From 60e2db28df1f3c6a713f0cc96eaa56286ec7da23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sotrh Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2024 15:26:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] =?UTF-8?q?Deploying=20to=20gh-pages=20from=20@=20sotrh/le?= =?UTF-8?q?arn-wgpu@8ff619b90f5cca869169f957801542e52b6da26a=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=F0=9F=9A=80?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- 404.html | 4 ++-- assets/js/{10.7058b1dd.js => 10.2742fe3e.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{13.73be4b04.js => 13.48059ad1.js} | 2 +- assets/js/14.4ef3efbf.js | 1 + assets/js/14.e815ebc8.js | 1 - assets/js/{15.e5d3ef55.js => 15.6080e8de.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{19.0cbf48d9.js => 19.0400ce5d.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{42.b2d18c7d.js => 42.8462e504.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{47.009a975c.js => 47.b2cc5f98.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{49.cc4a0558.js => 49.a5085325.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{50.aeef414e.js => 50.e89dc9be.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{51.36c8060c.js => 51.b9af463e.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{52.af8ddd46.js => 52.5eb64622.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{55.33545d9e.js => 55.5eb9e278.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{56.56fd9e1a.js => 56.f02db95f.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{58.fb647cff.js => 58.62fec77f.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{61.7d58a2ea.js => 61.e7cba371.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{62.a84c00aa.js => 62.df1647f8.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{64.8710d639.js => 64.b23bd44f.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{65.dfde4b9a.js => 65.6a397c3e.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{66.abfe9e1f.js => 66.6a7583a2.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{67.bf0b7353.js => 67.3403ab6a.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{68.6be0d6f9.js => 68.19d956bf.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{69.4b4e133e.js => 69.efbcae63.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{app.d1363f30.js => app.65e6f782.js} | 4 ++-- beginner/tutorial1-window/index.html | 6 +++--- beginner/tutorial2-surface/index.html | 6 +++--- beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html | 6 +++--- beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html | 6 +++--- beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html | 6 +++--- beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html | 6 +++--- beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html | 6 +++--- beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html | 6 +++--- beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html | 6 +++--- index.html | 6 +++--- intermediate/pbr-notes.html | 6 +++--- intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html | 6 +++--- intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html | 6 +++--- intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html | 6 +++--- intermediate/tutorial13-hdr/index.html | 8 ++++---- intermediate/wip-terrain/index.html | 6 +++--- news/0.12/index.html | 6 +++--- news/0.13/index.html | 6 +++--- news/0.14/index.html | 6 +++--- news/0.15/index.html | 6 +++--- news/0.16/index.html | 6 +++--- news/0.17/index.html | 6 +++--- news/0.18 and hdr/index.html | 6 +++--- news/pre-0.12/index.html | 6 +++--- showcase/alignment/index.html | 6 +++--- showcase/compute/index.html | 6 +++--- showcase/gifs/index.html | 6 +++--- showcase/imgui-demo/index.html | 6 +++--- showcase/index.html | 6 +++--- showcase/pong/index.html | 6 +++--- showcase/threading/index.html | 6 +++--- showcase/windowless/index.html | 6 +++--- todo.html | 6 +++--- topics/index.html | 6 +++--- 59 files changed, 129 insertions(+), 129 deletions(-) rename assets/js/{10.7058b1dd.js => 10.2742fe3e.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{13.73be4b04.js => 13.48059ad1.js} (99%) create mode 100644 assets/js/14.4ef3efbf.js delete mode 100644 assets/js/14.e815ebc8.js rename assets/js/{15.e5d3ef55.js => 15.6080e8de.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{19.0cbf48d9.js => 19.0400ce5d.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{42.b2d18c7d.js => 42.8462e504.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{47.009a975c.js => 47.b2cc5f98.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{49.cc4a0558.js => 49.a5085325.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{50.aeef414e.js => 50.e89dc9be.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{51.36c8060c.js => 51.b9af463e.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{52.af8ddd46.js => 52.5eb64622.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{55.33545d9e.js => 55.5eb9e278.js} (98%) rename assets/js/{56.56fd9e1a.js => 56.f02db95f.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{58.fb647cff.js => 58.62fec77f.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{61.7d58a2ea.js => 61.e7cba371.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{62.a84c00aa.js => 62.df1647f8.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{64.8710d639.js => 64.b23bd44f.js} (96%) rename assets/js/{65.dfde4b9a.js => 65.6a397c3e.js} (92%) rename assets/js/{66.abfe9e1f.js => 66.6a7583a2.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{67.bf0b7353.js => 67.3403ab6a.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{68.6be0d6f9.js => 68.19d956bf.js} (87%) rename assets/js/{69.4b4e133e.js => 69.efbcae63.js} (96%) rename assets/js/{app.d1363f30.js => app.65e6f782.js} (96%) diff --git a/404.html b/404.html index 251b4a89..c3762101 100644 --- a/404.html +++ b/404.html @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ - +

404

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"},359:function(t,s,a){t.exports=a.p+"assets/img/ambient_diffuse_specular_lighting.76386148.png"},360:function(t,s,a){t.exports=a.p+"assets/img/specular_lighting.b3869eb1.png"},361:function(t,s,a){t.exports=a.p+"assets/img/half_dir.bbcc23b8.png"},453:function(t,s,a){"use strict";a.r(s);var n=a(8),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var t=this,s=t._self._c;return s("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[s("h1",{attrs:{id:"working-with-lights"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#working-with-lights"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Working with Lights")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("While we can tell our scene is 3D because of our camera, it still feels very flat. That's because our model stays the same color regardless of its orientation. If we want to change that, we need to add lighting to our scene.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("In the real world, a light source emits photons that bounce around until they enter our eyes. The color we see is the light's original color minus whatever energy it lost while bouncing around.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("In the computer graphics world, modeling individual photons would be hilariously computationally expensive. A single 100 Watt light bulb emits about 3.27 x 10^20 photons "),s("em",[t._v("per second")]),t._v(". Just imagine that for the sun! To get around this, we're going to use math to cheat.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Let's discuss a few options.")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"ray-path-tracing"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ray-path-tracing"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Ray/Path Tracing")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("This is an "),s("em",[t._v("advanced")]),t._v(" topic, and we won't be covering it in depth here. It's the closest model to the way light really works so I felt I had to mention it. Check out the "),s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/todo/"}},[t._v("ray tracing tutorial")]),t._v(" if you want to learn more.")],1),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-blinn-phong-model"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-blinn-phong-model"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" The Blinn-Phong Model")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Ray/path tracing is often too computationally expensive for most real-time applications (though that is starting to change), so a more efficient, if less accurate method based on the "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_shading",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Phong reflection model"),s("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" is often used. It splits up the lighting calculation into three parts: ambient lighting, diffuse lighting, and specular lighting. 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"},352:function(t,s,a){t.exports=a.p+"assets/img/ambient_diffuse_specular_lighting.76386148.png"},353:function(t,s,a){t.exports=a.p+"assets/img/specular_lighting.b3869eb1.png"},354:function(t,s,a){t.exports=a.p+"assets/img/half_dir.bbcc23b8.png"},452:function(t,s,a){"use strict";a.r(s);var n=a(8),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var t=this,s=t._self._c;return s("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[s("h1",{attrs:{id:"working-with-lights"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#working-with-lights"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Working with Lights")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("While we can tell our scene is 3D because of our camera, it still feels very flat. That's because our model stays the same color regardless of its orientation. If we want to change that, we need to add lighting to our scene.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("In the real world, a light source emits photons that bounce around until they enter our eyes. The color we see is the light's original color minus whatever energy it lost while bouncing around.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("In the computer graphics world, modeling individual photons would be hilariously computationally expensive. A single 100 Watt light bulb emits about 3.27 x 10^20 photons "),s("em",[t._v("per second")]),t._v(". Just imagine that for the sun! To get around this, we're going to use math to cheat.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Let's discuss a few options.")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"ray-path-tracing"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ray-path-tracing"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Ray/Path Tracing")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("This is an "),s("em",[t._v("advanced")]),t._v(" topic, and we won't be covering it in depth here. It's the closest model to the way light really works so I felt I had to mention it. Check out the "),s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/todo/"}},[t._v("ray tracing tutorial")]),t._v(" if you want to learn more.")],1),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-blinn-phong-model"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-blinn-phong-model"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" The Blinn-Phong Model")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Ray/path tracing is often too computationally expensive for most real-time applications (though that is starting to change), so a more efficient, if less accurate method based on the "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_shading",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Phong reflection model"),s("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" is often used. It splits up the lighting calculation into three parts: ambient lighting, diffuse lighting, and specular lighting. 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Let's compare our results with the last tutorial.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(343),alt:""}}),t._v(" "),s("img",{attrs:{src:a(344),alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Parts of the scene are dark when they should be lit up, and vice versa.")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"tangent-space-to-world-space"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#tangent-space-to-world-space"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Tangent Space to World Space")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("I mentioned briefly in the "),s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/#the-normal-matrix"}},[t._v("lighting tutorial")]),t._v(' that we were doing our lighting calculation in "world space". This meant that the entire scene was oriented with respect to the '),s("em",[t._v("world's")]),t._v(" coordinate system. When we pull the normal data from our normal texture, all the normals are in what's known as pointing roughly in the positive z direction. 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in the frame, we can run our tonemapper with the surface texture as the output:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// NEW!")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// Apply tonemapping")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("hdr"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("process")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("mut")]),t._v(" encoder"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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Here's the image before using HDR:")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(368),alt:"before hdr"}})]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Here's what it looks like after implementing HDR:")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(369),alt:"after hdr"}})]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"loading-hdr-textures"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#loading-hdr-textures"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Loading HDR textures")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Now that we have an HDR render buffer, we can start leveraging HDR textures to their fullest. One of the primary uses for HDR textures is to store lighting information in the form of an environment map.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("This map can be used to light objects, display reflections and also to make a skybox. 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You can see the particular environment map we are going to use below.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(371),alt:"equirectangular skybox"}})]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"cube-maps"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#cube-maps"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Cube Maps")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("While we can technically use an equirectangular map directly, as long as we do some math to figure out the correct coordinates, it is a lot more convenient to convert our environment map into a cube map.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"info"},[s("p",[t._v("A cube map is a special kind of texture that has six layers. Each layer corresponds to a different face of an imaginary cube that is aligned to the X, Y and Z axes. 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in the frame, we can run our tonemapper with the surface texture as the output:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// NEW!")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// Apply tonemapping")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("hdr"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("process")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("mut")]),t._v(" encoder"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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Here's the image before using HDR:")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(368),alt:"before hdr"}})]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Here's what it looks like after implementing HDR:")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(369),alt:"after hdr"}})]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"loading-hdr-textures"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#loading-hdr-textures"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Loading HDR textures")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Now that we have an HDR render buffer, we can start leveraging HDR textures to their fullest. One of the primary uses for HDR textures is to store lighting information in the form of an environment map.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("This map can be used to light objects, display reflections and also to make a skybox. We're going to create a skybox using HDR texture, but first, we need to talk about how environment maps are stored.")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"equirectangular-textures"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#equirectangular-textures"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Equirectangular textures")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("An equirectangular texture is a texture where a sphere is stretched across a rectangular surface using what's known as an equirectangular projection. This map of the Earth is an example of this projection.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Equirectangular_projection_SW.jpg/1024px-Equirectangular_projection_SW.jpg",alt:"map of the earth"}})]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("This projection maps the latitude values of the sphere to the horizontal coordinates of the texture. The longitude values get mapped to the vertical coordinates. This means that the vertical middle of the texture is the equator (0° longitude) of the sphere, the horizontal middle is the prime meridian (0° latitude) of the sphere, the left and right edges of the texture are the anti-meridian (+180°/-180° latitude) the top and bottom edges of the texture are the north pole (90° longitude) and south pole (-90° longitude), respectively.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(370),alt:"equirectangular diagram"}})]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("This simple projection is easy to use, making it one of the most popular projections for storing spherical textures. You can see the particular environment map we are going to use below.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(371),alt:"equirectangular skybox"}})]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"cube-maps"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#cube-maps"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Cube Maps")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("While we can technically use an equirectangular map directly, as long as we do some math to figure out the correct coordinates, it is a lot more convenient to convert our environment map into a cube map.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"info"},[s("p",[t._v("A cube map is a special kind of texture that has six layers. Each layer corresponds to a different face of an imaginary cube that is aligned to the X, Y and Z axes. 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The "),s("code",[t._v("view_dir")]),t._v(" gives us the direction to the camera from the surface. The reflection math needs the direction from the camera to the surface, so we negate "),s("code",[t._v("view_dir")]),t._v(". We then use "),s("code",[t._v("wgsl")]),t._v("'s built-in "),s("code",[t._v("reflect")]),t._v(" function to reflect the inverted "),s("code",[t._v("view_dir")]),t._v(" about the "),s("code",[t._v("world_normal")]),t._v(". This gives us a direction that we can use to sample the environment map and get the color of the sky in that direction. 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"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// We'll talk about this a little later")]),t._v("\n sample_count"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("1")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n dimension"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("TextureDimension")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[t._v("D2")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// Most images are stored using sRGB, so we need to reflect that here.")]),t._v("\n 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It")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// specifies what texture formats can be used to")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// create TextureViews for this texture. The base")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// texture format (Rgba8UnormSrgb in this case) is")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// always supported. 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However, we can use a method on the "),s("code",[t._v("queue")]),t._v(" we created earlier called "),s("code",[t._v("write_texture")]),t._v(" to load in the texture. Let's take a look at how we do that:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[t._v("queue"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("write_texture")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// Tells wgpu where to copy the pixel data")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("ImageCopyTexture")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n texture"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),t._v("diffuse_texture"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n mip_level"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n origin"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Origin3d")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[t._v("ZERO")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n aspect"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("TextureAspect")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("All")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// The actual pixel data")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),t._v("diffuse_rgba"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// The layout of the texture")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("ImageDataLayout")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n offset"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n bytes_per_row"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Some")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("4")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("*")]),t._v(" dimensions"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v(".0")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n rows_per_image"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Some")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("dimensions"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v(".1")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n texture_size"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("div",{staticClass:"note"},[s("p",[t._v("The old way of writing data to a texture was to copy the pixel data to a buffer and then copy it to the texture. 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This will involve creating an "),s("code",[t._v("")]),t._v(" tag in Rust to get the image and then a "),s("code",[t._v("")]),t._v(" to get the pixel data, but I'll leave this as an exercise for the reader.")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("In "),s("code",[t._v("State")]),t._v("'s "),s("code",[t._v("new()")]),t._v(" method, add the following just after configuring the "),s("code",[t._v("surface")]),t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[t._v("surface"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("configure")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),t._v("device"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),t._v("config"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// NEW!")]),t._v("\n\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" diffuse_bytes "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token macro property"}},[t._v("include_bytes!")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"happy-tree.png"')]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" diffuse_image "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("image"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("load_from_memory")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("diffuse_bytes"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("unwrap")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" diffuse_rgba "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" diffuse_image"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("to_rgba8")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("use")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("image"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("GenericImageView")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" dimensions "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" diffuse_image"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("dimensions")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("Here, we grab the bytes from our image file and load them into an image, which is then converted into a "),s("code",[t._v("Vec")]),t._v(" of RGBA bytes. We also save the image's dimensions for when we create the actual "),s("code",[t._v("Texture")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Now, let's create the "),s("code",[t._v("Texture")]),t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" texture_size "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Extent3d")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n width"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" dimensions"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v(".0")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n 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"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("TextureDescriptor")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// All textures are stored as 3D, we represent our 2D texture")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// by setting depth to 1.")]),t._v("\n size"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" texture_size"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n mip_level_count"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("1")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// We'll talk about this a little later")]),t._v("\n sample_count"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("1")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n dimension"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("TextureDimension")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[t._v("D2")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// Most images are stored using sRGB, so we need to reflect that here.")]),t._v("\n format"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("TextureFormat")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Rgba8UnormSrgb")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// TEXTURE_BINDING tells wgpu that we want to use this texture in shaders")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// COPY_DST means that we want to copy data to this texture")]),t._v("\n usage"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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It")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// specifies what texture formats can be used to")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// create TextureViews for this texture. The base")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// texture format (Rgba8UnormSrgb in this case) is")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// always supported. Note that using a different")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// texture format is not supported on the WebGL2")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// backend.")]),t._v("\n view_formats"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"getting-data-into-a-texture"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#getting-data-into-a-texture"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Getting data into a Texture")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("The "),s("code",[t._v("Texture")]),t._v(" struct has no methods to interact with the data directly. However, we can use a method on the "),s("code",[t._v("queue")]),t._v(" we created earlier called "),s("code",[t._v("write_texture")]),t._v(" to load in the texture. Let's take a look at how we do that:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[t._v("queue"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("write_texture")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// Tells wgpu where to copy the pixel data")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("ImageCopyTexture")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n texture"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),t._v("diffuse_texture"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n mip_level"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n origin"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Origin3d")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[t._v("ZERO")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n aspect"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("TextureAspect")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("All")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// The actual pixel data")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),t._v("diffuse_rgba"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// The layout of the texture")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("ImageDataLayout")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n offset"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n bytes_per_row"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Some")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("4")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("*")]),t._v(" dimensions"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v(".0")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n rows_per_image"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Some")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("dimensions"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v(".1")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n texture_size"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("div",{staticClass:"note"},[s("p",[t._v("The old way of writing data to a texture was to copy the pixel data to a buffer and then copy it to the texture. 