src="scripts/main.js"></script>
</body>
</html>