From 0227d137d2315223b3686bf3ef1a0aabd58ce8b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Jan 2024 09:57:41 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 01/39] function

---
 src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
index eb5a447d8d..192c503434 100644
--- a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
+++ b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 from itertools import permutations
 from math import factorial
 from re import finditer
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Optional, Union
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 from qibo.config import PRECISION_TOL, raise_error
 
 
-def hamming_weight(bitstring, return_indexes: bool = False):
+def hamming_weight(
+    bitstring: Union[int, list, tuple, np.ndarray], return_indexes: bool = False
+):
     """Calculates the Hamming weight of a bitstring.
 
     Args:
@@ -31,6 +33,13 @@ def hamming_weight(bitstring, return_indexes: bool = False):
             f"return_indexes must be type bool, but it is type {type(return_indexes)}",
         )
 
+    if not isinstance(bitstring, (int, list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
+        raise_error(
+            TypeError,
+            "bitstring must be either type int, list, tuple, or numpy.ndarray. "
+            f"However, it is type {type(bitstring)}.",
+        )
+
     if isinstance(bitstring, int):
         bitstring = f"{bitstring:b}"
     elif isinstance(bitstring, (list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
@@ -44,6 +53,39 @@ def hamming_weight(bitstring, return_indexes: bool = False):
     return len(indexes)
 
 
+def hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2, return_indexes: bool = False):
+    if not isinstance(return_indexes, bool):
+        raise_error(
+            TypeError,
+            f"return_indexes must be type bool, but it is type {type(return_indexes)}",
+        )
+
+    if not isinstance(bitstring_1, (int, list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
+        raise_error(
+            TypeError,
+            "bitstring_1 must be either type int, list, tuple, or numpy.ndarray. "
+            f"However, it is type {type(bitstring_1)}.",
+        )
+
+    if not isinstance(bitstring_2, (int, list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
+        raise_error(
+            TypeError,
+            "bitstring_2 must be either type int, list, tuple, or numpy.ndarray. "
+            f"However, it is type {type(bitstring_2)}.",
+        )
+
+    if isinstance(bitstring_1, int):
+        bitstring_1 = f"{bitstring_1:b}"
+
+    if isinstance(bitstring_2, int):
+        bitstring_2 = f"{bitstring_2:b}"
+
+    bitstring_1 = np.array(list(bitstring_1), dtype=int)
+    bitstring_2 = np.array(list(bitstring_2), dtype=int)
+
+    return hamming_weight(bitstring_1 - bitstring_2, return_indexes=return_indexes)
+
+
 def hadamard_transform(array, implementation: str = "fast", backend=None):
     """Calculates the (fast) Hadamard Transform :math:`\\text{HT}` of a
     :math:`2^{n}`-dimensional vector or :math:`2^{n} \\times 2^{n}` matrix :math:`A`,

From eb4721de8a658102b37ad1b76a9ccdb93810e26f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Jan 2024 10:04:36 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 02/39] docstring

---
 src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py | 15 +++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
index 192c503434..88b7597dc6 100644
--- a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
+++ b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 
 def hamming_weight(
-    bitstring: Union[int, list, tuple, np.ndarray], return_indexes: bool = False
+    bitstring: Union[int, str, list, tuple, np.ndarray], return_indexes: bool = False
 ):
     """Calculates the Hamming weight of a bitstring.
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def hamming_weight(
             f"return_indexes must be type bool, but it is type {type(return_indexes)}",
         )
 
-    if not isinstance(bitstring, (int, list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
+    if not isinstance(bitstring, (int, str, list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
         raise_error(
             TypeError,
             "bitstring must be either type int, list, tuple, or numpy.ndarray. "
@@ -54,6 +54,17 @@ def hamming_weight(
 
 
 def hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2, return_indexes: bool = False):
+    """Calculates the Hamming distance ``bitstring_1 - bitstring_2``.
+
+    Args:
+        bitstring_1 (int or str or list or tuple or ndarray): fisrt bistring.
+        bitstring_2 (int or str or list or tuple or ndarray): second bitstring.
+        return_indexes (bool, optional): If ``True``, returns the indexes of the
+            non-zero elements. Defaults to ``False``.
+
+    Returns:
+        int or list: Hamming distance or list of indexes of non-zero elements.
+    """
     if not isinstance(return_indexes, bool):
         raise_error(
             TypeError,

From 235163ded460bf71a116996985c713c2048195bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Jan 2024 10:06:36 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 03/39] api reference

---
 doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst | 6 ++++++
 src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py    | 4 +++-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
index bbeeda603c..0cffe7c9cd 100644
--- a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
+++ b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
@@ -2022,6 +2022,12 @@ Hamming weight
 .. autofunction:: qibo.quantum_info.hamming_weight
 
 
+Hamming distance
+""""""""""""""""
+
+.. autofunction:: qibo.quantum_info.hamming_distance
+
+
 Hadamard Transform
 """"""""""""""""""
 
diff --git a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
index 88b7597dc6..5441739976 100644
--- a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
+++ b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
@@ -54,7 +54,9 @@ def hamming_weight(
 
 
 def hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2, return_indexes: bool = False):
-    """Calculates the Hamming distance ``bitstring_1 - bitstring_2``.
+    """Calculates the Hamming distance between two bistrings.
+
+    This is done by calculating the Hamming weight of ``bitstring_1 - bitstring_2``.
 
     Args:
         bitstring_1 (int or str or list or tuple or ndarray): fisrt bistring.

From ef7c5d6c1e2d30a52755a2bc4266f565be68e55a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Jan 2024 12:22:53 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 04/39] typing

---
 src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
index 5441739976..f744d07ca5 100644
--- a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
+++ b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
@@ -53,7 +53,11 @@ def hamming_weight(
     return len(indexes)
 
 
-def hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2, return_indexes: bool = False):
+def hamming_distance(
+    bitstring_1: Union[int, str, list, tuple, np.ndarray],
+    bitstring_2: Union[int, str, list, tuple, np.ndarray],
+    return_indexes: bool = False,
+):
     """Calculates the Hamming distance between two bistrings.
 
     This is done by calculating the Hamming weight of ``bitstring_1 - bitstring_2``.
@@ -73,14 +77,14 @@ def hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2, return_indexes: bool = False):
             f"return_indexes must be type bool, but it is type {type(return_indexes)}",
         )
 
-    if not isinstance(bitstring_1, (int, list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
+    if not isinstance(bitstring_1, (int, str, list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
         raise_error(
             TypeError,
             "bitstring_1 must be either type int, list, tuple, or numpy.ndarray. "
             f"However, it is type {type(bitstring_1)}.",
         )
 
-    if not isinstance(bitstring_2, (int, list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
+    if not isinstance(bitstring_2, (int, str, list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
         raise_error(
             TypeError,
             "bitstring_2 must be either type int, list, tuple, or numpy.ndarray. "

From a80d7e4e016aa4eb1bf8699fe732141a4f2b298c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Jan 2024 12:22:59 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 05/39] tests

---
 tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py b/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
index f873078bb4..9d2f45097f 100644
--- a/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 from qibo.quantum_info.utils import (
     haar_integral,
     hadamard_transform,
+    hamming_distance,
     hamming_weight,
     hellinger_distance,
     hellinger_fidelity,
@@ -33,6 +34,8 @@
 def test_hamming_weight(bitstring, kind):
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
         test = hamming_weight("0101", return_indexes="True")
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        test = hamming_weight(2.3)
 
     bitstring = f"{bitstring:b}"
     weight_test = len(bitstring.replace("0", ""))
@@ -45,6 +48,32 @@ def test_hamming_weight(bitstring, kind):
     assert indexes == indexes_test
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bitstring", range(2**5))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "kind",
+    [
+        str,
+        list,
+        tuple,
+        lambda b: np.array(list(b)),
+        lambda b: int(b, 2),
+        lambda b: list(map(int, b)),
+    ],
+)
+def test_hamming_distance(bitstring, kind):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        test = hamming_distance("0101", "1010", return_indexes="True")
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        test = hamming_distance(2.3, "1010")
+
+    bitstring = f"{bitstring:b}"
+    distance = hamming_distance(kind(bitstring), kind(bitstring))
+    indexes = hamming_distance(kind(bitstring), kind(bitstring), True)
+
+    assert distance == 0
+    assert indexes == []
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("is_matrix", [False, True])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("implementation", ["fast", "regular"])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("nqubits", [3, 4, 5])

From 627eab75ed212b85c19374bb80a9fa839398f305 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Jan 2024 12:37:25 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 06/39] improved docstrings

---
 src/qibo/noise.py | 21 ++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/noise.py b/src/qibo/noise.py
index e7ed76909e..9cbbee25f6 100644
--- a/src/qibo/noise.py
+++ b/src/qibo/noise.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import collections
 from itertools import combinations
 from math import log2
+from typing import Optional, Union
 
 from qibo import gates
 from qibo.config import raise_error
@@ -211,7 +212,13 @@ def __init__(self):
         self.errors = collections.defaultdict(list)
         self.noise_model = {}
 
-    def add(self, error, gate=None, qubits=None, condition=None):
+    def add(
+        self,
+        error,
+        gate: Optional[gates.Gate] = None,
+        qubits: Optional[Union[int, tuple]] = None,
+        condition=None,
+    ):
         """Add a quantum error for a specific gate and qubit to the noise model.
 