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This value needs to be a multiple of 256. Check out "),s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/showcase/gifs/#how-do-we-make-the-frames"}},[t._v("the gif tutorial")]),t._v(" for more details.")],1)]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"textureviews-and-samplers"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#textureviews-and-samplers"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" TextureViews and Samplers")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Now that our texture has data in it, we need a way to use it. This is where a "),s("code",[t._v("TextureView")]),t._v(" and a "),s("code",[t._v("Sampler")]),t._v(" come in. A "),s("code",[t._v("TextureView")]),t._v(" offers us a "),s("em",[t._v("view")]),t._v(" into our texture. A "),s("code",[t._v("Sampler")]),t._v(" controls how the "),s("code",[t._v("Texture")]),t._v(" is "),s("em",[t._v("sampled")]),t._v(". Sampling works similar to the eyedropper tool in GIMP/Photoshop. 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b/assets/js/19.0400ce5d.js similarity index 99% rename from assets/js/19.0cbf48d9.js rename to assets/js/19.0400ce5d.js index 8ae77f2a..5f0bd613 100644 --- a/assets/js/19.0cbf48d9.js +++ b/assets/js/19.0400ce5d.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[19],{376:function(t,s,a){t.exports=a.p+"assets/img/corruption.675b1eca.png"},377:function(t,s,a){t.exports=a.p+"assets/img/black_triangles.df338b97.png"},378:function(t,s,a){t.exports=a.p+"assets/img/render_doc_output.e0c8b298.png"},379:function(t,s,a){t.exports=a.p+"assets/img/results.7918efc1.png"},466:function(t,s,a){"use strict";a.r(s);var n=a(8),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var t=this,s=t._self._c;return s("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[s("h1",{attrs:{id:"compute-example-tangents-and-bitangents"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#compute-example-tangents-and-bitangents"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Compute Example: Tangents and Bitangents")]),t._v(" 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The first problem I encountered was some vertex data corruption due to the shader reading my vertex data incorrectly. 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Using it as a storage buffer proved less convenient. 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You can see the issue with this method below:")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(377),alt:"./black_triangles.png"}})]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Those black triangles were the result of multiple GPU threads trying to modify the same vertices. Looking at the data in Render Doc I could see that the tangents and bitangents were garbage numbers such as "),s("code",[t._v("NaN")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(378),alt:"./render_doc_output.png"}})]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("While on the CPU we could introduce a synchronization primitive such as a "),s("code",[t._v("Mutex")]),t._v(" to fix this issue, AFAIK there isn't really such a thing on the GPU. Instead, I decided to swap my code to work with each vertex individually. There are some hurdles with that, but those will be easier to explain in code. 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Using it as a storage buffer proved less convenient. 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This is alignment matches what "),s("code",[t._v("ModelVertex")]),t._v(" uses in Rust. This was kind of a pain to work with, but it fixed the corruption issue.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("The second problem required me to rethink how I was computing the tangent and bitangent. The previous algorithm I was using only computed the tangent and bitangent for each triangle and set all the vertices in that triangle to use the same tangent and bitangent. While this is fine in a single-threaded context, the code breaks down when trying to compute the triangles in parallel. The reason is that multiple triangles can share the same vertices. This means that when we go to save the resulting tangents, we inevitably end up trying to write to the same vertex from multiple different threads which is a big no no. You can see the issue with this method below:")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(377),alt:"./black_triangles.png"}})]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Those black triangles were the result of multiple GPU threads trying to modify the same vertices. Looking at the data in Render Doc I could see that the tangents and bitangents were garbage numbers such as "),s("code",[t._v("NaN")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(378),alt:"./render_doc_output.png"}})]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("While on the CPU we could introduce a synchronization primitive such as a "),s("code",[t._v("Mutex")]),t._v(" to fix this issue, AFAIK there isn't really such a thing on the GPU. Instead, I decided to swap my code to work with each vertex individually. There are some hurdles with that, but those will be easier to explain in code. 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I opted to put the actual calculation into its own method. Let's take a look at that.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-glsl extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-glsl"}},[s("code",[t._v("ModelVertex "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("calcTangentBitangent")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("uint")]),t._v(" vertexIndex"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n ModelVertex v "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" srcVertices"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("vertexIndex"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("vec3")]),t._v(" tangent "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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If the method returns "),s("code",[t._v("true")]),t._v(", the main loop won't process the event any further.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("We're just going to return false for now because we don't have any events we want to capture.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// impl State")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("fn")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[t._v("input")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("mut")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" event"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("WindowEvent")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("->")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("bool")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token boolean"}},[t._v("false")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("We need to do a little more work in the event loop. We want "),s("code",[t._v("State")]),t._v(" to have priority over "),s("code",[t._v("run()")]),t._v(". Doing that (and previous changes) should make your loop look like this.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// run()")]),t._v("\nevent_loop"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("run")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("move")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-params"}},[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-punctuation punctuation"}},[t._v("|")]),t._v("event"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" control_flow"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-punctuation punctuation"}},[t._v("|")])]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n 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First, we need to get a frame to render to.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// impl State")]),t._v("\n\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("fn")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[t._v("render")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("mut")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("->")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Result")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("<")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("SurfaceError")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(">")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" output "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("surface"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("get_current_texture")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("?")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("The "),s("code",[t._v("get_current_texture")]),t._v(" function will wait for the "),s("code",[t._v("surface")]),t._v(" to provide a new "),s("code",[t._v("SurfaceTexture")]),t._v(" that we will render to. We'll store this in "),s("code",[t._v("output")]),t._v(" for later.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" view "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" output"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("texture"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("create_view")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("TextureViewDescriptor")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("default")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("This line creates a "),s("code",[t._v("TextureView")]),t._v(" with default settings. We need to do this because we want to control how the render code interacts with the texture.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("We also need to create a "),s("code",[t._v("CommandEncoder")]),t._v(" to create the actual commands to send to the GPU. Most modern graphics frameworks expect commands to be stored in a command buffer before being sent to the GPU. The "),s("code",[t._v("encoder")]),t._v(" builds a command buffer that we can then send to the GPU.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("mut")]),t._v(" encoder "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("device"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("create_command_encoder")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("CommandEncoderDescriptor")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n label"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Some")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"Render Encoder"')]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("Now we can get to clearing the screen (a long time coming). We need to use the "),s("code",[t._v("encoder")]),t._v(" to create a "),s("code",[t._v("RenderPass")]),t._v(". The "),s("code",[t._v("RenderPass")]),t._v(" has all the methods for the actual drawing. 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Let's take a look at the code again.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("RenderPassDescriptor")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n label"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Some")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"Render Pass"')]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n color_attachments"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// ...")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n depth_stencil_attachment"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("None")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("A "),s("code",[t._v("RenderPassDescriptor")]),t._v(" only has three fields: "),s("code",[t._v("label")]),t._v(", "),s("code",[t._v("color_attachments")]),t._v(" and "),s("code",[t._v("depth_stencil_attachment")]),t._v(". The "),s("code",[t._v("color_attachments")]),t._v(" describe where we are going to draw our color to. We use the "),s("code",[t._v("TextureView")]),t._v(" we created earlier to make sure that we render to the screen.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"note"},[s("p",[t._v("The "),s("code",[t._v("color_attachments")]),t._v(' field is a "sparse" array. This allows you to use a pipeline that expects multiple render targets and only supplies the ones you care about.')])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("We'll use "),s("code",[t._v("depth_stencil_attachment")]),t._v(" later, but we'll set it to "),s("code",[t._v("None")]),t._v(" for now.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Some")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("RenderPassColorAttachment")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n view"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),t._v("view"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n resolve_target"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("None")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n ops"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Operations")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n load"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("LoadOp")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Clear")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Color")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n r"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0.1")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n g"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0.2")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n b"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0.3")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n a"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("1.0")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n store"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("StoreOp")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Store")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("The "),s("code",[t._v("RenderPassColorAttachment")]),t._v(" has the "),s("code",[t._v("view")]),t._v(" field, which informs "),s("code",[t._v("wgpu")]),t._v(" what texture to save the colors to. In this case, we specify the "),s("code",[t._v("view")]),t._v(" that we created using "),s("code",[t._v("surface.get_current_texture()")]),t._v(". This means that any colors we draw to this attachment will get drawn to the screen.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("The "),s("code",[t._v("resolve_target")]),t._v(" is the texture that will receive the resolved output. This will be the same as "),s("code",[t._v("view")]),t._v(" unless multisampling is enabled. We don't need to specify this, so we leave it as "),s("code",[t._v("None")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("The "),s("code",[t._v("ops")]),t._v(" field takes a "),s("code",[t._v("wgpu::Operations")]),t._v(" object. This tells wgpu what to do with the colors on the screen (specified by "),s("code",[t._v("view")]),t._v("). The "),s("code",[t._v("load")]),t._v(" field tells wgpu how to handle colors stored from the previous frame. Currently, we are clearing the screen with a bluish color. The "),s("code",[t._v("store")]),t._v(" field tells wgpu whether we want to store the rendered results to the "),s("code",[t._v("Texture")]),t._v(" behind our "),s("code",[t._v("TextureView")]),t._v(" (in this case, it's the "),s("code",[t._v("SurfaceTexture")]),t._v("). We use "),s("code",[t._v("StoreOp::Store")]),t._v(" as we do want to store our render results.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"note"},[s("p",[t._v("It's not uncommon to not clear the screen if the screen is going to be completely covered up with objects. If your scene doesn't cover the entire screen, however, you can end up with something like this.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(323),alt:"./no-clear.png"}})])]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"validation-errors"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#validation-errors"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Validation Errors?")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("If wgpu is using Vulkan on your machine, you may run into validation errors if you are running an older version of the Vulkan SDK. You should be using at least version "),s("code",[t._v("1.2.182")]),t._v(" as older versions can give out some false positives. If errors persist, you may have encountered a bug in wgpu. You can post an issue at "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu"),s("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"challenge"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#challenge"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Challenge")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Modify the "),s("code",[t._v("input()")]),t._v(" method to capture mouse events, and update the clear color using that. 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If the method returns "),s("code",[t._v("true")]),t._v(", the main loop won't process the event any further.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("We're just going to return false for now because we don't have any events we want to capture.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// impl State")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("fn")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[t._v("input")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("mut")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" event"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("WindowEvent")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("->")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("bool")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token boolean"}},[t._v("false")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("We need to do a little more work in the event loop. We want "),s("code",[t._v("State")]),t._v(" to have priority over "),s("code",[t._v("run()")]),t._v(". Doing that (and previous changes) should make your loop look like this.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// run()")]),t._v("\nevent_loop"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("run")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("move")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-params"}},[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-punctuation punctuation"}},[t._v("|")]),t._v("event"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" control_flow"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token closure-punctuation punctuation"}},[t._v("|")])]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n 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First, we need to get a frame to render to.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// impl State")]),t._v("\n\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("fn")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[t._v("render")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("mut")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("->")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Result")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("<")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("SurfaceError")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(">")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" output "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("surface"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("get_current_texture")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("?")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("The "),s("code",[t._v("get_current_texture")]),t._v(" function will wait for the "),s("code",[t._v("surface")]),t._v(" to provide a new "),s("code",[t._v("SurfaceTexture")]),t._v(" that we will render to. We'll store this in "),s("code",[t._v("output")]),t._v(" for later.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" view "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" output"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("texture"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("create_view")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("TextureViewDescriptor")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("default")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("This line creates a "),s("code",[t._v("TextureView")]),t._v(" with default settings. We need to do this because we want to control how the render code interacts with the texture.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("We also need to create a "),s("code",[t._v("CommandEncoder")]),t._v(" to create the actual commands to send to the GPU. Most modern graphics frameworks expect commands to be stored in a command buffer before being sent to the GPU. The "),s("code",[t._v("encoder")]),t._v(" builds a command buffer that we can then send to the GPU.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("mut")]),t._v(" encoder "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("device"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("create_command_encoder")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("CommandEncoderDescriptor")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n label"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Some")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"Render Encoder"')]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("Now we can get to clearing the screen (a long time coming). We need to use the "),s("code",[t._v("encoder")]),t._v(" to create a "),s("code",[t._v("RenderPass")]),t._v(". The "),s("code",[t._v("RenderPass")]),t._v(" has all the methods for the actual drawing. 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Now that we have a uniform buffer, what do we do with it? The answer is we create a bind group for it. 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This will be the case if you\nstore multiple data sets that vary in size in a single buffer. If you set this to true, you'll have to supply the\noffsets later.")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("min_binding_size")]),t._v(" specifies the smallest size the buffer can be. You don't have to specify this, so we\nleave it "),s("code",[t._v("None")]),t._v(". 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"),e("code",[t._v("SurfaceTexture")]),t._v(" to draw to will use the surface directly.")]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[e("code",[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" output "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("surface"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("get_current_texture")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("?")