From a4e1a6c0e7699cc6ff94ad2691bff9fce80f5814 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ID Bot Date: Wed, 24 Jul 2024 23:46:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Script updating gh-pages from 165361f. [ci skip] --- auth48-v4/draft-ietf-sframe-enc.html | 6320 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ auth48-v4/draft-ietf-sframe-enc.txt | 3213 +++++++++++++ auth48-v4/index.html | 45 + index.html | 24 +- 4 files changed, 9594 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) create mode 100644 auth48-v4/draft-ietf-sframe-enc.html create mode 100644 auth48-v4/draft-ietf-sframe-enc.txt create mode 100644 auth48-v4/index.html diff --git a/auth48-v4/draft-ietf-sframe-enc.html b/auth48-v4/draft-ietf-sframe-enc.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f35f17a --- /dev/null +++ b/auth48-v4/draft-ietf-sframe-enc.html @@ -0,0 +1,6320 @@ + + + + + + +Secure Frame (SFrame): Lightweight Authenticated Encryption for Real-Time Media + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Internet-DraftSFrameJuly 2024
Omara, et al.Expires 25 January 2025[Page]
+
+
+
+
Workgroup:
+
sframe
+
Internet-Draft:
+
draft-ietf-sframe-enc-latest
+
Published:
+
+ +
+
Intended Status:
+
Standards Track
+
Expires:
+
+
Authors:
+
+
+
E. Omara
+
Apple
+
+
+
J. Uberti
+
Fixie.ai
+
+
+
S. G. Murillo
+
CoSMo Software
+
+
+
R. Barnes, Ed. +
+
Cisco
+
+
+
Y. Fablet
+
Apple
+
+
+
+
+

Secure Frame (SFrame): Lightweight Authenticated Encryption for Real-Time Media

+
+

Abstract

+

This document describes the Secure Frame (SFrame) end-to-end encryption and +authentication mechanism for media frames in a multiparty conference call, in +which central media servers (Selective Forwarding Units or SFUs) can access the +media metadata needed to make forwarding decisions without having access to the +actual media.

+

This mechanism differs from the Secure Real-Time Protocol (SRTP) in that +it is independent of RTP (thus compatible with non-RTP media transport) and can +be applied to whole media frames in order to be more bandwidth efficient.

+
+
+
+

+Status of This Memo +

+

+ This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the + provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

+

+ Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task + Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working + documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is + at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

+

+ Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months + and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any + time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference + material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

+

+ This Internet-Draft will expire on 25 January 2025.

+
+
+ +
+
+ ▲

+Table of Contents +

+ +
+
+
+
+

+1. Introduction +

+

Modern multiparty video call systems use Selective Forwarding Unit (SFU) +servers to efficiently route media streams to call endpoints based on factors such +as available bandwidth, desired video size, codec support, and other factors. An +SFU typically does not need access to the media content of the conference, +which allows the media to be encrypted "end to end" so that it cannot be +decrypted by the SFU. In order for the SFU to work properly, though, it usually +needs to be able to access RTP metadata and RTCP feedback messages, which is not +possible if all RTP/RTCP traffic is end-to-end encrypted.

+

As such, two layers of encryption and authentication are required:

+
    +
  1. +

    Hop-by-hop (HBH) encryption of media, metadata, and feedback messages +between the endpoints and SFU

    +
    2. +
  2. +

    End-to-end (E2E) encryption (E2EE) of media between the endpoints

    +
    3. +
+

The Secure Real-Time Protocol (SRTP) is already widely used for HBH encryption +[RFC3711]. The SRTP "double encryption" scheme defines a way to do E2E +encryption in SRTP [RFC8723]. Unfortunately, this scheme has poor efficiency +and high complexity, and its entanglement with RTP makes it unworkable in +several realistic SFU scenarios.

+

This document proposes a new E2EE protection scheme known as SFrame, +specifically designed to work in group conference calls with SFUs. SFrame is a +general encryption framing that can be used to protect media payloads, agnostic +of transport.

+
+
+
+
+

+2. Terminology +

+

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", +"MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as +described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they +appear in all capitals, as shown here.

+
+
MAC:
+
+

Message Authentication Code

+
+
+
E2EE:
+
+

End-to-End Encryption

+
+
+
HBH:
+
+

Hop-by-Hop

+
+
+
+

We use "Selective Forwarding Unit (SFU)" and "media stream" in a less formal sense +than in [RFC7656]. An SFU is a selective switching function for media +payloads, and a media stream is a sequence of media payloads, +regardless of whether those media payloads are transported over RTP or some +other protocol.

+
+
+
+
+

+3. Goals +

+

SFrame is designed to be a suitable E2EE protection scheme for conference call +media in a broad range of scenarios, as outlined by the following goals:

+
    +
  1. +

    Provide a secure E2EE mechanism for audio and video in conference calls +that can be used with arbitrary SFU servers.

    +
    2. +
  2. +

    Decouple media encryption from key management to allow SFrame to be used +with an arbitrary key management system.

    +
    3. +
  3. +

    Minimize packet expansion to allow successful conferencing in as many +network conditions as possible.

    +
    4. +
  4. +

    Decouple the media encryption framework from the underlying transport, +allowing use in non-RTP scenarios, e.g., WebTransport +[I-D.ietf-webtrans-overview].

    +
    5. +
  5. +

    When used with RTP and its associated error-resilience mechanisms, i.e., RTX +and Forward Error Correction (FEC), require no special handling for RTX and FEC packets.

    +
    6. +
  6. +

    Minimize the changes needed in SFU servers.

    +
    7. +
  7. +

    Minimize the changes needed in endpoints.

    +
    8. +
  8. +

    Work with the most popular audio and video codecs used in conferencing +scenarios.

    +
    9. +
+
+
+
+
+

+4. SFrame +

+

This document defines an encryption mechanism that provides effective E2EE, +is simple to implement, has no dependencies on RTP, and minimizes +encryption bandwidth overhead. This section describes how the mechanism +works and includes details of how applications utilize SFrame for media protection +as well as the actual mechanics of E2EE for protecting media.

+
+
+

+4.1. Application Context +

+

SFrame is a general encryption framing, intended to be used as an E2EE +layer over an underlying HBH-encrypted transport such as SRTP or QUIC +[RFC3711][I-D.ietf-moq-transport].

+

The scale at which SFrame encryption is applied to media determines the overall +amount of overhead that SFrame adds to the media stream as well as the +engineering complexity involved in integrating SFrame into a particular +environment. Two patterns are common: using SFrame to encrypt either whole +media frames (per frame) or individual transport-level media payloads +(per packet).

+

For example, Figure 1 shows a typical media sender stack that takes media +from some source, encodes it into frames, divides those frames into media +packets, and then sends those payloads in SRTP packets. The receiver stack +performs the reverse operations, reassembling frames from SRTP packets and +decoding. Arrows indicate two different ways that SFrame protection could be +integrated into this media stack: to encrypt whole frames or individual media +packets.

+

Applying SFrame per frame in this system offers higher efficiency but may +require a more complex integration in environments where depacketization relies +on the content of media packets. Applying SFrame per packet avoids this +complexity at the cost of higher bandwidth consumption. Some quantitative +discussion of these trade-offs is provided in Appendix B.

+

As noted above, however, SFrame is a general media encapsulation and can be +applied in other scenarios. The important thing is that the sender and +receivers of an SFrame-encrypted object agree on that object's semantics. +SFrame does not provide this agreement; it must be arranged by the application.

+
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + HBH + Encode + Packetize + Protect + SFrame + SFrame + Protect + Protect + Alice + (per + frame) + (per + packet) + E2E + Key + HBH + Key + Media + Management + Management + Server + SFrame + SFrame + Unprotect + Unprotect + (per + frame) + (per + packet) + HBH + Decode + Depacketize + Unprotect + Bob + + +
+
+
Figure 1: +Two Options for Integrating SFrame in a Typical Media Stack +
+
+

Like SRTP, SFrame does not define how the keys used for SFrame are exchanged by +the parties in the conference. Keys for SFrame might be distributed over an +existing E2E-secure channel (see Section 5.1) or derived from an E2E-secure +shared secret (see Section 5.2). The key management system MUST ensure that each +key used for encrypting media is used by exactly one media sender in order to +avoid reuse of nonces.

+
+
+
+
+

+4.2. SFrame Ciphertext +

+

An SFrame ciphertext comprises an SFrame header followed by the output of an +Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) encryption of the plaintext [RFC5116], with the header provided as additional +authenticated data (AAD).

+

The SFrame header is a variable-length structure described in detail in +Section 4.3. The structure of the encrypted data and authentication tag +are determined by the AEAD algorithm in use.

+
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + K + KLEN + C + CLEN + Key + ID + Counter + Encrypted + Data + Authentication + Tag + Encrypted + Portion + Authenticated + Portion + + +
+
+
Figure 2: +Structure of an SFrame Ciphertext +
+
+

When SFrame is applied per packet, the payload of each packet will be an SFrame +ciphertext. When SFrame is applied per frame, the SFrame ciphertext +representing an encrypted frame will span several packets, with the header +appearing in the first packet and the authentication tag in the last packet. +It is the responsibility of the application to reassemble an encrypted frame from +individual packets, accounting for packet loss and reordering as necessary.

+
+
+
+
+

+4.3. SFrame Header +

+

The SFrame header specifies two values from which encryption parameters are +derived:

+
    +
  • +

    A Key ID (KID) that determines which encryption key should be used

    +
    • +
  • +

    A Counter (CTR) that is used to construct the nonce for the encryption

    +
    • +
+

Applications MUST ensure that each (KID, CTR) combination is used for exactly +one SFrame encryption operation. A typical approach to achieve this guarantee is +outlined in Section 9.1.

+
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Config + Byte + 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + X + K + Y + C + KID... + CTR... + + +
+
+
Figure 3: +SFrame Header +
+
+

The SFrame header has the overall structure shown in Figure 3. The +first byte is a "config byte", with the following fields:

+
+
Extended KID Flag (X, 1 bit):
+
+

Indicates if the K field contains the KID or the KID length.

+
+
+
KID or KID Length (K, 3 bits):
+
+

If the X flag is set to 0, this field contains the KID. If the X flag is +set to 1, then it contains the length of the KID, minus one.

+
+
+
Extended CTR Flag (Y, 1 bit):
+
+

Indicates if the C field contains the CTR or the CTR length.

+
+
+
CTR or CTR Length (C, 3 bits):
+
+

This field contains the CTR if the Y flag is set to 0, or the CTR +length, minus one, if set to 1.

+
+
+
+

The KID and CTR fields are encoded as compact unsigned integers in +network (big-endian) byte order. If the value of one of these fields is in the +range 0-7, then the value is carried in the corresponding bits of the config +byte (K or C) and the corresponding flag (X or Y) is set to zero. Otherwise, +the value MUST be encoded with the minimum number of bytes required and +appended after the config byte, with the KID first and CTR second. +The header field (K or C) is set to the number of bytes in the encoded value, +minus one. The value 000 represents a length of 1, 001 a length of 2, etc. +This allows a 3-bit length field to represent the value lengths 1-8.

+

The SFrame header can thus take one of the four forms shown in +Figure 4, depending on which of the X and Y flags are set.

+
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + KID + < + 8, + CTR + < + 8: + 0 + KID + 0 + CTR + KID + < + 8, + CTR + >= + 8: + 0 + KID + 1 + CLEN + CTR... + (length=CLEN) + KID + >= + 8 + CTR + < + 8: + 1 + KLEN + 0 + CTR + KID... + (length=KLEN) + KID + >= + 8 + CTR + >= + 8: + 1 + KLEN + 1 + CLEN + KID... + (length=KLEN) + CTR... + (length=CLEN) + + +
+
+
Figure 4: +Forms of Encoded SFrame Header +
+
+
+
+
+
+

+4.4. Encryption Schema +

+

SFrame encryption uses an AEAD encryption algorithm and hash function defined by +the cipher suite in use (see Section 4.5). We will refer to the following +aspects of the AEAD and the hash algorithm below:

+
    +
  • +

    AEAD.Encrypt and AEAD.Decrypt - The encryption and decryption functions +for the AEAD. We follow the convention of RFC 5116 [RFC5116] and consider +the authentication tag part of the ciphertext produced by AEAD.Encrypt (as +opposed to a separate field as in SRTP [RFC3711]).

    +
    • +
  • +

    AEAD.Nk - The size in bytes of a key for the encryption algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    AEAD.Nn - The size in bytes of a nonce for the encryption algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    AEAD.Nt - The overhead in bytes of the encryption algorithm (typically the +size of a "tag" that is added to the plaintext)

    +
    • +
  • +

    AEAD.Nka - For cipher suites using the compound AEAD described in +Section 4.5.1, the size in bytes of a key for the underlying encryption +algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    Hash.Nh - The size in bytes of the output of the hash function

    +
    • +
+
+
+

+4.4.1. Key Selection +

+

Each SFrame encryption or decryption operation is premised on a single secret +base_key, which is labeled with an integer KID value signaled in the SFrame +header.

+

The sender and receivers need to agree on which base_key should be used for a given +KID. Moreover, senders and receivers need to agree on whether a base_key will be used +for encryption or decryption only. The process for provisioning base_key values and their KID +values is beyond the scope of this specification, but its security properties will +bound the assurances that SFrame provides. For example, if SFrame is used to +provide E2E security against intermediary media nodes, then SFrame keys need to +be negotiated in a way that does not make them accessible to these intermediaries.

+

For each known KID value, the client stores the corresponding symmetric key +base_key. For keys that can be used for encryption, the client also stores +the next CTR value to be used when encrypting (initially 0).

+

When encrypting a plaintext, the application specifies which KID is to be used, +and the CTR value is incremented after successful encryption. When decrypting, +the base_key for decryption is selected from the available keys using the KID +value in the SFrame header.

+

A given base_key MUST NOT be used for encryption by multiple senders. Such reuse +would result in multiple encrypted frames being generated with the same (key, +nonce) pair, which harms the protections provided by many AEAD algorithms. +Implementations MUST mark each base_key as usable for encryption or decryption, +never both.

+

Note that the set of available keys might change over the lifetime of a +real-time session. In such cases, the client will need to manage key usage to +avoid media loss due to a key being used to encrypt before all receivers are +able to use it to decrypt. For example, an application may make decryption-only +keys available immediately, but delay the use of keys for encryption until (a) +all receivers have acknowledged receipt of the new key, or (b) a timeout expires.

+
+
+
+
+

+4.4.2. Key Derivation +

+

SFrame encryption and decryption use a key and salt derived from the base_key +associated with a KID. Given a base_key value, the key and salt are derived +using HMAC-based Key Derivation Function (HKDF) [RFC5869] as follows:

+
+
+def derive_key_salt(KID, base_key):
+  sframe_secret = HKDF-Extract("", base_key)
+
+  sframe_key_label = "SFrame 1.0 Secret key " + KID + cipher_suite
+  sframe_key =
+    HKDF-Expand(sframe_secret, sframe_key_label, AEAD.Nk)
+
+  sframe_salt_label = "SFrame 1.0 Secret salt " + KID + cipher_suite
+  sframe_salt =
+    HKDF-Expand(sframe_secret, sframe_salt_label, AEAD.Nn)
+
+  return sframe_key, sframe_salt
+
+
+

In the derivation of sframe_secret:

+
    +
  • +

    The + operator represents concatenation of byte strings.

    +
    • +
  • +

    The KID value is encoded as an 8-byte big-endian integer, not the compressed +form used in the SFrame header.

    +
    • +
  • +

    The cipher_suite value is a 2-byte big-endian integer representing the +cipher suite in use (see Section 8.1).

    +
    • +
+

The hash function used for HKDF is determined by the cipher suite in use.

+
+
+
+
+

+4.4.3. Encryption +

+

SFrame encryption uses the AEAD encryption algorithm for the cipher suite in use. +The key for the encryption is the sframe_key. The nonce is formed by first XORing +the sframe_salt with the current CTR value, and then encoding the result as a big-endian integer of +length AEAD.Nn.

+

The encryptor forms an SFrame header using the CTR and KID values provided. +The encoded header is provided as AAD to the AEAD encryption operation, together +with application-provided metadata about the encrypted media (see Section 9.4).

+
+
+def encrypt(CTR, KID, metadata, plaintext):
+  sframe_key, sframe_salt = key_store[KID]
+
+  # encode_big_endian(x, n) produces an n-byte string encoding the
+  # integer x in big-endian byte order.
+  ctr = encode_big_endian(CTR, AEAD.Nn)
+  nonce = xor(sframe_salt, CTR)
+
+  # encode_sframe_header produces a byte string encoding the
+  # provided KID and CTR values into an SFrame header.
+  header = encode_sframe_header(CTR, KID)
+  aad = header + metadata
+
+  ciphertext = AEAD.Encrypt(sframe_key, nonce, aad, plaintext)
+  return header + ciphertext
+
+
+

For example, the metadata input to encryption allows for frame metadata to be +authenticated when SFrame is applied per frame. After encoding the frame and +before packetizing it, the necessary media metadata will be moved out of the +encoded frame buffer to be sent in some channel visible to the SFU (e.g., an +RTP header extension).

+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + plaintext + sframe_key + Key + Header + KID + sframe_salt + Nonce + CTR + metadata + AAD + AEAD.Encrypt + SFrame + Ciphertext + SFrame + Header + ciphertext + + +
+
+
Figure 5: +Encrypting an SFrame Ciphertext +
+
+
+
+
+

+4.4.4. Decryption +

+

Before decrypting, a receiver needs to assemble a full SFrame ciphertext. When +an SFrame ciphertext is fragmented into multiple parts for transport (e.g., +a whole encrypted frame sent in multiple SRTP packets), the receiving client +collects all the fragments of the ciphertext, using appropriate sequencing +and start/end markers in the transport. Once all of the required fragments are +available, the client reassembles them into the SFrame ciphertext and passes +the ciphertext to SFrame for decryption.

