vwifi: A Simple Virtual Wireless Driver for Linux

vwifi implements a minimal interface to provide essential functionalities, such as scanning for dummy Wi-Fi networks, establishing connections, and disconnecting from them.

It is built upon the cfg80211 subsystem, which collaborates with FullMAC drivers. Currently, vwifi supports both Station Mode and Host AP Mode and is equipped with robust WPA/WPA2 security features. This enables users to configure a wireless environment using vwifi, hostapd (in HostAP mode interface), and wpa_supplicant (in station mode interface).

Moreover, when running on hypervisors like QEMU, vwifi functions as a virtio-net driver, allowing for inter-guest communication.

Prerequisite

The following packages must be installed before building vwifi.

To compile the kernel driver successfully, the package versions of the currently used kernel, kernel-devel, and kernel-headers need to be matched. Run the following command to install the required kernel headers:

$ sudo apt install linux-headers-$(uname -r)

Since vwifi relies on the Linux wireless (IEEE-802.11) subsystem, iw is necessary for retrieving more information and configuring. Install it using the following command:

$ sudo apt install iw

If running the test script (scripts/verify.sh), Python 3, hostapd, and some additional packages are necessary.

$ sudo apt install python3 python3-pip hostapd
$ pip3 install numpy matplotlib

Testing environment (non-virtio)

To test the network environment effectively, we utilize Linux network namespaces. These namespaces isolate network environments from the host system, providing distinct instances of network stacks with independent routes, firewall rules, and network devices.

Without network namespaces, virtual interfaces created within the same namespace use the loopback device for packet transmission between them, as the kernel recognizes them as residing on the same host.

In our testing setup, all interfaces created by vwifi are placed within an isolated network namespace. This approach ensures that each virtual interface operates independently, facilitating comprehensive testing of networking functionalities without interference from the host's network configuration.

Below, we will conduct two separate tests: Infrastructure BSS and Independent BSS.

Infrastructure BSS

The testing environment consists of one AP and two STAs.

The testing environment operates in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure BSS, which imposes a constraint: STAs cannot directly communicate with each other. When an STA wants to communicate with other devices, it must send packets to the AP. The AP then performs the following actions based on the packet type:

Unicast: If the packet is intended for another STA, the AP forwards it directly to the destination STA without passing it to the protocol stack. If the packet is intended for the AP itself, it is passed to the protocol stack.
Broadcast: The AP forwards the packet to all other STAs in the network, except for the source STA, and then passes it to the protocol stack.
Multicast: The AP treats multicast packets the same way as broadcast packets.

Independent BSS

The testing environment consists of two IBSS devices.

The testing environment operates in IEEE 802.11 independent BSS. IBSS devices can communicate with any device in the same IBSS network without the need to establish a connection beforehand. However, devices in different IBSS networks cannot communicate with each other.

Build and Run (non-virtio)

To build the kernel module, execute the following command:

$ make

Load the cfg80211 kernel module by running the following command:

$ sudo modprobe cfg80211

Insert the vwifi driver. This will create three interfaces (the "station" parameter can be modified according to preference):

$ sudo insmod vwifi.ko station=5

Please note that interfaces can only be created in station mode during the initialization phase. However, they can be switched to Host AP mode later using hostapd.

Checking Network Interfaces

To check the network interfaces, run the following command:

$ ip link

There should be entries starting with vw0, vw1, vw2, vw3, and vw4, which correspond to the interfaces created by vwifi.

To view the available wireless interfaces, execute the following command:

$ sudo iw dev

You should see something similar to the following output:

phy#5
	Interface vw4
		ifindex 7
		wdev 0x500000001
		addr 00:76:77:34:00:00
		type managed
		txpower 0.00 dBm
phy#4
	Interface vw3
		ifindex 6
		wdev 0x400000001
		addr 00:76:77:33:00:00
		type managed
		txpower 0.00 dBm
phy#3
	Interface vw2
		ifindex 5
		wdev 0x300000001
		addr 00:76:77:32:00:00
		type managed
		txpower 0.00 dBm
phy#2
	Interface vw1
		ifindex 4
		wdev 0x200000001
		addr 00:76:77:31:00:00
		type managed
		txpower 0.00 dBm
phy#1
	Interface vw0
		ifindex 3
		wdev 0x100000001
		addr 00:76:77:30:00:00
		type managed
		txpower 0.00 dBm

As observed, each interface has its own phy (struct wiphy), allowing them to be placed into separate network namespaces.