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" view "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" output\n "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("texture\n "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("create_view")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wgpu"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("TextureViewDescriptor")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("default")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),e("p",[t._v("The Pong and imgui examples are broken again. I may remove the imgui example as the corresponding crate already has examples of how to use it. I'm also considering reworking the Pong example, but I may end up just updating it.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"pong-and-imgui-demos-are-fixed"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#pong-and-imgui-demos-are-fixed"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Pong and imgui demos are fixed!")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("The "),e("code",[t._v("imgui_wgpu")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu_glyph")]),t._v(" crates have been updated to "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu")]),t._v(" 0.8 so I was able to fix the demos! They both still use GLSL, and I don't think I'll be changing that for now. I may switch them over to "),e("code",[t._v("naga")]),t._v(" at some point.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"_0-8-and-wgsl"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_0-8-and-wgsl"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 0.8 and WGSL")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"the-glsl-shaders-have-been-translated-to-wgsl"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-glsl-shaders-have-been-translated-to-wgsl"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" The GLSL shaders have been translated to WGSL")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Originally I wanted to wait until the WGSL spec fully stabilized, but due to some issues with the GLSL code, I've decided to switch over the code now. While GLSL is supported by WebGPU, it's currently secondary to WGSL. I'll keep an example of how to use GLSL (and maybe add HLSL and Metal as well), but I'm going to use WGSL from now on.")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"shaderc-has-been-removed"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#shaderc-has-been-removed"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Shaderc has been removed")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("I've been thinking about doing this for a while now. Because shaderc is a c library, it often has to be redownloaded during builds. This has been slowing down my ability to add new content and maintain old content. I had been considering switching to naga earlier, but some of my shaders (notably the lighting ones) weren't compiling with naga as I was using features not available for compatibility reasons ("),e("code",[t._v("inverse")]),t._v(" is not available in all languages targeting spirv).")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Since I needed to make a bunch of changes to the code base to make the glsl, and because I wanted to switch the tutorial to WGSL anyways, I decided to bite the bullet and recode everything in WGSL and remove shaderc from the tutorials.")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"some-of-the-showcase-examples-are-broken"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#some-of-the-showcase-examples-are-broken"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Some of the showcase examples are broken")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("The "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu_glyph")]),t._v(", and "),e("code",[t._v("imgui-wgpu")]),t._v(" crates currently depend on "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu")]),t._v(" 0.7, which is causing the "),e("code",[t._v("pong")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("imgui-demo")]),t._v(" to not compile. I decided to exclude them from the workspace until the underlying crates update to using "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu")]),t._v(" 0.8. (Feel free to submit a issue or even PR when that happens!)")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"various-api-changes"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#various-api-changes"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Various API changes")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("The "),e("code",[t._v("depth")]),t._v(" field is now "),e("code",[t._v("depth_or_array_layers")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::VertexFormat::Float3")]),t._v(" is now "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3")]),t._v(". Similar things apply to "),e("code",[t._v("Float2")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("Float4")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("CullMode")]),t._v(" is no longer a thing, instead "),e("code",[t._v("PrimitiveState::cull_mode")]),t._v(" will require an "),e("code",[t._v("Option")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Added "),e("code",[t._v("clamp_depth")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("conservative")]),t._v(" to "),e("code",[t._v("PrimitiveState")]),t._v(". Part of this means that "),e("code",[t._v("DepthStencilState")]),t._v(" no longer has a "),e("code",[t._v("clamp_depth")]),t._v(" field.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("color_blend")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("alpha_blend")]),t._v(" have been moved into the new "),e("code",[t._v("blend")]),t._v(" field with accepts an "),e("code",[t._v("Option")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("adapter.get_preferred_format()")]),t._v(" now returns an "),e("code",[t._v("Option")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachmentDescriptor")]),t._v(" has been renamed "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachement")]),t._v(" and the "),e("code",[t._v("attachment")]),t._v(" field has been renamed to "),e("code",[t._v("view")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencialAttachmentDescriptor")]),t._v(" also loses the "),e("code",[t._v("Descriptor")]),t._v(" part of it's name. "),e("code",[t._v("attachment")]),t._v(" gets renamed to "),e("code",[t._v("view")]),t._v(" as well.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::TextureCopyView")]),t._v(" has been renamed to "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::ImageCopyTexture")]),t._v(". This is a typedef for "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::ImageCopyTextureBase")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::TextureDataLayout")]),t._v(" is now "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::ImageDataLayout")]),t._v(" and it's "),e("code",[t._v("bytes_per_row")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("rows_per_image")]),t._v(" now take "),e("code",[t._v("NonZeroU32")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::ImageCopyBuffer")]),t._v(" is now "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::ImageCopyBuffer")]),t._v(".")])]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"_0-7"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_0-7"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 0.7")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("There were a lot of changes, particularly to the "),e("code",[t._v("RenderPipelineDescriptor")]),t._v(". Most other things have not changed. You can check out the "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/sotrh/learn-wgpu/pull/140",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("0.9 PR"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" for the full details.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"november-2020-cleanup-content-freeze-and-patreon"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#november-2020-cleanup-content-freeze-and-patreon"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" November 2020 Cleanup, Content Freeze, and Patreon")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("School is starting to ramp up, so I haven't had as much time to work on the site as I would like to. Because of that, there were some issues piling up. I decided to tackle a bunch of them in one go. Here's a snapshot of what I did:")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("The tutorial now handles "),e("code",[t._v("SurfaceError")]),t._v(" properly")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("I'm now using bytemuck's derive feature on all buffer data structs.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("The "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"../beginner/tutorial7-instancing"}},[t._v("instancing tutorial")]),t._v(" now uses vertex buffers instead of storage buffers.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("build.rs")]),t._v(" now updates when individual shaders are changed, not whenever "),e("code",[t._v("/src")]),t._v(" is changed.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Had some help from Github user @kanerogers to clean up the "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"../beginner/tutorial5-textures"}},[t._v("texturing tutorial")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("I made a "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"../showcase/compute"}},[t._v("compute pipeline showcase")]),t._v(" that computes the tangent and bitangent for each vertex in a model.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("I made a "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"../showcase/imgui-demo"}},[t._v("imgui showcase")]),t._v(". It's very basic, but it should be a good starting point.")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v('Now in the headline, I mentioned a "Content Freeze". Wgpu is still a moving target. The migration from '),e("code",[t._v("0.4")]),t._v(" to "),e("code",[t._v("0.5")]),t._v(" was a lot of work. The same goes for "),e("code",[t._v("0.5")]),t._v(" to "),e("code",[t._v("0.6")]),t._v(". I expect the next migration to be just as much work. As such, I won't be adding much content until the API becomes a bit more stable. That being said, I still plan on resolving any issues with the content.")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("One more thing. This is actually quite awkward for me (especially since I'll be slowing down development), but I've started a "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.patreon.com/sotrh",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("patreon"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". My job doesn't give me a ton of hours, so things are a bit tight. You are by no means obligated to donate, but I would appreciate it.")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("You can find out more about contributing to this project on the "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/news/#contribution-and-support"}},[t._v("introduction page")])],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"_0-6"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_0-6"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 0.6")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("This took me way too long. The changes weren't difficult, but I had to do a lot of copy pasting. The main changes are using "),e("code",[t._v("queue.write_buffer()")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("queue.write_texture()")]),t._v(" everywhere. I won't get into the nitty gritty, but you can check out the "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/sotrh/learn-wgpu/pull/90",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("pull request"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" if you're interested.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"added-pong-showcase"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#added-pong-showcase"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Added Pong Showcase")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/news/showcase/pong/"}},[t._v("See it here")])],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"normal-mapping"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#normal-mapping"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Normal mapping")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v('My perfectionism got in my way a bit with this one. I wasn\'t sure that what I was getting was "physically accurate", but it seems to look good.')]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("img",{attrs:{src:a(375),alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"_0-5"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_0-5"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 0.5!")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Too many things changed to make note of them here. Check out "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/sotrh/learn-wgpu/pull/29",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("the 0.5 pull request"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" if you're curious about specifics. That being said, 2 things are worth mentioning directly: the y-axis now points up like with DirectX and Metal, and requesting an adapter and creating a device now use "),e("code",[t._v("Future")]),t._v("s. The tutorials have been updated as well as the code.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"reworked-lighting-tutorial"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#reworked-lighting-tutorial"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Reworked lighting tutorial")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("The "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/"}},[t._v("lighting tutorial")]),t._v(" was not up to par, so I redid it.")],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"added-gif-showcase"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#added-gif-showcase"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Added GIF showcase")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/showcase/gifs/"}},[t._v("Creating GIFs")])],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"updated-texture-tutorials"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#updated-texture-tutorials"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Updated texture tutorials")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Up to this point, we created textures manually every time. I've pulled out the texture creation code into a new "),e("code",[t._v("texture.rs")]),t._v(" file and included it in every tutorial from the "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/beginner/tutorial5-textures/#cleaning-things-up"}},[t._v("textures tutorial")]),t._v(" onward.")],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"fixed-panics-due-to-not-specifying-the-correct-usage"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#fixed-panics-due-to-not-specifying-the-correct-usage"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Fixed panics due to not specifying the correct "),e("code",[t._v("usage")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Wgpu has become more strict about what "),e("code",[t._v("BufferUsages")]),t._v("s and "),e("code",[t._v("TextureUsages")]),t._v("s are required when performing certain operations. For example in the "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/intermediate/windowless/"}},[t._v("Wgpu without a window example")]),t._v(", the "),e("code",[t._v("texture_desc")]),t._v(" only specified the usage to by "),e("code",[t._v("COPY_SRC")]),t._v(". This caused a crash when the "),e("code",[t._v("texture")]),t._v(" was used as a render target. Adding "),e("code",[t._v("OUTPUT_ATTACHMENT")]),t._v(" fixed the issue.")],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"updating-winit-from-0-20-0-alpha5-to-0-20"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#updating-winit-from-0-20-0-alpha5-to-0-20"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Updating Winit from 0.20.0-alpha5 to 0.20")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("There were a lot of small changes to how the dpi stuff works. You can see all the changes "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("in the changelog"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". That means that some of the tutorials had to change.")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("I've removed "),e("code",[t._v("hidpi_factor")]),t._v(" from "),e("code",[t._v("State")]),t._v(" entirely. They removed the "),e("code",[t._v("hidpi_factor()")]),t._v(" method from "),e("code",[t._v("winit::window::Window")]),t._v(", and changed "),e("code",[t._v("inner_size()")]),t._v(" to return "),e("code",[t._v("PhysicalSize")]),t._v(" instead of "),e("code",[t._v("LogicalSize")]),t._v(", so we don't need to store the "),e("code",[t._v("hidpi_factor")]),t._v(" anymore.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("update_hidpi_and_resize")]),t._v(" is no more. Since "),e("code",[t._v("ScaleFactorChanged")]),t._v(" passes in the windows new "),e("code",[t._v("PhysicalSize")]),t._v(", we can simply use "),e("code",[t._v("resize()")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("State::size")]),t._v(" is now "),e("code",[t._v("PhysicalSize")]),t._v(" instead of the pre 0.20 "),e("code",[t._v("LogicalSize")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("EventsCleared")]),t._v(" is now "),e("code",[t._v("MainEventsCleared")]),t._v(".")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("I may have missed a change, but I made sure that all the examples compile and run, so if you have trouble with your code you can use them as a reference.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"changed-tutorial-examples-to-use-a-src-directory"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#changed-tutorial-examples-to-use-a-src-directory"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Changed tutorial examples to use a src directory")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("I wasn't using the traditional cargo binary folder setup. I've changed it to the standardized form now.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"updating-to-0-4-from-0-3"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#updating-to-0-4-from-0-3"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Updating to 0.4 from 0.3")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("There are a few things that have changed:")]),t._v(" "),e("ol",[e("li",[t._v("The use of "),e("code",[t._v("Instance")]),t._v(" has been removed. 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"),e("code",[t._v("SurfaceTexture")]),t._v(" to draw to will use the surface directly.")]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[e("code",[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" output "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("surface"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("get_current_texture")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("?")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" view 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punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),e("p",[t._v("The Pong and imgui examples are broken again. I may remove the imgui example as the corresponding crate already has examples of how to use it. I'm also considering reworking the Pong example, but I may end up just updating it.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"pong-and-imgui-demos-are-fixed"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#pong-and-imgui-demos-are-fixed"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Pong and imgui demos are fixed!")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("The "),e("code",[t._v("imgui_wgpu")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu_glyph")]),t._v(" crates have been updated to "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu")]),t._v(" 0.8 so I was able to fix the demos! They both still use GLSL, and I don't think I'll be changing that for now. I may switch them over to "),e("code",[t._v("naga")]),t._v(" at some point.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"_0-8-and-wgsl"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_0-8-and-wgsl"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 0.8 and WGSL")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"the-glsl-shaders-have-been-translated-to-wgsl"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-glsl-shaders-have-been-translated-to-wgsl"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" The GLSL shaders have been translated to WGSL")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Originally I wanted to wait until the WGSL spec fully stabilized, but due to some issues with the GLSL code, I've decided to switch over the code now. While GLSL is supported by WebGPU, it's currently secondary to WGSL. I'll keep an example of how to use GLSL (and maybe add HLSL and Metal as well), but I'm going to use WGSL from now on.")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"shaderc-has-been-removed"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#shaderc-has-been-removed"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Shaderc has been removed")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("I've been thinking about doing this for a while now. Because shaderc is a c library, it often has to be redownloaded during builds. This has been slowing down my ability to add new content and maintain old content. I had been considering switching to naga earlier, but some of my shaders (notably the lighting ones) weren't compiling with naga as I was using features not available for compatibility reasons ("),e("code",[t._v("inverse")]),t._v(" is not available in all languages targeting spirv).")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Since I needed to make a bunch of changes to the code base to make the glsl, and because I wanted to switch the tutorial to WGSL anyways, I decided to bite the bullet and recode everything in WGSL and remove shaderc from the tutorials.")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"some-of-the-showcase-examples-are-broken"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#some-of-the-showcase-examples-are-broken"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Some of the showcase examples are broken")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("The "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu_glyph")]),t._v(", and "),e("code",[t._v("imgui-wgpu")]),t._v(" crates currently depend on "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu")]),t._v(" 0.7, which is causing the "),e("code",[t._v("pong")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("imgui-demo")]),t._v(" to not compile. I decided to exclude them from the workspace until the underlying crates update to using "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu")]),t._v(" 0.8. (Feel free to submit a issue or even PR when that happens!)")