+

The KID field in the SFrame header is used to find the right key and salt for +the encrypted frame, and the CTR field is used to construct the nonce. The SFrame +decryption procedure is as follows:

+
+
+def decrypt(metadata, sframe_ciphertext):
+  KID, CTR, header, ciphertext = parse_ciphertext(sframe_ciphertext)
+
+  sframe_key, sframe_salt = key_store[KID]
+
+  ctr = encode_big_endian(CTR, AEAD.Nn)
+  nonce = xor(sframe_salt, ctr)
+  aad = header + metadata
+
+  return AEAD.Decrypt(sframe_key, nonce, aad, ciphertext)
+
+
+

If a ciphertext fails to decrypt because there is no key available for the KID +in the SFrame header, the client MAY buffer the ciphertext and retry decryption +once a key with that KID is received. If a ciphertext fails to decrypt for any +other reason, the client MUST discard the ciphertext. Invalid ciphertexts SHOULD be +discarded in a way that is indistinguishable (to an external observer) from having +processed a valid ciphertext. In other words, the SFrame decrypt operation +should take the same amount of time regardless of whether decryption succeeds or fails.

+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + SFrame + Ciphertext + SFrame + Header + ciphertext + sframe_key + Key + KID + sframe_salt + Nonce + CTR + metadata + AAD + AEAD.Decrypt + | + plaintext + + +
+
+
Figure 6: +Decrypting an SFrame Ciphertext +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+4.5. Cipher Suites +

+

Each SFrame session uses a single cipher suite that specifies the following +primitives:

+
    +
  • +

    A hash function used for key derivation

    +
    • +
  • +

    An AEAD encryption algorithm [RFC5116] used for frame encryption, optionally +with a truncated authentication tag

    +
    • +
+

This document defines the following cipher suites, with the constants defined in +Section 4.4:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Table 1: +SFrame Cipher Suite Constants +
NameNhNkaNkNnNt
+ AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_80 +3216481210
+ AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_64 +321648128
+ AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_32 +321648124
+ AES_128_GCM_SHA256_128 +32n/a161216
+ AES_256_GCM_SHA512_128 +64n/a321216
+
+

Numeric identifiers for these cipher suites are defined in the IANA registry +created in Section 8.1.

+

In the suite names, the length of the authentication tag is indicated by +the last value: "_128" indicates a 128-bit tag, "_80" indicates +an 80-bit tag, "_64" indicates a 64-bit tag, and "_32" indicates a +32-bit tag.

+

In a session that uses multiple media streams, different cipher suites might be +configured for different media streams. For example, in order to conserve +bandwidth, a session might use a cipher suite with 80-bit tags for video frames +and another cipher suite with 32-bit tags for audio frames.

+
+
+

+4.5.1. AES-CTR with SHA2 +

+

In order to allow very short tag sizes, we define a synthetic AEAD function +using the authenticated counter mode of AES together with HMAC for +authentication. We use an encrypt-then-MAC approach, as in SRTP [RFC3711].

+

Before encryption or decryption, encryption and authentication subkeys are +derived from the single AEAD key. The overall length of the AEAD key is Nka + +Nh, where Nka represents the key size for the AES block cipher in use and Nh +represents the output size of the hash function (as in Section 4.4). +The encryption subkey comprises the first Nka bytes and the authentication +subkey comprises the remaining Nh bytes.

+
+
+def derive_subkeys(sframe_key):
+  # The encryption key comprises the first Nka bytes
+  enc_key = sframe_key[..Nka]
+
+  # The authentication key comprises Nh remaining bytes
+  auth_key = sframe_key[Nka..]
+
+  return enc_key, auth_key
+
+
+

The AEAD encryption and decryption functions are then composed of individual +calls to the CTR encrypt function and HMAC. The resulting MAC value is truncated +to a number of bytes Nt fixed by the cipher suite.

+
+
+def truncate(tag, n):
+  # Take the first `n` bytes of `tag`
+  return tag[..n]
+
+def compute_tag(auth_key, nonce, aad, ct):
+  aad_len = encode_big_endian(len(aad), 8)
+  ct_len = encode_big_endian(len(ct), 8)
+  tag_len = encode_big_endian(Nt, 8)
+  auth_data = aad_len + ct_len + tag_len + nonce + aad + ct
+  tag = HMAC(auth_key, auth_data)
+  return truncate(tag, Nt)
+
+def AEAD.Encrypt(key, nonce, aad, pt):
+  enc_key, auth_key = derive_subkeys(key)
+  initial_counter = nonce + 0x00000000 # append four zero bytes
+  ct = AES-CTR.Encrypt(enc_key, initial_counter, pt)
+  tag = compute_tag(auth_key, nonce, aad, ct)
+  return ct + tag
+
+def AEAD.Decrypt(key, nonce, aad, ct):
+  inner_ct, tag = split_ct(ct, tag_len)
+
+  enc_key, auth_key = derive_subkeys(key)
+  candidate_tag = compute_tag(auth_key, nonce, aad, inner_ct)
+  if !constant_time_equal(tag, candidate_tag):
+    raise Exception("Authentication Failure")
+
+  initial_counter = nonce + 0x00000000 # append four zero bytes
+  return AES-CTR.Decrypt(enc_key, initial_counter, inner_ct)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+5. Key Management +

+

SFrame must be integrated with an E2E key management framework to exchange and +rotate the keys used for SFrame encryption. The key management +framework provides the following functions:

+
    +
  • +

    Provisioning KID / base_key mappings to participating clients

    +
    • +
  • +

    Updating the above data as clients join or leave

    +
    • +
+

It is the responsibility of the application to provide the key management +framework, as described in Section 9.2.

+
+
+

+5.1. Sender Keys +

+

If the participants in a call have a preexisting E2E-secure channel, they can +use it to distribute SFrame keys. Each client participating in a call generates +a fresh base_key value that it will use to encrypt media. The client then uses +the E2E-secure channel to send their encryption key to the other participants.

+

In this scheme, it is assumed that receivers have a signal outside of SFrame for +which client has sent a given frame (e.g., an RTP synchronization source (SSRC)). SFrame KID +values are then used to distinguish between versions of the sender's base_key.

+

KID values in this scheme have two parts: a "key generation" and a "ratchet step". +Both are unsigned integers that begin at zero. The key generation increments +each time the sender distributes a new key to receivers. The ratchet step is +incremented each time the sender ratchets their key forward for forward secrecy:

+
+
+base_key[i+1] = HKDF-Expand(
+                  HKDF-Extract("", base_key[i]),
+                  "SFrame 1.0 Ratchet", CipherSuite.Nh)
+
+
+

For compactness, we do not send the whole ratchet step. Instead, we send only +its low-order R bits, where R is a value set by the application. Different +senders may use different values of R, but each receiver of a given sender +needs to know what value of R is used by the sender so that they can recognize +when they need to ratchet (vs. expecting a new key). R effectively defines a +reordering window, since no more than 2R ratchet steps can be +active at a given time. The key generation is sent in the remaining 64 - R +bits of the KID.

+
+
+KID = (key_generation << R) + (ratchet_step % (1 << R))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 64-R + bits + R + bits + Key + Generation + Ratchet + Step + + +
+
+
Figure 7: +Structure of a KID in the Sender Keys Scheme +
+
+

The sender signals such a ratchet step update by sending with a KID value in +which the ratchet step has been incremented. A receiver who receives from a +sender with a new KID computes the new key as above. The old key may be kept +for some time to allow for out-of-order delivery, but should be deleted +promptly.

+

If a new participant joins in the middle of a session, they will need to receive +from each sender (a) the current sender key for that sender and (b) the current +KID value for the sender. Evicting a participant requires each sender to send +a fresh sender key to all receivers.

+

It is the application's responsibility to decide when sender keys are updated. A sender +key may be updated by sending a new base_key (updating the key generation) or +by hashing the current base_key (updating the ratchet step). Ratcheting the +key forward is useful when adding new receivers to an SFrame-based interaction, +since it ensures that the new receivers can't decrypt any media encrypted before +they were added. If a sender wishes to assure the opposite property when +removing a receiver (i.e., ensuring that the receiver can't decrypt media after +they are removed), then the sender will need to distribute a new sender key.

+
+
+
+
+

+5.2. MLS +

+

The Messaging Layer Security (MLS) protocol provides group authenticated key +exchange [MLS-ARCH] [MLS-PROTO]. In +principle, it could be used to instantiate the sender key scheme above, but it +can also be used more efficiently directly.

+

MLS creates a linear sequence of keys, each of which is shared among the members +of a group at a given point in time. When a member joins or leaves the group, a +new key is produced that is known only to the augmented or reduced group. Each +step in the lifetime of the group is known as an "epoch", and each member of the +group is assigned an "index" that is constant for the time they are in the +group.

+

To generate keys and nonces for SFrame, we use the MLS exporter function to +generate a base_key value for each MLS epoch. Each member of the group is +assigned a set of KID values so that each member has a unique sframe_key and +sframe_salt that it uses to encrypt with. Senders may choose any KID value +within their assigned set of KID values, e.g., to allow a single sender to send +multiple, uncoordinated outbound media streams.

+
+
+base_key = MLS-Exporter("SFrame 1.0 Base Key", "", AEAD.Nk)
+
+
+

For compactness, we do not send the whole epoch number. Instead, we send only +its low-order E bits, where E is a value set by the application. E +effectively defines a reordering window, since no more than 2E +epochs can be active at a given time. To handle rollover of the epoch counter, +receivers MUST remove an old epoch when a new epoch with the same low-order +E bits is introduced.

+

Let S be the number of bits required to encode a member index in the group, +i.e., the smallest value such that group_size <= (1 << S). The sender index +is encoded in the S bits above the epoch. The remaining 64 - S - E bits of +the KID value are a context value chosen by the sender (context value 0 will +produce the shortest encoded KID).

+
+
+KID = (context << (S + E)) + (sender_index << E) + (epoch % (1 << E))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 64-S-E + bits + S + bits + E + bits + Context + ID + Index + Epoch + + +
+
+
Figure 8: +Structure of a KID for an MLS Sender +
+
+

Once an SFrame stack has been provisioned with the sframe_epoch_secret for an +epoch, it can compute the required KID values on demand (as well as the +resulting SFrame keys/nonces derived from the base_key and KID) as it needs +to encrypt or decrypt for a given member.

+
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ... + Epoch + 14 + index=3 + KID + = + 0x3e + index=7 + KID + = + 0x7e + index=20 + KID + = + 0x14e + Epoch + 15 + index=3 + KID + = + 0x3f + index=5 + KID + = + 0x5f + Epoch + 16 + index=2 + context + = + 2 + KID + = + 0x820 + context + = + 3 + KID + = + 0xc20 + Epoch + 17 + index=33 + KID + = + 0x211 + index=51 + KID + = + 0x331 + ... + + +
+
+
Figure 9: +An Example Sequence of KIDs for an MLS-based SFrame Session (E=4; S=6, Allowing for 64 Group Members) +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+6. Media Considerations +

+
+
+

+6.1. Selective Forwarding Units +

+

SFUs (e.g., those described in Section 3.7 of [RFC7667]) receive the media streams from each participant and select which +ones should be forwarded to each of the other participants. There are several +approaches for stream selection, but in general, the SFU needs to access +metadata associated with each frame and modify the RTP information of the incoming +packets when they are transmitted to the received participants.

+

This section describes how these normal SFU modes of operation interact with the +E2EE provided by SFrame.

+
+
+

+6.1.1. RTP Stream Reuse +

+

The SFU may choose to send only a certain number of streams based on the voice +activity of the participants. To avoid the overhead involved in establishing new +transport streams, the SFU may decide to reuse previously existing streams or +even pre-allocate a predefined number of streams and choose in each moment in +time which participant media will be sent through it.

+

This means that the same transport-level stream (e.g., an RTP stream defined +by either SSRC or Media Identification (MID)) may carry media from different +streams of different participants. Because each participant uses a different key +to encrypt their media, the receiver will be able to verify the sender of the +media within the RTP stream at any given point in time. Thus the receiver will +correctly associate the media with the sender indicated by the authenticated +SFrame KID value, irrespective of how the SFU transmits the media to the client.

+

Note that in order to prevent impersonation by a malicious participant (not the +SFU), a mechanism based on digital signature would be required. SFrame does not +protect against such attacks.

+
+
+
+
+

+6.1.2. Simulcast +

+

When using simulcast, the same input image will produce N different encoded +frames (one per simulcast layer), which would be processed independently by the +frame encryptor and assigned an unique CTR value for each.

+
+
+
+
+

+6.1.3. Scalable Video Coding (SVC) +

+

In both temporal and spatial scalability, the SFU may choose to drop layers in +order to match a certain bitrate or to forward specific media sizes or frames per +second. In order to support the SFU selectively removing layers, the sender MUST +encapsulate each layer in a different SFrame ciphertext.

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+6.2. Video Key Frames +

+

Forward security and post-compromise security require that the E2EE keys (base keys) +are updated any time a participant joins or leaves the call.

+

The key exchange happens asynchronously and on a different path than the SFU signaling +and media. So it may happen that when a new participant joins the call and the +SFU side requests a key frame, the sender generates the E2EE frame +with a key that is not known by the receiver, so it will be discarded. When the sender +updates his sending key with the new key, it will send it in a non-key frame, so +the receiver will be able to decrypt it, but not decode it.

+

The new receiver will then re-request a key frame, but due to sender and SFU +policies, that new key frame could take some time to be generated.

+

If the sender sends a key frame after the new E2EE key is in use, the time +required for the new participant to display the video is minimized.

+

Note that this issue does not arise for media streams that do not have +dependencies among frames, e.g., audio streams. In these streams, each frame is +independently decodable, so a frame never depends on another frame that might be +on the other side of a key rotation.

+
+
+
+
+

+6.3. Partial Decoding +

+

Some codecs support partial decoding, where individual packets can be decoded +without waiting for the full frame to arrive. When SFrame is applied per frame, +partial decoding is not possible because the decoder cannot access data until an entire +frame has arrived and has been decrypted.

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+7. Security Considerations +

+
+
+

+7.1. No Header Confidentiality +

+

SFrame provides integrity protection to the SFrame header (the KID and +CTR values), but it does not provide confidentiality protection. Parties that +can observe the SFrame header may learn, for example, which parties are sending +SFrame payloads (from KID values) and at what rates (from CTR values). In cases +where SFrame is used for end-to-end security on top of hop-by-hop protections +(e.g., running over SRTP as described in Appendix B.5), the hop-by-hop security +mechanisms provide confidentiality protection of the SFrame header between hops.

+
+
+
+
+

+7.2. No Per-Sender Authentication +

+

SFrame does not provide per-sender authentication of media data. Any sender in +a session can send media that will be associated with any other sender. This is +because SFrame uses symmetric encryption to protect media data, so that any +receiver also has the keys required to encrypt packets for the sender.

+
+
+
+
+

+7.3. Key Management +

+

The specifics of key management are beyond the scope of this document. However, every client +SHOULD change their keys when new clients join or leave the call for forward +secrecy and post-compromise security.

+
+
+
+
+

+7.4. Replay +

+

The handling of replay is out of the scope of this document. However, senders +MUST reject requests to encrypt multiple times with the same key and nonce +since several AEAD algorithms fail badly in such cases (see, e.g., Section 5.1.1 of [RFC5116]).

+
+
+
+
+

+7.5. Risks Due to Short Tags +

+

The SFrame cipher suites based on AES-CTR allow for the use of short +authentication tags, which bring a higher risk that an attacker will be +able to cause an SFrame receiver to accept an SFrame ciphertext of the +attacker's choosing.

+

Assuming that the authentication properties of the cipher suite are robust, the +only attack that an attacker can mount is an attempt to find an acceptable +(ciphertext, tag) combination through brute force. Such a brute-force attack +will have an expected success rate of the following form:

+

+attacker_success_rate = attempts_per_second / 2^(8*Nt) +

+

For example, a gigabit Ethernet connection is able to transmit roughly 220 +packets per second. If an attacker saturated such a link with guesses against a +32-bit authentication tag (Nt=4), then the attacker would succeed on average +roughly once every 212 seconds, or about once an hour.

+

In a typical SFrame usage in a real-time media application, there are a few +approaches to mitigating this risk:

+
    +
  • +

    Receivers only accept SFrame ciphertexts over HBH-secure channels (e.g., SRTP +security associations or QUIC connections). If this is the case, only an +entity that is part of such a channel can mount the above attack.

    +
    • +
  • +

    The expected packet rate for a media stream is very predictable (and typically +far lower than the above example). On the one hand, attacks at this rate will +succeed even less often than the high-rate attack described above. On the +other hand, the application may use an elevated packet arrival rate as a +signal of a brute-force attack. This latter approach is common in other +settings, e.g., mitigating brute-force attacks on passwords.

    +
    • +
  • +

    Media applications typically do not provide feedback to media senders as to +which media packets failed to decrypt. When media-quality feedback +mechanisms are used, decryption failures will typically appear as packet +losses, but only at an aggregate level.

    +
    • +
  • +

    Anti-replay mechanisms (see Section 7.4) prevent the attacker from reusing +valid ciphertexts (either observed or guessed by the attacker). A receiver +applying anti-replay controls will only accept one valid plaintext per CTR +value. Since the CTR value is covered by SFrame authentication, an attacker +has to do a fresh search for a valid tag for every forged ciphertext, even if +the encrypted content is unchanged. In other words, when the above brute-force +attack succeeds, it only allows the attacker to send a single SFrame +ciphertext; the ciphertext cannot be reused because either it will have the +same CTR value and be discarded as a replay, or else it will have a different +CTR value and its tag will no longer be valid.

    +
    • +
+

Nonetheless, without these mitigations, an application that makes use of short +tags will be at heightened risk of forgery attacks. In many cases, it is +simpler to use full-size tags and tolerate slightly higher bandwidth usage +rather than to add the additional defenses necessary to safely use short tags.

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+8. IANA Considerations +

+

IANA has created a new registry called "SFrame Cipher Suites" (Section 8.1) +under the "SFrame" group registry heading.

+
+
+

+8.1. SFrame Cipher Suites +

+

The "SFrame Cipher Suites" registry lists identifiers for SFrame cipher suites as defined in +Section 4.5. The cipher suite field is two bytes wide, so the valid cipher +suites are in the range 0x0000 to 0xFFFF. Except as noted below, assignments are made +via the Specification Required policy [RFC8126].

+

The registration template is as follows:

+
    +
  • +

    Value: The numeric value of the cipher suite

    +
    • +
  • +

    Name: The name of the cipher suite

    +
    • +
  • +

    Recommended: Whether support for this cipher suite is recommended by the IETF. +Valid values are "Y", "N", and "D" as described in Section 17.1 of [MLS-PROTO]. The default value of the "Recommended" column is "N". Setting the +Recommended item to "Y" or "D", or changing an item whose current value is "Y" +or "D", requires Standards Action [RFC8126].