         Args:
@@ -224,13 +231,14 @@ def add(self, error, gate=None, qubits=None, condition=None):
                 :class:`qibo.noise.ReadoutError`,
                 :class:`qibo.noise.ResetError`,
                 :class:`qibo.noise.UnitaryError`,
-                :class:`qibo.noise.KrausError` and
+                :class:`qibo.noise.KrausError`, and
                 :class:`qibo.noise.CustomError`.
-            gate (:class:`qibo.gates.Gate`): gate after which the noise will be added.
+            gate (:class:`qibo.gates.Gate`, optional): gate after which the noise will be added.
                 If ``None``, the noise will be added after each gate except
                 :class:`qibo.gates.Channel` and :class:`qibo.gates.M`.
-            qubits (tuple): qubits where the noise will be applied. If ``None``,
+            qubits (int or tuple, optional): qubits where the noise will be applied. If ``None``,
                 the noise will be added after every instance of the gate.
+                Defaults to ``None``.
             condition (callable, optional): function that takes :class:`qibo.gates.Gate`
                 object as an input and returns ``True`` if noise should be added to it.
 
@@ -306,9 +314,8 @@ def apply(self, circuit):
             circuit (:class:`qibo.models.circuit.Circuit`): quantum circuit
 
         Returns:
-            A (:class:`qibo.models.circuit.Circuit`) which corresponds
-            to the initial circuit with noise gates added according
-            to the noise model.
+            (:class:`qibo.models.circuit.Circuit`): initial circuit with noise gates
+                added according to the noise model.
         """
 
         if isinstance(self.noise_model, CompositeNoiseModel):

From aee0746ae15c3620f709f6b22e0f8a645265e0ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Jan 2024 12:47:28 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 07/39] fix coverage

---
 tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py b/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
index 9d2f45097f..57fb10c4fd 100644
--- a/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ def test_hamming_distance(bitstring, kind):
         test = hamming_distance("0101", "1010", return_indexes="True")
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
         test = hamming_distance(2.3, "1010")
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        test = hamming_distance("1010", 2.3)
 
     bitstring = f"{bitstring:b}"
     distance = hamming_distance(kind(bitstring), kind(bitstring))

From d4f85a450879709c6383b8b95d5815d9fdc29ce7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 22:18:02 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 08/39] Bump pillow from 10.1.0 to 10.2.0

Bumps [pillow](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow) from 10.1.0 to 10.2.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/main/CHANGES.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/compare/10.1.0...10.2.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: pillow
  dependency-type: indirect
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 poetry.lock | 129 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index dff7472a94..d9f70f1364 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -2826,70 +2826,88 @@ ptyprocess = ">=0.5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pillow"
-version = "10.1.0"
+version = "10.2.0"
 description = "Python Imaging Library (Fork)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 [package.extras]
 docs = ["furo", "olefile", "sphinx (>=2.4)", "sphinx-copybutton", "sphinx-inline-tabs", "sphinx-removed-in", "sphinxext-opengraph"]
+fpx = ["olefile"]
+mic = ["olefile"]
 tests = ["check-manifest", "coverage", "defusedxml", "markdown2", "olefile", "packaging", "pyroma", "pytest", "pytest-cov", "pytest-timeout"]
+typing = ["typing-extensions"]
+xmp = ["defusedxml"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "platformdirs"
@@ -3530,6 +3548,7 @@ files = [
     {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1-cp311-cp311-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:bf07ee2fef7014951eeb99f56f39c9bb4af143d8aa3c21b1677805985307da34"},
     {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:855fb52b0dc35af121542a76b9a84f8d1cd886ea97c84703eaa6d88e37a2ad28"},
     {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1-cp312-cp312-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:40df9b996c2b73138957fe23a16a4f0ba614f4c0efce1e9406a184b6d07fa3a9"},
+    {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1-cp312-cp312-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:a08c6f0fe150303c1c6b71ebcd7213c2858041a7e01975da3a99aed1e7a378ef"},
     {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1-cp312-cp312-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:6c22bec3fbe2524cde73d7ada88f6566758a8f7227bfbf93a408a9d86bcc12a0"},
     {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1-cp312-cp312-musllinux_1_1_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:8d4e9c88387b0f5c7d5f281e55304de64cf7f9c0021a3525bd3b1c542da3b0e4"},
     {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1-cp312-cp312-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:d483d2cdf104e7c9fa60c544d92981f12ad66a457afae824d146093b8c294c54"},

From 617fc7a6762f2bb98de3efa45d46a67b05bf3185 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 15:06:06 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 09/39] another fix

---
 doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
index bbeeda603c..3ee49b39a9 100644
--- a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
+++ b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ U1q
 
     - Pauli-:math:`Z` rotation: :class:`qibo.gates.RZ`
     - Arbitrary :math:`ZZ` rotation: :class:`qibo.gates.RZZ`
-    - Fully-entangling :math:`ZZ`-interaction: :math:`R_{ZZ}(\\pi/2)`
+    - Fully-entangling :math:`ZZ`-interaction: :math:`R_{ZZ}(\pi/2)`
 
 
 _______________________

From d92d4aaf061bd3bd54f35c148028dc5bdb35991f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 17:42:56 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 10/39] another minor fix

---
 src/qibo/quantum_info/metrics.py | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/quantum_info/metrics.py b/src/qibo/quantum_info/metrics.py
index 4d2632fcaa..eb29f1b486 100644
--- a/src/qibo/quantum_info/metrics.py
+++ b/src/qibo/quantum_info/metrics.py
@@ -1176,14 +1176,15 @@ def frame_potential(
 
     .. math::
         \\mathcal{F}_{\\mathcal{U}}^{(t)} = \\int_{U,V \\in \\mathcal{U}} \\,
-            \\text{d}U \\, \\text{d}V \\, \\text{abs}\\bigl[\\text{tr}(U^{\\dagger} \\, V)\\bigr]^{2t} \\, ,
+            \\text{d}U \\, \\text{d}V \\, \\bigl| \\, \\text{tr}(U^{\\dagger} \\, V)
+            \\, \\bigr|^{2t} \\, ,
 
     where :math:`\\mathcal{U}` is the group of unitaries defined by the parametrized circuit.
     The frame potential is approximated by the average
 
     .. math::
         \\mathcal{F}_{\\mathcal{U}}^{(t)} \\approx \\frac{1}{N} \\,
-            \\sum_{k=1}^{N} \\, \\text{abs}\\bigl[ \\text{tr}(U_{k}^{\\dagger} \\, V_{k})\\bigr]^{2t} \\, ,
+            \\sum_{k=1}^{N} \\, \\bigl| \\, \\text{tr}(U_{k}^{\\dagger} \\, V_{k}) \\, \\bigr|^{2t} \\, ,
 
     where :math:`N` is the number of ``samples``.
 

From 567541dcef96ea2da663464eaa0136d33bf8925d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 12:03:55 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 11/39] basis encoding

---
 src/qibo/models/encodings.py | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/qibo/models/encodings.py b/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
index 3bcad17607..39b11240e7 100644
--- a/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
+++ b/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """Module with functions that encode classical data into quantum circuits."""
 
 import math
+from typing import Optional, Union
 
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.stats import rv_continuous
@@ -10,6 +11,54 @@
 from qibo.models.circuit import Circuit
 
 
+def comp_basis_encoder(
+    basis_element: Union[int, str, list, tuple], nqubits: Optional[int] = None
+):
+    if not isinstance(basis_element, (int, str, list, tuple)):
+        raise_error(
+            TypeError,
+            "basis_element must be either type int or str or list or tuple, "
+            + f"but it is type {type(basis_element)}.",
+        )
+
+    if isinstance(basis_element, (str, list, tuple)):
+        if any(elem not in ["0", "1", 0, 1] for elem in basis_element):
+            raise_error(ValueError, "all elements must be 0 or 1.")
+        if len(basis_element) > nqubits:
+            raise_error(
+                ValueError,
+                f"nqubits ({nqubits}) must be >= len(basis_element) ({len(basis_element)}).",
+            )
+
+    if not isinstance(nqubits, int):
+        raise_error(
+            TypeError, f"nqubits must be type int, but it is type {type(nqubits)}."
+        )
+
+    if nqubits is None:
+        if isinstance(basis_element, int):
+            raise_error(
+                ValueError, f"nqubits must be specified when basis_element is type int."
+            )
+        else:
+            nqubits = len(basis_element)
+
+    if isinstance(basis_element, int):
+        basis_element = f"{basis_element:0{nqubits}b}"
+
+    if isinstance(basis_element, (str, tuple)):
+        basis_element = list(basis_element)
+
+    basis_element = list(map(int, basis_element))
+
+    circuit = Circuit(nqubits)
+    for qubit, elem in enumerate(basis_element):
+        if elem == 1:
+            circuit.add(gates.X(qubit))
+
+    return circuit
+
+
 def unary_encoder(data, architecture: str = "tree"):
     """Creates circuit that performs the unary encoding of ``data``.
 