Dumping Wireless Information

To obtain wireless information, execute the following command:

$ sudo iw list

Reference output:

Wiphy vw_phy4
(... omit)
Wiphy vw_phy3
(... omit)
Wiphy vw_phy2
(... omit)
Wiphy vw_phy1
(... omit)
Wiphy vw_phy0
	wiphy index: 0
	max # scan SSIDs: 69
	max scan IEs length: 0 bytes
	max # sched scan SSIDs: 0
	max # match sets: 0
	Retry short limit: 7
	Retry long limit: 4
	Coverage class: 0 (up to 0m)
	Supported Ciphers:
		* WEP40 (00-0f-ac:1)
		* WEP104 (00-0f-ac:5)
		* TKIP (00-0f-ac:2)
		* CCMP-128 (00-0f-ac:4)
	Available Antennas: TX 0 RX 0
	Supported interface modes:
		 * managed
		 * AP
	Band 1:
		Bitrates (non-HT):
			* 1.0 Mbps
			* 2.0 Mbps
			* 5.5 Mbps
			* 11.0 Mbps
			* 6.0 Mbps
			* 9.0 Mbps
			* 12.0 Mbps
			* 18.0 Mbps
			* 24.0 Mbps
			* 36.0 Mbps
			* 48.0 Mbps
			* 54.0 Mbps
		Frequencies:
			* 2412 MHz [1] (20.0 dBm)
			* 2417 MHz [2] (20.0 dBm)
			* 2422 MHz [3] (20.0 dBm)
			* 2427 MHz [4] (20.0 dBm)
			* 2432 MHz [5] (20.0 dBm)
			* 2437 MHz [6] (20.0 dBm)
			* 2442 MHz [7] (20.0 dBm)
			* 2447 MHz [8] (20.0 dBm)
			* 2452 MHz [9] (20.0 dBm)
			* 2457 MHz [10] (20.0 dBm)
			* 2462 MHz [11] (20.0 dBm)
			* 2467 MHz [12] (20.0 dBm) (no IR)
			* 2472 MHz [13] (20.0 dBm) (no IR)
			* 2484 MHz [14] (20.0 dBm) (no IR)
	Supported commands:
		 * set_interface
		 * new_key
		 * start_ap
		 * set_wiphy_netns
		 * set_channel
		 * connect
		 * disconnect
	software interface modes (can always be added):
	interface combinations are not supported
	Device supports scan flush.
	max # scan plans: 1
	max scan plan interval: -1
	max scan plan iterations: 0
	Supported extended features:

You can see the supported operating modes, supported ciphers, channels, bitrates, and supported commands in the output.

The "managed mode" in the Supported interface modes is identical to station mode.

Creating Network Namespaces

Next, create three network namespaces using the following commands:

$ sudo ip netns add ns0
$ sudo ip netns add ns1
$ sudo ip netns add ns2

Find the wiphy name for the three interfaces. The index number for the wiphy name postfix might be different each time. Please use the following command for the ease of memorizing different index number everytime.

