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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Lessons In Electric Circuits</title>
<meta name="description"
content="A free series of textbooks on the subjects of electricity and electronics. By Tony R. Kuphaldt.">
<meta name="keywords"
content="book, ebook, textbook, tutorial, copyleft, copylefted, free, electronics, electricity, semiconductor, bridge circuit, meter, voltmeter, ammeter, ohmmeter, megger, transistor, opamp, operational amplifier, op-amp, ladder logic, electric circuit, educational, free book, free ebook, free textbook, free download, copyleft book, copylefted book, electronics textbook, electronics tutorial, open book project, obp, static electricity, dc electricity, dc electronics, ac electricity, ac electronics, semiconductor devices, semiconductor electronics, semiconductor circuits, digital electronics, digital circuits, learn electronics, teach yourself electronics, electronic projects, experiments, electronic experiments, electronics course, science, electronics reference, spice, spice2g6, design science license, kuphaldt, tony kuphaldt">
</head>
<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<!--!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-->
<h1><i>Lessons In Electric Circuits</i></h1>
<a href="http://www.ibiblio.org">
<img src="http://www.ibiblio.org/hosted/images/sm_hosted.png" width="150" height="50" align="right" border="0" alt="hosted by ibiblio"></a>
<h3>A free series of textbooks on the subjects of electricity and
electronics</h3>
<h4>Copyright (C) 2000-2014, Tony R. Kuphaldt</h4>
<p>
These books and all related files are published under the terms and
conditions of the Design Science License. These terms and conditions
allow for free copying, distribution, and/or modification of this
document by the general public. </p>
<p>
A <a href="Devel/dsl.html">copy</a> of the Design Science License is
included at the end of each book volume. For more information about the
License, visit <a href="http://www.dsl.org/">http://www.dsl.org/</a> </p>
<p>
As an open and collaboratively developed text, this book is distributed
in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without
even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the Design Science License for more details. </p>
<hr>
<h2>Access individual volumes, I through VI:</h2>
<a href="Semi/index.html"><br>
</a>
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="1"
style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="DC/index.html"><img alt="dc.jpg" src="dc.jpg"
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 200px; height: 133px;"></a><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="AC/index.html"><img
alt="ac.jpg" src="ac.jpg"
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 200px; height: 133px;"></a><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="Semi/index.html"><img
alt="semi.jpg" src="semi.jpg"
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 200px; height: 133px;"></a><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Book Volume:</th>
<th><a href="DC/index.html"><b>Volume I - DC</b></a></th>
<th><a href="AC/index.html"><b>Volume II - AC</b></a></th>
<th><a href="Semi/index.html"><b>Volume III - Semiconductors</b></a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Edition:</th>
<th>5th</th>
<th>6th</th>
<th>5th</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Last revised:</th>
<th>October 18, 2006</th><!--DC-->
<th>July 25, 2007</th><!--AC-->
<th>April 05, 2009</th><!--Semi-->
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Minor revision:</th>
<th>February 01 2014</th><!--DCm-->
<th>February 01, 2014</th><!--ACm-->
<th>February 02, 2014</th><!--Semim-->
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<a href="Exper/index.html"><br>
</a>
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="1"
style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="Digital/index.html"><img alt="digi.jpg" src="digi.jpg"
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 200px; height: 133px;"></a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="Ref/index.html"><img
alt="ref.jpg" src="ref.jpg"
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 200px; height: 133px;"></a><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="Exper/index.html"><img
alt="exp.jpg" src="exp.jpg"
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 200px; height: 133px;"></a><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Book Volume:</th>
<th><a href="Digital/index.html"><b>Volume IV - Digital</b></a></th>
<th><a href="Ref/index.html"><b>Volume V - Reference</b></a></th>
<th><a href="Exper/index.html"><b>Volume VI - Experiments</b></a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Edition:</th>
<th>4th</th>
<th>4th</th>
<th>1st</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Last revised:</th>
<th>November 27, 2007</th><!--Digital-->
<th>January 18, 2006</th><!--Ref-->
<th>January 18, 2010</th><!--Exper-->
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Minor revision:</th>
<th>February 01, 2014</th><!--Digitalm-->