From ef7f160c34cb607e9910b7a6d17e05f5b05ec69f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 17:30:02 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 12/39] fix bug

---
 src/qibo/models/encodings.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/models/encodings.py b/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
index 39b11240e7..80eb6f86cf 100644
--- a/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
+++ b/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def comp_basis_encoder(
                 f"nqubits ({nqubits}) must be >= len(basis_element) ({len(basis_element)}).",
             )
 
-    if not isinstance(nqubits, int):
+    if nqubits is not None and not isinstance(nqubits, int):
         raise_error(
             TypeError, f"nqubits must be type int, but it is type {type(nqubits)}."
         )

From 578887760a1d1f631e2f16709f61afe763f0c107 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 17:30:09 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 13/39] tests

---
 tests/test_models_encodings.py | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_models_encodings.py b/tests/test_models_encodings.py
index 18c7e2af96..d2dd2fbb15 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_encodings.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_encodings.py
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@
 import pytest
 from scipy.optimize import curve_fit
 
-from qibo.models.encodings import unary_encoder, unary_encoder_random_gaussian
+from qibo.models.encodings import (
+    comp_basis_encoder,
+    unary_encoder,
+    unary_encoder_random_gaussian,
+)
 
 
 def gaussian(x, a, b, c):
@@ -13,6 +17,33 @@ def gaussian(x, a, b, c):
     return np.exp(a * x**2 + b * x + c)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("nqubits", [3])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "basis_element", [5, "101", ["1", "0", "1"], [1, 0, 1], ("1", "0", "1"), (1, 0, 1)]
+)
+def test_comp_basis_encoder(backend, basis_element, nqubits):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        circuit = comp_basis_encoder(2.3)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        circuit = comp_basis_encoder("0b001")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        circuit = comp_basis_encoder("001", nqubits=2)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        circuit = comp_basis_encoder("001", nqubits=3.1)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        circuit = comp_basis_encoder(3)
+
+    zero = np.array([1, 0], dtype=complex)
+    one = np.array([0, 1], dtype=complex)
+    target = np.kron(one, np.kron(zero, one))
+    target = backend.cast(target, dtype=target.dtype)
+
+    state = comp_basis_encoder(basis_element, nqubits)
+    state = backend.execute_circuit(state).state()
+
+    backend.assert_allclose(state, target)
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("architecture", ["tree", "diagonal"])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("nqubits", [8])
 def test_unary_encoder(backend, nqubits, architecture):

From 9bbd4e30bb42be321bc95286ef8edee4e9ddbabe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 17:32:56 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 14/39] api reference

---
 doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
index 3ee49b39a9..1f6e65f071 100644
--- a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
+++ b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
@@ -247,6 +247,12 @@ Data Encoders
 
 We provide a family of algorithms that encode classical data into quantum circuits.
 
+Computational Basis Encoder
+"""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+
+.. autofunction:: qibo.models.encodings.comp_basis_encoder
+
+
 Unary Encoder
 """""""""""""
 

From 7348d75124a021ce342fbf4331567df6fe7cd52d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 17:42:34 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 15/39] docstring

---
 src/qibo/models/encodings.py | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/qibo/models/encodings.py b/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
index 80eb6f86cf..2a6e8e0bdc 100644
--- a/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
+++ b/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
@@ -14,6 +14,22 @@
 def comp_basis_encoder(
     basis_element: Union[int, str, list, tuple], nqubits: Optional[int] = None
 ):
+    """Creates circuit that performs encoding of bitstrings into computational basis states.
+
+    Args:
+        basis_element (int or str or list or tuple): bitstring to be encoded.
+            If ``int``, ``nqubits`` must be specified.
+            If ``str``, must be composed of only :math:`0`s and :math:`1`s.
+            If ``list`` or ``tuple``, must be composed of :math:`0`s and
+            :math:`1`s as ``int`` or ``str``.
+        nqubits (int, optional): total number of qubits in the circuit.
+            If ``basis_element`` is ``int``, ``nqubits`` must be specified.
+            If ``nqubits`` is ``None``, ``nqubits`` defaults to length of ``basis_element``.
+            Defaults to ``None``.
+
+    Returns:
+       :class:`qibo.models.circuit.Circuit`: circuit encoding computational basis element.
+    """
     if not isinstance(basis_element, (int, str, list, tuple)):
         raise_error(
             TypeError,

From e234255e22dd41993e134e8f216fe036d54e92d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 17:59:10 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 16/39] Fix test failing and remove prints from tests

---
 tests/test_backends_clifford.py   | 6 +-----
 tests/test_measurements.py        | 2 --
 tests/test_quantum_info_random.py | 1 -
 tests/test_transpiler_blocks.py   | 3 ---
 4 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_backends_clifford.py b/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
index be6518b2f4..6787c366b5 100644
--- a/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
+++ b/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
@@ -165,10 +165,7 @@ def test_random_clifford_circuit(backend, prob_qubits, binary):
 
         numpy_freq = numpy_result.frequencies(binary)
         clifford_freq = clifford_result.frequencies(binary)
-        print(numpy_freq)
-        print(clifford_freq)
         clifford_freq = {state: clifford_freq[state] for state in numpy_freq.keys()}
-        print(clifford_freq.values())
         assert (
             np.sum(
                 np.abs(
@@ -176,7 +173,7 @@ def test_random_clifford_circuit(backend, prob_qubits, binary):
                     - np.array(list(clifford_freq.values()))
                 )
             )
-            < 200
+            < 250
         )
 
 
@@ -224,7 +221,6 @@ def test_initial_state(backend):
     initial_symplectic_matrix = tmp.symplectic_matrix
     initial_state = numpy_bkd.execute_circuit(state).state()
     initial_state = np.outer(initial_state, np.transpose(np.conj(initial_state)))
-    print(type(initial_state))
     c = random_clifford(3, density_matrix=True, backend=backend)
     numpy_state = numpy_bkd.execute_circuit(c, initial_state=initial_state).state()
     clifford_state = clifford_bkd.execute_circuit(
diff --git a/tests/test_measurements.py b/tests/test_measurements.py
index 69d2aa9f9c..17db6df009 100644
--- a/tests/test_measurements.py
+++ b/tests/test_measurements.py
@@ -457,9 +457,7 @@ def test_measurement_basis_list(backend):
     c.add(gates.X(3))
     c.add(gates.M(0, 1, 2, 3, basis=[gates.X, gates.Z, gates.X, gates.Z]))
     result = c(nshots=100)
-    print(result.frequencies())
     assert result.frequencies() == {"0011": 100}
-    print(c.draw())
     assert (
         c.draw()
         == """q0: ─H─H───M─
diff --git a/tests/test_quantum_info_random.py b/tests/test_quantum_info_random.py
index 01000ab822..ec85c87bed 100644
--- a/tests/test_quantum_info_random.py
+++ b/tests/test_quantum_info_random.py
@@ -315,7 +315,6 @@ def test_random_density_matrix(backend, dims, pure, metric, basis, normalize):
             backend.assert_allclose(norm < PRECISION_TOL, True)
         else:
             normalization = 1.0 if normalize is False else 1.0 / np.sqrt(dims)
-            print(state)
             backend.assert_allclose(state[0], normalization)
             assert all(np.abs(exp_value) <= normalization for exp_value in state[1:])
 
diff --git a/tests/test_transpiler_blocks.py b/tests/test_transpiler_blocks.py
index af652f72f5..2a193c7a41 100644
--- a/tests/test_transpiler_blocks.py
+++ b/tests/test_transpiler_blocks.py
@@ -154,7 +154,6 @@ def test_initial_block_decomposition_measurements():
     circ.add(gates.H(3))
     circ.add(gates.H(4))
     blocks = _initial_block_decomposition(circ)
-    print(blocks[0].gates)
     assert_gates_equality(
         blocks[0].gates,
         [gates.M(0), gates.M(1), gates.H(1), gates.H(0), gates.CZ(0, 1)],
@@ -166,7 +165,6 @@ def test_initial_block_decomposition_measurements():
 def test_initial_block_decomposition_error():
     circ = Circuit(3)
     circ.add(gates.TOFFOLI(0, 1, 2))
-    print(len(circ.queue[0].qubits))
     with pytest.raises(BlockingError):
         blocks = _initial_block_decomposition(circ)
 
