Raspberry Pi is a trademark of Raspberry Pi Ltd.
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MiniSynth Pi is a polyphonic virtual analog audio synthesizer, running bare metal (without separate operating system) on the Raspberry Pi. On the Raspberry Pi 2, 3, 4 and 5 it allows to play up to 24 polyphonic voices at a time, on the Raspberry Pi 1 only 4 voices.
You have to attach an USB MIDI keyboard controller (which supports the USB Audio Class MIDI specification) or an USB PC keyboard to your Raspberry Pi to play on it. Alternatively you can feed serial MIDI data (at 31250 Bps) into GPIO15 (Broadcom numbering). Normally you will need some external circuit to be able to attach a device with serial MIDI interface.
The audio signal is normally available on the 3.5mm headphones jack (I2S and USB usage see below). On the Raspberry Pi Zero (2) (W) and Raspberry Pi 5 the audio signal is available on GPIO12/13 (L/R) and you need an external adapter (like this) to use it. The graphical user interface (GUI) of MiniSynth Pi can be controlled using a standard USB mouse, the official Raspberry Pi touch screen (not on Raspberry Pi 5) or an USB HID-class touch screen in digitizer mode.
This version of MiniSynth Pi can be configured, so that it can be used with an external I2S interface. The audio signal is then available via this interface. MiniSynth Pi has been tested with the following I2S interfaces:
- pHAT DAC (with PCM5102A DAC)
- PiFi DAC+ v2.0 (with PCM5122 DAC)
- Adafruit I2S Audio Bonnet (with UDA1334A DAC)
- Adafruit I2S 3W Class D Amplifier Breakout (with MAX98357A DAC)
- WM8960 DAC
Other I2S interfaces with these DACs may be compatible too. The I2C slave address of the DAC is auto-probed (0x4C, 0x4D or 0x1A).
On the Raspberry Pi 4, 400 and 5 also external USB sound cards can be used.
Please note that the included reverb effect module is experimental, because it generates some noise, when no note is played. Just leave the reverb volume (wet/dry ratio) at 0% to eliminate it, if it disturbs.
Binaries of the latest release of MiniSynth Pi can be downloaded here. Just download the MiniSynthNN.zip file and follow the instructions in the INSTALL.md file, which is included in the archive.
Normally you need a Git client to get the MiniSynth Pi source code. Go to the directory where you want to place MiniSynth Pi on your hard disk and enter:
git clone https://github.com/rsta2/minisynth.git minisynth
cd minisynth
git submodule update --init
cd circle
git submodule update --init addon/lvgl/lvgl
cd ..
This will place the source code in the subdirectory minisynth/ and clones the submodule circle (with the required submodule addon/lvgl/lvgl) into the minisynth/circle/ subdirectory.
MiniSynth Pi uses the Circle bare metal build environment for the Raspberry Pi. You need an appropriate compiler toolchain for ARM processors to build it. Have a look at the Circle README.md file (in circle/) for further information on this (section Building). The build information herein is for Linux hosts only.
When the toolchain is installed on your computer you can build MiniSynth Pi using the following commands:
./configure 3 arm-eabi-
./makeall clean
./makeall
The configure command writes a Config.mk file for Circle and patches Circle, so that it allows to use multiple CPU cores. "3" is the major revision number of your Raspberry Pi (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5). The second (optional) parameter is the prefix of the commands of your toolchain and can be preceded with a path. Do not forget the dash at the end of the prefix!
An optional third parameter can be appended to specify the bit size of the ARM architecture to be used as build target. It can be "32" (default) or "64" (for Raspberry Pi 3 and 4 only). For the Raspberry Pi 5 it must be "64" (default).
If the build was successful, you find the executable image file of MiniSynth Pi in the src/ subdirectory with the name kernel.img (Raspberry Pi 1), kernel7.img (Raspberry Pi 2), kernel8-32.img (Raspberry Pi 3), kernel7l.img (Raspberry Pi 4) or kernel_2712.img (Raspberry Pi 5).
You will need a SD card with FAT16 or FAT32 partition to install MiniSynth Pi. This partition must be the first file system on the SD card. You have to copy the kernel???.img file, built in the previous step, to this FAT partition. All files have to be placed in the root directory of this partition.
Furthermore you need the Raspberry Pi firmware. You can get it as follows:
cd circle/boot
make
You have to copy the three files bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat from the circle/boot/ subdirectory to the FAT partition on the SD card. The Raspberry Pi 4 and 5 require different firmware files. Please read the file circle/boot/README for details!