<th>May 07, 2012</th><!--Refm-->
<th>January 24, 2014</th><!--Experm-->
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 647px"><h3>Checkout the <a
href="http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/socratic/sinst/">Socratic Instrumentation</a> Project.</h3>
<p>If you are interested in industrial instrumentation, Checkout the book "Lessons in Industrial Instrumentation" at the Socratic Instrumentation project. The project provides work sheets too. You will also find links to public-domain textbooks on subjects related to industrial instrumentation.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 647px"><h3>Checkout the <a
href="http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/socratic/index.html">Socratic Electronics</a> Project.</h3>
<p>We are sometimes asked for homework questions. While the Socratic Electronics
Project does not provide questions keyed to specific chapters, it does provide
questions related to various electrical/electronic topics in the form of "work
sheets". The basic concept is to encourage active as opposed to passive learning.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 647px"><h3>Checkout <a
href="http://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/index.php?showforum=7">allaboutcircuits</a>.</h3>
<p>Have questions about electronics, math, physics, embedded systems, programming?
Need help with homework? Checkout these and other
<a href="http://forum.allaboutcircuits.com">forums</a> at allaboutcircuits.
Ask your question at one of the forums. Curious about questions
your peers ask? Want to report errors you find in our text? Report errors at <a
href="http://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/forumdisplay.php?f=11">feedback and suggestions</a>
forum.
See <a href="http://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/showthread.php?t=753">example</a>
of an error submission to allaboutcircuits.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 647px"><h3>Checkout <a
href="http://www.circuiteelectrice.ro">Romanian translation</a>.</h3>
<p>Mihai Olteanu has a Romanian translation of "Lessons in Electricity".
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 647px">
<p>If you have a web site with a translation of "Lessons in Electricity" into another language, contact us. We can put your link here.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
Edition numbers reflect major structural changes to a book volume such
as the addition of new chapters, the substantial expansion of existing
chapters, or a change in markup language (source code formatting). I
may also increment the edition number of a volume due to the
accumulation of many smaller changes. For a volume under active
revision, one edition per year is normal.
</p>
<p>
"Last revised" dates reflect non-trivial changes only. Minor changes I
make such as typographical error correction and stylistic changes to
the text do not warrant increments to this date. New topics added to
the text, as well as any outside contributions, are the minimum change
level warranting a new revision date. The "Minor revision" date
reflects
minor error corrections: typographical, spelling, minor changes not
involving addition of new content. See changelog for details.
Please submit errors, typos, or
suggestions to All About Circuits > Forums > AllAboutCircuits.com
- Feedback and Suggestions <a
href="http://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/forumdisplay.php?f=11">allaboutcircuits-feedback</a>,
Feedback and Suggestions forum.
Like to see an <a href="http://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/showthread.php?t=753">example</a>
of an error submission to allaboutcircuits.com?
Otherwise, see <a href="Devel/index.html">Contacts</a> section for address to submit corrections.
</p>
<p>
<a href="log.html">Click here</a> for a detailed changelog of all
books.
</p>
<br>
<p>
<b>Note to instructors:</b>
</p>
<p>
My commitment to those using these texts as student resources in
instructional curricula is to never delete subject matter content as
the books evolve through succeeding revisions and editions. New
subjects will be added, and existing subjects expanded in coverage, but
I will never omit "old" subjects. My experience is that even "obsolete"
subjects in electronics hold important lessons for students, and
sometimes serve to catalyze creativity in new design work. Unlike
publishers, who must consider the page count (printing costs) of a
book, my publication costs are zero. Instructors may pattern their
lesson plans around the subjects contained in this book series without
being <i>forced</i> to change their plans as the series matures.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<h3>Interested in contributing to this project? <a
href="Devel/index.html">Click here.</a></h3>
<!--!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-->
<hr>
<h2>News flashes <small style="font-weight: normal;"><small>(Reverse
chronologic order)</small></small><br>
</h2>
<p>
<b>January 18, 2010</b> Volume 6 Experiments: Ch 8 <a href="Exper/EXP_8.html"> 555 Timer Circuits</a>, new Chapter 8 completed thanks to Bill Marsden.