@@ -249,7 +247,6 @@ def test_block_decomposition_measurements():
     circ.add(gates.CZ(2, 3))  # 4 block
     circ.add(gates.M(0, 1))  # 3 block
     blocks = block_decomposition(circ)
-    print(blocks[0].gates)
     assert_gates_equality(
         blocks[0].gates,
         [gates.H(1), gates.H(0), gates.CZ(0, 1), gates.H(0), gates.M(0), gates.M(1)],

From b226374e8c05d34794c874c27f8bb02dc5bd160f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 18:14:11 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 17/39] fix coverage

---
 tests/test_models_encodings.py | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_models_encodings.py b/tests/test_models_encodings.py
index d2dd2fbb15..dd78184669 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_encodings.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_encodings.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ def gaussian(x, a, b, c):
     return np.exp(a * x**2 + b * x + c)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("nqubits", [3])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "basis_element", [5, "101", ["1", "0", "1"], [1, 0, 1], ("1", "0", "1"), (1, 0, 1)]
 )
@@ -38,7 +37,11 @@ def test_comp_basis_encoder(backend, basis_element, nqubits):
     target = np.kron(one, np.kron(zero, one))
     target = backend.cast(target, dtype=target.dtype)
 
-    state = comp_basis_encoder(basis_element, nqubits)
+    if isinstance(basis_element, int):
+        state = comp_basis_encoder(basis_element, nqubits=3)
+    else:
+        state = comp_basis_encoder(basis_element)
+
     state = backend.execute_circuit(state).state()
 
     backend.assert_allclose(state, target)

From 267ef1a57ab7cbc203863dd52a102844b1752c30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 18:28:54 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 18/39] fix test bug

---
 tests/test_models_encodings.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_models_encodings.py b/tests/test_models_encodings.py
index dd78184669..b102f746bf 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_encodings.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_encodings.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def gaussian(x, a, b, c):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "basis_element", [5, "101", ["1", "0", "1"], [1, 0, 1], ("1", "0", "1"), (1, 0, 1)]
 )
-def test_comp_basis_encoder(backend, basis_element, nqubits):
+def test_comp_basis_encoder(backend, basis_element):
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
         circuit = comp_basis_encoder(2.3)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):

From 35d9f75f23163b384adf52e56db0021b6ed1575d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 19:52:48 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 19/39] fix bug

---
 src/qibo/models/encodings.py | 5 -----
 1 file changed, 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/models/encodings.py b/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
index 2a6e8e0bdc..a85024ad3c 100644
--- a/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
+++ b/src/qibo/models/encodings.py
@@ -40,11 +40,6 @@ def comp_basis_encoder(
     if isinstance(basis_element, (str, list, tuple)):
         if any(elem not in ["0", "1", 0, 1] for elem in basis_element):
             raise_error(ValueError, "all elements must be 0 or 1.")
-        if len(basis_element) > nqubits:
-            raise_error(
-                ValueError,
-                f"nqubits ({nqubits}) must be >= len(basis_element) ({len(basis_element)}).",
-            )
 
     if nqubits is not None and not isinstance(nqubits, int):
         raise_error(

From 0d7d8ba8bca6fd9717240330b0cbb3051d0bdeb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 09:55:20 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 20/39] api ref

---
 doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
index 3ee49b39a9..2f8e7d9d92 100644
--- a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
+++ b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
@@ -687,6 +687,13 @@ iSwap (iSWAP)
     :members:
     :member-order: bysource
 
+Square root of iSwap (SiSWAP)
+"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+
+.. autoclass:: qibo.gates.SiSWAP
+    :members:
+    :member-order: bysource
+
 f-Swap (FSWAP)
 """"""""""""""
 

From 4aa44b6539dfb446f7206fa2b3acdd5deb8c4a75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 09:55:28 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 21/39] matrix

---
 src/qibo/backends/__init__.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/qibo/backends/__init__.py b/src/qibo/backends/__init__.py
index d6f0ac18cf..e891ab2235 100644
--- a/src/qibo/backends/__init__.py
+++ b/src/qibo/backends/__init__.py
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ def create(self, dtype):
         self.CSXDG = self.matrices.CSXDG
         self.SWAP = self.matrices.SWAP
         self.iSWAP = self.matrices.iSWAP
+        self.SiSWAP = self.matrices.SiSWAP
         self.FSWAP = self.matrices.FSWAP
         self.ECR = self.matrices.ECR
         self.SYC = self.matrices.SYC

From f8c8ebb29937f0d7c25f44bb69d780e1eee16690 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 09:55:39 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 22/39] matrix

---
 src/qibo/backends/npmatrices.py | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/qibo/backends/npmatrices.py b/src/qibo/backends/npmatrices.py
index 366c466cd7..364845c514 100644
--- a/src/qibo/backends/npmatrices.py
+++ b/src/qibo/backends/npmatrices.py
@@ -194,6 +194,18 @@ def iSWAP(self):
             [[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1j, 0], [0, 1j, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1]], dtype=self.dtype
         )
 
+    @cached_property
+    def SiSWAP(self):
+        return self.np.array(
+            [
+                [1, 0, 0, 0],
+                [0, 1 / self.np.sqrt(2), 1j / self.np.sqrt(2), 0],
+                [0, 1j / self.np.sqrt(2), 1 / self.np.sqrt(2), 0],
+                [0, 0, 0, 1],
+            ],
+            dtype=self.dtype,
+        )
+
     @cached_property
     def FSWAP(self):
         return self.np.array(

From 06182b93a2b695ea677e97b5094f3ace4dcf6809 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 09:55:45 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 23/39] gate

---
 src/qibo/gates/gates.py | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/gates/gates.py b/src/qibo/gates/gates.py
index 0e94225fca..aa0e0d5ede 100644
--- a/src/qibo/gates/gates.py
+++ b/src/qibo/gates/gates.py
@@ -1476,7 +1476,7 @@ def qasm_label(self):
 
 
 class iSWAP(Gate):
-    """The iswap gate.
+    """The iSWAP gate.
 
     Corresponds to the following unitary matrix
 
@@ -1507,6 +1507,33 @@ def qasm_label(self):
         return "iswap"
 
 
+class SiSWAP(Gate):
+    """The :math:`\\sqrt{\\text{iSWAP}}}` gate.
+
+    Corresponds to the following unitary matrix
+
+    .. math::
+        \\begin{pmatrix}
+        1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\
+        0 & 1/\\sqrt{2} & i/\\sqrt{2} & 0 \\\\
+        0 & i/\\sqrt{2} & 1/\\sqrt{2} & 0 \\\\
+        0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\\
+        \\end{pmatrix}
+
+    Args:
+        q0 (int): the first qubit to be swapped id number.
+        q1 (int): the second qubit to be swapped id number.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, q0, q1):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.name = "siswap"
+        self.draw_label = "si"
+        self.target_qubits = (q0, q1)
+        self.init_args = [q0, q1]
+        self.unitary = True
+
+
 class FSWAP(Gate):
     """The fermionic swap gate.
 

From 8095f28e3456f397a029919327489d35536a295d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 09:55:51 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 24/39] test

---
 tests/test_gates_gates.py | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/test_gates_gates.py b/tests/test_gates_gates.py
index 8bb0e190ea..c15d0954b4 100644
--- a/tests/test_gates_gates.py
+++ b/tests/test_gates_gates.py
@@ -711,6 +711,16 @@ def test_iswap(backend):
     assert gates.iSWAP(0, 1).unitary
 
 
+def test_siswap(backend):
+    final_state = apply_gates(backend, [gates.X(1), gates.SiSWAP(0, 1)], nqubits=2)
+    target_state = np.zeros_like(final_state)
+    target_state[2] = 1.0j
+    backend.assert_allclose(final_state, target_state)
+
+    assert not gates.SiSWAP(0, 1).clifford
+    assert gates.SiSWAP(0, 1).unitary
+
+
 def test_fswap(backend):
     nqubits = 2
     initial_state = random_statevector(2**nqubits, backend=backend)

From c292bdb43b450fe3771981ad0ea7542da1c10931 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 10:02:15 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 25/39] fix test

---
 tests/test_gates_gates.py | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_gates_gates.py b/tests/test_gates_gates.py
index c15d0954b4..7af61232f3 100644
--- a/tests/test_gates_gates.py
+++ b/tests/test_gates_gates.py
@@ -714,7 +714,8 @@ def test_iswap(backend):
 def test_siswap(backend):
     final_state = apply_gates(backend, [gates.X(1), gates.SiSWAP(0, 1)], nqubits=2)
     target_state = np.zeros_like(final_state)
-    target_state[2] = 1.0j
+    target_state[1] = 1.0 / np.sqrt(2)
+    target_state[2] = 1.0j / np.sqrt(2)
     backend.assert_allclose(final_state, target_state)
 
     assert not gates.SiSWAP(0, 1).clifford

From 0ac4cf6acc8ab68eb366a3d8d343a32e9b1c02ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jan 2024 09:29:02 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 26/39] fix seed in 'random_clifford'