$ vw0_phy=$(sudo iw dev vw0 info | grep wiphy | awk '{print $2}')
$ vw0_phy=$(sudo iw list | grep "wiphy index: $vw0_phy" -B 1 | grep Wiphy | awk '{print $2}')
$ vw1_phy=$(sudo iw dev vw1 info | grep wiphy | awk '{print $2}')
$ vw1_phy=$(sudo iw list | grep "wiphy index: $vw1_phy" -B 1 | grep Wiphy | awk '{print $2}')
$ vw2_phy=$(sudo iw dev vw2 info | grep wiphy | awk '{print $2}')
$ vw2_phy=$(sudo iw list | grep "wiphy index: $vw2_phy" -B 1 | grep Wiphy | awk '{print $2}')

Check whether the name of each wiphy is the same as the name listing under the command sudo iw list

$ echo $vw0_phy
vw_phy0
$ echo $vw1_phy
vw_phy1
$ echo $vw2_phy
vw_phy2

Assign the three interfaces to separate network namespaces. Please note that the wiphy is placed within the network namespace, and the interface associated with that wiphy will be contained within it.

$ sudo iw phy vw_phy0 set netns name ns0
$ sudo iw phy vw_phy1 set netns name ns1
$ sudo iw phy vw_phy2 set netns name ns2

Assigning IP Addresses to Each Interface

Now, assign an IP address to both interfaces using the following commands:

$ sudo ip netns exec ns0 ip addr add 10.0.0.1/24 dev vw0
$ sudo ip netns exec ns1 ip addr add 10.0.0.2/24 dev vw1
$ sudo ip netns exec ns2 ip addr add 10.0.0.3/24 dev vw2

Running hostapd on the HostAP Mode Interface

Prepare the following script hostapd.conf (you can modify the script based on your needs):

interface=vw0
driver=nl80211
debug=1
ctrl_interface=/var/run/hostapd
ctrl_interface_group=wheel
channel=6
ssid=test
wpa=2
wpa_passphrase=12345678
wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
wpa_pairwise=CCMP

Run hostapd on the interface vw0:

$ sudo ip netns exec ns0 hostapd -i vw0 -B scripts/hostapd.conf

Running `wpa_supplicant` on the Station Mode Interfaces

Prepare the following script wpa_supplicant.conf (you can modify the script based on your needs):

network={
    ssid="test"
    psk="12345678"
}

Then run the wpa_supplicant on the interface ns1 and ns2:

$ sudo ip netns exec ns1 \
       wpa_supplicant -i vw1 -B -c scripts/wpa_supplicant.conf
$ sudo ip netns exec ns2 \
      wpa_supplicant -i vw2 -B -c scripts/wpa_supplicant.conf

Validating the Connection

To validate the connection, use the following command:

$ sudo ip netns exec ns1 iw dev vw1 link

The output might seem like this:

Connected to 00:6f:77:6c:30:00 (on vw1)
	SSID: test
	freq: 2437
	RX: 282 bytes (2 packets)
	TX: 248 bytes (2 packets)
	signal: -84 dBm

It shows that vw1 has connected to the BSS with BSSID 00:6f:77:6c:30:00, which is the MAC address of vw0.

You may also check the connection of vw2 by slightly changing the command above.

On the other hand, we can validate all the stations connected to vw0 by the following commands:

sudo ip netns exec ns0 iw dev vw0 station dump

The output may seem like this:

Station 00:6f:77:6c:31:00 (on vw0)
	inactive time:	5588 ms
	rx bytes:	5366
	rx packets:	65
	tx bytes:	1772
	tx packets:	18
	tx failed:	74
	signal:  	-57 dBm
	current time:	1689679337171 ms
Station 00:6f:77:6c:32:00 (on vw0)
	inactive time:	5588 ms
	rx bytes:	5366
	rx packets:	65
	tx bytes:	1772
	tx packets:	18
	tx failed:	74
	signal:  	-57 dBm
	current time:	1689679337171 ms

Transmission/Receivement test

Finally, we can do the ping test:

To perform a ping test between two STAs (vw1 and vw2), use the following command:

$ sudo ip netns exec ns1 ping -c 4 10.0.0.3

You should see output similar to the following:

PING 10.0.0.3 (10.0.0.3) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.3: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.188 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.3: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.147 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.3: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.082 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.3: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.136 ms

--- 10.0.0.3 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3036ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.082/0.138/0.188/0.037 ms

To perform a ping test between the AP (vw0) and a STA (vw2), execute the following command:

$ sudo ip netns exec ns2 ping -c 4 10.0.0.1

You should see output similar to the following:

PING 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.342 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.054 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms

--- 10.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3058ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.054/0.141/0.342/0.117 ms

IBSS mode

Creating Network Namespaces

Create three network namespaces using the following commands:

$ sudo ip netns add ns3
$ sudo ip netns add ns4

Find the wiphy name for the two interfaces. The index number for the wiphy name postfix might be different each time. Please use the following command for the ease of memorizing different index number everytime.