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"various-api-changes"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#various-api-changes"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Various API changes")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("The "),e("code",[t._v("depth")]),t._v(" field is now "),e("code",[t._v("depth_or_array_layers")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::VertexFormat::Float3")]),t._v(" is now "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3")]),t._v(". Similar things apply to "),e("code",[t._v("Float2")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("Float4")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("CullMode")]),t._v(" is no longer a thing, instead "),e("code",[t._v("PrimitiveState::cull_mode")]),t._v(" will require an "),e("code",[t._v("Option")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Added "),e("code",[t._v("clamp_depth")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("conservative")]),t._v(" to "),e("code",[t._v("PrimitiveState")]),t._v(". Part of this means that "),e("code",[t._v("DepthStencilState")]),t._v(" no longer has a "),e("code",[t._v("clamp_depth")]),t._v(" field.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("color_blend")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("alpha_blend")]),t._v(" have been moved into the new "),e("code",[t._v("blend")]),t._v(" field with accepts an "),e("code",[t._v("Option")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("adapter.get_preferred_format()")]),t._v(" now returns an "),e("code",[t._v("Option")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachmentDescriptor")]),t._v(" has been renamed "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachement")]),t._v(" and the "),e("code",[t._v("attachment")]),t._v(" field has been renamed to "),e("code",[t._v("view")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencialAttachmentDescriptor")]),t._v(" also loses the "),e("code",[t._v("Descriptor")]),t._v(" part of it's name. "),e("code",[t._v("attachment")]),t._v(" gets renamed to "),e("code",[t._v("view")]),t._v(" as well.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::TextureCopyView")]),t._v(" has been renamed to "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::ImageCopyTexture")]),t._v(". This is a typedef for "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::ImageCopyTextureBase")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::TextureDataLayout")]),t._v(" is now "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::ImageDataLayout")]),t._v(" and it's "),e("code",[t._v("bytes_per_row")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("rows_per_image")]),t._v(" now take "),e("code",[t._v("NonZeroU32")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("wgpu::ImageCopyBuffer")]),t._v(" is now "),e("code",[t._v("wgpu::ImageCopyBuffer")]),t._v(".")])]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"_0-7"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_0-7"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 0.7")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("There were a lot of changes, particularly to the "),e("code",[t._v("RenderPipelineDescriptor")]),t._v(". Most other things have not changed. You can check out the "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/sotrh/learn-wgpu/pull/140",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("0.9 PR"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" for the full details.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"november-2020-cleanup-content-freeze-and-patreon"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#november-2020-cleanup-content-freeze-and-patreon"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" November 2020 Cleanup, Content Freeze, and Patreon")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("School is starting to ramp up, so I haven't had as much time to work on the site as I would like to. Because of that, there were some issues piling up. I decided to tackle a bunch of them in one go. Here's a snapshot of what I did:")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("The tutorial now handles "),e("code",[t._v("SurfaceError")]),t._v(" properly")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("I'm now using bytemuck's derive feature on all buffer data structs.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("The "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"../beginner/tutorial7-instancing"}},[t._v("instancing tutorial")]),t._v(" now uses vertex buffers instead of storage buffers.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("build.rs")]),t._v(" now updates when individual shaders are changed, not whenever "),e("code",[t._v("/src")]),t._v(" is changed.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Had some help from Github user @kanerogers to clean up the "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"../beginner/tutorial5-textures"}},[t._v("texturing tutorial")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("I made a "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"../showcase/compute"}},[t._v("compute pipeline showcase")]),t._v(" that computes the tangent and bitangent for each vertex in a model.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("I made a "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"../showcase/imgui-demo"}},[t._v("imgui showcase")]),t._v(". It's very basic, but it should be a good starting point.")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v('Now in the headline, I mentioned a "Content Freeze". Wgpu is still a moving target. The migration from '),e("code",[t._v("0.4")]),t._v(" to "),e("code",[t._v("0.5")]),t._v(" was a lot of work. The same goes for "),e("code",[t._v("0.5")]),t._v(" to "),e("code",[t._v("0.6")]),t._v(". I expect the next migration to be just as much work. As such, I won't be adding much content until the API becomes a bit more stable. That being said, I still plan on resolving any issues with the content.")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("One more thing. This is actually quite awkward for me (especially since I'll be slowing down development), but I've started a "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.patreon.com/sotrh",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("patreon"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". My job doesn't give me a ton of hours, so things are a bit tight. You are by no means obligated to donate, but I would appreciate it.")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("You can find out more about contributing to this project on the "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/news/#contribution-and-support"}},[t._v("introduction page")])],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"_0-6"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_0-6"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 0.6")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("This took me way too long. The changes weren't difficult, but I had to do a lot of copy pasting. The main changes are using "),e("code",[t._v("queue.write_buffer()")]),t._v(" and "),e("code",[t._v("queue.write_texture()")]),t._v(" everywhere. I won't get into the nitty gritty, but you can check out the "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/sotrh/learn-wgpu/pull/90",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("pull request"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" if you're interested.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"added-pong-showcase"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#added-pong-showcase"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Added Pong Showcase")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/news/showcase/pong/"}},[t._v("See it here")])],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"normal-mapping"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#normal-mapping"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Normal mapping")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v('My perfectionism got in my way a bit with this one. I wasn\'t sure that what I was getting was "physically accurate", but it seems to look good.')]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("img",{attrs:{src:a(375),alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"_0-5"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_0-5"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 0.5!")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Too many things changed to make note of them here. Check out "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/sotrh/learn-wgpu/pull/29",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("the 0.5 pull request"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" if you're curious about specifics. That being said, 2 things are worth mentioning directly: the y-axis now points up like with DirectX and Metal, and requesting an adapter and creating a device now use "),e("code",[t._v("Future")]),t._v("s. The tutorials have been updated as well as the code.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"reworked-lighting-tutorial"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#reworked-lighting-tutorial"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Reworked lighting tutorial")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("The "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/"}},[t._v("lighting tutorial")]),t._v(" was not up to par, so I redid it.")],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"added-gif-showcase"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#added-gif-showcase"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Added GIF showcase")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/showcase/gifs/"}},[t._v("Creating GIFs")])],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"updated-texture-tutorials"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#updated-texture-tutorials"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Updated texture tutorials")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Up to this point, we created textures manually every time. I've pulled out the texture creation code into a new "),e("code",[t._v("texture.rs")]),t._v(" file and included it in every tutorial from the "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/beginner/tutorial5-textures/#cleaning-things-up"}},[t._v("textures tutorial")]),t._v(" onward.")],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"fixed-panics-due-to-not-specifying-the-correct-usage"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#fixed-panics-due-to-not-specifying-the-correct-usage"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Fixed panics due to not specifying the correct "),e("code",[t._v("usage")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Wgpu has become more strict about what "),e("code",[t._v("BufferUsages")]),t._v("s and "),e("code",[t._v("TextureUsages")]),t._v("s are required when performing certain operations. For example in the "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/intermediate/windowless/"}},[t._v("Wgpu without a window example")]),t._v(", the "),e("code",[t._v("texture_desc")]),t._v(" only specified the usage to by "),e("code",[t._v("COPY_SRC")]),t._v(". This caused a crash when the "),e("code",[t._v("texture")]),t._v(" was used as a render target. Adding "),e("code",[t._v("OUTPUT_ATTACHMENT")]),t._v(" fixed the issue.")],1),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"updating-winit-from-0-20-0-alpha5-to-0-20"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#updating-winit-from-0-20-0-alpha5-to-0-20"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Updating Winit from 0.20.0-alpha5 to 0.20")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("There were a lot of small changes to how the dpi stuff works. You can see all the changes "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("in the changelog"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". That means that some of the tutorials had to change.")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("I've removed "),e("code",[t._v("hidpi_factor")]),t._v(" from "),e("code",[t._v("State")]),t._v(" entirely. They removed the "),e("code",[t._v("hidpi_factor()")]),t._v(" method from "),e("code",[t._v("winit::window::Window")]),t._v(", and changed "),e("code",[t._v("inner_size()")]),t._v(" to return "),e("code",[t._v("PhysicalSize")]),t._v(" instead of "),e("code",[t._v("LogicalSize")]),t._v(", so we don't need to store the "),e("code",[t._v("hidpi_factor")]),t._v(" anymore.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("update_hidpi_and_resize")]),t._v(" is no more. 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I've changed it to the standardized form now.")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"updating-to-0-4-from-0-3"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#updating-to-0-4-from-0-3"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Updating to 0.4 from 0.3")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("There are a few things that have changed:")]),t._v(" "),e("ol",[e("li",[t._v("The use of "),e("code",[t._v("Instance")]),t._v(" has been removed. 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I created a "),t("code",[A._v("SoundPack")]),A._v(" class to store the sounds. Deciding how to get the sounds to play took some thinking. I chose to pass in a "),t("code",[A._v("Vec")]),A._v(" into the "),t("code",[A._v("update_state")]),A._v(" method. The system would then push an event to the "),t("code",[A._v("Vec")]),A._v(". 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I could have kept the old format by using wasm-bindgen directly, but I ran into issues with using the wrong version of wasm-bindgen, so I elected to stick with wasm-pack.")]),A._v(" "),t("p",[A._v("In order for wasm-pack to work properly I first needed to add some dependencies:")]),A._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-toml[dependencies] extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[A._v('cfg-if = "1"\nenv_logger = "0.10"\nwinit = { version = "0.29", features = ["rwh_05"] }\nanyhow = "1.0"\nbytemuck = { version = "1.12", features = [ "derive" ] }\ncgmath = "0.18"\npollster = "0.3"\nwgpu = { version = "0.19", features = ["spirv"]}\nwgpu_glyph = "0.19"\nrand = "0.8"\nrodio = { version = "0.15", default-features = false, features = ["wav"] }\nlog = "0.4"\ninstant = "0.1"\n\n[target.\'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")\'.dependencies]\nconsole_error_panic_hook = "0.1.6"\nconsole_log = "1.0"\ngetrandom = { version = "0.2", features = ["js"] }\nrodio = { version = "0.15", default-features = false, features = ["wasm-bindgen", "wav"] }\nwasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4.20"\nwasm-bindgen = "0.2"\nweb-sys = { version = "0.3", features = [\n "Document",\n "Window",\n "Element",\n]}\nwgpu = { version = "0.19", features = ["spirv", "webgl"]}\n\n[build-dependencies]\nanyhow = "1.0"\nfs_extra = "1.2"\nglob = "0.3"\nrayon = "1.4"\nnaga = { version = "0.9", features = ["glsl-in", "spv-out", "wgsl-out"]}\n\n')])])]),t("p",[A._v("I'll highlight a few of these:")]),A._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[A._v("rand: If you want to use rand on the web, you need to include getrandom directly and enable its "),t("code",[A._v("js")]),A._v(" feature.")]),A._v(" "),t("li",[A._v("rodio: I had to disable all of the features for the WASM build, and then enabled them separately. 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If you are building using the wasm-bindgen command you need to make sure that the command version of wasm-bindgen matches the version in Cargo.toml "),t("strong",[A._v("exactly")]),A._v(" otherwise you'll have problems. If you use wasm-pack it will download the appropriate wasm-bindgen binary to use for your crate.")]),A._v(" "),t("li",[A._v('web-sys: This has functions and types that allow you to use different methods available in js such as "getElementById()".')])]),A._v(" "),t("p",[A._v("Now that that's out of the way let's talk about some code. 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It was overly architected, and kinda hard to make changes, but a good experience nonetheless.")]),A._v(" "),t("p",[A._v("Try the code down below! 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I created a "),t("code",[A._v("SoundPack")]),A._v(" class to store the sounds. Deciding how to get the sounds to play took some thinking. I chose to pass in a "),t("code",[A._v("Vec")]),A._v(" into the "),t("code",[A._v("update_state")]),A._v(" method. The system would then push an event to the "),t("code",[A._v("Vec")]),A._v(". 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I could have kept the old format by using wasm-bindgen directly, but I ran into issues with using the wrong version of wasm-bindgen, so I elected to stick with wasm-pack.")]),A._v(" "),t("p",[A._v("In order for wasm-pack to work properly I first needed to add some dependencies:")]),A._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-toml[dependencies] extra-class"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[A._v('cfg-if = "1"\nenv_logger = "0.10"\nwinit = { version = "0.29", features = ["rwh_05"] }\nanyhow = "1.0"\nbytemuck = { version = "1.12", features = [ "derive" ] }\ncgmath = "0.18"\npollster = "0.3"\nwgpu = { version = "0.19", features = ["spirv"]}\nwgpu_glyph = "0.19"\nrand = "0.8"\nrodio = { version = "0.15", default-features = false, features = ["wav"] }\nlog = "0.4"\ninstant = "0.1"\n\n[target.\'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")\'.dependencies]\nconsole_error_panic_hook = "0.1.6"\nconsole_log = "1.0"\ngetrandom = { version = "0.2", features = ["js"] }\nrodio = { version = "0.15", default-features = false, features = ["wasm-bindgen", "wav"] }\nwasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4.20"\nwasm-bindgen = "0.2"\nweb-sys = { version = "0.3", features = [\n "Document",\n "Window",\n "Element",\n]}\nwgpu = { version = "0.19", features = ["spirv", "webgl"]}\n\n[build-dependencies]\nanyhow = "1.0"\nfs_extra = "1.2"\nglob = "0.3"\nrayon = "1.4"\nnaga = { version = "0.9", features = ["glsl-in", "spv-out", "wgsl-out"]}\n\n')])])]),t("p",[A._v("I'll highlight a few of these:")]),A._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[A._v("rand: If you want to use rand on the web, you need to include getrandom directly and enable its "),t("code",[A._v("js")]),A._v(" feature.")]),A._v(" "),t("li",[A._v("rodio: I had to disable all of the features for the WASM build, and then enabled them separately. 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If you are building using the wasm-bindgen command you need to make sure that the command version of wasm-bindgen matches the version in Cargo.toml "),t("strong",[A._v("exactly")]),A._v(" otherwise you'll have problems. If you use wasm-pack it will download the appropriate wasm-bindgen binary to use for your crate.")]),A._v(" "),t("li",[A._v('web-sys: This has functions and types that allow you to use different methods available in js such as "getElementById()".')])]),A._v(" "),t("p",[A._v("Now that that's out of the way let's talk about some code. 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It was overly architected, and kinda hard to make changes, but a good experience nonetheless.")]),A._v(" "),t("p",[A._v("Try the code down below! (Controls currently require a keyboard.)")]),A._v(" "),t("WasmExample",{attrs:{example:"pong"}})],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=n.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/55.33545d9e.js b/assets/js/55.5eb9e278.js similarity index 98% rename from assets/js/55.33545d9e.js rename to assets/js/55.5eb9e278.js index a565da5e..a8c0d8c8 100644 --- a/assets/js/55.33545d9e.js +++ b/assets/js/55.5eb9e278.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[55],{442:function(t,e,a){"use strict";a.r(e);var r=a(8),n=Object(r.a)({},(function(){var t=this,e=t._self._c;return e("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[e("h1",{attrs:{id:"introduction"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#introduction"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Introduction")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"what-is-wgpu"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#what-is-wgpu"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" What is wgpu?")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Wgpu"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" is a Rust implementation of the "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("WebGPU API spec"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". 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Otherwise, your build will fail.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("To get around this shortcoming and to make the lives of everyone reading this easier, I opted to add "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://rustwasm.github.io/docs/wasm-pack/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("wasm-pack"),s("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" to the mix. Wasm-pack handles installing the correct version of wasm-bindgen for you, and it supports building for different types of web targets as well: browser, NodeJS, and bundlers such as webpack.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("To use wasm-pack, first, you need to "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-pack/installer/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("install it"),s("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Once you've done that, we can use it to build our crate. If you only have one crate in your project, you can just use "),s("code",[t._v("wasm-pack build")]),t._v(". 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This can catch beginners (and even veterans) off guard as it's not the most intuitive. This becomes especially important when we start laying out structs. 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I want to understand the topics a bit better, but as 0.12 is out I want to release what I have for now.")])]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"alignment-of-vertex-and-index-buffers"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#alignment-of-vertex-and-index-buffers"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Alignment of vertex and index buffers")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Vertex buffers require defining a "),e("code",[t._v("VertexBufferLayout")]),t._v(", so the memory alignment is whatever you tell WebGPU it should be. 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WGSL",slug:"the-glsl-shaders-have-been-translated-to-wgsl"},{level:3,title:"Shaderc has been removed",slug:"shaderc-has-been-removed"},{level:3,title:"Some of the showcase examples are broken",slug:"some-of-the-showcase-examples-are-broken"},{level:3,title:"Various API changes",slug:"various-api-changes"},{level:2,title:"0.7",slug:"_0-7"},{level:2,title:"November 2020 Cleanup, Content Freeze, and Patreon",slug:"november-2020-cleanup-content-freeze-and-patreon"},{level:2,title:"0.6",slug:"_0-6"},{level:2,title:"Added Pong Showcase",slug:"added-pong-showcase"},{level:2,title:"Normal mapping",slug:"normal-mapping"},{level:2,title:"0.5!",slug:"_0-5"},{level:2,title:"Reworked lighting tutorial",slug:"reworked-lighting-tutorial"},{level:2,title:"Added GIF showcase",slug:"added-gif-showcase"},{level:2,title:"Updated texture tutorials",slug:"updated-texture-tutorials"},{level:2,title:"Fixed panics due to not specifying the correct 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Nr(Object.assign(n,{router:r,render:e=>e("div",{attrs:{id:"app"}},[e("RouterView",{ref:"layout"}),e("div",{class:"global-ui"},Gf.map(t=>e(t)))])})),router:r}}(!1).then(({app:e,router:t})=>{t.onReady(()=>{e.$mount("#app")})})}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/beginner/tutorial1-window/index.html b/beginner/tutorial1-window/index.html index 58d00329..5b4f6658 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial1-window/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial1-window/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ </body> </html> -