---
 tests/test_backends_clifford.py | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_backends_clifford.py b/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
index 6787c366b5..2f882c6704 100644
--- a/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
+++ b/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def test_random_clifford_circuit(backend, prob_qubits, binary):
     clifford_bkd = construct_clifford_backend(backend)
     if not clifford_bkd:
         return
-    c = random_clifford(5, backend=backend)
+    c = random_clifford(5, seed=1, backend=backend)
     c.density_matrix = True
     c_copy = c.copy()
     c.add(gates.M(*MEASURED_QUBITS))
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def test_random_clifford_circuit(backend, prob_qubits, binary):
                     - np.array(list(clifford_freq.values()))
                 )
             )
-            < 250
+            < 200
         )
 
 

From 3d87eb35160b88d92f1e20bddb65e5cf432fe99d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stavros Efthymiou <35475381+stavros11@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jan 2024 18:50:36 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 27/39] Remove runcard argument from set_backend

---
 src/qibo/backends/__init__.py | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/backends/__init__.py b/src/qibo/backends/__init__.py
index e891ab2235..09e1fe1a54 100644
--- a/src/qibo/backends/__init__.py
+++ b/src/qibo/backends/__init__.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 from qibo.config import log, raise_error
 
 
-def construct_backend(backend, platform=None, runcard=None):
+def construct_backend(backend, platform=None):
     if backend == "qibojit":
         from qibojit.backends import CupyBackend, CuQuantumBackend, NumbaBackend
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def construct_backend(backend, platform=None, runcard=None):
     elif backend == "qibolab":  # pragma: no cover
         from qibolab.backends import QibolabBackend  # pylint: disable=E0401
 
-        return QibolabBackend(platform, runcard)
+        return QibolabBackend(platform)
     elif backend == "clifford":
         if platform is not None:  # pragma: no cover
             if platform in ("cupy", "numba", "cuquantum"):
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ def __new__(cls):
         return cls._instance
 
     @classmethod
-    def set_backend(cls, backend, platform=None, runcard=None):  # pragma: no cover
+    def set_backend(cls, backend, platform=None):  # pragma: no cover
         if (
             cls._instance is None
             or cls._instance.name != backend
             or cls._instance.platform != platform
         ):
-            cls._instance = construct_backend(backend, platform, runcard)
+            cls._instance = construct_backend(backend, platform)
         log.info(f"Using {cls._instance} backend on {cls._instance.device}")
 
 
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ def get_backend():
     return str(GlobalBackend())
 
 
-def set_backend(backend, platform=None, runcard=None):
-    GlobalBackend.set_backend(backend, platform, runcard)
+def set_backend(backend, platform=None):
+    GlobalBackend.set_backend(backend, platform)
 
 
 def get_precision():

From bf883f3c2dc520c78c399f88e3126534955f17d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrea Papaluca <andreapapaluca@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 09:49:53 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 28/39] test: fixed tests

---
 tests/test_backends_clifford.py | 16 ++++++----------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_backends_clifford.py b/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
index 2f882c6704..b27d33a4ae 100644
--- a/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
+++ b/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
@@ -166,15 +166,11 @@ def test_random_clifford_circuit(backend, prob_qubits, binary):
         numpy_freq = numpy_result.frequencies(binary)
         clifford_freq = clifford_result.frequencies(binary)
         clifford_freq = {state: clifford_freq[state] for state in numpy_freq.keys()}
-        assert (
-            np.sum(
-                np.abs(
-                    np.array(list(numpy_freq.values()))
-                    - np.array(list(clifford_freq.values()))
-                )
-            )
-            < 200
-        )
+        assert len(numpy_freq) == len(clifford_freq)
+        for np_count, clif_count in zip(numpy_freq.values(), clifford_freq.values()):
+            backend.assert_allclose(
+                np_count / 1000, clif_count / 1000, atol=1e-1
+            )  # nshots = 1000
 
 
 def test_collapsing_measurements(backend):
@@ -249,5 +245,5 @@ def test_set_backend(backend):
     clifford_bkd = construct_clifford_backend(backend)
     if not clifford_bkd:
         return
-    set_backend("clifford")
+    set_backend("clifford", platform=str(backend))
     assert isinstance(GlobalBackend(), type(clifford_bkd))

From b0878fd809ef40b5425112067104f181402670af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrea Papaluca <andreapapaluca@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 10:07:15 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 29/39] test: fix test set backend

---
 tests/test_backends_clifford.py | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_backends_clifford.py b/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
index b27d33a4ae..4170b33365 100644
--- a/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
+++ b/tests/test_backends_clifford.py
@@ -245,5 +245,8 @@ def test_set_backend(backend):
     clifford_bkd = construct_clifford_backend(backend)
     if not clifford_bkd:
         return
-    set_backend("clifford", platform=str(backend))
+    platform = backend.platform
+    if platform is None:
+        platform = str(backend)
+    set_backend("clifford", platform=platform)
     assert isinstance(GlobalBackend(), type(clifford_bkd))

From a6d3d079aa3159b0caaf9e322516f94d4da175ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 20:03:40 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 30/39] rewrite function

---
 src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py | 36 ++++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
index f744d07ca5..d124ee1c42 100644
--- a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
+++ b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
@@ -14,12 +14,14 @@
 
 
 def hamming_weight(
-    bitstring: Union[int, str, list, tuple, np.ndarray], return_indexes: bool = False
+    bitstring: Union[int, str, list, tuple], return_indexes: bool = False
 ):
     """Calculates the Hamming weight of a bitstring.
 
+    The Hamming weight of a bistring is the number of :math:'1's that the bistring contains.
+
     Args:
-        bitstring (int or str or tuple or list or ndarray): bitstring to calculate the
+        bitstring (int or str or tuple or list): bitstring to calculate the
             weight, either in binary or integer representation.
         return_indexes (bool, optional): If ``True``, returns the indexes of the
             non-zero elements. Defaults to ``False``.
@@ -54,17 +56,18 @@ def hamming_weight(
 
 
 def hamming_distance(
-    bitstring_1: Union[int, str, list, tuple, np.ndarray],
-    bitstring_2: Union[int, str, list, tuple, np.ndarray],
+    bitstring_1: Union[int, str, list, tuple],
+    bitstring_2: Union[int, str, list, tuple],
     return_indexes: bool = False,
 ):
     """Calculates the Hamming distance between two bistrings.
 
-    This is done by calculating the Hamming weight of ``bitstring_1 - bitstring_2``.
+    This is done by calculating the Hamming weight 
+    (:func:`qibo.quantum_info.utils.hamming_weight`) of ``| bitstring_1 - bitstring_2 |``.
 
     Args:
-        bitstring_1 (int or str or list or tuple or ndarray): fisrt bistring.
-        bitstring_2 (int or str or list or tuple or ndarray): second bitstring.
+        bitstring_1 (int or str or list or tuple): fisrt bistring.
+        bitstring_2 (int or str or list or tuple): second bitstring.
         return_indexes (bool, optional): If ``True``, returns the indexes of the
             non-zero elements. Defaults to ``False``.
 
@@ -77,30 +80,29 @@ def hamming_distance(
             f"return_indexes must be type bool, but it is type {type(return_indexes)}",
         )
 
-    if not isinstance(bitstring_1, (int, str, list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
+    if not isinstance(bitstring_1, (int, str, list, tuple)):
         raise_error(
             TypeError,
             "bitstring_1 must be either type int, list, tuple, or numpy.ndarray. "
             f"However, it is type {type(bitstring_1)}.",
         )
 
-    if not isinstance(bitstring_2, (int, str, list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
+    if not isinstance(bitstring_2, (int, str, list, tuple)):
         raise_error(
             TypeError,
             "bitstring_2 must be either type int, list, tuple, or numpy.ndarray. "
             f"However, it is type {type(bitstring_2)}.",
         )
 
-    if isinstance(bitstring_1, int):
-        bitstring_1 = f"{bitstring_1:b}"
-
-    if isinstance(bitstring_2, int):
-        bitstring_2 = f"{bitstring_2:b}"
+    if isinstance(bitstring_1, (list, tuple)):
+        bitstring_1 = "".join(bitstring_1)
 
-    bitstring_1 = np.array(list(bitstring_1), dtype=int)
-    bitstring_2 = np.array(list(bitstring_2), dtype=int)
+    if isinstance(bitstring_2, (list, tuple)):
+        bitstring_2 = "".join(bitstring_2)
 
-    return hamming_weight(bitstring_1 - bitstring_2, return_indexes=return_indexes)
+    return hamming_weight(
+        abs(int(bitstring_1, 2) - int(bitstring_2, 2)), return_indexes=return_indexes
+    )
 
 
 def hadamard_transform(array, implementation: str = "fast", backend=None):

From 7b4a57775809ca1eb036256f285edb27fc910e90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 20:03:46 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 31/39] better test