    +
    • +
  • +

    Reference: The document where this cipher suite is defined

    +
    • +
  • +

    Change Controller: Who is authorized to update the row in the registry

    +
    • +
+

Initial contents:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Table 2: +SFrame Cipher Suites +
ValueNameRReferenceChange Controller
0x0000Reserved-RFC 9605IETF
0x0001 + AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_80 +YRFC 9605IETF
0x0002 + AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_64 +YRFC 9605IETF
0x0003 + AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_32 +YRFC 9605IETF
0x0004 + AES_128_GCM_SHA256_128 +YRFC 9605IETF
0x0005 + AES_256_GCM_SHA512_128 +YRFC 9605IETF
0xF000 - 0xFFFFReserved for Private Use-RFC 9605IETF
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+9. Application Responsibilities +

+

To use SFrame, an application needs to define the inputs to the SFrame +encryption and decryption operations, and how SFrame ciphertexts are delivered +from sender to receiver (including any fragmentation and reassembly). In this +section, we lay out additional requirements that an application must meet in +order for SFrame to operate securely.

+

In general, an application using SFrame is responsible for configuring SFrame. +The application must first define when SFrame is applied at all. When SFrame is +applied, the application must define which cipher suite is to be used. If new +versions of SFrame are defined in the future, it will be the application's responsibility +to determine which version should be used.

+

This division of responsibilities is similar to the way other media parameters +(e.g., codecs) are typically handled in media applications, in the sense that +they are set up in some signaling protocol and not described in the media. +Applications might find it useful to extend the protocols used for negotiating +other media parameters (e.g., Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC8866]) to also negotiate parameters for +SFrame.

+
+
+

+9.1. Header Value Uniqueness +

+

Applications MUST ensure that each (base_key, KID, CTR) combination is used +for at most one SFrame encryption operation. This ensures that the (key, nonce) +pairs used by the underlying AEAD algorithm are never reused. Typically this is +done by assigning each sender a KID or set of KIDs, then having each sender use +the CTR field as a monotonic counter, incrementing for each plaintext that is +encrypted. In addition to its simplicity, this scheme minimizes overhead by +keeping CTR values as small as possible.

+

In applications where an SFrame context might be written to persistent storage, +this context needs to include the last-used CTR value. When the context is used +later, the application should use the stored CTR value to determine the next CTR +value to be used in an encryption operation, and then write the next CTR value +back to storage before using the CTR value for encryption. Storing the CTR +value before usage (vs. after) helps ensure that a storage failure will not +cause reuse of the same (base_key, KID, CTR) combination.

+
+
+
+
+

+9.2. Key Management Framework +

+

The application is responsible for provisioning SFrame with a mapping of KID values to +base_key values and the resulting keys and salts. More importantly, the +application specifies which KID values are used for which purposes (e.g., by +which senders). An application's KID assignment strategy MUST be structured to +assure the non-reuse properties discussed in Section 9.1.

+

The application is also responsible for defining a rotation schedule for keys. For +example, one application might have an ephemeral group for every call and keep +rotating keys when endpoints join or leave the call, while another application +could have a persistent group that can be used for multiple calls and simply +derives ephemeral symmetric keys for a specific call.

+

It should be noted that KID values are not encrypted by SFrame and are thus +visible to any application-layer intermediaries that might handle an SFrame +ciphertext. If there are application semantics included in KID values, then +this information would be exposed to intermediaries. For example, in the scheme +of Section 5.1, the number of ratchet steps per sender is exposed, and in +the scheme of Section 5.2, the number of epochs and the MLS sender ID of the SFrame +sender are exposed.

+
+
+
+
+

+9.3. Anti-Replay +

+

It is the responsibility of the application to handle anti-replay. Replay by network +attackers is assumed to be prevented by network-layer facilities (e.g., TLS, SRTP). +As mentioned in Section 7.4, senders MUST reject requests to encrypt multiple times +with the same key and nonce.

+

It is not mandatory to implement anti-replay on the receiver side. Receivers MAY +apply time- or counter-based anti-replay mitigations. For example, Section 3.3.2 of [RFC3711] specifies a counter-based anti-replay mitigation, which +could be adapted to use with SFrame, using the CTR field as the counter.

+
+
+
+
+

+9.4. Metadata +

+

The metadata input to SFrame operations is an opaque byte string specified by the application. As +such, the application needs to define what information should go in the +metadata input and ensure that it is provided to the encryption and decryption +functions at the appropriate points. A receiver MUST NOT use SFrame-authenticated +metadata until after the SFrame decrypt function has authenticated it, unless +the purpose of such usage is to prepare an SFrame ciphertext for SFrame +decryption. Essentially, metadata may be used "upstream of SFrame" in a +processing pipeline, but only to prepare for SFrame decryption.

+

For example, consider an application where SFrame is used to encrypt audio +frames that are sent over SRTP, with some application data included in the RTP +header extension. Suppose the application also includes this application data in +the SFrame metadata, so that the SFU is allowed to read, but not modify, the +application data. A receiver can use the application data in the RTP header +extension as part of the standard SRTP decryption process since this is +required to recover the SFrame ciphertext carried in the SRTP payload. However, +the receiver MUST NOT use the application data for other purposes before SFrame +decryption has authenticated the application data.

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+10. References +

+
+
+

+10.1. Normative References +

+
+
[MLS-PROTO]
+
+Barnes, R., Beurdouche, B., Robert, R., Millican, J., Omara, E., and K. Cohn-Gordon, "The Messaging Layer Security (MLS) Protocol", RFC 9420, DOI 10.17487/RFC9420, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9420>.
+
+
[RFC2119]
+
+Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
+
+
[RFC5116]
+
+McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated Encryption", RFC 5116, DOI 10.17487/RFC5116, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5116>.
+
+
[RFC5869]
+
+Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869, DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5869>.
+
+
[RFC8126]
+
+Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8126>.
+
+
[RFC8174]
+
+Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+10.2. Informative References +

+
+
[I-D.gouaillard-avtcore-codec-agn-rtp-payload]
+
+Murillo, S. G., Fablet, Y., and A. Gouaillard, "Codec agnostic RTP payload format for video", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-gouaillard-avtcore-codec-agn-rtp-payload-01, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-gouaillard-avtcore-codec-agn-rtp-payload-01>.
+
+
[I-D.ietf-moq-transport]
+
+Curley, L., Pugin, K., Nandakumar, S., Vasiliev, V., and I. Swett, "Media over QUIC Transport", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-moq-transport-05, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-moq-transport-05>.
+
+
[I-D.ietf-webtrans-overview]
+
+Vasiliev, V., "The WebTransport Protocol Framework", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-webtrans-overview-07, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-webtrans-overview-07>.
+
+
[MLS-ARCH]
+
+Beurdouche, B., Rescorla, E., Omara, E., Inguva, S., and A. Duric, "The Messaging Layer Security (MLS) Architecture", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-mls-architecture-14, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-mls-architecture-14>.
+
+
[RFC3711]
+
+Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K. Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3711>.
+
+
[RFC6716]
+
+Valin, JM., Vos, K., and T. Terriberry, "Definition of the Opus Audio Codec", RFC 6716, DOI 10.17487/RFC6716, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6716>.
+
+
[RFC7656]
+
+Lennox, J., Gross, K., Nandakumar, S., Salgueiro, G., and B. Burman, Ed., "A Taxonomy of Semantics and Mechanisms for Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Sources", RFC 7656, DOI 10.17487/RFC7656, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7656>.
+
+
[RFC7667]
+
+Westerlund, M. and S. Wenger, "RTP Topologies", RFC 7667, DOI 10.17487/RFC7667, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7667>.
+
+
[RFC8723]
+
+Jennings, C., Jones, P., Barnes, R., and A.B. Roach, "Double Encryption Procedures for the Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 8723, DOI 10.17487/RFC8723, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8723>.
+
+
[RFC8866]
+
+Begen, A., Kyzivat, P., Perkins, C., and M. Handley, "SDP: Session Description Protocol", RFC 8866, DOI 10.17487/RFC8866, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8866>.
+
+
[TestVectors]
+
+"SFrame Test Vectors", commit 025d568, , <https://github.com/sframe-wg/sframe/blob/025d568/test-vectors/test-vectors.json>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+Appendix A. Example API +

+

This section is not normative.

+

This section describes a notional API that an SFrame implementation might +expose. The core concept is an "SFrame context", within which KID values are +meaningful. In the key management scheme described in Section 5.1, each +sender has a different context; in the scheme described in Section 5.2, all senders +share the same context.

+

An SFrame context stores mappings from KID values to "key contexts", which are +different depending on whether the KID is to be used for sending or receiving +(an SFrame key should never be used for both operations). A key context tracks +the key and salt associated to the KID, and the current CTR value. A key +context to be used for sending also tracks the next CTR value to be used.

+

The primary operations on an SFrame context are as follows:

+
    +
  • +

    Create an SFrame context: The context is initialized with a cipher suite and +no KID mappings.

    +
    • +
  • +

    Add a key for sending: The key and salt are derived from the base key and +used to initialize a send context, together with a zero CTR value.

    +
    • +
  • +

    Add a key for receiving: The key and salt are derived from the base key and +used to initialize a send context.

    +
    • +
  • +

    Encrypt a plaintext: Encrypt a given plaintext using the key for a given KID, +including the specified metadata.

    +
    • +
  • +

    Decrypt an SFrame ciphertext: Decrypt an SFrame ciphertext with the KID +and CTR values specified in the SFrame header, and the provided metadata.

    +
    • +
+

Figure 10 shows an example of the types of structures and methods that could +be used to create an SFrame API in Rust.

+
+
+
+
+type KeyId = u64;
+type Counter = u64;
+type CipherSuite = u16;
+
+struct SendKeyContext {
+  key: Vec<u8>,
+  salt: Vec<u8>,
+  next_counter: Counter,
+}
+
+struct RecvKeyContext {
+  key: Vec<u8>,
+  salt: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+struct SFrameContext {
+  cipher_suite: CipherSuite,
+  send_keys: HashMap<KeyId, SendKeyContext>,
+  recv_keys: HashMap<KeyId, RecvKeyContext>,
+}
+
+trait SFrameContextMethods {
+  fn create(cipher_suite: CipherSuite) -> Self;
+  fn add_send_key(&self, kid: KeyId, base_key: &[u8]);
+  fn add_recv_key(&self, kid: KeyId, base_key: &[u8]);
+  fn encrypt(&mut self, kid: KeyId, metadata: &[u8],
+             plaintext: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8>;
+  fn decrypt(&self, metadata: &[u8], ciphertext: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8>;
+}
+
+
+
Figure 10: +An Example SFrame API +
+
+
+
+
+
+

+Appendix B. Overhead Analysis +

+

Any use of SFrame will impose overhead in terms of the amount of bandwidth +necessary to transmit a given media stream. Exactly how much overhead will be added +depends on several factors:

+
    +
  • +

    The number of senders involved in a conference (length of KID)

    +
    • +
  • +

    The duration of the conference (length of CTR)

    +
    • +
  • +

    The cipher suite in use (length of authentication tag)

    +
    • +
  • +

    Whether SFrame is used to encrypt packets, whole frames, or some other unit

    +
    • +
+

Overall, the overhead rate in kilobits per second can be estimated as:

+

+OverheadKbps = (1 + |CTR| + |KID| + |TAG|) * 8 * CTPerSecond / 1024 +

+

Here the constant value 1 reflects the fixed SFrame header; |CTR| and +|KID| reflect the lengths of those fields; |TAG| reflects the cipher +overhead; and CTPerSecond reflects the number of SFrame ciphertexts +sent per second (e.g., packets or frames per second).

+

In the remainder of this section, we compute overhead estimates for a collection +of common scenarios.

+
+
+

+B.1. Assumptions +

+

In the below calculations, we make conservative assumptions about SFrame +overhead so that the overhead amounts we compute here are likely to be an upper +bound of those seen in practice.

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Table 3: +Overhead Analysis Assumptions +
FieldBytesExplanation
Config byte1Fixed
Key ID (KID)2>255 senders; or MLS epoch (E=4) and >16 senders
Counter (CTR)3More than 24 hours of media in common cases
Cipher overhead16Full authentication tag (longest defined here)
+
+

In total, then, we assume that each SFrame encryption will add 22 bytes of +overhead.

+

We consider two scenarios: applying SFrame per frame and per packet. In each +scenario, we compute the SFrame overhead in absolute terms (kbps) and as a +percentage of the base bandwidth.

+
+
+
+
+

+B.2. Audio +

+

In audio streams, there is typically a one-to-one relationship between frames +and packets, so the overhead is the same whether one uses SFrame at a per-packet +or per-frame level.

+

Table 4 considers three scenarios that are based on recommended configurations +of the Opus codec [RFC6716] (where "fps" stands for "frames per second"):

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Table 4: +SFrame Overhead for Audio Streams +
ScenarioFrame lengthfpsBase kbpsOverhead kbpsOverhead %
Narrow-band speech120 ms8.381.417.9%
Full-band speech20 ms50328.626.9%
Full-band stereo music10 ms10012817.213.4%
+
+
+
+
+
+

+B.3. Video +

+

Video frames can be larger than an MTU and thus are commonly split across +multiple frames. Table 5 and Table 6 +show the estimated overhead of encrypting a video stream, where SFrame is +applied per frame and per packet, respectively. The choices of resolution, +frames per second, and bandwidth roughly reflect the capabilities of +modern video codecs across a range from very low to very high quality.

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Table 5: +SFrame Overhead for a Video Stream Encrypted per Frame +
ScenariofpsBase kbpsOverhead kbpsOverhead %
426 x 2407.5451.32.9%
640 x 360152002.61.3%
640 x 360304005.21.3%
1280 x 7203015005.20.3%
1920 x 108060720010.30.1%
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Table 6: +SFrame Overhead for a Video Stream Encrypted per Packet +
ScenariofpsPackets per Second (pps)Base kbpsOverhead kbpsOverhead %
426 x 2407.57.5451.32.9%
640 x 36015302005.22.6%
640 x 360306040010.32.6%
1280 x 72030180150030.92.1%
1920 x 1080607807200134.11.9%
+
+

In the per-frame case, the SFrame percentage overhead approaches zero as the +quality of the video improves since bandwidth is driven more by picture size +than frame rate. In the per-packet case, the SFrame percentage overhead +approaches the ratio between the SFrame overhead per packet and the MTU (here 22 +bytes of SFrame overhead divided by an assumed 1200-byte MTU, or about 1.8%).

+
+
+
+
+

+B.4. Conferences +

+

Real conferences usually involve several audio and video streams. The overhead +of SFrame in such a conference is the aggregate of the overhead across all the +individual streams. Thus, while SFrame incurs a large percentage overhead on an +audio stream, if the conference also involves a video stream, then the audio +overhead is likely negligible relative to the overall bandwidth of the +conference.

+

For example, Table 7 shows the overhead estimates for a two-person +conference where one person is sending low-quality media and the other is +sending high-quality media. (And we assume that SFrame is applied per frame.) The +video streams dominate the bandwidth at the SFU, so the total bandwidth overhead +is only around 1%.

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Table 7: +SFrame Overhead for a Two-Person Conference +
StreamBase KbpsOverhead KbpsOverhead %
Participant 1 audio81.417.9%
Participant 1 video451.32.9%
Participant 2 audio32926.9%
Participant 2 video150050.3%
Total at SFU158516.51.0%
+
+
+
+
+
+

+B.5. SFrame over RTP +

+

SFrame is a generic encapsulation format, but many of the applications in which +it is likely to be integrated are based on RTP. This section discusses how an +integration between SFrame and RTP could be done, and some of the challenges +that would need to be overcome.

+

As discussed in Section 4.1, there are two natural patterns for +integrating SFrame into an application: applying SFrame per frame or per packet. +In RTP-based applications, applying SFrame per packet means that the payload of +each RTP packet will be an SFrame ciphertext, starting with an SFrame header, as +shown in Figure 11. Applying SFrame per frame means that different +RTP payloads will have different formats: The first payload of a frame will +contain the SFrame headers, and subsequent payloads will contain further chunks +of the ciphertext, as shown in Figure 12.

+

In order for these media payloads to be properly interpreted by receivers, +receivers will need to be configured to know which of the above schemes the +sender has applied to a given sequence of RTP packets. SFrame does not provide +a mechanism for distributing this configuration information. In applications +that use SDP for negotiating RTP media streams [RFC8866], an appropriate +extension to SDP could provide this function.

+

Applying SFrame per frame also requires that packetization and depacketization +be done in a generic manner that does not depend on the media content of the +packets, since the content being packetized or depacketized will be opaque +ciphertext (except for the SFrame header). In order for such a generic +packetization scheme to work interoperably, one would have to be defined, e.g., +as proposed in [I-D.gouaillard-avtcore-codec-agn-rtp-payload].

+
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + V=2 + P + X + CC + M + PT + sequence + number + timestamp + synchronization + source + (SSRC) + identifier + contributing + source + (CSRC) + identifiers + .... + RTP + extension(s) + (OPTIONAL) + SFrame + header + SFrame + encrypted + and + authenticated + payload + SRTP + authentication + tag + SRTP + Encrypted + Portion + SRTP + Authenticated + Portion + + +
+
+
Figure 11: +SRTP Packet with SFrame-Protected Payload +
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + frame + metadata + frame + SFrame + Encrypt + encrypted + frame + generic + RTP + packetize + ... + SFrame + header + payload + 2/N + ... + payload + N/N + payload + 1/N + + +
+
+
Figure 12: +Encryption Flow with per-Frame Encryption for RTP +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+Appendix C. Test Vectors +

+

This section provides a set of test vectors that implementations can use to +verify that they correctly implement SFrame encryption and decryption. In +addition to test vectors for the overall process of SFrame +encryption/decryption, we also provide test vectors for header +encoding/decoding, and for AEAD encryption/decryption using the AES-CTR +construction defined in Section 4.5.1.

+

All values are either numeric or byte strings. Numeric values are represented +as hex values, prefixed with 0x. Byte strings are represented in hex +encoding.

+

Line breaks and whitespace within values are inserted to conform to the width +requirements of the RFC format. They should be removed before use.

+

These test vectors are also available in JSON format at [TestVectors]. In the +JSON test vectors, numeric values are JSON numbers and byte string values are +JSON strings containing the hex encoding of the byte strings.