Press the button below, and you will see the code running!

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

Press the button below, and you will see the code running!

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial2-surface/index.html b/beginner/tutorial2-surface/index.html index 6f2b859d..f6fe3f2b 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial2-surface/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial2-surface/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store, }, }) -

The RenderPassColorAttachment has the view field, which informs wgpu what texture to save the colors to. In this case, we specify the view that we created using surface.get_current_texture(). This means that any colors we draw to this attachment will get drawn to the screen.

The resolve_target is the texture that will receive the resolved output. This will be the same as view unless multisampling is enabled. We don't need to specify this, so we leave it as None.

The ops field takes a wgpu::Operations object. This tells wgpu what to do with the colors on the screen (specified by view). The load field tells wgpu how to handle colors stored from the previous frame. Currently, we are clearing the screen with a bluish color. The store field tells wgpu whether we want to store the rendered results to the Texture behind our TextureView (in this case, it's the SurfaceTexture). We use StoreOp::Store as we do want to store our render results.

It's not uncommon to not clear the screen if the screen is going to be completely covered up with objects. If your scene doesn't cover the entire screen, however, you can end up with something like this.

./no-clear.png

# Validation Errors?

If wgpu is using Vulkan on your machine, you may run into validation errors if you are running an older version of the Vulkan SDK. You should be using at least version 1.2.182 as older versions can give out some false positives. If errors persist, you may have encountered a bug in wgpu. You can post an issue at https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu (opens new window)

# Challenge

Modify the input() method to capture mouse events, and update the clear color using that. Hint: you'll probably need to use WindowEvent::CursorMoved.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

The RenderPassColorAttachment has the view field, which informs wgpu what texture to save the colors to. In this case, we specify the view that we created using surface.get_current_texture(). This means that any colors we draw to this attachment will get drawn to the screen.

The resolve_target is the texture that will receive the resolved output. This will be the same as view unless multisampling is enabled. We don't need to specify this, so we leave it as None.

The ops field takes a wgpu::Operations object. This tells wgpu what to do with the colors on the screen (specified by view). The load field tells wgpu how to handle colors stored from the previous frame. Currently, we are clearing the screen with a bluish color. The store field tells wgpu whether we want to store the rendered results to the Texture behind our TextureView (in this case, it's the SurfaceTexture). We use StoreOp::Store as we do want to store our render results.

It's not uncommon to not clear the screen if the screen is going to be completely covered up with objects. If your scene doesn't cover the entire screen, however, you can end up with something like this.

./no-clear.png

# Validation Errors?

If wgpu is using Vulkan on your machine, you may run into validation errors if you are running an older version of the Vulkan SDK. You should be using at least version 1.2.182 as older versions can give out some false positives. If errors persist, you may have encountered a bug in wgpu. You can post an issue at https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu (opens new window)

# Challenge

Modify the input() method to capture mouse events, and update the clear color using that. Hint: you'll probably need to use WindowEvent::CursorMoved.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html b/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html index 5f0c75fa..871d60c8 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ render_pass.draw(0..3, 0..1); // 3. } // ... -

We didn't change much, but let's talk about what we did change.

  1. We renamed _render_pass to render_pass and made it mutable.
  2. We set the pipeline on the render_pass using the one we just created.
  3. We tell wgpu to draw something with three vertices and one instance. This is where @builtin(vertex_index) comes from.

With all that you should be seeing a lovely brown triangle.

Said lovely brown triangle

# Challenge

Create a second pipeline that uses the triangle's position data to create a color that it then sends to the fragment shader. Have the app swap between these when you press the spacebar. Hint: you'll need to modify VertexOutput

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

We didn't change much, but let's talk about what we did change.

  1. We renamed _render_pass to render_pass and made it mutable.
  2. We set the pipeline on the render_pass using the one we just created.
  3. We tell wgpu to draw something with three vertices and one instance. This is where @builtin(vertex_index) comes from.

With all that you should be seeing a lovely brown triangle.

Said lovely brown triangle

# Challenge

Create a second pipeline that uses the triangle's position data to create a color that it then sends to the fragment shader. Have the app swap between these when you press the spacebar. Hint: you'll need to modify VertexOutput

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html b/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html index cddf8d81..468cd0a0 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.vertex_buffer.slice(..)); render_pass.set_index_buffer(self.index_buffer.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16); // 1. render_pass.draw_indexed(0..self.num_indices, 0, 0..1); // 2. -

A couple of things to note:

  1. The method name is set_index_buffer, not set_index_buffers. You can only have one index buffer set at a time.
  2. When using an index buffer, you need to use draw_indexed. The draw method ignores the index buffer. Also, make sure you use the number of indices (num_indices), not vertices, as your model will either draw wrong or the method will panic because there are not enough indices.

With all that you should have a garishly magenta pentagon in your window.

Magenta pentagon in window

# Color Correction

If you use a color picker on the magenta pentagon, you'll get a hex value of #BC00BC. If you convert this to RGB values, you'll get (188, 0, 188). Dividing these values by 255 to get them into the [0, 1] range, we get roughly (0.737254902, 0, 0.737254902). This is not the same as what we are using for our vertex colors, which is (0.5, 0.0, 0.5). The reason for this has to do with color spaces.

Most monitors use a color space known as sRGB. Our surface is (most likely depending on what is returned from surface.get_preferred_format()) using an sRGB texture format. The sRGB format stores colors according to their relative brightness instead of their actual brightness. The reason for this is that our eyes don't perceive light linearly. We notice more differences in darker colors than in lighter colors.

Most software that uses colors stores them in sRGB format (or a similar proprietary one). Wgpu expects values in linear color space, so we have to convert the values.

You get the correct color using the following formula: rgb_color = ((srgb_color / 255 + 0.055) / 1.055) ^ 2.4. Doing this with an sRGB value of (188, 0, 188) will give us (0.5028864580325687, 0.0, 0.5028864580325687). A little off from our (0.5, 0.0, 0.5). Instead of doing a manual color conversion, you'll likely save a lot of time by using textures instead, as if they are store in an sRGB texture, the conversion to linear will happen automatically. We'll cover textures in the next lesson.

# Challenge

Create a more complex shape than the one we made (aka. more than three triangles) using a vertex buffer and an index buffer. Toggle between the two with the space key.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

A couple of things to note:

  1. The method name is set_index_buffer, not set_index_buffers. You can only have one index buffer set at a time.
  2. When using an index buffer, you need to use draw_indexed. The draw method ignores the index buffer. Also, make sure you use the number of indices (num_indices), not vertices, as your model will either draw wrong or the method will panic because there are not enough indices.

With all that you should have a garishly magenta pentagon in your window.

Magenta pentagon in window

# Color Correction

If you use a color picker on the magenta pentagon, you'll get a hex value of #BC00BC. If you convert this to RGB values, you'll get (188, 0, 188). Dividing these values by 255 to get them into the [0, 1] range, we get roughly (0.737254902, 0, 0.737254902). This is not the same as what we are using for our vertex colors, which is (0.5, 0.0, 0.5). The reason for this has to do with color spaces.

Most monitors use a color space known as sRGB. Our surface is (most likely depending on what is returned from surface.get_preferred_format()) using an sRGB texture format. The sRGB format stores colors according to their relative brightness instead of their actual brightness. The reason for this is that our eyes don't perceive light linearly. We notice more differences in darker colors than in lighter colors.

Most software that uses colors stores them in sRGB format (or a similar proprietary one). Wgpu expects values in linear color space, so we have to convert the values.