---
 tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py | 30 +++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py b/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
index 57fb10c4fd..7469a4b823 100644
--- a/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
@@ -48,19 +48,17 @@ def test_hamming_weight(bitstring, kind):
     assert indexes == indexes_test
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("bitstring", range(2**5))
+bitstring_1, bitstring_2 = "11111", "10101"
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "kind",
+    ["bitstring_1", "bitstring_2"], 
     [
-        str,
-        list,
-        tuple,
-        lambda b: np.array(list(b)),
-        lambda b: int(b, 2),
-        lambda b: list(map(int, b)),
-    ],
+        [bitstring_1, bitstring_2], 
+        [int(bitstring_1, 2), int(bitstring_2, 2)],
+        [list(bitstring_1), list(bitstring_2)],
+        [tuple(bitstring_1), tuple(bitstring_2)],
+    ]
 )
-def test_hamming_distance(bitstring, kind):
+def test_hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2):
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
         test = hamming_distance("0101", "1010", return_indexes="True")
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
@@ -68,12 +66,14 @@ def test_hamming_distance(bitstring, kind):
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
         test = hamming_distance("1010", 2.3)
 
-    bitstring = f"{bitstring:b}"
-    distance = hamming_distance(kind(bitstring), kind(bitstring))
-    indexes = hamming_distance(kind(bitstring), kind(bitstring), True)
+    if isinstance(bitstring_1, int):
+        bitstring_1, bitstring_2 = f"{bitstring_1:b}", f"{bitstring_2:b}"
+    
+    distance = hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2)
+    indexes = hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2, return_indexes=True)
 
-    assert distance == 0
-    assert indexes == []
+    assert distance == 2
+    assert indexes == [0, 2]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("is_matrix", [False, True])

From 9663a0db5e1fe2e8b3001e61a5539fd67993dcf8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 16:04:14 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 32/39] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py   |  2 +-
 tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py | 10 ++++++----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
index d124ee1c42..42748a1bda 100644
--- a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
+++ b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def hamming_distance(
 ):
     """Calculates the Hamming distance between two bistrings.
 
-    This is done by calculating the Hamming weight 
+    This is done by calculating the Hamming weight
     (:func:`qibo.quantum_info.utils.hamming_weight`) of ``| bitstring_1 - bitstring_2 |``.
 
     Args:
diff --git a/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py b/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
index 7469a4b823..a10798c74a 100644
--- a/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
@@ -49,14 +49,16 @@ def test_hamming_weight(bitstring, kind):
 
 
 bitstring_1, bitstring_2 = "11111", "10101"
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    ["bitstring_1", "bitstring_2"], 
+    ["bitstring_1", "bitstring_2"],
     [
-        [bitstring_1, bitstring_2], 
+        [bitstring_1, bitstring_2],
         [int(bitstring_1, 2), int(bitstring_2, 2)],
         [list(bitstring_1), list(bitstring_2)],
         [tuple(bitstring_1), tuple(bitstring_2)],
-    ]
+    ],
 )
 def test_hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2):
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ def test_hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2):
 
     if isinstance(bitstring_1, int):
         bitstring_1, bitstring_2 = f"{bitstring_1:b}", f"{bitstring_2:b}"
-    
+
     distance = hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2)
     indexes = hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2, return_indexes=True)
 

From 4ad2bbe2666a97d78f60a93d938de758e2ba5d71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 20:28:23 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 33/39] fix bug

---
 src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py   | 8 +++++---
 tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
index 42748a1bda..5e012ba523 100644
--- a/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
+++ b/src/qibo/quantum_info/utils.py
@@ -100,9 +100,11 @@ def hamming_distance(
     if isinstance(bitstring_2, (list, tuple)):
         bitstring_2 = "".join(bitstring_2)
 
-    return hamming_weight(
-        abs(int(bitstring_1, 2) - int(bitstring_2, 2)), return_indexes=return_indexes
-    )
+    nbits = max(len(bitstring_1), len(bitstring_2))
+
+    difference = abs(int(bitstring_1, 2) - int(bitstring_2, 2))
+
+    return hamming_weight(f"{difference:{nbits}b}", return_indexes=return_indexes)
 
 
 def hadamard_transform(array, implementation: str = "fast", backend=None):
diff --git a/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py b/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
index a10798c74a..32aa293ca7 100644
--- a/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_quantum_info_utils.py
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def test_hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2):
     indexes = hamming_distance(bitstring_1, bitstring_2, return_indexes=True)
 
     assert distance == 2
-    assert indexes == [0, 2]
+    assert indexes == [1, 3]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("is_matrix", [False, True])

From 796e7a12bb4eeb5adacf13843ef02e4fc9cdd81f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 20:57:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 34/39] [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

updates:
- [github.com/psf/black: 23.12.1 → 24.1.1](https://github.com/psf/black/compare/23.12.1...24.1.1)
---
 .pre-commit-config.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 390b5863f6..28dfdd0dfc 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ repos:
       - id: check-yaml
       - id: debug-statements
   - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-    rev: 23.12.1
+    rev: 24.1.1
     hooks:
       - id: black
   - repo: https://github.com/pycqa/isort

From abe4cdd2e8e068e4d8d70ece4ae09f1c82e3902e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 20:57:25 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 35/39] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 examples/adiabatic/linear.py                 | 1 +
 examples/adiabatic/optimize.py               | 1 +
 examples/adiabatic/trotter_error.py          | 1 +
 examples/benchmarks/evolution.py             | 1 +
 examples/benchmarks/main.py                  | 1 +
 examples/benchmarks/qaoa.py                  | 1 +
 examples/benchmarks/vqe.py                   | 1 +
 examples/mvc/main.py                         | 1 +
 src/qibo/backends/clifford.py                | 1 +
 src/qibo/backends/einsum_utils.py            | 1 +
 src/qibo/config.py                           | 1 +
 src/qibo/gates/channels.py                   | 1 +
 src/qibo/hamiltonians/hamiltonians.py        | 1 +
 src/qibo/models/evolution.py                 | 1 +
 src/qibo/parallel.py                         | 1 +
 tests/conftest.py                            | 1 +
 tests/test_callbacks.py                      | 1 +
 tests/test_gates_abstract.py                 | 1 +
 tests/test_gates_channels.py                 | 1 +
 tests/test_gates_density_matrix.py           | 1 +
 tests/test_gates_gates.py                    | 1 +
 tests/test_hamiltonians.py                   | 1 +
 tests/test_hamiltonians_from_symbols.py      | 1 +
 tests/test_hamiltonians_models.py            | 1 +
 tests/test_hamiltonians_symbolic.py          | 1 +
 tests/test_hamiltonians_terms.py             | 1 +
 tests/test_hamiltonians_trotter.py           | 1 +
 tests/test_measurements.py                   | 1 +
 tests/test_measurements_collapse.py          | 1 +
 tests/test_measurements_probabilistic.py     | 1 +
 tests/test_models_circuit.py                 | 1 +
 tests/test_models_circuit_backpropagation.py | 1 +
 tests/test_models_circuit_features.py        | 1 +
 tests/test_models_circuit_noise.py           | 1 +
 tests/test_models_circuit_parametrized.py    | 1 +
 tests/test_models_circuit_qasm.py            | 1 +
 tests/test_models_circuit_qasm_cirq.py       | 1 +
 tests/test_models_dbi.py                     | 1 +
 tests/test_models_distcircuit.py             | 1 +
 tests/test_models_distcircuit_execution.py   | 1 +
 tests/test_models_encodings.py               | 1 +
 tests/test_models_grover.py                  | 1 +
 tests/test_models_hep.py                     | 1 +
 tests/test_models_iqae.py                    | 9 +++------
 tests/test_models_qgan.py                    | 1 +
 tests/test_models_utils.py                   | 1 +
 tests/test_models_variational.py             | 1 +
 tests/test_parallel.py                       | 1 +
 tests/test_prints.py                         | 1 +
 49 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/adiabatic/linear.py b/examples/adiabatic/linear.py
index 6cff88ca20..8609a31fcd 100644
--- a/examples/adiabatic/linear.py
+++ b/examples/adiabatic/linear.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Adiabatic evolution for the Ising Hamiltonian using linear scaling."""
+
 import argparse
 from pathlib import Path
 
diff --git a/examples/adiabatic/optimize.py b/examples/adiabatic/optimize.py
index d5fdb81675..f81bf51f93 100644
--- a/examples/adiabatic/optimize.py
+++ b/examples/adiabatic/optimize.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Adiabatic evolution scheduling optimization for the Ising Hamiltonian."""
+
 import argparse
 from pathlib import Path
 
diff --git a/examples/adiabatic/trotter_error.py b/examples/adiabatic/trotter_error.py
index 5a202d8368..80892db310 100644
--- a/examples/adiabatic/trotter_error.py
+++ b/examples/adiabatic/trotter_error.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Error of evolution using Trotter decomposition."""
+
 import argparse
 