Finally you have to copy the configuration files cmdline.txt, patchN.txt (example patches), velocity-???.txt (keyboard velocity curve) and midi-cc.txt (MIDI CC mapping) from the config/ subdirectory to the SD card. The appropriate velocity curve file has to be renamed to velocity.txt to be used. You can optionally create a subdirectory /patches and copy the example patches there, if you do not want to have them in the root directory of your SD card.
If you want to use an I2S interface, you have to modify to file cmdline.txt on the SD card, so that it contains the following option (default is sndpwm):
sounddev=sndi2s
If you want to use an USB sound card (on the Raspberry Pi 4, 400 and 5 only), you have to attach it, before the system is started. The file cmdline.txt must contain the following options, where soundopt= specifies the width of one audio sample in number of bits, and must be 24 for some (especially Pro) devices:
sounddev=sndusb soundopt=16
Put the SD card into the card reader of your Raspberry Pi.
If you want to use an USB touch screen, an additional calibration step may be required. Your touch screen must be compliant with the USB HID-class specification and must support the digitizer mode. Touch screens which emulate an USB mouse with absolute coordinates cannot be used. Touch screen calibration is needed, if your touch screen does not send screen pixel coordinates. If you are unsure about this, you can apply this step and will get the required information from the calibration program.
After building the MiniSynth Pi application, enter from MiniSynth Pi project root:
cd circle/tools/touchscreen-calibrator
make clean
make
A file kernel???.img should be created, which is the calibration program. Copy it to the SD card, which has been prepared in the previous step. Because the kernel image of MiniSynth Pi is needed later, you should temporary rename it. Now put the SD card into your Raspberry Pi and start it. Please read the file README in the subdirectory of the calibration program for further info on the calibration process!
The calibration program will finally tell you, if your touch screen needs calibration. If so, the option touchscreen=min-x,max-x,min-y,max-y (parameters given by the calibration program) has to be added to the first line of the file cmdline.txt. Multiple options will be delimited with a space character in this file.
Before powering on your Raspberry Pi, the following devices have to be attached:
- HDMI display (1920x1080 pixels max.)
- USB MIDI keyboard controller, USB PC keyboard or device with serial MIDI interface (at GPIO15, requires external circuit)
- Standard USB mouse (if touch screen is not used)
- Headphones or amplifier (on the 3.5mm jack or via external I2S interface or USB sound card)
MiniSynth Pi starts in about four seconds. It is controlled using the following GUI (MAIN tab):
You will get that picture when you click the HELP button with the mouse or on the touch screen. By default the GUI does not show the help info, but the values of the different parameters of the currently selected patch (see Parameters).
A parameter value can be modified using the down (<) and up (>) buttons or can be directly entered using a screen keyboard for numeric parameters, when the parameter value is clicked with the mouse or touched on a touch screen.
The GUI allows to select 48 different sound configurations (patches 0-47) on the PATCHES tab:
There is always one (highlighted) active patch, which can be edited using the different parameter controls on the MAIN tab (see above). A tab can be selected by clicking on its name in the top right corner of the screen.
The parameters of the active patch can be saved to a configuration file on the SD card (patchX.txt where X is the number of the patch). If the subdirectory /patches exists, the patches will be saved here. On start-up the configuration of all patches is loaded from these files (if available) or initialized to the default preset.
A patch can be described with the additional one-line text properties Patch name, Patch author and Any comment. To edit one of these strings, just click into the corresponding text box. The GUI will open a screen keyboard then:
After editing one property, you can save it using the OK check (in the bottom right corner) or reject the latest changes by clicking on the keyboard key (left corner). The ENTER key has no function here. Please note that any changes will be saved to a patch file only when you click the SAVE button on the PATCHES tab.
The USB PC keyboard allows playing two octaves (keys C2-C4). Its mapping is as follows:
+-----+-----+ +-----+-----+-----+
|2 C#2|3 D#2| |5 F#2|6 G#2|7 A#3|
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
|Q C2 |W D2 |E E2 |R F2 |T G2 |Y A3 |U B3 |
+-----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
|S C#3|D D#3| |G F#3|H G#3|J A#4|
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-----+
|Z C3 |X D3 |C E3 |V F3 |B G3 |N A4 |M B4 |, C4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+--------+
|Key Note|
+--------+
The inscription of the keyboard may vary, but the physical position of the piano keys is the same on all keyboards. Using this scheme you should be able to find them. Please note that PC keyboards often do not allow to use all voices simultaneously.
A Raspberry Pi running MiniSynth Pi can be powered off at any time when the green activity LED is not on.
