diff --git a/api/ecosystem.config.js b/api/ecosystem.config.js
index e8e6801..77a2788 100644
--- a/api/ecosystem.config.js
+++ b/api/ecosystem.config.js
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires */
 module.exports = [
   {
     name: 'app',
     script: 'main.js',
     exec_mode: 'cluster',
-    instances: 'max',
+    instances: Math.max(require('os').cpus().length - 1, 1), // CPU 코어 수에서 1를 뺀 값
   },
 ];
diff --git a/api/libs/auth/src/services/auth.service.ts b/api/libs/auth/src/services/auth.service.ts
index 9f41739..82874d5 100644
--- a/api/libs/auth/src/services/auth.service.ts
+++ b/api/libs/auth/src/services/auth.service.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import { UserInfo } from '../types/user-info.type';
 import { LoginSessionDto } from '../dto/token.dto';
 import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';
 import { Logable } from '@app/common/log/log.decorator';
-import { MongoTransactional } from '@app/common/transaction/mongo-transaction.service';
 
 @Injectable()
 export class AuthService {
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ export class AuthService {
   ) {}
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async register(createUserDto: CreateUserDto): Promise<LoginSessionDto> {
     const user = await this.userService.create(createUserDto);
     return await this.login(user);
@@ -39,7 +37,6 @@ export class AuthService {
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional({ readOnly: true })
   async findBySessionToken(sessionToken: string) {
     const ret = await this.authRepository.findBySessionToken(sessionToken);
     if (!ret) {
@@ -49,7 +46,6 @@ export class AuthService {
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async login(user: User): Promise<LoginSessionDto> {
     const session_token = uuidv4();
     await this.authRepository.create({
@@ -63,7 +59,6 @@ export class AuthService {
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async OAuthLoginByEmail(userInfo: UserInfo): Promise<OAuthLoginSessionDto> {
     const { email, username } = userInfo;
     const user = await this.userService.findByEmail(email);
@@ -111,7 +106,6 @@ export class AuthService {
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async logout(sessionToken: string) {
     await this.authRepository.deleteBySessionToken(sessionToken);
   }
diff --git a/api/libs/common/src/crud.service.ts b/api/libs/common/src/crud.service.ts
index d20bb51..00d2613 100644
--- a/api/libs/common/src/crud.service.ts
+++ b/api/libs/common/src/crud.service.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import { NotFoundException } from '@nestjs/common';
 import { ICrudRepository } from './crud.repository';
-import { MongoTransactional } from './transaction/mongo-transaction.service';
 
 export class CrudService<Entity, CreateDto, UpdateDto, FilterDto> {
   private repository: ICrudRepository<Entity, CreateDto, UpdateDto, FilterDto>;
@@ -10,17 +9,14 @@ export class CrudService<Entity, CreateDto, UpdateDto, FilterDto> {
     this.repository = repository;
   }
 
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async create(createDto: CreateDto): Promise<Entity> {
     return await this.repository.create(createDto);
   }
 
-  @MongoTransactional({ readOnly: true })
   async findAll(filterDto: FilterDto): Promise<Entity[]> {
     return await this.repository.findAll(filterDto);
   }
 
-  @MongoTransactional({ readOnly: true })
   async findOne(id: string): Promise<Entity> {
     const ret = await this.repository.findOne(id);
     if (!ret) {
@@ -29,7 +25,6 @@ export class CrudService<Entity, CreateDto, UpdateDto, FilterDto> {
     return ret;
   }
 
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async update(id: string, updateDto: UpdateDto): Promise<Entity> {
     const ret = await this.repository.update(id, updateDto);
     if (!ret) {
@@ -38,7 +33,6 @@ export class CrudService<Entity, CreateDto, UpdateDto, FilterDto> {
     return ret;
   }
 
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async deleteOne(id: string): Promise<void> {
     const ret = await this.repository.deleteOne(id);
     if (!ret) {
diff --git a/api/libs/common/src/log/log.decorator.ts b/api/libs/common/src/log/log.decorator.ts
index 1606790..a64a106 100644
--- a/api/libs/common/src/log/log.decorator.ts
+++ b/api/libs/common/src/log/log.decorator.ts
@@ -21,14 +21,16 @@ export class LogDecorator implements LazyDecorator<any, any> {
         const t = Date.now();
         const ret = await method(...args);
         console.log(
-          `[${reqId}] ${instance.constructor.name}.${methodName} executed in ${
-            Date.now() - t
-          }ms`,
+          `[${reqId}] [${new Date().toISOString()}] ${
+            instance.constructor.name
+          }.${methodName} executed in ${Date.now() - t}ms`,
         );
         return ret;
       } catch (e) {
         console.error(
-          `[${reqId}] ${instance.constructor.name}.${methodName} error: ${e}`,
+          `[${reqId}] [${new Date().toISOString()}] ${
+            instance.constructor.name
+          }.${methodName} error: ${e}`,
         );
         throw e;
       }
diff --git a/api/libs/ingredient/src/services/user-ingredient.service.ts b/api/libs/ingredient/src/services/user-ingredient.service.ts
index 370055a..80472d5 100644
--- a/api/libs/ingredient/src/services/user-ingredient.service.ts
+++ b/api/libs/ingredient/src/services/user-ingredient.service.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import {
 } from '../dto/modify-ingredient.dto';
 import { UserIngredient } from '../entities/user-ingredient.entity';
 import { UserIngredientRepository } from '../repositories/user-ingredient.repository';
-import { MongoTransactional } from '@app/common/transaction/mongo-transaction.service';
 
 interface ImageProcessService {
   getBarcodeInfoFromUrl(
@@ -57,28 +56,24 @@ export class UserIngredientService implements OnModuleInit {
     return ret;
   }
 