+
+
+

+C.1. Header Encoding/Decoding +

+

For each case, we provide:

+
    +
  • +

    kid: A KID value

    +
    • +
  • +

    ctr: A CTR value

    +
    • +
  • +

    header: An encoded SFrame header

    +
    • +
+

An implementation should verify that:

+
    +
  • +

    Encoding a header with the KID and CTR results in the provided header value

    +
    • +
  • +

    Decoding the provided header value results in the provided KID and CTR values

    +
    • +
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: 00
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: 01
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: 08ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: 090100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: 09ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: 0a010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: 0affffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: 0b01000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: 0bffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: 0c0100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: 0cffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: 0d010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: 0dffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: 0e01000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: 0effffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: 0f0100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000000
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: 0fffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: 10
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: 11
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: 18ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: 190100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: 19ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: 1a010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: 1affffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: 1b01000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: 1bffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: 1c0100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: 1cffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: 1d010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: 1dffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: 1e01000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: 1effffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: 1f0100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000001
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: 1fffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: 80ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: 81ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: 88ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: 89ff0100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: 89ffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: 8aff010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: 8affffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: 8bff01000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: 8bffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: 8cff0100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: 8cffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: 8dff010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: 8dffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: 8eff01000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: 8effffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: 8fff0100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000000000ff
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: 8fffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: 900100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: 910100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: 980100ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: 9901000100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: 990100ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: 9a0100010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: 9a0100ffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: 9b010001000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: 9b0100ffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: 9c01000100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: 9c0100ffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: 9d0100010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: 9d0100ffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: 9e010001000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: 9e0100ffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: 9f01000100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000000100
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: 9f0100ffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: 90ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: 91ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: 98ffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: 99ffff0100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: 99ffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: 9affff010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: 9affffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: 9bffff01000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: 9bffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: 9cffff0100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: 9cffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: 9dffff010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: 9dffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: 9effff01000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: 9effffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: 9fffff0100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000000000ffff
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: 9fffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: a0010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: a1010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: a8010000ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: a90100000100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: a9010000ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: aa010000010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: aa010000ffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: ab01000001000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: ab010000ffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: ac0100000100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: ac010000ffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: ad010000010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: ad010000ffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: ae01000001000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: ae010000ffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: af0100000100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000010000
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: af010000ffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: a0ffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: a1ffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: a8ffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: a9ffffff0100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: a9ffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: aaffffff010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: aaffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: abffffff01000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: abffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: acffffff0100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: acffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: adffffff010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: adffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: aeffffff01000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: aeffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: afffffff0100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000000ffffff
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: afffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: b001000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: b101000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: b801000000ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: b9010000000100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: b901000000ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: ba01000000010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: ba01000000ffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: bb0100000001000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: bb01000000ffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: bc010000000100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: bc01000000ffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: bd01000000010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: bd01000000ffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: be0100000001000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: be01000000ffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: bf010000000100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000001000000
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: bf01000000ffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: b0ffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: b1ffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: b8ffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: b9ffffffff0100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: b9ffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: baffffffff010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: baffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: bbffffffff01000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: bbffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: bcffffffff0100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: bcffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: bdffffffff010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: bdffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: beffffffff01000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: beffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: bfffffffff0100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00000000ffffffff
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: bfffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: c00100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: c10100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: c80100000000ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: c901000000000100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: c90100000000ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: ca0100000000010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: ca0100000000ffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: cb010000000001000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: cb0100000000ffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: cc01000000000100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: cc0100000000ffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: cd0100000000010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: cd0100000000ffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: ce010000000001000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: ce0100000000ffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: cf01000000000100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000000100000000
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: cf0100000000ffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: c0ffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: c1ffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: c8ffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: c9ffffffffff0100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: c9ffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: caffffffffff010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: caffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: cbffffffffff01000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: cbffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: ccffffffffff0100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: ccffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: cdffffffffff010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: cdffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: ceffffffffff01000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: ceffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: cfffffffffff0100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x000000ffffffffff
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: cfffffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: d0010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: d1010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: d8010000000000ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: d90100000000000100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: d9010000000000ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: da010000000000010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: da010000000000ffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: db01000000000001000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: db010000000000ffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: dc0100000000000100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: dc010000000000ffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: dd010000000000010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: dd010000000000ffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: de01000000000001000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: de010000000000ffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: df0100000000000100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000010000000000
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: df010000000000ffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: d0ffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: d1ffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: d8ffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: d9ffffffffffff0100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: d9ffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: daffffffffffff010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: daffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: dbffffffffffff01000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: dbffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: dcffffffffffff0100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: dcffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: ddffffffffffff010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: ddffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: deffffffffffff01000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: deffffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: dfffffffffffff0100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: dfffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: e001000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: e101000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: e801000000000000ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: e9010000000000000100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: e901000000000000ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: ea01000000000000010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: ea01000000000000ffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: eb0100000000000001000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: eb01000000000000ffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: ec010000000000000100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: ec01000000000000ffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: ed01000000000000010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: ed01000000000000ffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: ee0100000000000001000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: ee01000000000000ffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: ef010000000000000100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0001000000000000
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: ef01000000000000ffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: e0ffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: e1ffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: e8ffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: e9ffffffffffffff0100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: e9ffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: eaffffffffffffff010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: eaffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: ebffffffffffffff01000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: ebffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: ecffffffffffffff0100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: ecffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: edffffffffffffff010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: edffffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: eeffffffffffffff01000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: eeffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: efffffffffffffff0100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: efffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: f00100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: f10100000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: f80100000000000000ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: f901000000000000000100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: f90100000000000000ffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: fa0100000000000000010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: fa0100000000000000ffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: fb010000000000000001000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: fb0100000000000000ffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: fc01000000000000000100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: fc0100000000000000ffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: fd0100000000000000010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: fd0100000000000000ffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: fe010000000000000001000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: fe0100000000000000ffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: ff010000000000000001000000000000
+        00
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0x0100000000000000
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: ff0100000000000000ffffffffffffff
+        ff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000000
+header: f0ffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000001
+header: f1ffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000000000ff
+header: f8ffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000000100
+header: f9ffffffffffffffff0100
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x000000000000ffff
+header: f9ffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000010000
+header: faffffffffffffffff010000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff
+header: faffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000001000000
+header: fbffffffffffffffff01000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff
+header: fbffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000000100000000
+header: fcffffffffffffffff0100000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff
+header: fcffffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000010000000000
+header: fdffffffffffffffff010000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff
+header: fdffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0001000000000000
+header: feffffffffffffffff01000000000000
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff
+header: feffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0x0100000000000000
+header: ffffffffffffffffff01000000000000
+        00
+
+
+
+
+kid: 0xffffffffffffffff
+ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff
+header: ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
+        ff
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+C.2. AEAD Encryption/Decryption Using AES-CTR and HMAC +

+

For each case, we provide:

+
    +
  • +

    cipher_suite: The index of the cipher suite in use (see +Section 8.1)

    +
    • +
  • +

    key: The key input to encryption/decryption

    +
    • +
  • +

    enc_key: The encryption subkey produced by the derive_subkeys() algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    auth_key: The encryption subkey produced by the derive_subkeys() algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    nonce: The nonce input to encryption/decryption

    +
    • +
  • +

    aad: The aad input to encryption/decryption

    +
    • +
  • +

    pt: The plaintext

    +
    • +
  • +

    ct: The ciphertext

    +
    • +
+

An implementation should verify that the following are true, where +AEAD.Encrypt and AEAD.Decrypt are as defined in Section 4.5.1:

+
    +
  • +

    AEAD.Encrypt(key, nonce, aad, pt) == ct

    +
    • +
  • +

    AEAD.Decrypt(key, nonce, aad, ct) == pt

    +
    • +
+

The other values in the test vector are intermediate values provided to +facilitate debugging of test failures.

+
+
+cipher_suite: 0x0001
+key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f
+     101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
+     202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f
+enc_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f
+auth_key: 101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
+          202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f
+nonce: 101112131415161718191a1b
+aad: 4945544620534672616d65205747
+pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d
+    652d656e63
+ct: 6339af04ada1d064688a442b8dc69d5b
+    6bfa40f4bef0583e8081069cc60705
+
+
+
+
+cipher_suite: 0x0002
+key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f
+     101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
+     202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f
+enc_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f
+auth_key: 101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
+          202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f
+nonce: 101112131415161718191a1b
+aad: 4945544620534672616d65205747
+pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d
+    652d656e63
+ct: 6339af04ada1d064688a442b8dc69d5b
+    6bfa40f4be6e93b7da076927bb
+
+
+
+
+cipher_suite: 0x0003
+key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f
+     101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
+     202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f
+enc_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f
+auth_key: 101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
+          202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f
+nonce: 101112131415161718191a1b
+aad: 4945544620534672616d65205747
+pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d
+    652d656e63
+ct: 6339af04ada1d064688a442b8dc69d5b
+    6bfa40f4be09480509
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+C.3. SFrame Encryption/Decryption +

+

For each case, we provide:

+
    +
  • +

    cipher_suite: The index of the cipher suite in use (see +Section 8.1)

    +
    • +
  • +

    kid: A KID value

    +
    • +
  • +

    ctr: A CTR value

    +
    • +
  • +

    base_key: The base_key input to the derive_key_salt algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    sframe_key_label: The label used to derive sframe_key in the derive_key_salt algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    sframe_salt_label: The label used to derive sframe_salt in the derive_key_salt algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    sframe_secret: The sframe_secret variable in the derive_key_salt algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    sframe_key: The sframe_key value produced by the derive_key_salt algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    sframe_salt: The sframe_salt value produced by the derive_key_salt algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    metadata: The metadata input to the SFrame encrypt algorithm

    +
    • +
  • +

    pt: The plaintext

    +
    • +
  • +

    ct: The SFrame ciphertext

    +
    • +
+

An implementation should verify that the following are true, where +encrypt and decrypt are as defined in Section 4.4, using an SFrame +context initialized with base_key assigned to kid:

+
    +
  • +

    encrypt(ctr, kid, metadata, plaintext) == ct

    +
    • +
  • +

    decrypt(metadata, ct) == pt

    +
    • +
+

The other values in the test vector are intermediate values provided to +facilitate debugging of test failures.

+
+
+cipher_suite: 0x0001
+kid: 0x0000000000000123
+ctr: 0x0000000000004567
+base_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f
+sframe_key_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265
+                  74206b65792000000000000001230001
+sframe_salt_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265
+                   742073616c7420000000000000012300
+                   01
+sframe_secret: d926952ca8b7ec4a95941d1ada3a5203
+               ceff8cceee34f574d23909eb314c40c0
+sframe_key: 3f7d9a7c83ae8e1c8a11ae695ab59314
+            b367e359fadac7b9c46b2bc6f81f46e1
+            6b96f0811868d59402b7e870102720b3
+sframe_salt: 50b29329a04dc0f184ac3168
+metadata: 4945544620534672616d65205747
+nonce: 50b29329a04dc0f184ac740f
+aad: 99012345674945544620534672616d65
+     205747
+pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d
+    652d656e63
+ct: 9901234567449408b6f490086165b9d6
+    f62b24ae1a59a56486b4ae8ed036b889
+    12e24f11
+
+
+
+
+cipher_suite: 0x0002
+kid: 0x0000000000000123
+ctr: 0x0000000000004567
+base_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f
+sframe_key_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265
+                  74206b65792000000000000001230002
+sframe_salt_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265
+                   742073616c7420000000000000012300
+                   02
+sframe_secret: d926952ca8b7ec4a95941d1ada3a5203
+               ceff8cceee34f574d23909eb314c40c0
+sframe_key: e2ec5c797540310483b16bf6e7a570d2
+            a27d192fe869c7ccd8584a8d9dab9154
+            9fbe553f5113461ec6aa83bf3865553e
+sframe_salt: e68ac8dd3d02fbcd368c5577
+metadata: 4945544620534672616d65205747
+nonce: e68ac8dd3d02fbcd368c1010
+aad: 99012345674945544620534672616d65
+     205747
+pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d
+    652d656e63
+ct: 99012345673f31438db4d09434e43afa
+    0f8a2f00867a2be085046a9f5cb4f101
+    d607
+
+
+
+
+cipher_suite: 0x0003
+kid: 0x0000000000000123
+ctr: 0x0000000000004567
+base_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f
+sframe_key_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265
+                  74206b65792000000000000001230003
+sframe_salt_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265
+                   742073616c7420000000000000012300
+                   03
+sframe_secret: d926952ca8b7ec4a95941d1ada3a5203
+               ceff8cceee34f574d23909eb314c40c0
+sframe_key: 2c5703089cbb8c583475e4fc461d97d1
+            8809df79b6d550f78eb6d50ffa80d892
+            11d57909934f46f5405e38cd583c69fe
+sframe_salt: 38c16e4f5159700c00c7f350
+metadata: 4945544620534672616d65205747
+nonce: 38c16e4f5159700c00c7b637
+aad: 99012345674945544620534672616d65
+     205747
+pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d
+    652d656e63
+ct: 990123456717fc8af28a5a695afcfc6c
+    8df6358a17e26b2fcb3bae32e443
+
+
+
+
+cipher_suite: 0x0004
+kid: 0x0000000000000123
+ctr: 0x0000000000004567
+base_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f
+sframe_key_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265
+                  74206b65792000000000000001230004
+sframe_salt_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265
+                   742073616c7420000000000000012300
+                   04
+sframe_secret: d926952ca8b7ec4a95941d1ada3a5203
+               ceff8cceee34f574d23909eb314c40c0
+sframe_key: d34f547f4ca4f9a7447006fe7fcbf768
+sframe_salt: 75234edefe07819026751816
+metadata: 4945544620534672616d65205747
+nonce: 75234edefe07819026755d71
+aad: 99012345674945544620534672616d65
+     205747
+pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d
+    652d656e63
+ct: 9901234567b7412c2513a1b66dbb4884
+    1bbaf17f598751176ad847681a69c6d0
+    b091c07018ce4adb34eb
+
+
+
+
+cipher_suite: 0x0005
+kid: 0x0000000000000123
+ctr: 0x0000000000004567
+base_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f
+sframe_key_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265
+                  74206b65792000000000000001230005
+sframe_salt_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265
+                   742073616c7420000000000000012300
+                   05
+sframe_secret: 0fc3ea6de6aac97a35f194cf9bed94d4
+               b5230f1cb45a785c9fe5dce9c188938a
+               b6ba005bc4c0a19181599e9d1bcf7b74
+               aca48b60bf5e254e546d809313e083a3
+sframe_key: d3e27b0d4a5ae9e55df01a70e6d4d28d
+            969b246e2936f4b7a5d9b494da6b9633
+sframe_salt: 84991c167b8cd23c93708ec7
+metadata: 4945544620534672616d65205747
+nonce: 84991c167b8cd23c9370cba0
+aad: 99012345674945544620534672616d65
+     205747
+pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d
+    652d656e63
+ct: 990123456794f509d36e9beacb0e261d
+    99c7d1e972f1fed787d4049f17ca2135
+    3c1cc24d56ceabced279
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+Acknowledgements +

+

The authors wish to specially thank Dr. Alex Gouaillard as one of the early +contributors to the document. His passion and energy were key to the design and +development of SFrame.

+
+
+
+
+

+Contributors +

+
+
Frédéric Jacobs
+
Apple
+ +
+
+
Marta Mularczyk
+
Amazon
+ +
+
+
Suhas Nandakumar
+
Cisco
+ +
+
+
Tomas Rigaux
+
Cisco
+ +
+
+
Raphael Robert
+
Phoenix R&D
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Authors' Addresses +