One patch of MiniSynth Pi has the following parameters:
| Section | Module | Parameter | Unit | Range | Default | Description | MIDI CC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OSCILLATOR | VCO | Wave | Square | Waveform (*) | |||
| OSCILLATOR | VCO (2) | Detune | % | 0-200 | 100 | Semitone -/+ | 94 (**) |
| OSCILLATOR | LFO | Wave | Sine | Waveform (*) | |||
| OSCILLATOR | LFO | Rate | Hz | 1-35 | 20 | Modulation frequency | |
| OSCILLATOR | LFO | Volume | % | 0-100 | 0 | Modulation volume | |
| FILTER | VCF | Cutoff | % | 10-100 | 80 | Cutoff frequency | 74 |
| FILTER | VCF | Resonance | % | 0-100 | 50 | Resonance parameter | 71 |
| FILTER | LFO | Wave | Sine | Waveform (*) | |||
| FILTER | LFO | Rate | Hz | 0.5-5.0 | 2.0 | Modulation frequency | |
| FILTER | LFO | Volume | % | 0-100 | 0 | Modulation volume | |
| FILTER | ENVELOPE | Attack | ms | 0-2000 | 0 | Attack delay | |
| FILTER | ENVELOPE | Decay | ms | 100-10000 | 4000 | Decay delay | |
| FILTER | ENVELOPE | Sustain | % | 0-100 | 100 | Sustain level | |
| FILTER | ENVELOPE | Release | ms | 0-5000 | 1000 | Release delay | |
| AMPLIFIER | Volume | % | 0-100 | 50 | Master volume | 7 | |
| AMPLIFIER | LFO | Wave | Sine | Waveform (*) | |||
| AMPLIFIER | LFO | Rate | Hz | 0.5-5.0 | 2.0 | Modulation frequency | |
| AMPLIFIER | LFO | Volume | % | 0-100 | 0 | Modulation volume | |
| AMPLIFIER | ENVELOPE | Attack | ms | 0-2000 | 100 | Attack delay | |
| AMPLIFIER | ENVELOPE | Decay | ms | 100-10000 | 4000 | Decay delay | |
| AMPLIFIER | ENVELOPE | Sustain | % | 0-100 | 100 | Sustain level | |
| AMPLIFIER | ENVELOPE | Release | ms | 0-5000 | 100 | Release delay | |
| EFFECTS | REVERB | Decay | % | 0-50 | 20 | Rate of decay | |
| EFFECTS | REVERB | Volume | % | 0-30 | 0 | Wet/dry ratio | 91 |
| MIDI | Channel | 1-16, Omni | Omni Mode | Input channel (***) |
(*) Waveform can be: Sine, Square, Sawtooth, Triangle, Pulse 12.5%, Pulse 25% or Noise (Noise not for LFO)
(**) The MIDI CC mapping can be modified in the file midi-cc.txt. This is the default mapping.
(***) MiniSynth Pi receives MIDI events only on the selected channel. In Omni Mode (default) it receives on all channels.
MiniSynth Pi provides two VCOs, one runs at the pitch frequency, the other at pitch frequency detuned by a configurable value (max. one semitone - or +, default 100% = Detune off). The VCF uses a second order recursive linear filter, containing two poles and two zeros (biquad), which is implemented as a low-pass filter.
MiniSynth Pi allows to use a specific keyboard velocity curve, which fits best to your keyboard and your playing style. It has to be provided in the file velocity.txt on the SD card. The default velocity curve is linear. Have a look into the example files in the config/ subdirectory. If you want to use one of these files, it has to be renamed to velocity.txt on the SD card. It should be easy to modify one example file to adjust the velocity curve to your own needs.
Some USB MIDI keyboard controllers have been reported to lose "Note on" and/or "Note off" events, if used with MiniSynth Pi. As a workaround you can modify the file cmdline.txt on the SD card as follows:
sounddev=sndpwm logdev=null usbspeed=full
Some USB PC keyboards may not work with MiniSynth Pi, because its USB HID report descriptor cannot be fetched from the keyboard. As a workaround you can try to suppress fetching this descriptor by adding the usbignore= option to the file cmdline.txt on the SD card:
sounddev=sndpwm logdev=null usbspeed=auto usbignore=int3-0-0
Please note, that you cannot use an USB PC keyboard to input data in MiniSynth Pi. It is just an replacement for an USB MIDI keyboard controller, in case you do not have the latter.
MiniSynth Pi uses the following source modules:
- Circle C++ bare metal environment for the Raspberry Pi (includes USB MIDI driver by Joshua Otto)
- Light and Versatile Graphics Library by LVGL Kft
- EMMC SD card driver (part of rpi-boot) by John Cronin
- FatFs file system module by ChaN
Additional information has been obtained from:
- Cookbook formulae for audio EQ biquad filter coefficients by Robert Bristow-Johnson
- Digital Synth WRA32 by Ryo Ishigaki
- Effect Design, Part 1: Reverberator and Other Filters by Jon Dattorro