You get the correct color using the following formula: rgb_color = ((srgb_color / 255 + 0.055) / 1.055) ^ 2.4. Doing this with an sRGB value of (188, 0, 188) will give us (0.5028864580325687, 0.0, 0.5028864580325687). A little off from our (0.5, 0.0, 0.5). Instead of doing a manual color conversion, you'll likely save a lot of time by using textures instead, as if they are store in an sRGB texture, the conversion to linear will happen automatically. We'll cover textures in the next lesson.

# Challenge

Create a more complex shape than the one we made (aka. more than three triangles) using a vertex buffer and an index buffer. Toggle between the two with the space key.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html b/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html index fac5322d..319db1d5 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ } } } -

Phew!

With these changes in place, the code should be working the same as before, but we now have a much easier way to create textures.

# Challenge

Create another texture and swap it out when you press the space key.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

Phew!

With these changes in place, the code should be working the same as before, but we now have a much easier way to create textures.

# Challenge

Create another texture and swap it out when you press the space key.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html b/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html index d9b61a73..abb3a095 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ self.camera_uniform.update_view_proj(&self.camera); self.queue.write_buffer(&self.camera_buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(&[self.camera_uniform])); } -

That's all we need to do. If you run the code now, you should see a pentagon with our tree texture that you can rotate around and zoom into with the wasd/arrow keys.

# Challenge

Have our model rotate on its own independently of the camera. Hint: you'll need another matrix for this.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

That's all we need to do. If you run the code now, you should see a pentagon with our tree texture that you can rotate around and zoom into with the wasd/arrow keys.

# Challenge

Have our model rotate on its own independently of the camera. Hint: you'll need another matrix for this.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html b/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html index 88c697b5..406210ca 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ out.clip_position = camera.view_proj * model_matrix * vec4<f32>(model.position, 1.0); return out; } -

With all that done, we should have a forest of trees!

./forest.png

# Challenge

Modify the position and/or rotation of the instances every frame.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

With all that done, we should have a forest of trees!

./forest.png

# Challenge

Modify the position and/or rotation of the instances every frame.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html b/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html index af462ce8..306c085c 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ stencil_ops: None, }), }); -

And that's all we have to do! No shader code is needed! If you run the application, the depth issues will be fixed.

forest_fixed.png

# Challenge

Since the depth buffer is a texture, we can sample it in the shader. Because it's a depth texture, we'll have to use the sampler_comparison uniform type and the textureSampleCompare function instead of sampler and sampler2D respectively. Create a bind group for the depth texture (or reuse an existing one), and render it to the screen.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

And that's all we have to do! No shader code is needed! If you run the application, the depth issues will be fixed.

forest_fixed.png

# Challenge

Since the depth buffer is a texture, we can sample it in the shader. Because it's a depth texture, we'll have to use the sampler_comparison uniform type and the textureSampleCompare function instead of sampler and sampler2D respectively. Create a bind group for the depth texture (or reuse an existing one), and render it to the screen.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html b/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html index e74e5f1b..ba44bd1a 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -425,7 +425,7 @@

The code in lib.rs will change accordingly.

render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, self.instance_buffer.slice(..));
 render_pass.set_pipeline(&self.render_pipeline);
 render_pass.draw_model_instanced(&self.obj_model, 0..self.instances.len() as u32, &self.camera_bind_group);
-
Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 41dc6a3f..c9734ee9 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ - + -
Learn Wgpu

# Introduction

# What is wgpu?

Wgpu (opens new window) is a Rust implementation of the WebGPU API spec (opens new window). WebGPU is a specification published by the GPU for the Web Community Group. It aims to allow web code access to GPU functions in a safe and reliable manner. It does this by mimicking the Vulkan API, and translating that down to whatever API the host hardware is using (ie. DirectX, Metal, Vulkan).

Wgpu is still in development, so some of this doc is subject to change.

# Why Rust?

Wgpu actually has C bindings to allow you to write C/C++ code with it, as well as use other languages that interface with C. That being said, wgpu is written in Rust, and it has some convenient Rust bindings that don't have to jump through any hoops. On top of that, I've been enjoying writing in Rust.

You should be fairly familiar with Rust before using this tutorial as I won't go into much detail on Rust syntax. If you're not super comfortable with Rust you can review the Rust tutorial (opens new window). You should also be familiar with Cargo (opens new window).

I'm using this project to learn wgpu myself, so I might miss some important details, or explain things badly. I'm always open to constructive feedback.

# Contribution and Support

  • I accept pull requests (GitHub repo (opens new window)) for fixing issues with this tutorial such as typos, incorrect information, and other inconsistencies.
  • Due to wgpu's rapidly changing api, I'm not accepting any new pull requests for showcase demos.
  • If you want to support me directly, check out my patreon (opens new window)!

# Translations

# Special thanks to these patrons!

  • David Laban
  • Lennart
  • Ian Gowen
  • Aron Granberg
  • Bernard Llanos
  • Jan Šipr
  • Zeh Fernando
  • Youngsuk Kim
  • オリトイツキ
  • Andrea Postal
  • Julius Liu
  • Feng Liang
  • Mattia Samiolo
  • Joris Willems
  • Jani Turkia
  • papyDoctor
  • Filip
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

Learn Wgpu

# Introduction

# What is wgpu?

Wgpu (opens new window) is a Rust implementation of the WebGPU API spec (opens new window). WebGPU is a specification published by the GPU for the Web Community Group. It aims to allow web code access to GPU functions in a safe and reliable manner. It does this by mimicking the Vulkan API, and translating that down to whatever API the host hardware is using (ie. DirectX, Metal, Vulkan).

Wgpu is still in development, so some of this doc is subject to change.

# Why Rust?

Wgpu actually has C bindings to allow you to write C/C++ code with it, as well as use other languages that interface with C. That being said, wgpu is written in Rust, and it has some convenient Rust bindings that don't have to jump through any hoops. On top of that, I've been enjoying writing in Rust.

You should be fairly familiar with Rust before using this tutorial as I won't go into much detail on Rust syntax. If you're not super comfortable with Rust you can review the Rust tutorial (opens new window). You should also be familiar with Cargo (opens new window).

I'm using this project to learn wgpu myself, so I might miss some important details, or explain things badly. I'm always open to constructive feedback.

# Contribution and Support

  • I accept pull requests (GitHub repo (opens new window)) for fixing issues with this tutorial such as typos, incorrect information, and other inconsistencies.
  • Due to wgpu's rapidly changing api, I'm not accepting any new pull requests for showcase demos.
  • If you want to support me directly, check out my patreon (opens new window)!

# Translations

# Special thanks to these patrons!

  • David Laban
  • Lennart
  • Ian Gowen
  • Aron Granberg
  • Bernard Llanos
  • Jan Šipr
  • Zeh Fernando
  • Youngsuk Kim
  • オリトイツキ
  • Andrea Postal
  • Julius Liu
  • Feng Liang
  • Mattia Samiolo
  • Joris Willems
  • Jani Turkia
  • papyDoctor
  • Filip
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

Dependencies and the window →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/pbr-notes.html b/intermediate/pbr-notes.html index b0ea7981..f75b985c 100644 --- a/intermediate/pbr-notes.html +++ b/intermediate/pbr-notes.html @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ - + -
Learn Wgpu

# Sources

  • https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/introduction-to-shading/diffuse-lambertian-shading
  • http://jimmiejohnsson84.me/pages/rendering_pbr.html
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM
- +
Learn Wgpu

# Sources

  • https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/introduction-to-shading/diffuse-lambertian-shading
  • http://jimmiejohnsson84.me/pages/rendering_pbr.html
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM
+ diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html index 3a5c9b2b..f683793e 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ let half_dir = normalize(view_dir + light_dir); let specular_strength = pow(max(dot(in.world_normal, half_dir), 0.0), 32.0); -

It's hard to tell the difference, but here are the results.

./half_dir.png

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

It's hard to tell the difference, but here are the results.

./half_dir.png

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html index cbe6a4c0..97b4e176 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ &self.camera_bind_group, &self.light_bind_group, ); -

That gives us something like this.

You can find the textures I use in the GitHub Repository.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

That gives us something like this.

You can find the textures I use in the GitHub Repository.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html index b6169e2d..a328b978 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ } }); } -

With that, we should be able to move our camera wherever we want.

./screenshot.png

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

+

With that, we should be able to move our camera wherever we want.

./screenshot.png

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial13-hdr/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial13-hdr/index.html index f485e962..4d76c6f0 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial13-hdr/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial13-hdr/index.html @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ - + -
Learn Wgpu

# High Dynamic Range Rendering

Up to this point, we've been using the sRGB colorspace to render our scene. While this is fine, itrequired_limits what we can do with our lighting. We are using TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb (on most systems) for our surface texture. This means we have 8 bits for each red, green, blue and alpha channel. While the channels are stored as integers between 0 and 255 inclusively, they get converted to and from floating point values between 0.0 and 1.0. The TL:DR of this is that using 8-bit textures, we only get 256 possible values in each channel.

The kicker with this is most of the precision gets used to represent darker values of the scene. This means that bright objects like light bulbs have the same value as exceedingly bright objects like the sun. This inaccuracy makes realistic lighting difficult to do right. Because of this, we are going to switch our rendering system to use high dynamic range in order to give our scene more flexibility and enable us to leverage more advanced techniques such as Physically Based Rendering.

# What is High Dynamic Range?

In layman's terms, a High Dynamic Range texture is a texture with more bits per pixel. In addition to this, HDR textures are stored as floating point values instead of integer values. This means that the texture can have brightness values greater than 1.0, meaning you can have a dynamic range of brighter objects.

# Switching to HDR

As of writing, wgpu doesn't allow us to use a floating point format such as TextureFormat::Rgba16Float as the surface texture format (not all monitors support that anyway), so we will have to render our scene in an HDR format, then convert the values to a supported format, such as TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb using a technique called tonemapping.

There are some talks about implementing HDR surface texture support in wgpu. Here is a GitHub issue if you want to contribute to that effort: https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/issues/2920

Before we do that, though, we need to switch to using an HDR texture for rendering.

To start, we'll create a file called hdr.rs and put some code in it:

use wgpu::Operations;
+    
  Learn Wgpu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
# High Dynamic Range Rendering
 
Up to this point, we've been using the sRGB colorspace to render our scene. While this is fine, it limits what we can do with our lighting. We are using TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb (on most systems) for our surface texture. This means we have 8 bits for each red, green, blue and alpha channel. While the channels are stored as integers between 0 and 255 inclusively, they get converted to and from floating point values between 0.0 and 1.0. The TL:DR of this is that using 8-bit textures, we only get 256 possible values in each channel.
 
The kicker with this is most of the precision gets used to represent darker values of the scene. This means that bright objects like light bulbs have the same value as exceedingly bright objects like the sun. This inaccuracy makes realistic lighting difficult to do right. Because of this, we are going to switch our rendering system to use high dynamic range in order to give our scene more flexibility and enable us to leverage more advanced techniques such as Physically Based Rendering.
 
# What is High Dynamic Range?
 
In layman's terms, a High Dynamic Range texture is a texture with more bits per pixel. In addition to this, HDR textures are stored as floating point values instead of integer values. This means that the texture can have brightness values greater than 1.0, meaning you can have a dynamic range of brighter objects.
 
# Switching to HDR
 
As of writing, wgpu doesn't allow us to use a floating point format such as TextureFormat::Rgba16Float as the surface texture format (not all monitors support that anyway), so we will have to render our scene in an HDR format, then convert the values to a supported format, such as TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb using a technique called tonemapping.
 
There are some talks about implementing HDR surface texture support in wgpu. Here is a GitHub issue if you want to contribute to that effort: https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/issues/2920
 
Before we do that, though, we need to switch to using an HDR texture for rendering.
 