</p>
<p>
<b>April 05, 2009</b> Volume 3 Semiconductors: Ch 4 Bipolar junction transistors, completed, Ch 7 Thyristors, completed.
</p>
<p>
<b>November 01, 1007</b> Thank-you to David Zitzelsberger, who bears the distinction of
being the second contributor to submit an entire chapter! Go to <a
href="Digital/DIGI_9.html">Combinational Logic Functions</a> in Volume IV to see his considerable work. This brings the Digital volume IV nearly to completion.
</p>
<p><b>July 2, 2007</b>, Volume 3, Semiconductors, incomplete chapters and sections are being completed over the next year or two. Chapter 1 is proofread and has a new "Attenuator" section. Chapter 2 and 3 have been completed, but need proofreading. Please submit errors and corrections to the forum thread at
<a href="http://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/showthread.php?t=5104">Ch 2</a>.
Warren Young has written "Input to output phase shift" for chapter 8, Operational amplifiers. <a href="Digital/SEMI_8.html#xtocid2234718">Read all about it</a>.
Expect Chapter 4, "Bipolar junction transistors" in a few months.
See <a href="log.html">changelog.</a> for short new text additions to Volume 2, AC. (D Crunkilton)
</p>
<p><b>June 15 2006;</b> Volume 2, AC has been reformatted to look more like a printed book. The PDF version has floating captioned figures. Not much change in the appearance of the HTML version. No plans to reformat the other volumes due to the labor involved-- unless there is a lot of interest in printing them. My best guess is that the most interest will be in viewing the HTML and PDF's not printing. Some new content in the new AC motors chapter. <b>March 6;</b>The pdf version of volumes are now more navigable with hyperlinks- bookmarks. <b>January 1;</b> -- All volumes have a mini table of
contents at chapter head, see <a href="log.html">changelog</a>. Volume
2 has a new <a href="AC/AC_13.html">AC motors</a> chapter. (D. Crunkilton)
</p>
<p><b>June 21, 2005; revised October 30</b> -- All volumes have
at least minor
corrections, see <a href="log.html">changelog</a>. Volume 3 has a
new <a href="Digital/DIGI_12.html">Shift Registers</a>
Chapter. Spice plots have been replaced by Spice-nutmeg graphic plots,
improving the appearance of volumes 2, and 3.
</p>
<p><b>July 2004 -- IMPORTANT -- PLEASE READ THIS!</b> It has come to my
attention
that
I can no longer continue my role as project coordinator and primary
author for this textbook series. My life has simply become too busy,
and I lack the free time necessary to do a good job administrating this
project. See <a href="goodnews.html">goodnews</a> and <a
href="badnews.html">badnews</a> for more details. Fortunately, the
open-source nature of this project has led
others to develop it in different directions, where it will continue to
live. The best example of this to date is <a
href="http://www.allaboutcircuits.com">AllAboutCircuits.com</a>.
Please pay them a visit to see what neat things are being done with the
books.
</p>
<p>
A huge thank-you to Dennis Crunkilton, who bears the distinction of
being the first contributor to submit an entire chapter! Go to <a
href="Digital/DIGI_8.html">Karnaugh Mapping</a> in Volume IV to see
his fine work.
</p>
<p>
At a reader's suggestion, I made a <a href="log.html">changelog</a>
for all the books. This is a very good idea and I should have done it
long ago! In this changelog, you will find a complete listing of all
the changes made, and when.