 import matplotlib
diff --git a/examples/benchmarks/evolution.py b/examples/benchmarks/evolution.py
index 7756fb6909..990bafd90b 100644
--- a/examples/benchmarks/evolution.py
+++ b/examples/benchmarks/evolution.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Adiabatic evolution for the Ising Hamiltonian using linear scaling."""
+
 import argparse
 import time
 
diff --git a/examples/benchmarks/main.py b/examples/benchmarks/main.py
index 7273bd76dd..4809edf044 100644
--- a/examples/benchmarks/main.py
+++ b/examples/benchmarks/main.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 The type of the circuit is selected using the ``--type`` flag.
 """
+
 import argparse
 import os
 import time
diff --git a/examples/benchmarks/qaoa.py b/examples/benchmarks/qaoa.py
index 2461933334..2cbb704c17 100644
--- a/examples/benchmarks/qaoa.py
+++ b/examples/benchmarks/qaoa.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Benchmark Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm model.
 """
+
 import argparse
 import time
 
diff --git a/examples/benchmarks/vqe.py b/examples/benchmarks/vqe.py
index 5cab1d2593..2b345b044b 100644
--- a/examples/benchmarks/vqe.py
+++ b/examples/benchmarks/vqe.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Benchmark Variational Quantum Eigensolver.
 """
+
 import argparse
 import time
 
diff --git a/examples/mvc/main.py b/examples/mvc/main.py
index c0513e81e4..2cfe3202f0 100755
--- a/examples/mvc/main.py
+++ b/examples/mvc/main.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Minimum Vertex Cover"""
+
 import argparse
 import csv
 
diff --git a/src/qibo/backends/clifford.py b/src/qibo/backends/clifford.py
index c81f8760da..f950c04aeb 100644
--- a/src/qibo/backends/clifford.py
+++ b/src/qibo/backends/clifford.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Module defining the Clifford backend."""
+
 import collections
 from functools import reduce
 from typing import Union
diff --git a/src/qibo/backends/einsum_utils.py b/src/qibo/backends/einsum_utils.py
index f06feaab4f..347eed8760 100644
--- a/src/qibo/backends/einsum_utils.py
+++ b/src/qibo/backends/einsum_utils.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 specifies the contraction indices is created using the following methods and
 used by :meth:`qibo.backends.numpy.NumpyEngine.apply_gate`.
 """
+
 from qibo.config import EINSUM_CHARS, raise_error
 
 
diff --git a/src/qibo/config.py b/src/qibo/config.py
index 33dd39f78b..6cdbb91af5 100644
--- a/src/qibo/config.py
+++ b/src/qibo/config.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Define the default circuit, constants and types.
 """
+
 import logging
 import os
 
diff --git a/src/qibo/gates/channels.py b/src/qibo/gates/channels.py
index d63ad9a354..5790c6e601 100644
--- a/src/qibo/gates/channels.py
+++ b/src/qibo/gates/channels.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Define quantum channels."""
+
 from itertools import product
 from math import exp, sqrt
 from typing import Optional, Tuple
diff --git a/src/qibo/hamiltonians/hamiltonians.py b/src/qibo/hamiltonians/hamiltonians.py
index 2933163354..6354bf316b 100644
--- a/src/qibo/hamiltonians/hamiltonians.py
+++ b/src/qibo/hamiltonians/hamiltonians.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Module defining Hamiltonian classes."""
+
 from itertools import chain
 from typing import Optional
 
diff --git a/src/qibo/models/evolution.py b/src/qibo/models/evolution.py
index 9a9cee8885..b40e3577a1 100644
--- a/src/qibo/models/evolution.py
+++ b/src/qibo/models/evolution.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Models for time evolution of state vectors."""
+
 from qibo import optimizers, solvers
 from qibo.callbacks import Gap, Norm
 from qibo.config import log, raise_error
diff --git a/src/qibo/parallel.py b/src/qibo/parallel.py
index 3127617d5c..0bbf84f055 100644
--- a/src/qibo/parallel.py
+++ b/src/qibo/parallel.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Resources for parallel circuit evaluation.
 """
+
 from typing import Iterable
 
 from joblib import Parallel, delayed
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index e68e2166b0..618423bbb6 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 Pytest fixtures.
 """
+
 import sys
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/test_callbacks.py b/tests/test_callbacks.py
index 6a0a70c75a..4c19b859a9 100644
--- a/tests/test_callbacks.py
+++ b/tests/test_callbacks.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test methods defined in `qibo/core/callbacks.py`."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_gates_abstract.py b/tests/test_gates_abstract.py
index 05c4b9a92b..c3e4fabbd2 100644
--- a/tests/test_gates_abstract.py
+++ b/tests/test_gates_abstract.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 """Tests methods defined in `qibo/gates/abstract.py` and
 `qibo/gates/gates.py`."""
+
 import json
 from typing import Optional
 
diff --git a/tests/test_gates_channels.py b/tests/test_gates_channels.py
index fb3aa0deb5..a512b83831 100644
--- a/tests/test_gates_channels.py
+++ b/tests/test_gates_channels.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test channels defined in `qibo/gates.py`."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_gates_density_matrix.py b/tests/test_gates_density_matrix.py
index c40825099c..b83e02a98e 100644
--- a/tests/test_gates_density_matrix.py
+++ b/tests/test_gates_density_matrix.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test gates acting on density matrices."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_gates_gates.py b/tests/test_gates_gates.py
index 7af61232f3..e014031eac 100644
--- a/tests/test_gates_gates.py
+++ b/tests/test_gates_gates.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test gates defined in `qibo/gates/gates.py`."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_hamiltonians.py b/tests/test_hamiltonians.py
index ff495d19a2..a00bb53828 100644
--- a/tests/test_hamiltonians.py
+++ b/tests/test_hamiltonians.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test methods in `qibo/core/hamiltonians.py`."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_hamiltonians_from_symbols.py b/tests/test_hamiltonians_from_symbols.py
index 4208ab5fb7..999f3a7fbc 100644
--- a/tests/test_hamiltonians_from_symbols.py
+++ b/tests/test_hamiltonians_from_symbols.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test dense matrix of Hamiltonians constructed using symbols."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 import sympy
diff --git a/tests/test_hamiltonians_models.py b/tests/test_hamiltonians_models.py
index d1178dc70c..8539d0e116 100644
--- a/tests/test_hamiltonians_models.py
+++ b/tests/test_hamiltonians_models.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests methods from `qibo/src/hamiltonians/models.py`."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_hamiltonians_symbolic.py b/tests/test_hamiltonians_symbolic.py
index da1f6af087..e2b214108f 100644
--- a/tests/test_hamiltonians_symbolic.py
+++ b/tests/test_hamiltonians_symbolic.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test methods of :class:`qibo.core.hamiltonians.SymbolicHamiltonian`."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 import sympy
diff --git a/tests/test_hamiltonians_terms.py b/tests/test_hamiltonians_terms.py
index f253284e08..1678e6d26e 100644
--- a/tests/test_hamiltonians_terms.py
+++ b/tests/test_hamiltonians_terms.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests methods defined in `qibo/core/terms.py`."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_hamiltonians_trotter.py b/tests/test_hamiltonians_trotter.py
index ad72c5b9da..a3e22551d3 100644
--- a/tests/test_hamiltonians_trotter.py
+++ b/tests/test_hamiltonians_trotter.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test Trotter Hamiltonian methods from `qibo/core/hamiltonians.py`."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_measurements.py b/tests/test_measurements.py
index 17db6df009..07ba9d9631 100644
--- a/tests/test_measurements.py
+++ b/tests/test_measurements.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test circuit result measurements and measurement gate and as part of circuit."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_measurements_collapse.py b/tests/test_measurements_collapse.py
index 7edb1348f3..2ff1c78428 100644
--- a/tests/test_measurements_collapse.py
+++ b/tests/test_measurements_collapse.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test :class:`qibo.gates.M` as standalone and as part of circuit."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_measurements_probabilistic.py b/tests/test_measurements_probabilistic.py
index a4e08720ae..ebe8ec84f3 100644
--- a/tests/test_measurements_probabilistic.py
+++ b/tests/test_measurements_probabilistic.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test circuit measurements when outcome is probabilistic."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_models_circuit.py b/tests/test_models_circuit.py
index ca8b191d6d..be68547c51 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_circuit.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_circuit.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test all methods defined in `qibo/models/circuit.py`."""
+
 from collections import Counter
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/test_models_circuit_backpropagation.py b/tests/test_models_circuit_backpropagation.py
index 2458a38b99..12bccc215a 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_circuit_backpropagation.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_circuit_backpropagation.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests Tensorflow's backpropagation when using `tf.Variable` parameters."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_models_circuit_features.py b/tests/test_models_circuit_features.py
index 8944b25b6a..d0e6849145 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_circuit_features.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_circuit_features.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test how features defined in :class:`qibo.models.circuit.Circuit` work during circuit execution."""
+
 from collections import Counter
 
