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+---
+title: Threading in Streamlit
+slug: /develop/concepts/architecture/threading
+---
+
+# Threading in Streamlit
+
+While building with Streamlit may feel like magic, the things beneath are still plain Python objects. This means the use of threads to improve performance and responsiveness still applies to Streamlit. However it can be tricky to start more threads from your code. This guide is meant to help do threading right in Streamlit.
+
+Before reading on, you are advised to check [architecture](/develop/concepts/architecture/architecture) and [session-state](/develop/concepts/architecture/session-state) first.
+
+## Threads created by Streamlit
+
+A `streamlit run` process creates 2 types of threads:
+
+- Main thread: runs the web (HTTP + WebSocket) server
+- Script thread: runs page code when triggered (by page view or UI interactivity)
+
+This is an oversimplifed illustration to show how Streamlit _conceptually_ works:
+
+```py
+from threading import Thread
+from streamlit.somewhere import WebSocketServer, ScriptRunContext
+
+# created once per process, runs on main thread
+class StreamlitServer(WebSocketServer):
+    def on_websocket_connection(self, conn):
+        # assuming 1 connection bounds to exactly 1 session
+        session = Session()
+        conn.on_page_run_message(
+            lambda message: session.on_page_run_message(conn, message)
+        )
+
+
+# created for each session
+class Session()
+    def on_page_run_message(self, conn, message):
+        script_thread = ScriptThread(
+            conn=conn, page_file=message.page_to_run, session=self
+        )
+        # attach the context object,
+        # for script thread to retrive it like getattr(current_thread(), ...)
+        setattr(script_thread, "secret_runner_context", ScriptRunContext(session))
+        script_thread.start()
+
+
+# created for each page run
+class ScriptThread(Thread):
+    def __init__(self, conn, page_file, session):
+        self.conn = conn
+        self.page_file = page_file
+
+    def run(self):
+        with open(self.page_file) as f:
+            page_code = f.read()
+        ui_state = eval(page_code)
+        self.conn.send_ui_state(ui_state)
+        # on the other end of WebSocket connection,
+        # frontend receives the state and updates UI
+
+
+StreamlitServer().listen()
+```
+
+## `missing ScriptRunContext!` or `streamlit.errors.NoSessionContext`
+
+Since you are reading this page, chances are that you have already noticed such messages.
+
+Many Streamlit APIs, including `st.session_state` and multiple builtin widgets, expect themselves to run on a script thread. Such APIs are typically related to per-session or per-page-run internal states.
+
+In a happy scenario, such code finds the `ScriptRunContext` object attached to the current thread (like in the illustriial code above). But when such Streamlit APIs couldn't, they issue such warnings or errors.
+
+Read on to find how to prevent them with non-Streamlit threads.
+
+## Creating custom threads
+
+An effective mitigation to delay, is to create threads and let them work concurrently. This works especially well with IO-heavy operations like remote query or data loading. But due to the reasons you read by far, it can quirky to create more threads from your code ("custom thread") and let them interact with Streamlit.
+
+In this section we introduce 2 patterns to let different threads work together.
+
+Note: they are only patterns rather than complete solutions. You are advised to think them as idea to start with. For example, one could extend pattern 1 into using a `concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor` thread pool.
+
+### 1. Only call Stramlit code from script thread
+
+If we don't call Streamlit APIs from custom thread, things should just work in order. Luckily Python threading provides ways to start a thread and collect its result from another thread.
+
+In the following example page, `main` runs on the script thread and creates 2 custom `WorkerThread`. After WorkerThread-s run concurrently, `main` collects their results and updates UI.
+
+```py
+import streamlit as st
+import time
+from threading import Thread
+
+class WorkerThread(Thread):
+    def __init__(self, delay):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.delay = delay
+        self.return_value = None
+    def run(self):
+        # runs in custom thread, touches no Streamlit APIs
+        start_time = time.time()
+        time.sleep(self.delay)
+        end_time = time.time()
+        self.return_value = f"start: {start_time}, end: {end_time}"
+
+st.header("t1")
+result_1 = st.empty()
+st.header("t2")
+result_2 = st.empty()
+
+def main():
+    t1 = WorkerThread(5)
+    t2 = WorkerThread(5)
+    t1.start()
+    t2.start()
+    t1.join()
+    t2.join()
+    # main() runs in script thread, and can safely call Streamlit APIs
+    result_1.write(t1.return_value)
+    result_2.write(t2.return_value)
+
+main()
+
+```
+
+### 2. Expose context object to custom thread
+
+Alternatively, one can let a custom thread have access to the `ScriptRunContext` attached to script thread. This pattern is also used by Streamlit standard widgets like [st.spinner](https://github.com/streamlit/streamlit/blob/develop/lib/streamlit/elements/spinner.py).
+
+**Caution**:
+
+- This may not work with all Streamlit APIs. The previous pattern is more guaranteed in this sense.
+
+- `get_script_run_ctx` is meant to be called from a script thread, not a main or custom thread.
+
+- When using this pattern, ensure custom thread does not outlive the script thread owning the ScriptRunContext. Leak of `ScriptRunContext` may cause security vulnerability or subtle bugs.
+
+In the following example page, a custom thread with `ScriptRunContext` attached can call `st.write` without a warning. (Remove a call to `add_script_run_ctx()` and you will see a `streamlit.errors.NoSessionContext`)
+
+```py
+import streamlit as st
+from streamlit.runtime.scriptrunner import add_script_run_ctx, get_script_run_ctx
+import time
+from threading import Thread
+
+class WorkerThread(Thread):
+    def __init__(self, delay, target):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.delay = delay
+        self.target = target
+    def run(self):
+        # runs in custom thread, but can call Streamlit APIs
+        start_time = time.time()
+        time.sleep(self.delay)
+        end_time = time.time()
+        self.target.write(f"start: {start_time}, end: {end_time}")
+
+st.header("t1")
+result_1 = st.empty()
+st.header("t2")
+result_2 = st.empty()
+
+def main():
+    t1 = WorkerThread(5, result_1)
+    t2 = WorkerThread(5, result_2)
+    # obtain the ScriptRunContext of the current script thread, and assign to worker threads
+    add_script_run_ctx(t1, get_script_run_ctx())
+    add_script_run_ctx(t2, get_script_run_ctx())
+    t1.start()
+    t2.start()
+    t1.join()
+    t2.join()
+
+main()
+```
diff --git a/content/menu.md b/content/menu.md
index 7d00c6056..8161cc838 100644
--- a/content/menu.md
+++ b/content/menu.md
@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ site_menu:
     url: /develop/concepts/architecture/fragments
   - category: Develop / Concepts / Architecture & execution/ Widget behavior
     url: /develop/concepts/architecture/widget-behavior
+  - category: Develop / Concepts / Architecture & execution / Threading in Streamlit
+    url: /develop/concepts/architecture/threading
   - category: Develop / Concepts / Multipage apps
     url: /develop/concepts/multipage-apps
   - category: Develop / Concepts / Multipage apps / Overview