</p>
<!--!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-->
<hr>
<h2>Download the entire collection of books in HTML format</h2>
<a href="liechtml.tar.gz"><img src="src3.jpg" align="middle" border="0">
<--- Click Here!</a>
<p><b>All volumes!</b> HTML code plus graphic images in JPEG format --
about 36 megabytes in size, in .tar.gz format </p>
<!--!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-->
<hr>
<h2>Download individual volumes in PDF format</h2>
<p>Click on an individual volume above. A link near the bottom of the
volume table of contents page
is provided for downloading the PDF version, viewable or printable -- a few
megabytes each. Adobe Acrobat viewer can access the bookmarks in the table
of contents and index. Otherwise, the open source Xpdf viewer works well,
sans bookmarks.
</p>
<!--!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-->
<hr>
<h2>Download COMPLETE source code for the entire collection of books</h2>
<a href="liecsrc.tar"><img src="src1.jpg" align="middle" border="0">
<--- Click Here!</a>
<p><b>All volumes!</b> One file (liecsrc.tar) containing *src.tar.gz
files for each volume. Each of these gzipped .tar archives contains all
the makefiles, conversion scripts, SubML text source, image libraries,
and graphic images (all formats) needed to compile each volume. About
100 megabytes in its entirety.
</p>
<!--!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-->
<hr>
<h2>Download MINIMAL source code for the entire collection of books</h2>
<a href="liectiny.tar"><img src="src2.jpg" align="middle" border="0">
<--- Click Here!</a>
<p><b>All volumes!</b> One file (liectiny.tar) containing *tiny.tar.gz
files for each volume. The difference between this source code package
and the one shown above is that this package contains only one format
type for each image (EPS for schematics and illustrations, JPG for
photographs), instead of both formats (EPS <i>and</i> JPG) for all
images. This archive is much smaller (because the omitted EPS
photographic image files are <b>huge</b>!), but requires that you do a
lot of image file conversion to produce either HTML or PostScript/PDF
output. About 8 megabytes in its entirety.
</p>
<!--!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-->
<hr>
<h2>Some of the free software used in this project</h2>
<p>
<i>GNU/Linux</i> operating system: <img src="tux.jpg" align="middle"
border="0" height="100"> (what else?)
</p>
<p>
<i>Vim</i> text editor: <a href="http://www.vim.org"><img
src="vim1.png" align="middle" border="0"></a>
</p>
<p>
<i>Xcircuit</i> drafting program for illustrations, tables, charts, and
equations: <a href="http://opencircuitdesign.com/xcircuit"><img
src="xctitle.png" align="middle" border="0"></a>
</p>
<p>
<i>Gimp</i> graphics manipulation program (a <i>Photoshop</i> clone): <a
href="http://www.gimp.org"><img src="thegimp.png" align="middle"
border="0"></a>
</p>
<p>
Miscellaneous UNIX utilities, obtainable from the <i>Free Software
Foundation</i>: <a href="http://www.gnu.org"><img src="gnu.jpg"
align="middle" border="0"></a> </p>
<p>
You can download an Microsoft Windows executable of the <i>sed</i>
utility, necessary for processing source files for the type of markup
language used in this book project, <a href="sed.exe">here.</a>
</p>
<p>
<i>Spice</i> version 2G6, a public-domain program used to simulate
analog circuits. Download a statically-linked executable for Linux
systems here <a href="spice">(<tt>spice</tt>)</a>, or the following
three files for execution on MS-DOS systems: <a href="spice.exe"><tt>spice.exe</tt></a>,
<a href="32rtm.exe"><tt>32rtm.exe</tt></a>, and <a href="dpmi32vm.ovl"><tt>dpmi32vm.ovl</tt></a>
(keep these three files in the same directory).
</p>
<!--!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-->
<hr><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/">
<img src="http://www.ibiblio.org/hosted/images/hosted.png" width="300" height="100" border="0" alt="hosted by ibiblio"></a>
</body>
</html>