$ vw3_phy=$(sudo iw dev vw3 info | grep wiphy | awk '{print $2}')
$ vw3_phy=$(sudo iw list | grep "wiphy index: $vw3_phy" -B 1 | grep Wiphy | awk '{print $2}')
$ vw4_phy=$(sudo iw dev vw4 info | grep wiphy | awk '{print $2}')
$ vw4_phy=$(sudo iw list | grep "wiphy index: $vw4_phy" -B 1 | grep Wiphy | awk '{print $2}')

Check whether the name of each wiphy is the same as the name listing under the command sudo iw list

$ echo $vw3_phy
vw_phy3
$ echo $vw4_phy
vw_phy4

Assign the two interfaces to separate network namespaces. Please note that the wiphy is placed within the network namespace, and the interface associated with that wiphy will be contained within it.

$ sudo iw phy vw_phy3 set netns name ns3
$ sudo iw phy vw_phy4 set netns name ns4

Assigning IP Addresses to Each Interface

Now, assign an IP address to both interfaces using the following commands:

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 ip addr add 10.0.0.4/24 dev vw3
$ sudo ip netns exec ns4 ip addr add 10.0.0.5/24 dev vw4

There are two methods to configure an IBSS network: manual configuration or using WPA.

Option1 : Manual configuration

Switch to IBSS mode

Switch device to IBSS mode using the following command :

iw dev [interface] set type ibss

The following commands switch vw3 and vw4 to IBSS mode.

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 iw dev vw3 set type ibss
$ sudo ip netns exec ns4 iw dev vw4 set type ibss

Check the information of vw3.

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 iw dev vw3 info

You should see output similar to the following:

Interface vw3
	ifindex 6
	wdev 0x400000001
	addr 00:76:77:33:00:00
	type IBSS
	wiphy 4
	txpower 0.00 dBm

Join IBSS network

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 ip link set vw3 up
$ sudo ip netns exec ns4 ip link set vw4 up

Users can join a specific IBSS cell and configure additional settings using the command :

iw dev [interface] ibss join [SSID] [freq in MHz] [NOHT|HT20|HT40+|HT40-|5MHz|10MHz|80MHz] [fixed-freq] [fixed-bssid] [beacon-interval ] [basic-rates <rate in Mbps,rate2,…>] [mcast-rate ] [key d:0:abcde]

If the IBSS cell does not already exist, it will be created.

The following command makes vw3 and vw4 join the same IBSS cell with the SSID ibss1 and specifies the frequency as 2412 MHz:

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 iw dev vw3 ibss join ibss1 2412 NOHT fixed-freq 00:76:77:33:00:00 beacon-interval 200
$ sudo ip netns exec ns4 iw dev vw4 ibss join ibss1 2412 NOHT fixed-freq 00:76:77:33:00:00 beacon-interval 200

Check the information of vw3.

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 iw dev vw3 info

You should see output similar to the following:

Interface vw3
	ifindex 6
	wdev 0x400000001
	addr 00:76:77:33:00:00
	ssid ibss1
	type IBSS
	wiphy 4
	txpower 0.00 dBm

Option2 : Using WPA

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 ip link set vw3 up
$ sudo ip netns exec ns4 ip link set vw4 up

Prepare the following script wpa_supplicant_ibss.conf (you can modify the script based on your needs):

network={
    ssid="ibss1"
    mode=1
    frequency=2412
    key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
    proto=RSN
    pairwise=CCMP
    group=CCMP
    psk="12345678"
}

Using the command wpa_supplicant, configure vw3 and vw4 to join ibss1.