+
+
Emad Omara
+
Apple
+ +
+
+
Justin Uberti
+
Fixie.ai
+ +
+
+
Sergio Garcia Murillo
+
CoSMo Software
+ +
+
+
Richard Barnes (editor)
+
Cisco
+ +
+
+
Youenn Fablet
+
Apple
+ +
+
+
+ + + diff --git a/auth48-v4/draft-ietf-sframe-enc.txt b/auth48-v4/draft-ietf-sframe-enc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7e67d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/auth48-v4/draft-ietf-sframe-enc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3213 @@ + + + + +sframe E. Omara +Internet-Draft Apple +Intended status: Standards Track J. Uberti +Expires: 25 January 2025 Fixie.ai + S. G. Murillo + CoSMo Software + R. Barnes, Ed. + Cisco + Y. Fablet + Apple + 24 July 2024 + + + Secure Frame (SFrame): Lightweight Authenticated Encryption for Real- + Time Media + draft-ietf-sframe-enc-latest + +Abstract + + This document describes the Secure Frame (SFrame) end-to-end + encryption and authentication mechanism for media frames in a + multiparty conference call, in which central media servers (Selective + Forwarding Units or SFUs) can access the media metadata needed to + make forwarding decisions without having access to the actual media. + + This mechanism differs from the Secure Real-Time Protocol (SRTP) in + that it is independent of RTP (thus compatible with non-RTP media + transport) and can be applied to whole media frames in order to be + more bandwidth efficient. + +Status of This Memo + + This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the + provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. + + Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering + Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute + working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- + Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. + + Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months + and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any + time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference + material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." + + This Internet-Draft will expire on 25 January 2025. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the + document authors. All rights reserved. + + This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal + Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ + license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. + Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights + and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components + extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as + described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are + provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. + +Table of Contents + + 1. Introduction + 2. Terminology + 3. Goals + 4. SFrame + 4.1. Application Context + 4.2. SFrame Ciphertext + 4.3. SFrame Header + 4.4. Encryption Schema + 4.4.1. Key Selection + 4.4.2. Key Derivation + 4.4.3. Encryption + 4.4.4. Decryption + 4.5. Cipher Suites + 4.5.1. AES-CTR with SHA2 + 5. Key Management + 5.1. Sender Keys + 5.2. MLS + 6. Media Considerations + 6.1. Selective Forwarding Units + 6.1.1. RTP Stream Reuse + 6.1.2. Simulcast + 6.1.3. Scalable Video Coding (SVC) + 6.2. Video Key Frames + 6.3. Partial Decoding + 7. Security Considerations + 7.1. No Header Confidentiality + 7.2. No Per-Sender Authentication + 7.3. Key Management + 7.4. Replay + 7.5. Risks Due to Short Tags + 8. IANA Considerations + 8.1. SFrame Cipher Suites + 9. Application Responsibilities + 9.1. Header Value Uniqueness + 9.2. Key Management Framework + 9.3. Anti-Replay + 9.4. Metadata + 10. References + 10.1. Normative References + 10.2. Informative References + Appendix A. Example API + Appendix B. Overhead Analysis + B.1. Assumptions + B.2. Audio + B.3. Video + B.4. Conferences + B.5. SFrame over RTP + Appendix C. Test Vectors + C.1. Header Encoding/Decoding + C.2. AEAD Encryption/Decryption Using AES-CTR and HMAC + C.3. SFrame Encryption/Decryption + Acknowledgements + Contributors + Authors' Addresses + +1. Introduction + + Modern multiparty video call systems use Selective Forwarding Unit + (SFU) servers to efficiently route media streams to call endpoints + based on factors such as available bandwidth, desired video size, + codec support, and other factors. An SFU typically does not need + access to the media content of the conference, which allows the media + to be encrypted "end to end" so that it cannot be decrypted by the + SFU. In order for the SFU to work properly, though, it usually needs + to be able to access RTP metadata and RTCP feedback messages, which + is not possible if all RTP/RTCP traffic is end-to-end encrypted. + + As such, two layers of encryption and authentication are required: + + 1. Hop-by-hop (HBH) encryption of media, metadata, and feedback + messages between the endpoints and SFU + + 2. End-to-end (E2E) encryption (E2EE) of media between the endpoints + + The Secure Real-Time Protocol (SRTP) is already widely used for HBH + encryption [RFC3711]. The SRTP "double encryption" scheme defines a + way to do E2E encryption in SRTP [RFC8723]. Unfortunately, this + scheme has poor efficiency and high complexity, and its entanglement + with RTP makes it unworkable in several realistic SFU scenarios. + + This document proposes a new E2EE protection scheme known as SFrame, + specifically designed to work in group conference calls with SFUs. + SFrame is a general encryption framing that can be used to protect + media payloads, agnostic of transport. + +2. Terminology + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and + "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in + BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all + capitals, as shown here. + + MAC: Message Authentication Code + + E2EE: End-to-End Encryption + + HBH: Hop-by-Hop + + We use "Selective Forwarding Unit (SFU)" and "media stream" in a less + formal sense than in [RFC7656]. An SFU is a selective switching + function for media payloads, and a media stream is a sequence of + media payloads, regardless of whether those media payloads are + transported over RTP or some other protocol. + +3. Goals + + SFrame is designed to be a suitable E2EE protection scheme for + conference call media in a broad range of scenarios, as outlined by + the following goals: + + 1. Provide a secure E2EE mechanism for audio and video in conference + calls that can be used with arbitrary SFU servers. + + 2. Decouple media encryption from key management to allow SFrame to + be used with an arbitrary key management system. + + 3. Minimize packet expansion to allow successful conferencing in as + many network conditions as possible. + + 4. Decouple the media encryption framework from the underlying + transport, allowing use in non-RTP scenarios, e.g., WebTransport + [I-D.ietf-webtrans-overview]. + + 5. When used with RTP and its associated error-resilience + mechanisms, i.e., RTX and Forward Error Correction (FEC), require + no special handling for RTX and FEC packets. + + 6. Minimize the changes needed in SFU servers. + + 7. Minimize the changes needed in endpoints. + + 8. Work with the most popular audio and video codecs used in + conferencing scenarios. + +4. SFrame + + This document defines an encryption mechanism that provides effective + E2EE, is simple to implement, has no dependencies on RTP, and + minimizes encryption bandwidth overhead. This section describes how + the mechanism works and includes details of how applications utilize + SFrame for media protection as well as the actual mechanics of E2EE + for protecting media. + +4.1. Application Context + + SFrame is a general encryption framing, intended to be used as an + E2EE layer over an underlying HBH-encrypted transport such as SRTP or + QUIC [RFC3711][I-D.ietf-moq-transport]. + + The scale at which SFrame encryption is applied to media determines + the overall amount of overhead that SFrame adds to the media stream + as well as the engineering complexity involved in integrating SFrame + into a particular environment. Two patterns are common: using SFrame + to encrypt either whole media frames (per frame) or individual + transport-level media payloads (per packet). + + For example, Figure 1 shows a typical media sender stack that takes + media from some source, encodes it into frames, divides those frames + into media packets, and then sends those payloads in SRTP packets. + The receiver stack performs the reverse operations, reassembling + frames from SRTP packets and decoding. Arrows indicate two different + ways that SFrame protection could be integrated into this media + stack: to encrypt whole frames or individual media packets. + + Applying SFrame per frame in this system offers higher efficiency but + may require a more complex integration in environments where + depacketization relies on the content of media packets. Applying + SFrame per packet avoids this complexity at the cost of higher + bandwidth consumption. Some quantitative discussion of these trade- + offs is provided in Appendix B. + + As noted above, however, SFrame is a general media encapsulation and + can be applied in other scenarios. The important thing is that the + sender and receivers of an SFrame-encrypted object agree on that + object's semantics. SFrame does not provide this agreement; it must + be arranged by the application. + + +------------------------------------------------------+ + | | + | +--------+ +-------------+ +-----------+ | + .-. | | | | | | HBH | | +| | | | Encode |----->| Packetize |----->| Protect |----------+ + '+' | | | ^ | | ^ | | | | + /|\ | +--------+ | +-------------+ | +-----------+ | | +/ + \ | | | ^ | | + / \ | SFrame SFrame | | | +/ \ | Protect Protect | | | +Alice | (per frame) (per packet) | | | + | ^ ^ | | | + | | | | | | + +---------------|-------------------|---------|--------+ | + | | | v + | | | +------+-+ + | E2E Key | HBH Key | Media | + +---- Management ---+ Management | Server | + | | | +------+-+ + | | | | + +---------------|-------------------|---------|--------+ | + | | | | | | + | V V | | | + .-. | SFrame SFrame | | | +| | | Unprotect Unprotect | | | + '+' | (per frame) (per packet) | | | + /|\ | | | V | | +/ + \ | +--------+ | +-------------+ | +-----------+ | | + / \ | | | V | | V | HBH | | | +/ \ | | Decode |<-----| Depacketize |<-----| Unprotect |<---------+ + Bob | | | | | | | | + | +--------+ +-------------+ +-----------+ | + | | + +------------------------------------------------------+ + +Figure 1: Two Options for Integrating SFrame in a Typical Media Stack + + Like SRTP, SFrame does not define how the keys used for SFrame are + exchanged by the parties in the conference. Keys for SFrame might be + distributed over an existing E2E-secure channel (see Section 5.1) or + derived from an E2E-secure shared secret (see Section 5.2). The key + management system MUST ensure that each key used for encrypting media + is used by exactly one media sender in order to avoid reuse of + nonces. + +4.2. SFrame Ciphertext + + An SFrame ciphertext comprises an SFrame header followed by the + output of an Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) + encryption of the plaintext [RFC5116], with the header provided as + additional authenticated data (AAD). + + The SFrame header is a variable-length structure described in detail + in Section 4.3. The structure of the encrypted data and + authentication tag are determined by the AEAD algorithm in use. + + +-+----+-+----+--------------------+--------------------+<-+ + |K|KLEN|C|CLEN| Key ID | Counter | | + +->+-+----+-+----+--------------------+--------------------+ | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | Encrypted Data | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + +->+-------------------------------------------------------+<-+ + | | Authentication Tag | | + | +-------------------------------------------------------+ | + | | + | | + +--- Encrypted Portion Authenticated Portion ---+ + + Figure 2: Structure of an SFrame Ciphertext + + When SFrame is applied per packet, the payload of each packet will be + an SFrame ciphertext. When SFrame is applied per frame, the SFrame + ciphertext representing an encrypted frame will span several packets, + with the header appearing in the first packet and the authentication + tag in the last packet. It is the responsibility of the application + to reassemble an encrypted frame from individual packets, accounting + for packet loss and reordering as necessary. + +4.3. SFrame Header + + The SFrame header specifies two values from which encryption + parameters are derived: + + * A Key ID (KID) that determines which encryption key should be used + + * A Counter (CTR) that is used to construct the nonce for the + encryption + + Applications MUST ensure that each (KID, CTR) combination is used for + exactly one SFrame encryption operation. A typical approach to + achieve this guarantee is outlined in Section 9.1. + + Config Byte + | + .-----' '-----. + | | + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+------------+------------+ + |X| K |Y| C | KID... | CTR... | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+------------+------------+ + + Figure 3: SFrame Header + + The SFrame header has the overall structure shown in Figure 3. The + first byte is a "config byte", with the following fields: + + Extended KID Flag (X, 1 bit): Indicates if the K field contains the + KID or the KID length. + + KID or KID Length (K, 3 bits): If the X flag is set to 0, this field + contains the KID. If the X flag is set to 1, then it contains the + length of the KID, minus one. + + Extended CTR Flag (Y, 1 bit): Indicates if the C field contains the + CTR or the CTR length. + + CTR or CTR Length (C, 3 bits): This field contains the CTR if the Y + flag is set to 0, or the CTR length, minus one, if set to 1. + + The KID and CTR fields are encoded as compact unsigned integers in + network (big-endian) byte order. If the value of one of these fields + is in the range 0-7, then the value is carried in the corresponding + bits of the config byte (K or C) and the corresponding flag (X or Y) + is set to zero. Otherwise, the value MUST be encoded with the + minimum number of bytes required and appended after the config byte, + with the KID first and CTR second. The header field (K or C) is set + to the number of bytes in the encoded value, minus one. The value + 000 represents a length of 1, 001 a length of 2, etc. This allows a + 3-bit length field to represent the value lengths 1-8. + + The SFrame header can thus take one of the four forms shown in + Figure 4, depending on which of the X and Y flags are set. + + KID < 8, CTR < 8: + +-+-----+-+-----+ + |0| KID |0| CTR | + +-+-----+-+-----+ + + KID < 8, CTR >= 8: + +-+-----+-+-----+------------------------+ + |0| KID |1|CLEN | CTR... (length=CLEN) | + +-+-----+-+-----+------------------------+ + + KID >= 8, CTR < 8: + +-+-----+-+-----+------------------------+ + |1|KLEN |0| CTR | KID... (length=KLEN) | + +-+-----+-+-----+------------------------+ + + KID >= 8, CTR >= 8: + +-+-----+-+-----+------------------------+------------------------+ + |1|KLEN |1|CLEN | KID... (length=KLEN) | CTR... (length=CLEN) | + +-+-----+-+-----+------------------------+------------------------+ + + Figure 4: Forms of Encoded SFrame Header + +4.4. Encryption Schema + + SFrame encryption uses an AEAD encryption algorithm and hash function + defined by the cipher suite in use (see Section 4.5). We will refer + to the following aspects of the AEAD and the hash algorithm below: + + * AEAD.Encrypt and AEAD.Decrypt - The encryption and decryption + functions for the AEAD. We follow the convention of RFC 5116 + [RFC5116] and consider the authentication tag part of the + ciphertext produced by AEAD.Encrypt (as opposed to a separate + field as in SRTP [RFC3711]). + + * AEAD.Nk - The size in bytes of a key for the encryption algorithm + + * AEAD.Nn - The size in bytes of a nonce for the encryption + algorithm + + * AEAD.Nt - The overhead in bytes of the encryption algorithm + (typically the size of a "tag" that is added to the plaintext) + + * AEAD.Nka - For cipher suites using the compound AEAD described in + Section 4.5.1, the size in bytes of a key for the underlying + encryption algorithm + + * Hash.Nh - The size in bytes of the output of the hash function + +4.4.1. Key Selection + + Each SFrame encryption or decryption operation is premised on a + single secret base_key, which is labeled with an integer KID value + signaled in the SFrame header. + + The sender and receivers need to agree on which base_key should be + used for a given KID. Moreover, senders and receivers need to agree + on whether a base_key will be used for encryption or decryption only. + The process for provisioning base_key values and their KID values is + beyond the scope of this specification, but its security properties + will bound the assurances that SFrame provides. For example, if + SFrame is used to provide E2E security against intermediary media + nodes, then SFrame keys need to be negotiated in a way that does not + make them accessible to these intermediaries. + + For each known KID value, the client stores the corresponding + symmetric key base_key. For keys that can be used for encryption, + the client also stores the next CTR value to be used when encrypting + (initially 0). + + When encrypting a plaintext, the application specifies which KID is + to be used, and the CTR value is incremented after successful + encryption. When decrypting, the base_key for decryption is selected + from the available keys using the KID value in the SFrame header. + + A given base_key MUST NOT be used for encryption by multiple senders. + Such reuse would result in multiple encrypted frames being generated + with the same (key, nonce) pair, which harms the protections provided + by many AEAD algorithms. Implementations MUST mark each base_key as + usable for encryption or decryption, never both. + + Note that the set of available keys might change over the lifetime of + a real-time session. In such cases, the client will need to manage + key usage to avoid media loss due to a key being used to encrypt + before all receivers are able to use it to decrypt. For example, an + application may make decryption-only keys available immediately, but + delay the use of keys for encryption until (a) all receivers have + acknowledged receipt of the new key, or (b) a timeout expires. + +4.4.2. Key Derivation + + SFrame encryption and decryption use a key and salt derived from the + base_key associated with a KID. Given a base_key value, the key and + salt are derived using HMAC-based Key Derivation Function (HKDF) + [RFC5869] as follows: + + def derive_key_salt(KID, base_key): + sframe_secret = HKDF-Extract("", base_key) + + sframe_key_label = "SFrame 1.0 Secret key " + KID + cipher_suite + sframe_key = + HKDF-Expand(sframe_secret, sframe_key_label, AEAD.Nk) + + sframe_salt_label = "SFrame 1.0 Secret salt " + KID + cipher_suite + sframe_salt = + HKDF-Expand(sframe_secret, sframe_salt_label, AEAD.Nn) + + return sframe_key, sframe_salt + + In the derivation of sframe_secret: + + * The + operator represents concatenation of byte strings. + + * The KID value is encoded as an 8-byte big-endian integer, not the + compressed form used in the SFrame header. + + * The cipher_suite value is a 2-byte big-endian integer representing + the cipher suite in use (see Section 8.1). + + The hash function used for HKDF is determined by the cipher suite in + use. + +4.4.3. Encryption + + SFrame encryption uses the AEAD encryption algorithm for the cipher + suite in use. The key for the encryption is the sframe_key. The + nonce is formed by first XORing the sframe_salt with the current CTR + value, and then encoding the result as a big-endian integer of length + AEAD.Nn. + + The encryptor forms an SFrame header using the CTR and KID values + provided. The encoded header is provided as AAD to the AEAD + encryption operation, together with application-provided metadata + about the encrypted media (see Section 9.4). + + def encrypt(CTR, KID, metadata, plaintext): + sframe_key, sframe_salt = key_store[KID] + + # encode_big_endian(x, n) produces an n-byte string encoding the + # integer x in big-endian byte order. + ctr = encode_big_endian(CTR, AEAD.Nn) + nonce = xor(sframe_salt, CTR) + + # encode_sframe_header produces a byte string encoding the + # provided KID and CTR values into an SFrame header. + header = encode_sframe_header(CTR, KID) + aad = header + metadata + + ciphertext = AEAD.Encrypt(sframe_key, nonce, aad, plaintext) + return header + ciphertext + + For example, the metadata input to encryption allows for frame + metadata to be authenticated when SFrame is applied per frame. After + encoding the frame and before packetizing it, the necessary media + metadata will be moved out of the encoded frame buffer to be sent in + some channel visible to the SFU (e.g., an RTP header extension). + + +---------------+ + | | + | | + | plaintext | + | | + | | + +-------+-------+ + | + .- +-----+ | + | | +--+--> sframe_key ----->| Key + Header | | KID | | | + | | | +--> sframe_salt --+ | + +--+ +-----+ | | + | | | +---------------------+->| Nonce + | | | CTR | | + | | | | | + | '- +-----+ | + | | + | +----------------+ | + | | metadata | | + | +-------+--------+ | + | | | + +------------------+----------------->| AAD + | | + | AEAD.Encrypt + | | + | SFrame Ciphertext | + | +---------------+ | + +-------------->| SFrame Header | | + +---------------+ | + | | | + | |<----+ + | ciphertext | + | | + | | + +---------------+ + + Figure 5: Encrypting an SFrame Ciphertext + +4.4.4. Decryption + + Before decrypting, a receiver needs to assemble a full SFrame + ciphertext. When an SFrame ciphertext is fragmented into multiple + parts for transport (e.g., a whole encrypted frame sent in multiple + SRTP packets), the receiving client collects all the fragments of the + ciphertext, using appropriate sequencing and start/end markers in the + transport. Once all of the required fragments are available, the + client reassembles them into the SFrame ciphertext and passes the + ciphertext to SFrame for decryption. + + The KID field in the SFrame header is used to find the right key and + salt for the encrypted frame, and the CTR field is used to construct + the nonce. The SFrame decryption procedure is as follows: + + def decrypt(metadata, sframe_ciphertext): + KID, CTR, header, ciphertext = parse_ciphertext(sframe_ciphertext) + + sframe_key, sframe_salt = key_store[KID] + + ctr = encode_big_endian(CTR, AEAD.Nn) + nonce = xor(sframe_salt, ctr) + aad = header + metadata + + return AEAD.Decrypt(sframe_key, nonce, aad, ciphertext) + + If a ciphertext fails to decrypt because there is no key available + for the KID in the SFrame header, the client MAY buffer the + ciphertext and retry decryption once a key with that KID is received. + If a ciphertext fails to decrypt for any other reason, the client + MUST discard the ciphertext. Invalid ciphertexts SHOULD be discarded + in a way that is indistinguishable (to an external observer) from + having processed a valid ciphertext. In other words, the SFrame + decrypt operation should take the same amount of time regardless of + whether decryption succeeds or fails. + + SFrame Ciphertext + +---------------+ + +---------------| SFrame Header | + | +---------------+ + | | | + | | |-----+ + | | ciphertext | | + | | | | + | | | | + | +---------------+ | + | | + | .