To start, we'll create a file called hdr.rs and put some code in it:
 
use wgpu::Operations;
 
 use crate::{create_render_pipeline, texture};
 
@@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@
 we use config.format.add_srgb_suffix() when creating
 the render pipeline. This is required as if we don't
 the sRGB enabled TextureView won't work with the
-render pipeline.
 
With that you should get the sRGB output as expected.
 
# Demo
 
If your browser doesn't support WebGPU, this example won't work for you.
 
 
 
Check out the code!  (opens new window)
 
 
Last Updated:  7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM
 

+render pipeline.
 
With that you should get the sRGB output as expected.
 
# Demo
 
If your browser doesn't support WebGPU, this example won't work for you.
 
 
 
Check out the code!  (opens new window)
 
 
Last Updated:  7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM
 

         ←
         
         →
       
 

-    
+    
   
 
diff --git a/intermediate/wip-terrain/index.html b/intermediate/wip-terrain/index.html
index f5c37b57..111f88c2 100644
--- a/intermediate/wip-terrain/index.html
+++ b/intermediate/wip-terrain/index.html
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     
     
     
-    
+    
     
   
   
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
                         gen_terrain(global_invocation_id)

If you want to learn more about workgroups, check out the docs (opens new window).

TODO:

  • Note changes to create_render_pipeline
  • Mention swizzle feature for cgmath
  • Compare workgroups and workgroups sizes to nested for-loops -
    • Maybe make a diagram in Blender?
  • Change to camera movement speed
Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM
- +
  • Maybe make a diagram in Blender?
  • Change to camera movement speed
    • Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM
    + diff --git a/news/0.12/index.html b/news/0.12/index.html index 2f8a7689..bae4de21 100644 --- a/news/0.12/index.html +++ b/news/0.12/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ breaks glob imports (aka. use anyhow::*), I had to switch qualified imports and uses (ie. anyhow::Result). This was mostly an issue on my build scripts for some of the showcase examples.

    The main tutorial examples weren't affected, and the changes are minor, so -if you're curious feel free to look at the repo.

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +if you're curious feel free to look at the repo.

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/news/0.13/index.html b/news/0.13/index.html index f150ccb4..f8968879 100644 --- a/news/0.13/index.html +++ b/news/0.13/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ } output_buffer.unmap(); -

    You can explore the reasoning for the change to map_async in this PR (opens new window).

    Another thing to note is that presentation modes need to match what the surface supports. You can get a list of supported modes from Surface::get_surface_modes() (opens new window).

    As always, let me know if I missed anything in the migration process. You can open an issue/submit a PR on the Learn Wgpu repo (opens new window)!

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    You can explore the reasoning for the change to map_async in this PR (opens new window).

    Another thing to note is that presentation modes need to match what the surface supports. You can get a list of supported modes from Surface::get_surface_modes() (opens new window).

    As always, let me know if I missed anything in the migration process. You can open an issue/submit a PR on the Learn Wgpu repo (opens new window)!

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/news/0.14/index.html b/news/0.14/index.html index e2c9287f..54d5552b 100644 --- a/news/0.14/index.html +++ b/news/0.14/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ alpha_mode: wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode::Auto, // NEW! };

    # Winit updated

    Winit has been updated to version "0.27" so if you build on linux you may need to update some of your packages:

    sudo apt install libfontconfig libfontconfig1-dev
-
    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/news/0.15/index.html b/news/0.15/index.html index 4fb335ca..e0281947 100644 --- a/news/0.15/index.html +++ b/news/0.15/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ alpha_mode: surface_caps.alpha_modes[0], view_formats: vec![], }; -

    As always let me know if I missed anything. You can check out the full changelog for 0.15 here (opens new window)

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    As always let me know if I missed anything. You can check out the full changelog for 0.15 here (opens new window)

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/news/0.16/index.html b/news/0.16/index.html index 268dc461..dc67f350 100644 --- a/news/0.16/index.html +++ b/news/0.16/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ "Element", "Location", ]} -

    No other changes need to be made to switch to using WebGPU in browser, so once the WebGPU samples at https://webgpu.github.io/ (opens new window) work in Chrome on Linux, I'll look into removing the webgl feature.

    That's all! As always let me know if I missed anything!

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    No other changes need to be made to switch to using WebGPU in browser, so once the WebGPU samples at https://webgpu.github.io/ (opens new window) work in Chrome on Linux, I'll look into removing the webgl feature.

    That's all! As always let me know if I missed anything!

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/news/0.17/index.html b/news/0.17/index.html index d98dc274..24e87b29 100644 --- a/news/0.17/index.html +++ b/news/0.17/index.html @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ - + -
    Learn Wgpu

    # Update to 0.17

    No changes needed to the tutorial!

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    - + diff --git a/news/0.18 and hdr/index.html b/news/0.18 and hdr/index.html index dce02766..0b7d249b 100644 --- a/news/0.18 and hdr/index.html +++ b/news/0.18 and hdr/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ writing a tutorial for them.

    Also, I'm been interested learning how to load HDR images from places like Polyhaven, so I decided to introduce compute shaders by creating one that will load an HDR and -convert it to a Cubemap to be rendered.

    You can check it out here!

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM
    - +convert it to a Cubemap to be rendered.

    You can check it out here!

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM
    + diff --git a/news/pre-0.12/index.html b/news/pre-0.12/index.html index a347d904..a0e50dd5 100644 --- a/news/pre-0.12/index.html +++ b/news/pre-0.12/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -43,11 +43,11 @@
    1. The request_device method now returns a (Device, Queue) tuple. This means that you can borrow the Queue mutably while using the Device immutably. Because of this change, submitting CommandBuffers to the queue uses the submit method on the Queue directly.
    self.queue.submit(&[
     encoder.finish()
 ]);
-
    1. The create method on Surface takes in any struct that implements the HasRawWindow trait, instead of a RawWindowHandle. This means that the raw-window-handle = "0.3" line in Cargo.toml is no longer needed.

    I don't know if this is a change from 0.4, but you use wgpu = "0.4" line in dependencies instead of the [dependencies.wgpu] as wgpu will determine the best back end for you.

    # New/Recent Articles

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    1. The create method on Surface takes in any struct that implements the HasRawWindow trait, instead of a RawWindowHandle. This means that the raw-window-handle = "0.3" line in Cargo.toml is no longer needed.

    I don't know if this is a change from 0.4, but you use wgpu = "0.4" line in dependencies instead of the [dependencies.wgpu] as wgpu will determine the best back end for you.

    # New/Recent Articles

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ←

    - + diff --git a/showcase/alignment/index.html b/showcase/alignment/index.html index 3d9b5f89..3a623828 100644 --- a/showcase/alignment/index.html +++ b/showcase/alignment/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ | = note: source type: `LightUniform` (256 bits) = note: target type: `_::{closure#0}::TypeWithoutPadding` (192 bits) -

    # Additional resources

    If you're looking for more information check out the write-up (opens new window) by @teoxoy.

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    # Additional resources

    If you're looking for more information check out the write-up (opens new window) by @teoxoy.

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/showcase/compute/index.html b/showcase/compute/index.html index f5450b90..0ec851e7 100644 --- a/showcase/compute/index.html +++ b/showcase/compute/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ }); flat_triangle_map.extend(t_list); } -

    I ultimately decided against this method as it was more complicated, and I haven't had time to benchmark it to see if it's faster than the simple method.

    # Results

    The tangents and bitangents are now getting calculated correctly and on the GPU!

    ./results.png

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    I ultimately decided against this method as it was more complicated, and I haven't had time to benchmark it to see if it's faster than the simple method.

    # Results

    The tangents and bitangents are now getting calculated correctly and on the GPU!

    ./results.png

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/showcase/gifs/index.html b/showcase/gifs/index.html index c068d9e8..e6d9106c 100644 --- a/showcase/gifs/index.html +++ b/showcase/gifs/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ }

    Once that's done we can pass our frames into save_gif().

    save_gif("output.gif", &mut frames, 1, texture_size as u16).unwrap();
-

    That's the gist of it. We can improve things using a texture array, and sending the draw commands all at once, but this gets the idea across. With the shader I wrote we get the following GIF.

    ./output.gif

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    That's the gist of it. We can improve things using a texture array, and sending the draw commands all at once, but this gets the idea across. With the shader I wrote we get the following GIF.

    ./output.gif

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html b/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html index acecb8dc..7f543bf6 100644 --- a/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html +++ b/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ drop(pass); display.queue.submit(Some(encoder.finish())); -

    That's all there is to it. Here's a picture of the results!

    ./screenshot.png

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM
    - +

    That's all there is to it. Here's a picture of the results!

    ./screenshot.png

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM
    + diff --git a/showcase/index.html b/showcase/index.html index 02a0e945..00ca9109 100644 --- a/showcase/index.html +++ b/showcase/index.html @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ - + -
    Learn Wgpu

    # Foreword

    The articles in this section are not meant to be tutorials. They are showcases of the various things you can do with wgpu. I won't go over the specifics of creating wgpu resources, as those will be covered elsewhere. The code for these examples is still available however and will be accessible on Github.

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    Learn Wgpu

    # Foreword

    The articles in this section are not meant to be tutorials. They are showcases of the various things you can do with wgpu. I won't go over the specifics of creating wgpu resources, as those will be covered elsewhere. The code for these examples is still available however and will be accessible on Github.

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/showcase/pong/index.html b/showcase/pong/index.html index 0cf065ed..2058279a 100644 --- a/showcase/pong/index.html +++ b/showcase/pong/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ }) .expect("Couldn't append canvas to document body."); } -

    Everything else works the same.

    # Summary

    A fun project to work on. It was overly architected, and kinda hard to make changes, but a good experience nonetheless.

    Try the code down below! (Controls currently require a keyboard.)

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    Everything else works the same.

    # Summary

    A fun project to work on. It was overly architected, and kinda hard to make changes, but a good experience nonetheless.

    Try the code down below! (Controls currently require a keyboard.)

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/showcase/threading/index.html b/showcase/threading/index.html index 27aca023..008b1532 100644 --- a/showcase/threading/index.html +++ b/showcase/threading/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ }

    We've parallelized loading the meshes, and making the vertex array for them. Probably a bit overkill, but rayon should prevent us from using too many threads.

    You'll notice that we didn't use rayon for calculating the tangent, and bitangent. I tried to get it to work, but I was having trouble finding a way to do it without multiple mutable references to vertices. I don't feel like introducing a std::sync::Mutex, so I'll leave it for now.

    This is honestly a better job for a compute shader, as the model data is going to get loaded into a buffer anyway.

    # It's that easy!

    Most of the wgpu types are Send + Sync, so we can use them in threads without much trouble. It was so easy, that I feel like this tutorial is too short! I'll just leave off with a speed comparison between the previous model loading code and the current code.

    Elapsed (Original): 309.596382ms
 Elapsed (Threaded): 199.645027ms
-

    We're not loading that many resources, so the speedup is minimal. We'll be doing more stuff with threading, but this is a good introduction.

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM
    - +

    We're not loading that many resources, so the speedup is minimal. We'll be doing more stuff with threading, but this is a good introduction.

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM
    + diff --git a/showcase/windowless/index.html b/showcase/windowless/index.html index dd7ba03c..03c7651e 100644 --- a/showcase/windowless/index.html +++ b/showcase/windowless/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ fn main() { pollster::block_on(run()); } -

    With all that you should have an image like this.

    a brown triangle

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:20:59 PM

    +

    With all that you should have an image like this.

    a brown triangle

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/todo.html b/todo.html index f273487f..6b288b07 100644 --- a/todo.html +++ b/todo.html @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ - + - - + + diff --git a/topics/index.html b/topics/index.html index 2c76535a..88fe6021 100644 --- a/topics/index.html +++ b/topics/index.html @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ - + - +who are looking for a specific thing!

    # Basics

    # Lighting

    # Misc

    Last Updated: 7/2/2024, 3:21:30 PM
    +