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 wpa_supplicant -i vw3 -B -c scripts/wpa_supplicant_ibss.conf
$ sudo ip netns exec ns4 wpa_supplicant -i vw4 -B -c scripts/wpa_supplicant_ibss.conf

Check the information of vw3.

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 iw dev vw3 info

You should see output similar to the following:

Interface vw3
	ifindex 6
	wdev 0x400000001
	addr 00:76:77:33:00:00
	ssid ibss1
	type IBSS
	wiphy 4
	txpower 0.00 dBm

Transmission/Receivement test

To perform a ping test between two IBSS devices (vw3 and vw4) in the same ibss cell (ibss1), use the following command:

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 ping -c 1 10.0.0.5

You should see output similar to the following:

PING 10.0.0.5 (10.0.0.5) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.5: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.093 ms

--- 10.0.0.5 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.093/0.093/0.093/0.000 ms

Leave IBSS network

To leave the current IBSS cell, use iw dev [interface] ibss leave.

The following command makes vw3 and vw4 leave ibss1:

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 iw dev vw3 ibss leave
$ sudo ip netns exec ns4 iw dev vw4 ibss leave

Check the information of vw3.

$ sudo ip netns exec ns3 iw dev vw3 info

You should see output similar to the following:

Interface vw3
	ifindex 6
	wdev 0x400000001
	addr 00:76:77:33:00:00
	type IBSS
	wiphy 4
	txpower 0.00 dBm

vwifi-tool

A userspace tool which supports more user-specific utilization for vwifi. Aiming to provide more flexibility and customization for users of vwifi. Currently supporting feature:

display the status of vwifi driver
Use netlink socket to communicate with vwifi driver allowing user to configure user-specific deny list

Status checking

We can use vwifi-tool to check the status of vwifi driver by executing the following command:

$ ./vwifi-tool

If vwifi is loaded into kernel, you should see the following output:

vwifi status : live

Otherwise, vwifi isn't loaded into kernel yet, the output will be:

vwifi status : not loaded

Denylist test

vwifi also supports denylist ability to allow some interfaces to deny packets from certain interfaces. We can use vwifi-tool to set or unset denylist for vwifi, multiple options are explained as below

-d : specify the destination interface for a denylist pair
-s : specify the source interface for a denylist pair
-c : 1 means to unset the denylist in vwifi, default as 0

Set the denylist pair using vwifi-tool like the following

$ ./vwifi-tool -d vw2 -s vw1

You should see the following output, including your denylist which will be sent to vwifi

vwifi status : live
denylist:
vw2 denys vw1
Configuring denylist for vwifi...
Message from vwifi: vwifi has received your denylist

Then you can try to do the ping test again

$ sudo ip netns exec ns1 ping -c 4 10.0.0.3

You should see the following output:

PING 10.0.0.3 (10.0.0.3) 56(84) bytes of data.

--- 10.0.0.3 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 3053ms

You can adjust the content of your denylist and load it into vwifi anytime.

If you want to unset the denylist in vwifi, simply add the option -c with vwifi-tool

$ ./vwifi-tool -c

You'll see the following output

vwifi status : live
Unset denylist for vwifi...
Configuring denylist for vwifi...
Message from vwifi: vwifi has received your denylist

Testing environment (virtio)

Below is our testing environment with virtio feature:

vwifi utilizes the virtio-net device, the Linux tap device, and the Linux bridge device to enable inter-guest communication.

In our testing environment, on the host side, we create three tap devices and one bridge device. Then, we attach each tap device to the bridge device. We also create three VMs using QEMU, configuring each with a virtio-net device and specifying that each virtio-net device connects to a corresponding tap device on the host.

In VM1, the network interface created by vwifi operates in HostAP mode, with the user program hostapd running on top of it. In VM2 and VM3, we have STA mode interfaces with wpa_supplicant running on top of them.