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async create(
     createUserIngredientDto: CreateUserIngredientDto,
   ): Promise<UserIngredient> {
     return await this.userIngredientRepository.create(createUserIngredientDto);
   }
 
-  @MongoTransactional({ readOnly: true })
   async findAll(
     filterUserIngredientDto: FilterUserIngredientDto,
   ): Promise<UserIngredient[]> {
     return await this.userIngredientRepository.findAll(filterUserIngredientDto);
   }
 
-  @MongoTransactional({ readOnly: true })
   async findOne(id: string): Promise<UserIngredient> {
     const ret = await this.userIngredientRepository.findOne(id);
     if (!ret) throw new NotFoundException('UserIngredient not found');
     return ret;
   }
 
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async update(
     id: string,
     updateUserIngredientDto: UpdateUserIngredientDto,
@@ -91,14 +86,12 @@ export class UserIngredientService implements OnModuleInit {
     return ret;
   }
 
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async deleteOne(id: string): Promise<UserIngredient> {
     const ret = await this.userIngredientRepository.deleteOne(id);
     if (!ret) throw new NotFoundException('UserIngredient not found');
     return ret;
   }
 
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async deleteAll(
     filterUserIngredientDto: FilterUserIngredientDto,
   ): Promise<any> {
diff --git a/api/libs/recipe/src/services/recipe.service.ts b/api/libs/recipe/src/services/recipe.service.ts
index 231ffdd..c312328 100644
--- a/api/libs/recipe/src/services/recipe.service.ts
+++ b/api/libs/recipe/src/services/recipe.service.ts
@@ -18,10 +18,9 @@ import {
 import { Recipe } from '../entities/recipe.entity';
 import { RecipeRepository } from '../repositories/recipe.repository';
 import { RecipeViewerIdentifier } from '../dto/recipe-view-log/recipe-viewer-identifier';
-import { MemoryCacheable } from '@app/common/cache/memory-cache.service';
 import { Logable } from '@app/common/log/log.decorator';
 import { RecipeViewLogRepository } from '../repositories/recipe-view-log.repository';
-import { MongoTransactional } from '@app/common/transaction/mongo-transaction.service';
+import { Cacheable } from '@app/common/cache/cache.service';
 
 @Injectable()
 export class RecipeService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
@@ -31,13 +30,11 @@ export class RecipeService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
   ) {}
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async create(createRecipeDto: CreateRecipeDto): Promise<Recipe> {
     return await this.recipeRepository.create(createRecipeDto);
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional({ readOnly: true })
   async findAll(filterRecipeDto: FilterRecipeDto): Promise<RecipesResponseDto> {
     const { page, limit } = filterRecipeDto;
     const results = await this.recipeRepository.findAll(filterRecipeDto);
@@ -45,7 +42,6 @@ export class RecipeService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional({ readOnly: true })
   async findAllByFullTextSearch(
     textSearchRecipeDto: TextSearchRecipeDto,
   ): Promise<RecipesResponseDto> {
@@ -66,7 +62,6 @@ export class RecipeService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async findOne(
     id: string,
     identifier: RecipeViewerIdentifier,
@@ -82,14 +77,12 @@ export class RecipeService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional({ readOnly: true })
   async findTopViewed(): Promise<RecipeListViewResponseDto[]> {
     return await this.recipeViewLogRepository.findAll5MostViewedRecipesInPast1Month();
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional()
-  @MemoryCacheable({
+  @Cacheable({
     ttl: 60 * 60 * 1000,
     keyGenerator: (id: string, identifier: RecipeViewerIdentifier) =>
       identifier.user
@@ -118,7 +111,6 @@ export class RecipeService implements OnApplicationBootstrap {
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async update(id: string, updateRecipeDto: UpdateRecipeDto): Promise<Recipe> {
     const ret = await this.recipeRepository.update(id, updateRecipeDto);
     if (!ret) throw new NotFoundException('Recipe not found');
diff --git a/api/libs/user/src/services/user.service.ts b/api/libs/user/src/services/user.service.ts
index a9ddd0a..9de66fc 100644
--- a/api/libs/user/src/services/user.service.ts
+++ b/api/libs/user/src/services/user.service.ts
@@ -8,14 +8,12 @@ import { FilterUserDto } from '../dto/filter-user.dto';
 import { User } from '../entities/user.entity';
 import { UserRepository } from '../repositories/user.repository';
 import { Logable } from '@app/common/log/log.decorator';
-import { MongoTransactional } from '@app/common/transaction/mongo-transaction.service';
 
 @Injectable()
 export class UserService {
   constructor(private readonly userRepository: UserRepository) {}
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async create(createUserDto: CreateUserDto): Promise<User> {
     const { email, username } = createUserDto;
     const [dupEmail, dupUsername] = await Promise.all([
@@ -29,13 +27,11 @@ export class UserService {
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional({ readOnly: true })
   async findAll(filterDto: any): Promise<User[]> {
     return await this.userRepository.findAll(filterDto);
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional({ readOnly: true })
   async findOne(id: string): Promise<User> {
     const ret = await this.userRepository.findOne(id);
     if (!ret) {
@@ -45,13 +41,11 @@ export class UserService {
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional({ readOnly: true })
   async findByEmail(email: string): Promise<User> {
     return await this.userRepository.findByEmail(email);
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async update(id: string, updateDto: UpdateUserDto): Promise<User> {
     const { username } = updateDto;
     const dupUsername = await this.userRepository.findByUsername(username);
@@ -66,7 +60,6 @@ export class UserService {
   }
 
   @Logable()
-  @MongoTransactional()
   async deleteOne(id: string): Promise<User> {
     const ret = await this.userRepository.deleteOne(id);
     if (!ret) {