- +-----+ | + | | | +--+--> sframe_key ----->| Key + | | | KID | | | + | | | | +--> sframe_salt --+ | + +->+ +-----+ | | + | | | +---------------------+->| Nonce + | | | CTR | | + | | | | | + | '- +-----+ | + | | + | +----------------+ | + | | metadata | | + | +-------+--------+ | + | | | + +------------------+----------------->| AAD + | + AEAD.Decrypt + | + V + +---------------+ + | | + | | + | plaintext | + | | + | | + +---------------+ + + Figure 6: Decrypting an SFrame Ciphertext + +4.5. Cipher Suites + + Each SFrame session uses a single cipher suite that specifies the + following primitives: + + * A hash function used for key derivation + + * An AEAD encryption algorithm [RFC5116] used for frame encryption, + optionally with a truncated authentication tag + + This document defines the following cipher suites, with the constants + defined in Section 4.4: + + +============================+====+=====+====+====+====+ + | Name | Nh | Nka | Nk | Nn | Nt | + +============================+====+=====+====+====+====+ + | AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_80 | 32 | 16 | 48 | 12 | 10 | + +----------------------------+----+-----+----+----+----+ + | AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_64 | 32 | 16 | 48 | 12 | 8 | + +----------------------------+----+-----+----+----+----+ + | AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_32 | 32 | 16 | 48 | 12 | 4 | + +----------------------------+----+-----+----+----+----+ + | AES_128_GCM_SHA256_128 | 32 | n/a | 16 | 12 | 16 | + +----------------------------+----+-----+----+----+----+ + | AES_256_GCM_SHA512_128 | 64 | n/a | 32 | 12 | 16 | + +----------------------------+----+-----+----+----+----+ + + Table 1: SFrame Cipher Suite Constants + + Numeric identifiers for these cipher suites are defined in the IANA + registry created in Section 8.1. + + In the suite names, the length of the authentication tag is indicated + by the last value: "_128" indicates a 128-bit tag, "_80" indicates an + 80-bit tag, "_64" indicates a 64-bit tag, and "_32" indicates a + 32-bit tag. + + In a session that uses multiple media streams, different cipher + suites might be configured for different media streams. For example, + in order to conserve bandwidth, a session might use a cipher suite + with 80-bit tags for video frames and another cipher suite with + 32-bit tags for audio frames. + +4.5.1. AES-CTR with SHA2 + + In order to allow very short tag sizes, we define a synthetic AEAD + function using the authenticated counter mode of AES together with + HMAC for authentication. We use an encrypt-then-MAC approach, as in + SRTP [RFC3711]. + + Before encryption or decryption, encryption and authentication + subkeys are derived from the single AEAD key. The overall length of + the AEAD key is Nka + Nh, where Nka represents the key size for the + AES block cipher in use and Nh represents the output size of the hash + function (as in Section 4.4). The encryption subkey comprises the + first Nka bytes and the authentication subkey comprises the remaining + Nh bytes. + + def derive_subkeys(sframe_key): + # The encryption key comprises the first Nka bytes + enc_key = sframe_key[..Nka] + + # The authentication key comprises Nh remaining bytes + auth_key = sframe_key[Nka..] + + return enc_key, auth_key + + The AEAD encryption and decryption functions are then composed of + individual calls to the CTR encrypt function and HMAC. The resulting + MAC value is truncated to a number of bytes Nt fixed by the cipher + suite. + + def truncate(tag, n): + # Take the first `n` bytes of `tag` + return tag[..n] + + def compute_tag(auth_key, nonce, aad, ct): + aad_len = encode_big_endian(len(aad), 8) + ct_len = encode_big_endian(len(ct), 8) + tag_len = encode_big_endian(Nt, 8) + auth_data = aad_len + ct_len + tag_len + nonce + aad + ct + tag = HMAC(auth_key, auth_data) + return truncate(tag, Nt) + + def AEAD.Encrypt(key, nonce, aad, pt): + enc_key, auth_key = derive_subkeys(key) + initial_counter = nonce + 0x00000000 # append four zero bytes + ct = AES-CTR.Encrypt(enc_key, initial_counter, pt) + tag = compute_tag(auth_key, nonce, aad, ct) + return ct + tag + + def AEAD.Decrypt(key, nonce, aad, ct): + inner_ct, tag = split_ct(ct, tag_len) + + enc_key, auth_key = derive_subkeys(key) + candidate_tag = compute_tag(auth_key, nonce, aad, inner_ct) + if !constant_time_equal(tag, candidate_tag): + raise Exception("Authentication Failure") + + initial_counter = nonce + 0x00000000 # append four zero bytes + return AES-CTR.Decrypt(enc_key, initial_counter, inner_ct) + +5. Key Management + + SFrame must be integrated with an E2E key management framework to + exchange and rotate the keys used for SFrame encryption. The key + management framework provides the following functions: + + * Provisioning KID / base_key mappings to participating clients + + * Updating the above data as clients join or leave + + It is the responsibility of the application to provide the key + management framework, as described in Section 9.2. + +5.1. Sender Keys + + If the participants in a call have a preexisting E2E-secure channel, + they can use it to distribute SFrame keys. Each client participating + in a call generates a fresh base_key value that it will use to + encrypt media. The client then uses the E2E-secure channel to send + their encryption key to the other participants. + + In this scheme, it is assumed that receivers have a signal outside of + SFrame for which client has sent a given frame (e.g., an RTP + synchronization source (SSRC)). SFrame KID values are then used to + distinguish between versions of the sender's base_key. + + KID values in this scheme have two parts: a "key generation" and a + "ratchet step". Both are unsigned integers that begin at zero. The + key generation increments each time the sender distributes a new key + to receivers. The ratchet step is incremented each time the sender + ratchets their key forward for forward secrecy: + + base_key[i+1] = HKDF-Expand( + HKDF-Extract("", base_key[i]), + "SFrame 1.0 Ratchet", CipherSuite.Nh) + + For compactness, we do not send the whole ratchet step. Instead, we + send only its low-order R bits, where R is a value set by the + application. Different senders may use different values of R, but + each receiver of a given sender needs to know what value of R is used + by the sender so that they can recognize when they need to ratchet + (vs. expecting a new key). R effectively defines a reordering + window, since no more than 2^R ratchet steps can be active at a given + time. The key generation is sent in the remaining 64 - R bits of the + KID. + + KID = (key_generation << R) + (ratchet_step % (1 << R)) + + 64-R bits R bits + <---------------> <------------> + +-----------------+--------------+ + | Key Generation | Ratchet Step | + +-----------------+--------------+ + + Figure 7: Structure of a KID in the Sender Keys Scheme + + The sender signals such a ratchet step update by sending with a KID + value in which the ratchet step has been incremented. A receiver who + receives from a sender with a new KID computes the new key as above. + The old key may be kept for some time to allow for out-of-order + delivery, but should be deleted promptly. + + If a new participant joins in the middle of a session, they will need + to receive from each sender (a) the current sender key for that + sender and (b) the current KID value for the sender. Evicting a + participant requires each sender to send a fresh sender key to all + receivers. + + It is the application's responsibility to decide when sender keys are + updated. A sender key may be updated by sending a new base_key + (updating the key generation) or by hashing the current base_key + (updating the ratchet step). Ratcheting the key forward is useful + when adding new receivers to an SFrame-based interaction, since it + ensures that the new receivers can't decrypt any media encrypted + before they were added. If a sender wishes to assure the opposite + property when removing a receiver (i.e., ensuring that the receiver + can't decrypt media after they are removed), then the sender will + need to distribute a new sender key. + +5.2. MLS + + The Messaging Layer Security (MLS) protocol provides group + authenticated key exchange [MLS-ARCH] [MLS-PROTO]. In principle, it + could be used to instantiate the sender key scheme above, but it can + also be used more efficiently directly. + + MLS creates a linear sequence of keys, each of which is shared among + the members of a group at a given point in time. When a member joins + or leaves the group, a new key is produced that is known only to the + augmented or reduced group. Each step in the lifetime of the group + is known as an "epoch", and each member of the group is assigned an + "index" that is constant for the time they are in the group. + + To generate keys and nonces for SFrame, we use the MLS exporter + function to generate a base_key value for each MLS epoch. Each + member of the group is assigned a set of KID values so that each + member has a unique sframe_key and sframe_salt that it uses to + encrypt with. Senders may choose any KID value within their assigned + set of KID values, e.g., to allow a single sender to send multiple, + uncoordinated outbound media streams. + + base_key = MLS-Exporter("SFrame 1.0 Base Key", "", AEAD.Nk) + + For compactness, we do not send the whole epoch number. Instead, we + send only its low-order E bits, where E is a value set by the + application. E effectively defines a reordering window, since no + more than 2^E epochs can be active at a given time. To handle + rollover of the epoch counter, receivers MUST remove an old epoch + when a new epoch with the same low-order E bits is introduced. + + Let S be the number of bits required to encode a member index in the + group, i.e., the smallest value such that group_size <= (1 << S). + The sender index is encoded in the S bits above the epoch. The + remaining 64 - S - E bits of the KID value are a context value chosen + by the sender (context value 0 will produce the shortest encoded + KID). + + KID = (context << (S + E)) + (sender_index << E) + (epoch % (1 << E)) + + 64-S-E bits S bits E bits + <-----------> <------> <------> + +-------------+--------+-------+ + | Context ID | Index | Epoch | + +-------------+--------+-------+ + + Figure 8: Structure of a KID for an MLS Sender + + Once an SFrame stack has been provisioned with the + sframe_epoch_secret for an epoch, it can compute the required KID + values on demand (as well as the resulting SFrame keys/nonces derived + from the base_key and KID) as it needs to encrypt or decrypt for a + given member. + + ... + | + | + Epoch 14 +--+-- index=3 ---> KID = 0x3e + | | + | +-- index=7 ---> KID = 0x7e + | | + | +-- index=20 --> KID = 0x14e + | + | + Epoch 15 +--+-- index=3 ---> KID = 0x3f + | | + | +-- index=5 ---> KID = 0x5f + | + | + Epoch 16 +----- index=2 --+--> context = 2 --> KID = 0x820 + | | + | +--> context = 3 --> KID = 0xc20 + | + | + Epoch 17 +--+-- index=33 --> KID = 0x211 + | | + | +-- index=51 --> KID = 0x331 + | + | + ... + + Figure 9: An Example Sequence of KIDs for an MLS-based SFrame + Session (E=4; S=6, Allowing for 64 Group Members) + +6. Media Considerations + +6.1. Selective Forwarding Units + + SFUs (e.g., those described in Section 3.7 of [RFC7667]) receive the + media streams from each participant and select which ones should be + forwarded to each of the other participants. There are several + approaches for stream selection, but in general, the SFU needs to + access metadata associated with each frame and modify the RTP + information of the incoming packets when they are transmitted to the + received participants. + + This section describes how these normal SFU modes of operation + interact with the E2EE provided by SFrame. + +6.1.1. RTP Stream Reuse + + The SFU may choose to send only a certain number of streams based on + the voice activity of the participants. To avoid the overhead + involved in establishing new transport streams, the SFU may decide to + reuse previously existing streams or even pre-allocate a predefined + number of streams and choose in each moment in time which participant + media will be sent through it. + + This means that the same transport-level stream (e.g., an RTP stream + defined by either SSRC or Media Identification (MID)) may carry media + from different streams of different participants. Because each + participant uses a different key to encrypt their media, the receiver + will be able to verify the sender of the media within the RTP stream + at any given point in time. Thus the receiver will correctly + associate the media with the sender indicated by the authenticated + SFrame KID value, irrespective of how the SFU transmits the media to + the client. + + Note that in order to prevent impersonation by a malicious + participant (not the SFU), a mechanism based on digital signature + would be required. SFrame does not protect against such attacks. + +6.1.2. Simulcast + + When using simulcast, the same input image will produce N different + encoded frames (one per simulcast layer), which would be processed + independently by the frame encryptor and assigned an unique CTR value + for each. + +6.1.3. Scalable Video Coding (SVC) + + In both temporal and spatial scalability, the SFU may choose to drop + layers in order to match a certain bitrate or to forward specific + media sizes or frames per second. In order to support the SFU + selectively removing layers, the sender MUST encapsulate each layer + in a different SFrame ciphertext. + +6.2. Video Key Frames + + Forward security and post-compromise security require that the E2EE + keys (base keys) are updated any time a participant joins or leaves + the call. + + The key exchange happens asynchronously and on a different path than + the SFU signaling and media. So it may happen that when a new + participant joins the call and the SFU side requests a key frame, the + sender generates the E2EE frame with a key that is not known by the + receiver, so it will be discarded. When the sender updates his + sending key with the new key, it will send it in a non-key frame, so + the receiver will be able to decrypt it, but not decode it. + + The new receiver will then re-request a key frame, but due to sender + and SFU policies, that new key frame could take some time to be + generated. + + If the sender sends a key frame after the new E2EE key is in use, the + time required for the new participant to display the video is + minimized. + + Note that this issue does not arise for media streams that do not + have dependencies among frames, e.g., audio streams. In these + streams, each frame is independently decodable, so a frame never + depends on another frame that might be on the other side of a key + rotation. + +6.3. Partial Decoding + + Some codecs support partial decoding, where individual packets can be + decoded without waiting for the full frame to arrive. When SFrame is + applied per frame, partial decoding is not possible because the + decoder cannot access data until an entire frame has arrived and has + been decrypted. + +7. Security Considerations + +7.1. No Header Confidentiality + + SFrame provides integrity protection to the SFrame header (the KID + and CTR values), but it does not provide confidentiality protection. + Parties that can observe the SFrame header may learn, for example, + which parties are sending SFrame payloads (from KID values) and at + what rates (from CTR values). In cases where SFrame is used for end- + to-end security on top of hop-by-hop protections (e.g., running over + SRTP as described in Appendix B.5), the hop-by-hop security + mechanisms provide confidentiality protection of the SFrame header + between hops. + +7.2. No Per-Sender Authentication + + SFrame does not provide per-sender authentication of media data. Any + sender in a session can send media that will be associated with any + other sender. This is because SFrame uses symmetric encryption to + protect media data, so that any receiver also has the keys required + to encrypt packets for the sender. + +7.3. Key Management + + The specifics of key management are beyond the scope of this + document. However, every client SHOULD change their keys when new + clients join or leave the call for forward secrecy and post- + compromise security. + +7.4. Replay + + The handling of replay is out of the scope of this document. + However, senders MUST reject requests to encrypt multiple times with + the same key and nonce since several AEAD algorithms fail badly in + such cases (see, e.g., Section 5.1.1 of [RFC5116]). + +7.5. Risks Due to Short Tags + + The SFrame cipher suites based on AES-CTR allow for the use of short + authentication tags, which bring a higher risk that an attacker will + be able to cause an SFrame receiver to accept an SFrame ciphertext of + the attacker's choosing. + + Assuming that the authentication properties of the cipher suite are + robust, the only attack that an attacker can mount is an attempt to + find an acceptable (ciphertext, tag) combination through brute force. + Such a brute-force attack will have an expected success rate of the + following form: + + attacker_success_rate = attempts_per_second / 2^(8*Nt) + + For example, a gigabit Ethernet connection is able to transmit + roughly 2^20 packets per second. If an attacker saturated such a + link with guesses against a 32-bit authentication tag (Nt=4), then + the attacker would succeed on average roughly once every 2^12 + seconds, or about once an hour. + + In a typical SFrame usage in a real-time media application, there are + a few approaches to mitigating this risk: + + * Receivers only accept SFrame ciphertexts over HBH-secure channels + (e.g., SRTP security associations or QUIC connections). If this + is the case, only an entity that is part of such a channel can + mount the above attack. + + * The expected packet rate for a media stream is very predictable + (and typically far lower than the above example). On the one + hand, attacks at this rate will succeed even less often than the + high-rate attack described above. On the other hand, the + application may use an elevated packet arrival rate as a signal of + a brute-force attack. This latter approach is common in other + settings, e.g., mitigating brute-force attacks on passwords. + + * Media applications typically do not provide feedback to media + senders as to which media packets failed to decrypt. When media- + quality feedback mechanisms are used, decryption failures will + typically appear as packet losses, but only at an aggregate level. + + * Anti-replay mechanisms (see Section 7.4) prevent the attacker from + reusing valid ciphertexts (either observed or guessed by the + attacker). A receiver applying anti-replay controls will only + accept one valid plaintext per CTR value. Since the CTR value is + covered by SFrame authentication, an attacker has to do a fresh + search for a valid tag for every forged ciphertext, even if the + encrypted content is unchanged. In other words, when the above + brute-force attack succeeds, it only allows the attacker to send a + single SFrame ciphertext; the ciphertext cannot be reused because + either it will have the same CTR value and be discarded as a + replay, or else it will have a different CTR value and its tag + will no longer be valid. + + Nonetheless, without these mitigations, an application that makes use + of short tags will be at heightened risk of forgery attacks. In many + cases, it is simpler to use full-size tags and tolerate slightly + higher bandwidth usage rather than to add the additional defenses + necessary to safely use short tags. + +8. IANA Considerations + + IANA has created a new registry called "SFrame Cipher Suites" + (Section 8.1) under the "SFrame" group registry heading. + +8.1. SFrame Cipher Suites + + The "SFrame Cipher Suites" registry lists identifiers for SFrame + cipher suites as defined in Section 4.5. The cipher suite field is + two bytes wide, so the valid cipher suites are in the range 0x0000 to + 0xFFFF. Except as noted below, assignments are made via the + Specification Required policy [RFC8126]. + + The registration template is as follows: + + * Value: The numeric value of the cipher suite + + * Name: The name of the cipher suite + + * Recommended: Whether support for this cipher suite is recommended + by the IETF. Valid values are "Y", "N", and "D" as described in + Section 17.1 of [MLS-PROTO]. The default value of the + "Recommended" column is "N". Setting the Recommended item to "Y" + or "D", or changing an item whose current value is "Y" or "D", + requires Standards Action [RFC8126]. + + * Reference: The document where this cipher suite is defined + + * Change Controller: Who is authorized to update the row in the + registry + + Initial contents: + + +========+============================+===+===========+============+ + | Value | Name | R | Reference | Change | + | | | | | Controller | + +========+============================+===+===========+============+ + | 0x0000 | Reserved | - | RFC 9605 | IETF | + +--------+----------------------------+---+-----------+------------+ + | 0x0001 | AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_80 | Y | RFC 9605 | IETF | + +--------+----------------------------+---+-----------+------------+ + | 0x0002 | AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_64 | Y | RFC 9605 | IETF | + +--------+----------------------------+---+-----------+------------+ + | 0x0003 | AES_128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256_32 | Y | RFC 9605 | IETF | + +--------+----------------------------+---+-----------+------------+ + | 0x0004 | AES_128_GCM_SHA256_128 | Y | RFC 9605 | IETF | + +--------+----------------------------+---+-----------+------------+ + | 0x0005 | AES_256_GCM_SHA512_128 | Y | RFC 9605 | IETF | + +--------+----------------------------+---+-----------+------------+ + | 0xF000 | Reserved for Private Use | - | RFC 9605 | IETF | + | - | | | | | + | 0xFFFF | | | | | + +--------+----------------------------+---+-----------+------------+ + + Table 2: SFrame Cipher Suites + +9. Application Responsibilities + + To use SFrame, an application needs to define the inputs to the + SFrame encryption and decryption operations, and how SFrame + ciphertexts are delivered from sender to receiver (including any + fragmentation and reassembly). In this section, we lay out + additional requirements that an application must meet in order for + SFrame to operate securely. + + In general, an application using SFrame is responsible for + configuring SFrame. The application must first define when SFrame is + applied at all. When SFrame is applied, the application must define + which cipher suite is to be used. If new versions of SFrame are + defined in the future, it will be the application's responsibility to + determine which version should be used. + + This division of responsibilities is similar to the way other media + parameters (e.g., codecs) are typically handled in media + applications, in the sense that they are set up in some signaling + protocol and not described in the media. Applications might find it + useful to extend the protocols used for negotiating other media + parameters (e.g., Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC8866]) to + also negotiate parameters for SFrame. + +9.1. Header Value Uniqueness + + Applications MUST ensure that each (base_key, KID, CTR) combination + is used for at most one SFrame encryption operation. This ensures + that the (key, nonce) pairs used by the underlying AEAD algorithm are + never reused. Typically this is done by assigning each sender a KID + or set of KIDs, then having each sender use the CTR field as a + monotonic counter, incrementing for each plaintext that is encrypted. + In addition to its simplicity, this scheme minimizes overhead by + keeping CTR values as small as possible. + + In applications where an SFrame context might be written to + persistent storage, this context needs to include the last-used CTR + value. When the context is used later, the application should use + the stored CTR value to determine the next CTR value to be used in an + encryption operation, and then write the next CTR value back to + storage before using the CTR value for encryption. Storing the CTR + value before usage (vs. after) helps ensure that a storage failure + will not cause reuse of the same (base_key, KID, CTR) combination. + +9.2. Key Management Framework + + The application is responsible for provisioning SFrame with a mapping + of KID values to base_key values and the resulting keys and salts. + More importantly, the application specifies which KID values are used + for which purposes (e.g., by which senders). An application's KID + assignment strategy MUST be structured to assure the non-reuse + properties discussed in Section 9.1. + + The application is also responsible for defining a rotation schedule + for keys. For example, one application might have an ephemeral group + for every call and keep rotating keys when endpoints join or leave + the call, while another application could have a persistent group + that can be used for multiple calls and simply derives ephemeral + symmetric keys for a specific call. + + It should be noted that KID values are not encrypted by SFrame and + are thus visible to any application-layer intermediaries that might + handle an SFrame ciphertext. If there are application semantics + included in KID values, then this information would be exposed to + intermediaries. For example, in the scheme of Section 5.1, the + number of ratchet steps per sender is exposed, and in the scheme of + Section 5.2, the number of epochs and the MLS sender ID of the SFrame + sender are exposed. + +9.3. Anti-Replay + + It is the responsibility of the application to handle anti-replay. + Replay by network attackers is assumed to be prevented by network- + layer facilities (e.g., TLS, SRTP). As mentioned in Section 7.4, + senders MUST reject requests to encrypt multiple times with the same + key and nonce. + + It is not mandatory to implement anti-replay on the receiver side. + Receivers MAY apply time- or counter-based anti-replay mitigations. + For example, Section 3.3.2 of [RFC3711] specifies a counter-based + anti-replay mitigation, which could be adapted to use with SFrame, + using the CTR field as the counter. + +9.4. Metadata + + The metadata input to SFrame operations is an opaque byte string + specified by the application. As such, the application needs to + define what information should go in the metadata input and ensure + that it is provided to the encryption and decryption functions at the + appropriate points. A receiver MUST NOT use SFrame-authenticated + metadata until after the SFrame decrypt function has authenticated + it, unless the purpose of such usage is to prepare an SFrame + ciphertext for SFrame decryption. Essentially, metadata may be used + "upstream of SFrame" in a processing pipeline, but only to prepare + for SFrame decryption. + + For example, consider an application where SFrame is used to encrypt + audio frames that are sent over SRTP, with some application data + included in the RTP header extension. Suppose the application also + includes this application data in the SFrame metadata, so that the + SFU is allowed to read, but not modify, the application data. A + receiver can use the application data in the RTP header extension as + part of the standard SRTP decryption process since this is required + to recover the SFrame ciphertext carried in the SRTP payload. + However, the receiver MUST NOT use the application data for other + purposes before SFrame decryption has authenticated the application + data. + +10. References + +10.1. Normative References + + [MLS-PROTO] + Barnes, R., Beurdouche, B., Robert, R., Millican, J., + Omara, E., and K. Cohn-Gordon, "The Messaging Layer + Security (MLS) Protocol", RFC 9420, DOI 10.17487/RFC9420, + July 2023, . + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, + DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, + . + + [RFC5116] McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated + Encryption", RFC 5116, DOI 10.17487/RFC5116, January 2008, + . + + [RFC5869] Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand + Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869, + DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010, + . + + [RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for + Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, + RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017, + . + + [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC + 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, + May 2017, . + +10.2. Informative References + + [I-D.gouaillard-avtcore-codec-agn-rtp-payload] + Murillo, S. G., Fablet, Y., and A. Gouaillard, "Codec + agnostic RTP payload format for video", Work in Progress, + Internet-Draft, draft-gouaillard-avtcore-codec-agn-rtp- + payload-01, 9 March 2021, + . + + [I-D.ietf-moq-transport] + Curley, L., Pugin, K., Nandakumar, S., Vasiliev, V., and + I. Swett, "Media over QUIC Transport", Work in Progress, + Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-moq-transport-05, 8 July 2024, + . + + [I-D.ietf-webtrans-overview] + Vasiliev, V., "The WebTransport Protocol Framework", Work + in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-webtrans-overview- + 07, 4 March 2024, . + + [MLS-ARCH] Beurdouche, B., Rescorla, E., Omara, E., Inguva, S., and + A. Duric, "The Messaging Layer Security (MLS) + Architecture", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft- + ietf-mls-architecture-14, 8 July 2024, + . + + [RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K. + Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", + RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004, + . + + [RFC6716] Valin, JM., Vos, K., and T. Terriberry, "Definition of the + Opus Audio Codec", RFC 6716, DOI 10.17487/RFC6716, + September 2012, . + + [RFC7656] Lennox, J., Gross, K., Nandakumar, S., Salgueiro, G., and + B. Burman, Ed., "A Taxonomy of Semantics and Mechanisms + for Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Sources", RFC 7656, + DOI 10.17487/RFC7656, November 2015, + . + + [RFC7667] Westerlund, M. and S. Wenger, "RTP Topologies", RFC 7667, + DOI 10.17487/RFC7667, November 2015, + . + + [RFC8723] Jennings, C., Jones, P., Barnes, R., and A.B. Roach, + "Double Encryption Procedures for the Secure Real-Time + Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 8723, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8723, April 2020, + . + + [RFC8866] Begen, A., Kyzivat, P., Perkins, C., and M. Handley, "SDP: + Session Description Protocol", RFC 8866, + DOI 10.17487/RFC8866, January 2021, + . + + [TestVectors] + "SFrame Test Vectors", commit 025d568, September 2023, + . + +Appendix A. Example API + + *This section is not normative.* + + This section describes a notional API that an SFrame implementation + might expose. The core concept is an "SFrame context", within which + KID values are meaningful. In the key management scheme described in + Section 5.1, each sender has a different context; in the scheme + described in Section 5.2, all senders share the same context. + + An SFrame context stores mappings from KID values to "key contexts", + which are different depending on whether the KID is to be used for + sending or receiving (an SFrame key should never be used for both + operations). A key context tracks the key and salt associated to the + KID, and the current CTR value. A key context to be used for sending + also tracks the next CTR value to be used. + + The primary operations on an SFrame context are as follows: + + * *Create an SFrame context:* The context is initialized with a + cipher suite and no KID mappings. + + * *Add a key for sending:* The key and salt are derived from the + base key and used to initialize a send context, together with a + zero CTR value. + + * *Add a key for receiving:* The key and salt are derived from the + base key and used to initialize a send context. + + * *Encrypt a plaintext:* Encrypt a given plaintext using the key for + a given KID, including the specified metadata. + + * *Decrypt an SFrame ciphertext:* Decrypt an SFrame ciphertext with + the KID and CTR values specified in the SFrame header, and the + provided metadata. + + Figure 10 shows an example of the types of structures and methods + that could be used to create an SFrame API in Rust. + + type KeyId = u64; + type Counter = u64; + type CipherSuite = u16; + + struct SendKeyContext { + key: Vec, + salt: Vec, + next_counter: Counter, + } + + struct RecvKeyContext { + key: Vec, + salt: Vec, + } + + struct SFrameContext { + cipher_suite: CipherSuite, + send_keys: HashMap, + recv_keys: HashMap, + } + + trait SFrameContextMethods { + fn create(cipher_suite: CipherSuite) -> Self; + fn add_send_key(&self, kid: KeyId, base_key: &[u8]); + fn add_recv_key(&self, kid: KeyId, base_key: &[u8]); + fn encrypt(&mut self, kid: KeyId, metadata: &[u8], + plaintext: &[u8]) -> Vec; + fn decrypt(&self, metadata: &[u8], ciphertext: &[u8]) -> Vec; + } + + Figure 10: An Example SFrame API + +Appendix B. Overhead Analysis + + Any use of SFrame will impose overhead in terms of the amount of + bandwidth necessary to transmit a given media stream. Exactly how + much overhead will be added depends on several factors: + + * The number of senders involved in a conference (length of KID) + + * The duration of the conference (length of CTR) + + * The cipher suite in use (length of authentication tag) + + * Whether SFrame is used to encrypt packets, whole frames, or some + other unit + + Overall, the overhead rate in kilobits per second can be estimated + as: + + OverheadKbps = (1 + |CTR| + |KID| + |TAG|) * 8 * CTPerSecond / 1024 + + Here the constant value 1 reflects the fixed SFrame header; |CTR| + and |KID| reflect the lengths of those fields; |TAG| reflects the + cipher overhead; and CTPerSecond reflects the number of SFrame + ciphertexts sent per second (e.g., packets or frames per second). + + In the remainder of this section, we compute overhead estimates for a + collection of common scenarios. + +B.1. Assumptions + + In the below calculations, we make conservative assumptions about + SFrame overhead so that the overhead amounts we compute here are + likely to be an upper bound of those seen in practice. + + +==============+=======+============================+ + | Field | Bytes | Explanation | + +==============+=======+============================+ + | Config byte | 1 | Fixed | + +--------------+-------+----------------------------+ + | Key ID (KID) | 2 | >255 senders; or MLS epoch | + | | | (E=4) and >16 senders | + +--------------+-------+----------------------------+ + | Counter | 3 | More than 24 hours of | + | (CTR) | | media in common cases | + +--------------+-------+----------------------------+ + | Cipher | 16 | Full authentication tag | + | overhead | | (longest defined here) | + +--------------+-------+----------------------------+ + + Table 3: Overhead Analysis Assumptions + + In total, then, we assume that each SFrame encryption will add 22 + bytes of overhead. + + We consider two scenarios: applying SFrame per frame and per packet. + In each scenario, we compute the SFrame overhead in absolute terms + (kbps) and as a percentage of the base bandwidth. + +B.2. Audio + + In audio streams, there is typically a one-to-one relationship + between frames and packets, so the overhead is the same whether one + uses SFrame at a per-packet or per-frame level. + + Table 4 considers three scenarios that are based on recommended + configurations of the Opus codec [RFC6716] (where "fps" stands for + "frames per second"): + + +==============+==============+=====+======+==========+==========+ + | Scenario | Frame length | fps | Base | Overhead | Overhead | + | | | | kbps | kbps | % | + +==============+==============+=====+======+==========+==========+ + | Narrow-band | 120 ms | 8.3 | 8 | 1.4 | 17.9% | + | speech | | | | | | + +--------------+--------------+-----+------+----------+----------+ + | Full-band | 20 ms | 50 | 32 | 8.6 | 26.9% | + | speech | | | | | | + +--------------+--------------+-----+------+----------+----------+ + | Full-band | 10 ms | 100 | 128 | 17.2 | 13.4% | + | stereo music | | | | | | + +--------------+--------------+-----+------+----------+----------+ + + Table 4: SFrame Overhead for Audio Streams + +B.3. Video + + Video frames can be larger than an MTU and thus are commonly split + across multiple frames. Table 5 and Table 6 show the estimated + overhead of encrypting a video stream, where SFrame is applied per + frame and per packet, respectively. The choices of resolution, + frames per second, and bandwidth roughly reflect the capabilities of + modern video codecs across a range from very low to very high + quality. + + +=============+=====+===========+===============+============+ + | Scenario | fps | Base kbps | Overhead kbps | Overhead % | + +=============+=====+===========+===============+============+ + | 426 x 240 | 7.5 | 45 | 1.3 | 2.9% | + +-------------+-----+-----------+---------------+------------+ + | 640 x 360 | 15 | 200 | 2.6 | 1.3% | + +-------------+-----+-----------+---------------+------------+ + | 640 x 360 | 30 | 400 | 5.2 | 1.3% | + +-------------+-----+-----------+---------------+------------+ + | 1280 x 720 | 30 | 1500 | 5.2 | 0.3% | + +-------------+-----+-----------+---------------+------------+ + | 1920 x 1080 | 60 | 7200 | 10.3 | 0.1% | + +-------------+-----+-----------+---------------+------------+ + + Table 5: SFrame Overhead for a Video Stream Encrypted per + Frame + + +==========+=====+==============+======+==========+==========+ + | Scenario | fps | Packets per | Base | Overhead | Overhead | + | | | Second (pps) | kbps | kbps | % | + +==========+=====+==============+======+==========+==========+ + | 426 x | 7.5 | 7.5 | 45 | 1.3 | 2.9% | + | 240 | | | | | | + +----------+-----+--------------+------+----------+----------+ + | 640 x | 15 | 30 | 200 | 5.2 | 2.6% | + | 360 | | | | | | + +----------+-----+--------------+------+----------+----------+ + | 640 x | 30 | 60 | 400 | 10.3 | 2.6% | + | 360 | | | | | | + +----------+-----+--------------+------+----------+----------+ + | 1280 x | 30 | 180 | 1500 | 30.9 | 2.1% | + | 720 | | | | | | + +----------+-----+--------------+------+----------+----------+ + | 1920 x | 60 | 780 | 7200 | 134.1 | 1.9% | + | 1080 | | | | | | + +----------+-----+--------------+------+----------+----------+ + + Table 6: SFrame Overhead for a Video Stream Encrypted per + Packet + + In the per-frame case, the SFrame percentage overhead approaches zero + as the quality of the video improves since bandwidth is driven more + by picture size than frame rate. In the per-packet case, the SFrame + percentage overhead approaches the ratio between the SFrame overhead + per packet and the MTU (here 22 bytes of SFrame overhead divided by + an assumed 1200-byte MTU, or about 1.8%). + +B.4. Conferences + + Real conferences usually involve several audio and video streams. + The overhead of SFrame in such a conference is the aggregate of the + overhead across all the individual streams. Thus, while SFrame + incurs a large percentage overhead on an audio stream, if the + conference also involves a video stream, then the audio overhead is + likely negligible relative to the overall bandwidth of the + conference. + + For example, Table 7 shows the overhead estimates for a two-person + conference where one person is sending low-quality media and the + other is sending high-quality media. (And we assume that SFrame is + applied per frame.) The video streams dominate the bandwidth at the + SFU, so the total bandwidth overhead is only around 1%. + + +=====================+===========+===============+============+ + | Stream | Base Kbps | Overhead Kbps | Overhead % | + +=====================+===========+===============+============+ + | Participant 1 audio | 8 | 1.4 | 17.9% | + +---------------------+-----------+---------------+------------+ + | Participant 1 video | 45 | 1.3 | 2.9% | + +---------------------+-----------+---------------+------------+ + | Participant 2 audio | 32 | 9 | 26.9% | + +---------------------+-----------+---------------+------------+ + | Participant 2 video | 1500 | 5 | 0.3% | + +---------------------+-----------+---------------+------------+ + | Total at SFU | 1585 | 16.5 | 1.0% | + +---------------------+-----------+---------------+------------+ + + Table 7: SFrame Overhead for a Two-Person Conference + +B.5. SFrame over RTP + + SFrame is a generic encapsulation format, but many of the + applications in which it is likely to be integrated are based on RTP. + This section discusses how an integration between SFrame and RTP + could be done, and some of the challenges that would need to be + overcome. + + As discussed in Section 4.1, there are two natural patterns for + integrating SFrame into an application: applying SFrame per frame or + per packet. In RTP-based applications, applying SFrame per packet + means that the payload of each RTP packet will be an SFrame + ciphertext, starting with an SFrame header, as shown in Figure 11. + Applying SFrame per frame means that different RTP payloads will have + different formats: The first payload of a frame will contain the + SFrame headers, and subsequent payloads will contain further chunks + of the ciphertext, as shown in Figure 12. + + In order for these media payloads to be properly interpreted by + receivers, receivers will need to be configured to know which of the + above schemes the sender has applied to a given sequence of RTP + packets. SFrame does not provide a mechanism for distributing this + configuration information. In applications that use SDP for + negotiating RTP media streams [RFC8866], an appropriate extension to + SDP could provide this function. + + Applying SFrame per frame also requires that packetization and + depacketization be done in a generic manner that does not depend on + the media content of the packets, since the content being packetized + or depacketized will be opaque ciphertext (except for the SFrame + header). In order for such a generic packetization scheme to work + interoperably, one would have to be defined, e.g., as proposed in + [I-D.gouaillard-avtcore-codec-agn-rtp-payload]. + + +---+-+-+-------+-+-----------+------------------------------+<-+ + |V=2|P|X| CC |M| PT | sequence number | | + +---+-+-+-------+-+-----------+------------------------------+ | + | timestamp | | + +------------------------------------------------------------+ | + | synchronization source (SSRC) identifier | | + +============================================================+ | + | contributing source (CSRC) identifiers | | + | .... | | + +------------------------------------------------------------+ | + | RTP extension(s) (OPTIONAL) | | + +->+-------------------+----------------------------------------+ | + | | SFrame header | | | + | +-------------------+ | | + | | | | + | | SFrame encrypted and authenticated payload | | + | | | | + +->+------------------------------------------------------------+<-+ + | | SRTP authentication tag | | + | +------------------------------------------------------------+ | + | | + +--- SRTP Encrypted Portion SRTP Authenticated Portion ---+ + + Figure 11: SRTP Packet with SFrame-Protected Payload + + +----------------+ +---------------+ + | frame metadata | | | + +-------+--------+ | | + | | frame | + | | | + | | | + | +-------+-------+ + | | + | | + V V + +--------------------------------------+ + | SFrame Encrypt | + +--------------------------------------+ + | | + | | + | V + | +-------+-------+ + | | | + | | | + | | encrypted | + | | frame | + | | | + | | | + | +-------+-------+ + | | + | generic RTP packetize + | | + | +----------------------+--------.....--------+ + | | | | + V V V V + +---------------+ +---------------+ +---------------+ + | SFrame header | | | | | + +---------------+ | | | | + | | | payload 2/N | ... | payload N/N | + | payload 1/N | | | | | + | | | | | | + +---------------+ +---------------+ +---------------+ + + Figure 12: Encryption Flow with per-Frame Encryption for RTP + +Appendix C. Test Vectors + + This section provides a set of test vectors that implementations can + use to verify that they correctly implement SFrame encryption and + decryption. In addition to test vectors for the overall process of + SFrame encryption/decryption, we also provide test vectors for header + encoding/decoding, and for AEAD encryption/decryption using the AES- + CTR construction defined in Section 4.5.1. + + All values are either numeric or byte strings. Numeric values are + represented as hex values, prefixed with 0x. Byte strings are + represented in hex encoding. + + Line breaks and whitespace within values are inserted to conform to + the width requirements of the RFC format. They should be removed + before use. + + These test vectors are also available in JSON format at + [TestVectors]. In the JSON test vectors, numeric values are JSON + numbers and byte string values are JSON strings containing the hex + encoding of the byte strings. + +C.1. Header Encoding/Decoding + + For each case, we provide: + + * kid: A KID value + + * ctr: A CTR value + + * header: An encoded SFrame header + + An implementation should verify that: + + * Encoding a header with the KID and CTR results in the provided + header value + + * Decoding the provided header value results in the provided KID and + CTR values + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: 00 + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: 01 + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: 08ff + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: 090100 + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: 09ffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: 0a010000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: 0affffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: 0b01000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: 0bffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: 0c0100000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: 0cffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: 0d010000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: 0dffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: 0e01000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: 0effffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: 0f0100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000000 + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: 0fffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: 10 + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: 11 + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: 18ff + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: 190100 + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: 19ffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: 1a010000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: 1affffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: 1b01000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: 1bffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: 1c0100000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: 1cffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: 1d010000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: 1dffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: 1e01000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: 1effffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: 1f0100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000001 + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: 1fffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: 80ff + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: 81ff + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: 88ffff + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: 89ff0100 + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: 89ffffff + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: 8aff010000 + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: 8affffffff + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: 8bff01000000 + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: 8bffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: 8cff0100000000 + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: 8cffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: 8dff010000000000 + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: 8dffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: 8eff01000000000000 + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: 8effffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: 8fff0100000000000000 + + kid: 0x00000000000000ff + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: 8fffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: 900100 + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: 910100 + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: 980100ff + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: 9901000100 + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: 990100ffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: 9a0100010000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: 9a0100ffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: 9b010001000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: 9b0100ffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: 9c01000100000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: 9c0100ffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: 9d0100010000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: 9d0100ffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: 9e010001000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: 9e0100ffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: 9f01000100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000000100 + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: 9f0100ffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: 90ffff + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: 91ffff + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: 98ffffff + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: 99ffff0100 + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: 99ffffffff + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: 9affff010000 + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: 9affffffffff + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: 9bffff01000000 + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: 9bffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: 9cffff0100000000 + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: 9cffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: 9dffff010000000000 + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: 9dffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: 9effff01000000000000 + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: 9effffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: 9fffff0100000000000000 + + kid: 0x000000000000ffff + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: 9fffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: a0010000 + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: a1010000 + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: a8010000ff + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: a90100000100 + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: a9010000ffff + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: aa010000010000 + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: aa010000ffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: ab01000001000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: ab010000ffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: ac0100000100000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: ac010000ffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: ad010000010000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: ad010000ffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: ae01000001000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: ae010000ffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: af0100000100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000010000 + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: af010000ffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: a0ffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: a1ffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: a8ffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: a9ffffff0100 + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: a9ffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: aaffffff010000 + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: aaffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: abffffff01000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: abffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: acffffff0100000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: acffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: adffffff010000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: adffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: aeffffff01000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: aeffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: afffffff0100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000000ffffff + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: afffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: b001000000 + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: b101000000 + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: b801000000ff + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: b9010000000100 + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: b901000000ffff + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: ba01000000010000 + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: ba01000000ffffff + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: bb0100000001000000 + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: bb01000000ffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: bc010000000100000000 + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: bc01000000ffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: bd01000000010000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: bd01000000ffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: be0100000001000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: be01000000ffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: bf010000000100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000001000000 + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: bf01000000ffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: b0ffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: b1ffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: b8ffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: b9ffffffff0100 + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: b9ffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: baffffffff010000 + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: baffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: bbffffffff01000000 + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: bbffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: bcffffffff0100000000 + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: bcffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: bdffffffff010000000000 + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: bdffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: beffffffff01000000000000 + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: beffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: bfffffffff0100000000000000 + + kid: 0x00000000ffffffff + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: bfffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: c00100000000 + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: c10100000000 + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: c80100000000ff + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: c901000000000100 + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: c90100000000ffff + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: ca0100000000010000 + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: ca0100000000ffffff + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: cb010000000001000000 + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: cb0100000000ffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: cc01000000000100000000 + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: cc0100000000ffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: cd0100000000010000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: cd0100000000ffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: ce010000000001000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: ce0100000000ffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: cf01000000000100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000000100000000 + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: cf0100000000ffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: c0ffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: c1ffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: c8ffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: c9ffffffffff0100 + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: c9ffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: caffffffffff010000 + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: caffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: cbffffffffff01000000 + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: cbffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: ccffffffffff0100000000 + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: ccffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: cdffffffffff010000000000 + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: cdffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: ceffffffffff01000000000000 + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: ceffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: cfffffffffff0100000000000000 + + kid: 0x000000ffffffffff + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: cfffffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: d0010000000000 + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: d1010000000000 + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: d8010000000000ff + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: d90100000000000100 + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: d9010000000000ffff + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: da010000000000010000 + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: da010000000000ffffff + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: db01000000000001000000 + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: db010000000000ffffffff + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: dc0100000000000100000000 + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: dc010000000000ffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: dd010000000000010000000000 + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: dd010000000000ffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: de01000000000001000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: de010000000000ffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: df0100000000000100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000010000000000 + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: df010000000000ffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: d0ffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: d1ffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: d8ffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: d9ffffffffffff0100 + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: d9ffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: daffffffffffff010000 + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: daffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: dbffffffffffff01000000 + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: dbffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: dcffffffffffff0100000000 + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: dcffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: ddffffffffffff010000000000 + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: ddffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: deffffffffffff01000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: deffffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: dfffffffffffff0100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0000ffffffffffff + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: dfffffffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: e001000000000000 + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: e101000000000000 + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: e801000000000000ff + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: e9010000000000000100 + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: e901000000000000ffff + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: ea01000000000000010000 + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: ea01000000000000ffffff + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: eb0100000000000001000000 + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: eb01000000000000ffffffff + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: ec010000000000000100000000 + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: ec01000000000000ffffffffff + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: ed01000000000000010000000000 + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: ed01000000000000ffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: ee0100000000000001000000000000 + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: ee01000000000000ffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: ef010000000000000100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0001000000000000 + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: ef01000000000000ffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: e0ffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: e1ffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: e8ffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: e9ffffffffffffff0100 + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: e9ffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: eaffffffffffffff010000 + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: eaffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: ebffffffffffffff01000000 + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: ebffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: ecffffffffffffff0100000000 + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: ecffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: edffffffffffffff010000000000 + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: edffffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: eeffffffffffffff01000000000000 + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: eeffffffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: efffffffffffffff0100000000000000 + + kid: 0x00ffffffffffffff + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: efffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: f00100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: f10100000000000000 + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: f80100000000000000ff + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: f901000000000000000100 + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: f90100000000000000ffff + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: fa0100000000000000010000 + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: fa0100000000000000ffffff + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: fb010000000000000001000000 + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: fb0100000000000000ffffffff + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: fc01000000000000000100000000 + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: fc0100000000000000ffffffffff + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: fd0100000000000000010000000000 + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: fd0100000000000000ffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: fe010000000000000001000000000000 + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: fe0100000000000000ffffffffffffff + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: ff010000000000000001000000000000 + 00 + + kid: 0x0100000000000000 + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: ff0100000000000000ffffffffffffff + ff + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000000 + header: f0ffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000001 + header: f1ffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x00000000000000ff + header: f8ffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000000100 + header: f9ffffffffffffffff0100 + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x000000000000ffff + header: f9ffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000010000 + header: faffffffffffffffff010000 + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000000ffffff + header: faffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000001000000 + header: fbffffffffffffffff01000000 + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x00000000ffffffff + header: fbffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000000100000000 + header: fcffffffffffffffff0100000000 + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x000000ffffffffff + header: fcffffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000010000000000 + header: fdffffffffffffffff010000000000 + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0000ffffffffffff + header: fdffffffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0001000000000000 + header: feffffffffffffffff01000000000000 + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x00ffffffffffffff + header: feffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0x0100000000000000 + header: ffffffffffffffffff01000000000000 + 00 + + kid: 0xffffffffffffffff + ctr: 0xffffffffffffffff + header: ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff + ff + +C.2. AEAD Encryption/Decryption Using AES-CTR and HMAC + + For each case, we provide: + + * cipher_suite: The index of the cipher suite in use (see + Section 8.1) + + * key: The key input to encryption/decryption + + * enc_key: The encryption subkey produced by the derive_subkeys() + algorithm + + * auth_key: The encryption subkey produced by the derive_subkeys() + algorithm + + * nonce: The nonce input to encryption/decryption + + * aad: The aad input to encryption/decryption + + * pt: The plaintext + + * ct: The ciphertext + + An implementation should verify that the following are true, where + AEAD.Encrypt and AEAD.Decrypt are as defined in Section 4.5.1: + + * AEAD.Encrypt(key, nonce, aad, pt) == ct + + * AEAD.Decrypt(key, nonce, aad, ct) == pt + + The other values in the test vector are intermediate values provided + to facilitate debugging of test failures. + + cipher_suite: 0x0001 + key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f + 101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f + 202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f + enc_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f + auth_key: 101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f + 202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f + nonce: 101112131415161718191a1b + aad: 4945544620534672616d65205747 + pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d + 652d656e63 + ct: 6339af04ada1d064688a442b8dc69d5b + 6bfa40f4bef0583e8081069cc60705 + + cipher_suite: 0x0002 + key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f + 101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f + 202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f + enc_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f + auth_key: 101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f + 202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f + nonce: 101112131415161718191a1b + aad: 4945544620534672616d65205747 + pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d + 652d656e63 + ct: 6339af04ada1d064688a442b8dc69d5b + 6bfa40f4be6e93b7da076927bb + + cipher_suite: 0x0003 + key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f + 101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f + 202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f + enc_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f + auth_key: 101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f + 202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f + nonce: 101112131415161718191a1b + aad: 4945544620534672616d65205747 + pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d + 652d656e63 + ct: 6339af04ada1d064688a442b8dc69d5b + 6bfa40f4be09480509 + +C.3. SFrame Encryption/Decryption + + For each case, we provide: + + * cipher_suite: The index of the cipher suite in use (see + Section 8.1) + + * kid: A KID value + + * ctr: A CTR value + + * base_key: The base_key input to the derive_key_salt algorithm + + * sframe_key_label: The label used to derive sframe_key in the + derive_key_salt algorithm + + * sframe_salt_label: The label used to derive sframe_salt in the + derive_key_salt algorithm + + * sframe_secret: The sframe_secret variable in the derive_key_salt + algorithm + + * sframe_key: The sframe_key value produced by the derive_key_salt + algorithm + + * sframe_salt: The sframe_salt value produced by the derive_key_salt + algorithm + + * metadata: The metadata input to the SFrame encrypt algorithm + + * pt: The plaintext + + * ct: The SFrame ciphertext + + An implementation should verify that the following are true, where + encrypt and decrypt are as defined in Section 4.4, using an SFrame + context initialized with base_key assigned to kid: + + * encrypt(ctr, kid, metadata, plaintext) == ct + + * decrypt(metadata, ct) == pt + + The other values in the test vector are intermediate values provided + to facilitate debugging of test failures. + + cipher_suite: 0x0001 + kid: 0x0000000000000123 + ctr: 0x0000000000004567 + base_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f + sframe_key_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265 + 74206b65792000000000000001230001 + sframe_salt_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265 + 742073616c7420000000000000012300 + 01 + sframe_secret: d926952ca8b7ec4a95941d1ada3a5203 + ceff8cceee34f574d23909eb314c40c0 + sframe_key: 3f7d9a7c83ae8e1c8a11ae695ab59314 + b367e359fadac7b9c46b2bc6f81f46e1 + 6b96f0811868d59402b7e870102720b3 + sframe_salt: 50b29329a04dc0f184ac3168 + metadata: 4945544620534672616d65205747 + nonce: 50b29329a04dc0f184ac740f + aad: 99012345674945544620534672616d65 + 205747 + pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d + 652d656e63 + ct: 9901234567449408b6f490086165b9d6 + f62b24ae1a59a56486b4ae8ed036b889 + 12e24f11 + + cipher_suite: 0x0002 + kid: 0x0000000000000123 + ctr: 0x0000000000004567 + base_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f + sframe_key_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265 + 74206b65792000000000000001230002 + sframe_salt_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265 + 742073616c7420000000000000012300 + 02 + sframe_secret: d926952ca8b7ec4a95941d1ada3a5203 + ceff8cceee34f574d23909eb314c40c0 + sframe_key: e2ec5c797540310483b16bf6e7a570d2 + a27d192fe869c7ccd8584a8d9dab9154 + 9fbe553f5113461ec6aa83bf3865553e + sframe_salt: e68ac8dd3d02fbcd368c5577 + metadata: 4945544620534672616d65205747 + nonce: e68ac8dd3d02fbcd368c1010 + aad: 99012345674945544620534672616d65 + 205747 + pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d + 652d656e63 + ct: 99012345673f31438db4d09434e43afa + 0f8a2f00867a2be085046a9f5cb4f101 + d607 + + cipher_suite: 0x0003 + kid: 0x0000000000000123 + ctr: 0x0000000000004567 + base_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f + sframe_key_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265 + 74206b65792000000000000001230003 + sframe_salt_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265 + 742073616c7420000000000000012300 + 03 + sframe_secret: d926952ca8b7ec4a95941d1ada3a5203 + ceff8cceee34f574d23909eb314c40c0 + sframe_key: 2c5703089cbb8c583475e4fc461d97d1 + 8809df79b6d550f78eb6d50ffa80d892 + 11d57909934f46f5405e38cd583c69fe + sframe_salt: 38c16e4f5159700c00c7f350 + metadata: 4945544620534672616d65205747 + nonce: 38c16e4f5159700c00c7b637 + aad: 99012345674945544620534672616d65 + 205747 + pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d + 652d656e63 + ct: 990123456717fc8af28a5a695afcfc6c + 8df6358a17e26b2fcb3bae32e443 + + cipher_suite: 0x0004 + kid: 0x0000000000000123 + ctr: 0x0000000000004567 + base_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f + sframe_key_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265 + 74206b65792000000000000001230004 + sframe_salt_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265 + 742073616c7420000000000000012300 + 04 + sframe_secret: d926952ca8b7ec4a95941d1ada3a5203 + ceff8cceee34f574d23909eb314c40c0 + sframe_key: d34f547f4ca4f9a7447006fe7fcbf768 + sframe_salt: 75234edefe07819026751816 + metadata: 4945544620534672616d65205747 + nonce: 75234edefe07819026755d71 + aad: 99012345674945544620534672616d65 + 205747 + pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d + 652d656e63 + ct: 9901234567b7412c2513a1b66dbb4884 + 1bbaf17f598751176ad847681a69c6d0 + b091c07018ce4adb34eb + + cipher_suite: 0x0005 + kid: 0x0000000000000123 + ctr: 0x0000000000004567 + base_key: 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f + sframe_key_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265 + 74206b65792000000000000001230005 + sframe_salt_label: 534672616d6520312e30205365637265 + 742073616c7420000000000000012300 + 05 + sframe_secret: 0fc3ea6de6aac97a35f194cf9bed94d4 + b5230f1cb45a785c9fe5dce9c188938a + b6ba005bc4c0a19181599e9d1bcf7b74 + aca48b60bf5e254e546d809313e083a3 + sframe_key: d3e27b0d4a5ae9e55df01a70e6d4d28d + 969b246e2936f4b7a5d9b494da6b9633 + sframe_salt: 84991c167b8cd23c93708ec7 + metadata: 4945544620534672616d65205747 + nonce: 84991c167b8cd23c9370cba0 + aad: 99012345674945544620534672616d65 + 205747 + pt: 64726166742d696574662d736672616d + 652d656e63 + ct: 990123456794f509d36e9beacb0e261d + 99c7d1e972f1fed787d4049f17ca2135 + 3c1cc24d56ceabced279 + +Acknowledgements + + The authors wish to specially thank Dr. Alex Gouaillard as one of the + early contributors to the document. His passion and energy were key + to the design and development of SFrame. + +Contributors + + Frédéric Jacobs + Apple + Email: frederic.jacobs@apple.com + + + Marta Mularczyk + Amazon + Email: mulmarta@amazon.com + + + Suhas Nandakumar + Cisco + Email: snandaku@cisco.com + + + Tomas Rigaux + Cisco + Email: trigaux@cisco.com + + + Raphael Robert + Phoenix R&D + Email: ietf@raphaelrobert.com + + +Authors' Addresses + + Emad Omara + Apple + Email: eomara@apple.com + + + Justin Uberti + Fixie.ai + Email: justin@fixie.ai + + + Sergio Garcia Murillo + CoSMo Software + Email: sergio.garcia.murillo@cosmosoftware.io + + + Richard Barnes (editor) + Cisco + Email: rlb@ipv.sx + + + Youenn Fablet + Apple + Email: youenn@apple.com diff --git a/auth48-v4/index.html b/auth48-v4/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7b4855 --- /dev/null +++ b/auth48-v4/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ + + + + sframe-wg/sframe auth48-v4 preview + + + + +

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