Build and Run (virtio)

Below describes how to build a minimal workable VM environment.

Build Linux kernel

Download Linux kernel source from kernel.org.

Enter the top directory of the Linux kernel source and use the following command to generate the configuration file:

$ make menuconfig

The default kernel cofiguration will work for our testing environment, so just click save and we get .config on the top directory.

Before building the kernel, please ensure that all the needed packges or libraries have been installed in your machine.

Then Build the kernel:

$ make -j<num threads>

Once we have finished building the kernel, the bzImage will be in the arch/<architecture>/boot/ directory. For x86 machine, that is arch/x86/boot/bzImage.

Build `vwifi`

Assume directory vwifi is cloned from vwifi, and enter the top directory.

vwifi let the $(KDIR) in Makefile point to the default kernel source on the host, but the kernel version of the host may differ from the one for the VMs, so we need to replace it to point to the kernel source we previously built for the VMs:

KDIR = <linux kernel top directory for VMs>

Save the change and build vwifi:

$ make

On success, we expect that vwifi.ko will show in the top directory of vwifi.

The cfg80211 API and net device API in the kernel have changed along with the new kernel version, and forgive us for not testing for all of them.

Build Rootfs by Buildroot

We use buildroot to build our rootfs, you can either choose your desired tool for building rootfs.

Get the builtroot from https://buildroot.org.

Enter the top directory of the buildroot source and use the following command to generate the first-phase configuration file:

$ make qemu_x86_64_defconfig

The qemu_x86_64_defconfig configuration will not fit the testing environment, so we need to further configure it:

$ make menuconfig

We need a filesystem overlay for putting our vwifi kernel module and some user program's configuration file into the VM, so choose a place for the filesystem overlay (we recommand creating an empty directory for it).

Also, we need network applications like iw, hostapd and wpa_supplicant.

System configuration ---> Run a getty (login prompt) after boot ---> TTY port ---> ttyS0
System configuration ---> Root filesystem overlay directories ---> <the place you wnat>
Kernel ---> Linux Kernel ---> no
Target packages ---> Networking applications ---> hostapd
Target packages ---> Networking applications ---> iw
Target packages ---> Networking applications ---> wpa_supplicant
Filesystem images ---> ext2/3/4 root filesystem

After finishing the configuration, we can put the needed kernel modules and configuration files into the filesystem overlay directory:

cp <linux-top-dir>/net/wireless/cfg80211.ko \
<vwifi-top-dir>/vwifi.ko \
<vwifi-top-dir>/scripts/hostapd.conf \
<vwifi-top-dir>/scripts/wpa_supplicant.conf \
<overlay-dir>

Then start building rootfs:

$ make

This may take a long time, please be patient.

The output image will be output/images/rootfs.ext2. We need three images for three VMs, so we simply copy this file into three:

$ cp output/images/rootfs.ext2 output/images/rootfs2.ext2
$ cp output/images/rootfs.ext2 output/images/rootfs3.ext2

Setup Host Network Device

We need three tap devices and each of them must be attached to a bridge device. Please note, creating tap and bridge devices needs privilege permission.

Creating three tap devices:

$ sudo ip tuntap add mode tap tap0
$ sudo ip tuntap add mode tap tap1
$ sudo ip tuntap add mode tap tap2

Creating bridge device:

$ sudo ip link add name br0 type bridge

Attach three tap devices on bridge device:

$ sudo ip link set tap0 master br0
$ sudo ip link set tap1 master br0
$ sudo ip link set tap2 master br0

Start VM with Qemu

Once we have our kernel image and rootfs, we can start running Qemu:

$ sudo qemu-system-x86_64 -kernel bzImage \
-drive file=<buildroot rootfs image> -nographic \
-append "console=ttyS0" \
-append root=/dev/sda \
-netdev tap,id=<any name>,ifname=<host tap device> \
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=<the name in id=>,mac=<MAC address>,mrg_rxbuf=off \
-serial mon:stdio

You need to run the command above three times, please ensure the buildroot rootfs image, tap device and MAC address in every VM must be different. Also, ensure that the mrg_rxbuf=off has been specified.

Needed Steps in Every VM

Raondom Number Generator

hostapd and wpa_supplicant need the random number generator /dev/random for generating the random number used in a 4-way handshake. However, for some reason (which may be related to IRQ), accessing /dev/random may be not available or even not possible. And we found that /dev/urandom is always available, so we use a soft link to let the /dev/random link to /dev/urandom:

mv /dev/random /dev/random.orig
ln -s /dev/urandom /dev/random

Loading Kernel Modules

vwifi depends on cfg80211.ko, so firstly we load the cfg80211.ko:

insmod cfg80211.ko

Then we can load our vwifi.ko. Note that for now, we only allow single network interface in vwifi when it's running on virtio:

insmod vwifi.ko station=1

Setting Network Interface

Start the network interface:

ip link set vw0 up

And assign an IP address. Note that, we should assign different IP addresses (but the same subnet) for every network interface in the three VMs:

ip addr add <IP address/netmask> dev vw0

Start `hostapd` and `wpa_supplicant`

In our testing environment, the HostAP mode interface is in VM1, so running hostapd on VM1:

hostapd -i vw0 -B hostapd.conf

And running wpa_supplicant on the other two VMs:

wpa_supplicant -i vw0 -B -c wpa_supplicant.conf

For now, the two STA mode interfaces in VM1 and VM2 should have been connected to the AP mode interface in VM0.

For validating the connection for the STA mode network interface, use the following command:

iw dev vw0 link

Ping Test

In VM1, we can ping the network interfaces in VM2 and VM3:

ping <vm2 interface's ip address>

ping <vm3 interface's ip address>

Likewise, VM2 and VM3 can ping the other VMs as well.

Optional: Monitoring Wireless Device

If desired, you can use wireless device monitoring applications such as wavemon to observe signal and noise levels, packet statistics, device configuration, and network parameters of vwifi.

$ sudo apt install wavemon

License

vwifi is released under the MIT license. Use of this source code is governed by a MIT-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

Reference

mac80211_hwsim: software simulator of 802.11 radio(s) for mac80211
Emulating WLAN in Linux - part I: the 802.11 stack
Emulating WLAN in Linux - part II: mac80211_hwsim
virt_wifi: a complete virtual wireless driver that can be used as a wrapper around Ethernet.
vwifi: simulate Wi-Fi (802.11) between Linux Virtual Machines.
virtio-overview: an virtio overview.
virtio: How data travels: explain the virtqueue and virtio ring.

Files

README.md

Latest commit

History

README.md

File metadata and controls

vwifi: A Simple Virtual Wireless Driver for Linux

Prerequisite

Testing environment (non-virtio)

Infrastructure BSS

Independent BSS

Build and Run (non-virtio)

Checking Network Interfaces

Dumping Wireless Information

Creating Network Namespaces

Assigning IP Addresses to Each Interface

Running hostapd on the HostAP Mode Interface

Running wpa_supplicant on the Station Mode Interfaces

Validating the Connection

Transmission/Receivement test

IBSS mode

Creating Network Namespaces

Assigning IP Addresses to Each Interface

Option1 : Manual configuration

Switch to IBSS mode

Join IBSS network

Option2 : Using WPA

Transmission/Receivement test

Leave IBSS network

vwifi-tool

Status checking

Denylist test

Testing environment (virtio)

Build and Run (virtio)

Build Linux kernel

Build vwifi

Build Rootfs by Buildroot

Setup Host Network Device

Start VM with Qemu

Needed Steps in Every VM

Raondom Number Generator

Loading Kernel Modules

Setting Network Interface

Start hostapd and wpa_supplicant

Ping Test

Optional: Monitoring Wireless Device

License

Reference

Running `wpa_supplicant` on the Station Mode Interfaces

Build `vwifi`

Start `hostapd` and `wpa_supplicant`