diff --git a/src/qibolab/instruments/bluefors.py b/src/qibolab/instruments/bluefors.py
index b38442ca4..b92ddc6fd 100644
--- a/src/qibolab/instruments/bluefors.py
+++ b/src/qibolab/instruments/bluefors.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import socket
 
 import yaml
+from pydantic import Field
 from qibo.config import log
 
 from qibolab.instruments.abstract import Instrument
@@ -19,17 +20,13 @@ class TemperatureController(Instrument):
                 print(temperature_value)
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, name: str, address: str, port: int = 8888):
-        """Creation of the controller object.
-
-        Args:
-            name (str): name of the instrument.
-            address (str): IP address of the board sending cryo temperature data.
-            port (int): port of the board sending cryo temperature data.
-        """
-        super().__init__(name, address)
-        self.port = port
-        self.client_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+    address: str
+    """IP address of the board sending cryo temperature data."""
+    port: int = 8888
+    """Port of the board sending cryo temperature data."""
+    client_socket: socket.socket = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+    )
 
     def connect(self):
         """Connect to the socket."""
diff --git a/src/qibolab/instruments/erasynth.py b/src/qibolab/instruments/erasynth.py
index 9f4b13652..7bf88dc9f 100644
--- a/src/qibolab/instruments/erasynth.py
+++ b/src/qibolab/instruments/erasynth.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 from qcodes_contrib_drivers.drivers.ERAInstruments import ERASynthPlusPlus
 from qibo.config import log
 
-from qibolab.instruments.oscillator import LocalOscillator
+from qibolab.instruments.oscillator import LocalOscillator, LocalOscillatorSettings
 
 RECONNECTION_ATTEMPTS = 10
 """Number of times to attempt sending requests to the web server in case of
@@ -128,7 +128,11 @@ class ERA(LocalOscillator):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, name, address, ethernet=True, ref_osc_source=None):
-        super().__init__(name, address, ref_osc_source)
+        super().__init__(
+            name=name,
+            address=address,
+            settings=LocalOscillatorSettings(ref_osc_source=ref_osc_source),
+        )
         self.ethernet = ethernet
 
     def create(self):
diff --git a/src/qibolab/instruments/icarusqfpga.py b/src/qibolab/instruments/icarusqfpga.py
index 4a6b7c35e..f4258df42 100644
--- a/src/qibolab/instruments/icarusqfpga.py
+++ b/src/qibolab/instruments/icarusqfpga.py
@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@
     AveragingMode,
     ExecutionParameters,
 )
+from qibolab.identifier import QubitId
 from qibolab.instruments.abstract import Controller
 from qibolab.pulses import Pulse
-from qibolab.qubits import Qubit, QubitId
+from qibolab.qubits import Qubit
 from qibolab.result import average, average_iq, collect
 from qibolab.sequence import PulseSequence
 from qibolab.sweeper import Parameter, Sweeper, SweeperType
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ def __init__(
         delay_samples_offset_dac: int = 0,
         delay_samples_offset_adc: int = 0,
     ):
-        super().__init__(name, address)
+        super().__init__(name=name, address=address, bounds="icarusq/bounds")
 
         self.channel_delay_offset_dac = delay_samples_offset_dac
         self.channel_delay_offset_adc = delay_samples_offset_adc
diff --git a/src/qibolab/instruments/qblox/module.py b/src/qibolab/instruments/qblox/module.py
index 61203bc67..240894d91 100644
--- a/src/qibolab/instruments/qblox/module.py
+++ b/src/qibolab/instruments/qblox/module.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class ClusterModule(Instrument):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, name: str, address: str):
-        super().__init__(name, address)
+        super().__init__(name=name, address=address)
         DEFAULT_SEQUENCERS_VALUES = {
             "cont_mode_en_awg_path0": False,
             "cont_mode_en_awg_path1": False,
diff --git a/src/qibolab/instruments/qm/controller.py b/src/qibolab/instruments/qm/controller.py
index fda8cccd2..d1e3815ad 100644
--- a/src/qibolab/instruments/qm/controller.py
+++ b/src/qibolab/instruments/qm/controller.py
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
 import tempfile
 import warnings
 from collections import defaultdict
-from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Optional
 
+from pydantic import Field
 from qm import QuantumMachinesManager, SimulationConfig, generate_qua_script
 from qm.octave import QmOctaveConfig
 from qm.simulate.credentials import create_credentials
@@ -112,7 +113,6 @@ def fetch_results(result, acquisitions):
     }
 
 
-@dataclass
 class QmController(Controller):
     """:class:`qibolab.instruments.abstract.Controller` object for controlling
     a Quantum Machines cluster.
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class QmController(Controller):
     """Dictionary containing the
     :class:`qibolab.instruments.qm.controller.Octave` instruments being
     used."""
-    channels: dict[str, QmChannel]
+    channels: dict[ChannelId, QmChannel]
 
     bounds: str = "qm/bounds"
     """Maximum bounds used for batching in sequence unrolling."""
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class QmController(Controller):
     is_connected: bool = False
     """Boolean that shows whether we are connected to the QM manager."""
 
-    config: QmConfig = field(default_factory=QmConfig)
+    config: QmConfig = Field(default_factory=QmConfig)
     """Configuration dictionary required for pulse execution on the OPXs."""
 
     simulation_duration: Optional[int] = None
@@ -184,12 +184,9 @@ class QmController(Controller):
     Default is ``False``.
     """
 
-    def __post_init__(self):
-        super().__init__(self.name, self.address)
+    def model_post_init(self, __context):
         # convert ``channels`` from list to dict
-        self.channels = {
-            str(channel.logical_channel.name): channel for channel in self.channels
-        }
+        self.channels = {channel.logical_channel: channel for channel in self.channels}
 
         if self.simulation_duration is not None:
             # convert simulation duration from ns to clock cycles
diff --git a/src/qibolab/instruments/rfsoc/driver.py b/src/qibolab/instruments/rfsoc/driver.py
index 307b31c43..f40d99bae 100644
--- a/src/qibolab/instruments/rfsoc/driver.py
+++ b/src/qibolab/instruments/rfsoc/driver.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def __init__(self, name: str, address: str, port: int, sampling_rate: float = 1.
             address (str): IP and port of the server (ex. 192.168.0.10)
             port (int): Port of the server (ex.6000)
         """
-        super().__init__(name, address=address)
+        super().__init__(name=name, address=address)
         self.host = address
         self.port = port
         self.cfg = rfsoc.Config()
diff --git a/src/qibolab/instruments/zhinst/executor.py b/src/qibolab/instruments/zhinst/executor.py
index c6e000b3d..d72b9c2ec 100644
--- a/src/qibolab/instruments/zhinst/executor.py
+++ b/src/qibolab/instruments/zhinst/executor.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def __init__(
         time_of_flight=0.0,
         smearing=0.0,
     ):
-        super().__init__(name, None)
+        super().__init__(name=name, address=None)
 
         self.signal_map = {}
         "Signals to lines mapping"