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/tests/test_models_circuit_noise.py b/tests/test_models_circuit_noise.py
index b1710c4520..74a14fb6be 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_circuit_noise.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_circuit_noise.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test :class:`qibo.models.circuit.Circuit` for density matrix and noise simulation."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_models_circuit_parametrized.py b/tests/test_models_circuit_parametrized.py
index 2a66947c57..c9ac4990bc 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_circuit_parametrized.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_circuit_parametrized.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test :meth:`qibo.models.circuit.Circuit.get_parameters` and :meth:`qibo.models.circuit.Circuit.set_parameters`."""
+
 import sys
 
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/tests/test_models_circuit_qasm.py b/tests/test_models_circuit_qasm.py
index 24a0f2881e..83f6c6fe47 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_circuit_qasm.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_circuit_qasm.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests creating abstract Qibo circuits from OpenQASM code."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_models_circuit_qasm_cirq.py b/tests/test_models_circuit_qasm_cirq.py
index ea9634d83d..f0e683e88b 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_circuit_qasm_cirq.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_circuit_qasm_cirq.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests executing Qibo circuits created from OpenQASM code."""
+
 import cirq
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/test_models_dbi.py b/tests/test_models_dbi.py
index a3b22d1bbe..d3e4236191 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_dbi.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_dbi.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Testing DoubleBracketIteration model"""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_models_distcircuit.py b/tests/test_models_distcircuit.py
index 53decc00ed..97d1e09c18 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_distcircuit.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_distcircuit.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test functions defined in `qibo/models/distcircuit.py`."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from qibo import Circuit, gates
diff --git a/tests/test_models_distcircuit_execution.py b/tests/test_models_distcircuit_execution.py
index 9ee28a6af7..c726e9a17e 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_distcircuit_execution.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_distcircuit_execution.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test :class:`qibo.models.distcircuit.DistributedCircuit` execution."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_models_encodings.py b/tests/test_models_encodings.py
index 18c7e2af96..7a217baf0d 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_encodings.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_encodings.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for qibo.models.encodings"""
+
 import math
 
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/tests/test_models_grover.py b/tests/test_models_grover.py
index 29640d7905..b0725a80d1 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_grover.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_grover.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test Grover model defined in `qibo/models/grover.py`."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from qibo import Circuit, gates
diff --git a/tests/test_models_hep.py b/tests/test_models_hep.py
index 3b06540cbf..fdf0a46112 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_hep.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_hep.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Testing HEP models."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_models_iqae.py b/tests/test_models_iqae.py
index 75201c8ae1..891015eb10 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_iqae.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_iqae.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test IQAE model defined in `qibo/models/iqae.py`."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
@@ -144,9 +145,7 @@ def R_qibo(qc, qx, qx_measure, nbit, b_max, b_min):
         gates.RY(q=qx_measure, theta=(b_max - b_min) / 2**nbit * 2 * 0.5 + 2 * b_min)
     )
     for i in range(nbit):
-        qc.add(
-            gates.CU3(qx[i], qx_measure, 2**i * (b_max - b_min) / 2**nbit * 2, 0, 0)
-        )
+        qc.add(gates.CU3(qx[i], qx_measure, 2**i * (b_max - b_min) / 2**nbit * 2, 0, 0))
 
 
 def Rinv_qibo(qc, qx, qx_measure, nbit, b_max, b_min):
@@ -161,9 +160,7 @@ def Rinv_qibo(qc, qx, qx_measure, nbit, b_max, b_min):
     """
     for i in range(nbit)[::-1]:
         qc.add(
-            gates.CU3(
-                qx[i], qx_measure, -(2**i) * (b_max - b_min) / 2**nbit * 2, 0, 0
-            )
+            gates.CU3(qx[i], qx_measure, -(2**i) * (b_max - b_min) / 2**nbit * 2, 0, 0)
         )
     qc.add(
         gates.RY(q=qx_measure, theta=-(b_max - b_min) / 2**nbit * 2 * 0.5 - 2 * b_min)
diff --git a/tests/test_models_qgan.py b/tests/test_models_qgan.py
index 6e227fd1a6..429137d2fc 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_qgan.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_qgan.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test style-qGAN model defined in `qibo/models/qgan.py`."""
+
 import sys
 
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/tests/test_models_utils.py b/tests/test_models_utils.py
index 1f1bb849bb..5b7ce88ee6 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test `fourier_coefficients' in `qibo/models/utils.py`."""
+
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/tests/test_models_variational.py b/tests/test_models_variational.py
index 30f45565d5..ee269e58df 100644
--- a/tests/test_models_variational.py
+++ b/tests/test_models_variational.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Testing Variational Quantum Circuits.
 """
+
 import pathlib
 
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/tests/test_parallel.py b/tests/test_parallel.py
index 8bd6ddfb7d..40f22c7cde 100644
--- a/tests/test_parallel.py
+++ b/tests/test_parallel.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Testing parallel evaluations.
 """
+
 import sys
 
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/tests/test_prints.py b/tests/test_prints.py
index 500cd3e173..fcf94ddf35 100644
--- a/tests/test_prints.py
+++ b/tests/test_prints.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test that the source contains no prints."""
+
 import os
 import pathlib
 

From 05f994b2156737bf97e8aeded4249df183fe8454 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MatteoRobbiati <robbiati.matteo@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 09:51:52 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 36/39] fix numpy seed

---
 tests/test_derivative.py | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/test_derivative.py b/tests/test_derivative.py
index ec7a501720..e90af942fa 100644
--- a/tests/test_derivative.py
+++ b/tests/test_derivative.py
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ def circuit(nqubits=1):
 def test_standard_parameter_shift(backend, nshots, atol, scale_factor, grads):
     # initializing the circuit
     c = circuit(nqubits=1)
+    np.random.seed(42)
 
     # some parameters
     # we know the derivative's values with these params
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ def test_standard_parameter_shift(backend, nshots, atol, scale_factor, grads):
 def test_finite_differences(backend, step_size):
     # initializing the circuit
     c = circuit(nqubits=1)
+    np.random.seed(42)
 
     # some parameters
     test_params = np.linspace(0.1, 1, 3)

From c4fddeae61e96c37b561e672ad1a8ea94a0d698d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matteo Robbiati <62071516+MatteoRobbiati@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 13:03:41 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 37/39] Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
---
 tests/test_derivative.py | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_derivative.py b/tests/test_derivative.py
index e90af942fa..60ea06244e 100644
--- a/tests/test_derivative.py
+++ b/tests/test_derivative.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def circuit(nqubits=1):
 def test_standard_parameter_shift(backend, nshots, atol, scale_factor, grads):
     # initializing the circuit
     c = circuit(nqubits=1)
-    np.random.seed(42)
+    backend.set_seed(42)
 
     # some parameters
     # we know the derivative's values with these params
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def test_standard_parameter_shift(backend, nshots, atol, scale_factor, grads):
 def test_finite_differences(backend, step_size):
     # initializing the circuit
     c = circuit(nqubits=1)
-    np.random.seed(42)
+    backend.set_seed(42)
 
     # some parameters
     test_params = np.linspace(0.1, 1, 3)

From ab8e039c313c816ec007680ccf38a771199f60af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 09:22:51 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 38/39] add to doc

---
 doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
index e2b2568eda..5867c9b3ac 100644
--- a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
+++ b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
@@ -250,6 +250,26 @@ We provide a family of algorithms that encode classical data into quantum circui
 Computational Basis Encoder
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
+Given a bitstring :math:`b` of length :math:`n`, this encoder generates of a layer of Pauli-:math:`X``
+gates that creates the quantum state :math:`|\,b\,\rangle`.
+
+For instance, the following two circuit generations are equivalent:
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    from qibo import Circuit, gates
+    from qibo.models.encodings import comp_basis_encoder
+
+.. testcode::
+
+    b = "101"
+    circuit_1 = comp_basis_encoder(b)
+
+    circuit_2 = Circuit(3)
+    circuit_2.add(gates.X(0))
+    circuit_2.add(gates.X(2))
+
+
 .. autofunction:: qibo.models.encodings.comp_basis_encoder
 
 

From 8b85b6413e31232a695f53b94b599d7a501d713a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Renato Mello <renato.msf@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 08:31:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 39/39] Update doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst

Co-authored-by: BrunoLiegiBastonLiegi <45011234+BrunoLiegiBastonLiegi@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
index 5867c9b3ac..ad04550e1c 100644
--- a/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
+++ b/doc/source/api-reference/qibo.rst
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ We provide a family of algorithms that encode classical data into quantum circui
 Computational Basis Encoder
 """""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
-Given a bitstring :math:`b` of length :math:`n`, this encoder generates of a layer of Pauli-:math:`X``
+Given a bitstring :math:`b` of length :math:`n`, this encoder generates a layer of Pauli-:math:`X`
 gates that creates the quantum state :math:`|\,b\,\rangle`.
 
 For instance, the following two circuit generations are equivalent: