Creating and Using Templates

A template is the best way to organize and render HTML from inside your application, whether you need to render HTML from a :doc:`controller </controller>` or generate the :doc:`contents of an email </mailer>`. Templates in Symfony are created with Twig: a flexible, fast, and secure template engine.

Twig Templating Language

The Twig templating language allows you to write concise, readable templates that are more friendly to web designers and, in several ways, more powerful than PHP templates. Take a look at the following Twig template example. Even if it's the first time you see Twig, you probably understand most of it:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>Welcome to Symfony!</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>{{ page_title }}</h1>

        {% if user.isLoggedIn %}
            Hello {{ user.name }}!
        {% endif %}

        {# ... #}
    </body>
</html>

Twig syntax is based on these three constructs:

{{ ... }}, used to display the content of a variable or the result of evaluating an expression;
{% ... %}, used to run some logic, such as a conditional or a loop;
{# ... #}, used to add comments to the template (unlike HTML comments, these comments are not included in the rendered page).

You can't run PHP code inside Twig templates, but Twig provides utilities to run some logic in the templates. For example, filters modify content before being rendered, like the upper filter to uppercase contents:

{{ title|upper }}

Twig comes with a long list of tags, filters and functions that are available by default. In Symfony applications you can also use these :doc:`Twig filters and functions defined by Symfony </reference/twig_reference>` and you can :ref:`create your own Twig filters and functions <templates-twig-extension>`.

Twig is fast in the prod :ref:`environment <configuration-environments>` (because templates are compiled into PHP and cached automatically), but convenient to use in the dev environment (because templates are recompiled automatically when you change them).

Twig Configuration

Twig has several configuration options to define things like the format used to display numbers and dates, the template caching, etc. Read the :doc:`Twig configuration reference </reference/configuration/twig>` to learn about them.

Creating Templates

Before explaining in detail how to create and render templates, look at the following example for a quick overview of the whole process. First, you need to create a new file in the templates/ directory to store the template contents:

{# templates/user/notifications.html.twig #}
<h1>Hello {{ user_first_name }}!</h1>
<p>You have {{ notifications|length }} new notifications.</p>

Then, create a :doc:`controller </controller>` that renders this template and passes to it the needed variables:

// src/Controller/UserController.php
namespace App\Controller;

use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

class UserController extends AbstractController
{
    // ...

    public function notifications(): Response
    {
        // get the user information and notifications somehow
        $userFirstName = '...';
        $userNotifications = ['...', '...'];

        // the template path is the relative file path from `templates/`
        return $this->render('user/notifications.html.twig', [
            // this array defines the variables passed to the template,
            // where the key is the variable name and the value is the variable value
            // (Twig recommends using snake_case variable names: 'foo_bar' instead of 'fooBar')
            'user_first_name' => $userFirstName,
            'notifications' => $userNotifications,
        ]);
    }
}

Template Naming

Symfony recommends the following for template names:

Use snake case for filenames and directories (e.g. blog_posts.html.twig, admin/default_theme/blog/index.html.twig, etc.);
Define two extensions for filenames (e.g. index.html.twig or blog_posts.xml.twig) being the first extension (html, xml, etc.) the final format that the template will generate.

Although templates usually generate HTML contents, they can generate any text-based format. That's why the two-extension convention simplifies the way templates are created and rendered for multiple formats.

Template Location

Templates are stored by default in the templates/ directory. When a service or controller renders the product/index.html.twig template, they are actually referring to the <your-project>/templates/product/index.html.twig file.

The default templates directory is configurable with the :ref:`twig.default_path <config-twig-default-path>` option and you can add more template directories :ref:`as explained later <templates-namespaces>` in this article.

Template Variables

A common need for templates is to print the values stored in the templates passed from the controller or service. Variables usually store objects and arrays instead of strings, numbers and boolean values. That's why Twig provides quick access to complex PHP variables. Consider the following template:

<p>{{ user.name }} added this comment on {{ comment.publishedAt|date }}</p>

The user.name notation means that you want to display some information (name) stored in a variable (user). Is user an array or an object? Is name a property or a method? In Twig this doesn't matter.

When using the foo.bar notation, Twig tries to get the value of the variable in the following order:

$foo['bar'] (array and element);
$foo->bar (object and public property);
$foo->bar() (object and public method);
$foo->getBar() (object and getter method);
$foo->isBar() (object and isser method);
$foo->hasBar() (object and hasser method);
If none of the above exists, use null (or throw a Twig\Error\RuntimeError exception if the :ref:`strict_variables <config-twig-strict-variables>` option is enabled).

This allows to evolve your application code without having to change the template code (you can start with array variables for the application proof of concept, then move to objects with methods, etc.)

Linking to Pages

Instead of writing the link URLs by hand, use the path() function to generate URLs based on the :ref:`routing configuration <routing-creating-routes>`.

Later, if you want to modify the URL of a particular page, all you'll need to do is change the routing configuration: the templates will automatically generate the new URL.

Consider the following routing configuration:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: php-attributes

        // src/Controller/BlogController.php
        namespace App\Controller;

        // ...
        use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\Annotation\Route;

        class BlogController extends AbstractController
        {
            #[Route('/', name: 'blog_index')]
            public function index(): Response
            {
                // ...
            }

            #[Route('/article/{slug}', name: 'blog_post')]
            public function show(string $slug): Response
            {
                // ...
            }
        }

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # config/routes.yaml
        blog_index:
            path:       /
            controller: App\Controller\BlogController::index

        blog_post:
            path:       /article/{slug}
            controller: App\Controller\BlogController::show

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- config/routes.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <routes xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/routing"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/routing
                https://symfony.com/schema/routing/routing-1.0.xsd">

            <route id="blog_index"
                path="/"
                controller="App\Controller\BlogController::index"/>

            <route id="blog_post"
                path="/article/{slug}"
                controller="App\Controller\BlogController::show"/>
        </routes>

    .. code-block:: php

        // config/routes.php
        use App\Controller\BlogController;
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\Loader\Configurator\RoutingConfigurator;

        return function (RoutingConfigurator $routes): void {
            $routes->add('blog_index', '/')
                ->controller([BlogController::class, 'index'])
            ;

            $routes->add('blog_post', '/articles/{slug}')
                ->controller([BlogController::class, 'show'])
            ;
        };

Use the path() Twig function to link to these pages and pass the route name as the first argument and the route parameters as the optional second argument:

<a href="{{ path('blog_index') }}">Homepage</a>

{# ... #}

{% for post in blog_posts %}
    <h1>
        <a href="{{ path('blog_post', {slug: post.slug}) }}">{{ post.title }}</a>
    </h1>

    <p>{{ post.excerpt }}</p>
{% endfor %}

The path() function generates relative URLs. If you need to generate absolute URLs (for example when rendering templates for emails or RSS feeds), use the url() function, which takes the same arguments as path() (e.g. <a href="{{ url('blog_index') }}"> ... </a>).

Linking to CSS, JavaScript and Image Assets

If a template needs to link to a static asset (e.g. an image), Symfony provides an asset() Twig function to help generate that URL. First, install the asset package:

$ composer require symfony/asset

You can now use the asset() function:

{# the image lives at "public/images/logo.png" #}
<img src="{{ asset('images/logo.png') }}" alt="Symfony!"/>

{# the CSS file lives at "public/css/blog.css" #}
<link href="{{ asset('css/blog.css') }}" rel="stylesheet"/>

{# the JS file lives at "public/bundles/acme/js/loader.js" #}
<script src="{{ asset('bundles/acme/js/loader.js') }}"></script>

The asset() function's main purpose is to make your application more portable. If your application lives at the root of your host (e.g. https://example.com), then the rendered path should be /images/logo.png. But if your application lives in a subdirectory (e.g. https://example.com/my_app), each asset path should render with the subdirectory (e.g. /my_app/images/logo.png). The asset() function takes care of this by determining how your application is being used and generating the correct paths accordingly.

Tip

The asset() function supports various cache busting techniques via the :ref:`version <reference-framework-assets-version>`, :ref:`version_format <reference-assets-version-format>`, and :ref:`json_manifest_path <reference-assets-json-manifest-path>` configuration options.

If you need absolute URLs for assets, use the absolute_url() Twig function as follows:

<img src="{{ absolute_url(asset('images/logo.png')) }}" alt="Symfony!"/>

<link rel="shortcut icon" href="{{ absolute_url('favicon.png') }}">

Build, Versioning & More Advanced CSS, JavaScript and Image Handling

For help building, versioning and minifying your JavaScript and CSS assets in a modern way, read about :doc:`Symfony's Webpack Encore </frontend>`.

The App Global Variable

Symfony creates a context object that is injected into every Twig template automatically as a variable called app. It provides access to some application information:

<p>Username: {{ app.user.username ?? 'Anonymous user' }}</p>
{% if app.debug %}
    <p>Request method: {{ app.request.method }}</p>
    <p>Application Environment: {{ app.environment }}</p>
{% endif %}

The app variable (which is an instance of :class:`Symfony\\Bridge\\Twig\\AppVariable`) gives you access to these variables:

app.user: The :ref:`current user object <create-user-class>` or null if the user is not authenticated.
app.request: The :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\Request` object that stores the current :ref:`request data <accessing-request-data>` (depending on your application, this can be a :ref:`sub-request <http-kernel-sub-requests>` or a regular request).
app.session: The :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\Session\\Session` object that represents the current :doc:`user's session </session>` or null if there is none.
app.flashes: An array of all the :ref:`flash messages <flash-messages>` stored in the session. You can also get only the messages of some type (e.g. app.flashes('notice')).
app.environment: The name of the current :ref:`configuration environment <configuration-environments>` (dev, prod, etc).
app.debug: True if in :ref:`debug mode <debug-mode>`. False otherwise.
app.token: A :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\Authentication\\Token\\TokenInterface` object representing the security token.
app.current_route: The name of the route associated with the current request or null if no request is available (equivalent to app.request.attributes.get('_route'))
app.current_route_parameters: An array with the parameters passed to the route of the current request or an empty array if no request is available (equivalent to app.request.attributes.get('_route_params'))
app.locale: The locale used in the current :ref:`locale switcher <locale-switcher>` context.

.. versionadded:: 6.2

    The ``app.current_route`` and ``app.current_route_parameters`` variables
    were introduced in Symfony 6.2.

.. versionadded:: 6.3

    The ``app.locale`` variable was introduced in Symfony 6.3.

In addition to the global app variable injected by Symfony, you can also inject variables automatically to all Twig templates as explained in the next section.

Global Variables

Twig allows you to automatically inject one or more variables into all templates. These global variables are defined in the twig.globals option inside the main Twig configuration file:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # config/packages/twig.yaml
        twig:
            # ...
            globals:
                ga_tracking: 'UA-xxxxx-x'

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- config/packages/twig.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <container xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xmlns:twig="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services
                https://symfony.com/schema/dic/services/services-1.0.xsd
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig
                https://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig/twig-1.0.xsd">

            <twig:config>
                <!-- ... -->
                <twig:global key="ga_tracking">UA-xxxxx-x</twig:global>
            </twig:config>
        </container>

    .. code-block:: php

        // config/packages/twig.php
        use Symfony\Config\TwigConfig;

        return static function (TwigConfig $twig): void {
            // ...

            $twig->global('ga_tracking')->value('UA-xxxxx-x');
        };

Now, the variable ga_tracking is available in all Twig templates, so you can use it without having to pass it explicitly from the controller or service that renders the template:

<p>The Google tracking code is: {{ ga_tracking }}</p>

In addition to static values, Twig global variables can also reference services from the :doc:`service container </service_container>`. The main drawback is that these services are not loaded lazily. In other words, as soon as Twig is loaded, your service is instantiated, even if you never use that global variable.

To define a service as a global Twig variable, prefix the service ID string with the @ character, which is the usual syntax to :ref:`refer to services in container parameters <service-container-parameters>`:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # config/packages/twig.yaml
        twig:
            # ...
            globals:
                # the value is the service's id
                uuid: '@App\Generator\UuidGenerator'

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- config/packages/twig.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <container xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xmlns:twig="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services
                https://symfony.com/schema/dic/services/services-1.0.xsd
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig
                https://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig/twig-1.0.xsd">

            <twig:config>
                <!-- ... -->
                <twig:global key="uuid" id="App\Generator\UuidGenerator" type="service"/>
            </twig:config>
        </container>

    .. code-block:: php

        // config/packages/twig.php
        use function Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Loader\Configurator\service;
        use Symfony\Config\TwigConfig;

        return static function (TwigConfig $twig): void {
            // ...

            $twig->global('uuid')->value(service('App\Generator\UuidGenerator'));
        };

Now you can use the uuid variable in any Twig template to access to the UuidGenerator service:

UUID: {{ uuid.generate }}

Twig Components

Twig components are an alternative way to render templates, where each template is bound to a "component class". This makes it easier to render and re-use small template "units" - like an alert, markup for a modal, or a category sidebar.

For more information, see UX Twig Component.

Twig components also have one other superpower: they can become "live", where they automatically update (via Ajax) as the user interacts with them. For example, when your user types into a box, your Twig component will re-render via Ajax to show a list of results!

To learn more, see UX Live Component.

Rendering Templates

Rendering a Template in Controllers

If your controller extends from the :ref:`AbstractController <the-base-controller-class-services>`, use the render() helper:

// src/Controller/ProductController.php
namespace App\Controller;

use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

class ProductController extends AbstractController
{
    public function index(): Response
    {
        // ...

        // the `render()` method returns a `Response` object with the
        // contents created by the template
        return $this->render('product/index.html.twig', [
            'category' => '...',
            'promotions' => ['...', '...'],
        ]);

        // the `renderView()` method only returns the contents created by the
        // template, so you can use those contents later in a `Response` object
        $contents = $this->renderView('product/index.html.twig', [
            'category' => '...',
            'promotions' => ['...', '...'],
        ]);

        return new Response($contents);
    }
}

If your controller does not extend from AbstractController, you'll need to :ref:`fetch services in your controller <controller-accessing-services>` and use the render() method of the twig service.

Another option is to use the #[Template()] attribute on the controller method to define the template to render:

// src/Controller/ProductController.php
namespace App\Controller;

use Symfony\Bridge\Twig\Attribute\Template;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

class ProductController extends AbstractController
{
    #[Template('product/index.html.twig')]
    public function index(): array
    {
        // ...

        // when using the #[Template()] attribute, you only need to return
        // an array with the parameters to pass to the template (the attribute
        // is the one which will create and return the Response object).
        return [
            'category' => '...',
            'promotions' => ['...', '...'],
        ];
    }
}

.. versionadded:: 6.2

    The ``#[Template()]`` attribute was introduced in Symfony 6.2.

Rendering a Template in Services

Inject the twig Symfony service into your own services and use its render() method. When using :doc:`service autowiring </service_container/autowiring>` you only need to add an argument in the service constructor and type-hint it with the Twig Environment:

// src/Service/SomeService.php
namespace App\Service;

use Twig\Environment;

class SomeService
{
    public function __construct(
        private Environment $twig,
    ) {
    }

    public function someMethod(): void
    {
        // ...

        $htmlContents = $this->twig->render('product/index.html.twig', [
            'category' => '...',
            'promotions' => ['...', '...'],
        ]);
    }
}

Rendering a Template in Emails

Read the docs about the :ref:`mailer and Twig integration <mailer-twig>`.

Rendering a Template Directly from a Route

Although templates are usually rendered in controllers and services, you can render static pages that don't need any variables directly from the route definition. Use the special :class:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\TemplateController` provided by Symfony:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # config/routes.yaml
        acme_privacy:
            path:          /privacy
            controller:    Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\TemplateController
            defaults:
                # the path of the template to render
                template:  'static/privacy.html.twig'

                # the response status code (default: 200)
                statusCode: 200

                # special options defined by Symfony to set the page cache
                maxAge:    86400
                sharedAge: 86400

                # whether or not caching should apply for client caches only
                private: true

                # optionally you can define some arguments passed to the template
                context:
                    site_name: 'ACME'
                    theme: 'dark'

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- config/routes.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <routes xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/routing"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/routing https://symfony.com/schema/routing/routing-1.0.xsd">

            <route id="acme_privacy"
                path="/privacy"
                controller="Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\TemplateController">
                <!-- the path of the template to render -->
                <default key="template">static/privacy.html.twig</default>

                <!-- the response status code (default: 200) -->
                <default key="statusCode">200</default>

                <!-- special options defined by Symfony to set the page cache -->
                <default key="maxAge">86400</default>
                <default key="sharedAge">86400</default>

                <!-- whether or not caching should apply for client caches only -->
                <default key="private">true</default>

                <!-- optionally you can define some arguments passed to the template -->
                <default key="context">
                    <default key="site_name">ACME</default>
                    <default key="theme">dark</default>
                </default>
            </route>
        </routes>

    .. code-block:: php

        // config/routes.php
        use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\TemplateController;
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\Loader\Configurator\RoutingConfigurator;

        return function (RoutingConfigurator $routes): void {
            $routes->add('acme_privacy', '/privacy')
                ->controller(TemplateController::class)
                ->defaults([
                    // the path of the template to render
                    'template'  => 'static/privacy.html.twig',

                    // the response status code (default: 200)
                    'statusCode' => 200,

                    // special options defined by Symfony to set the page cache
                    'maxAge'    => 86400,
                    'sharedAge' => 86400,

                    // whether or not caching should apply for client caches only
                    'private' => true,

                    // optionally you can define some arguments passed to the template
                    'context' => [
                        'site_name' => 'ACME',
                        'theme' => 'dark',
                    ]
                ])
            ;
        };

Checking if a Template Exists

Templates are loaded in the application using a Twig template loader, which also provides a method to check for template existence. First, get the loader:

use Twig\Environment;

class YourService
{
    // this code assumes that your service uses autowiring to inject dependencies
    // otherwise, inject the service called 'twig' manually
    public function __construct(Environment $twig)
    {
        $loader = $twig->getLoader();
    }
}

Then, pass the path of the Twig template to the exists() method of the loader:

if ($loader->exists('theme/layout_responsive.html.twig')) {
    // the template exists, do something
    // ...
}

Debugging Templates

Symfony provides several utilities to help you debug issues in your templates.

Linting Twig Templates

The lint:twig command checks that your Twig templates don't have any syntax errors. It's useful to run it before deploying your application to production (e.g. in your continuous integration server):

# check all the application templates
$ php bin/console lint:twig

# you can also check directories and individual templates
$ php bin/console lint:twig templates/email/
$ php bin/console lint:twig templates/article/recent_list.html.twig

# you can also show the deprecated features used in your templates
$ php bin/console lint:twig --show-deprecations templates/email/

When running the linter inside GitHub Actions, the output is automatically adapted to the format required by GitHub, but you can force that format too:

$ php bin/console lint:twig --format=github

Inspecting Twig Information

The debug:twig command lists all the information available about Twig (functions, filters, global variables, etc.). It's useful to check if your :ref:`custom Twig extensions <templates-twig-extension>` are working properly and also to check the Twig features added when :ref:`installing packages <symfony-flex>`:

# list general information
$ php bin/console debug:twig

# filter output by any keyword
$ php bin/console debug:twig --filter=date

# pass a template path to show the physical file which will be loaded
$ php bin/console debug:twig @Twig/Exception/error.html.twig

The Dump Twig Utilities

Symfony provides a :ref:`dump() function <components-var-dumper-dump>` as an improved alternative to PHP's var_dump() function. This function is useful to inspect the contents of any variable and you can use it in Twig templates too.

First, make sure that the VarDumper component is installed in the application:

$ composer require --dev symfony/debug-bundle

Then, use either the {% dump %} tag or the {{ dump() }} function depending on your needs:

{# templates/article/recent_list.html.twig #}
{# the contents of this variable are sent to the Web Debug Toolbar
   instead of dumping them inside the page contents #}
{% dump articles %}

{% for article in articles %}
    {# the contents of this variable are dumped inside the page contents
       and they are visible on the web page #}
    {{ dump(article) }}

    {# optionally, use named arguments to display them as labels next to
       the dumped contents #}
    {{ dump(blog_posts: articles, user: app.user) }}

    <a href="/article/{{ article.slug }}">
        {{ article.title }}
    </a>
{% endfor %}

.. versionadded:: 6.3

    The option to use named arguments in ``dump()`` was introduced in Symfony 6.3.

To avoid leaking sensitive information, the dump() function/tag is only available in the dev and test :ref:`configuration environments <configuration-environments>`. If you try to use it in the prod environment, you will see a PHP error.

Reusing Template Contents

Including Templates

If certain Twig code is repeated in several templates, you can extract it into a single "template fragment" and include it in other templates. Imagine that the following code to display the user information is repeated in several places:

{# templates/blog/index.html.twig #}

{# ... #}
<div class="user-profile">
    <img src="{{ user.profileImageUrl }}" alt="{{ user.fullName }}"/>
    <p>{{ user.fullName }} - {{ user.email }}</p>
</div>

First, create a new Twig template called blog/_user_profile.html.twig (the _ prefix is optional, but it's a convention used to better differentiate between full templates and template fragments).

Then, remove that content from the original blog/index.html.twig template and add the following to include the template fragment:

{# templates/blog/index.html.twig #}

{# ... #}
{{ include('blog/_user_profile.html.twig') }}

The include() Twig function takes as argument the path of the template to include. The included template has access to all the variables of the template that includes it (use the with_context option to control this).

You can also pass variables to the included template. This is useful for example to rename variables. Imagine that your template stores the user information in a variable called blog_post.author instead of the user variable that the template fragment expects. Use the following to rename the variable:

{# templates/blog/index.html.twig #}

{# ... #}
{{ include('blog/_user_profile.html.twig', {user: blog_post.author}) }}

Embedding Controllers

:ref:`Including template fragments <templates-include>` is useful to reuse the same content on several pages. However, this technique is not the best solution in some cases.

Imagine that the template fragment displays the three most recent blog articles. To do that, it needs to make a database query to get those articles. When using the include() function, you'd need to do the same database query in every page that includes the fragment. This is not very convenient.

A better alternative is to embed the result of executing some controller with the render() and controller() Twig functions.

First, create the controller that renders a certain number of recent articles:

// src/Controller/BlogController.php
namespace App\Controller;

use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
// ...

class BlogController extends AbstractController
{
    public function recentArticles(int $max = 3): Response
    {
        // get the recent articles somehow (e.g. making a database query)
        $articles = ['...', '...', '...'];

        return $this->render('blog/_recent_articles.html.twig', [
            'articles' => $articles
        ]);
    }
}

Then, create the blog/_recent_articles.html.twig template fragment (the _ prefix in the template name is optional, but it's a convention used to better differentiate between full templates and template fragments):

{# templates/blog/_recent_articles.html.twig #}
{% for article in articles %}
    <a href="{{ path('blog_show', {slug: article.slug}) }}">
        {{ article.title }}
    </a>
{% endfor %}

Now you can call to this controller from any template to embed its result:

{# templates/base.html.twig #}

{# ... #}
<div id="sidebar">
    {# if the controller is associated with a route, use the path() or url() functions #}
    {{ render(path('latest_articles', {max: 3})) }}
    {{ render(url('latest_articles', {max: 3})) }}

    {# if you don't want to expose the controller with a public URL,
       use the controller() function to define the controller to execute #}
    {{ render(controller(
        'App\\Controller\\BlogController::recentArticles', {max: 3}
    )) }}
</div>

When using the controller() function, controllers are not accessed using a regular Symfony route but through a special URL used exclusively to serve those template fragments. Configure that special URL in the fragments option:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # config/packages/framework.yaml
        framework:
            # ...
            fragments: { path: /_fragment }

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- config/packages/framework.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <container xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xmlns:framework="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services
                https://symfony.com/schema/dic/services/services-1.0.xsd
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony https://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony/symfony-1.0.xsd">

            <!-- ... -->
            <framework:config>
                <framework:fragment path="/_fragment"/>
            </framework:config>
        </container>

    .. code-block:: php

        // config/packages/framework.php
        use Symfony\Config\FrameworkConfig;

        return static function (FrameworkConfig $framework): void {
            // ...
            $framework->fragments()->path('/_fragment');
        };

Caution!

Embedding controllers requires making requests to those controllers and rendering some templates as result. This can have a significant impact on the application performance if you embed lots of controllers. If possible, :doc:`cache the template fragment </http_cache/esi>`.

How to Embed Asynchronous Content with hinclude.js

Templates can also embed contents asynchronously with the hinclude.js JavaScript library.

First, include the hinclude.js library in your page :ref:`linking to it <templates-link-to-assets>` from the template or adding it to your application JavaScript :doc:`using Webpack Encore </frontend>`.

As the embedded content comes from another page (or controller for that matter), Symfony uses a version of the standard render() function to configure hinclude tags in templates:

{{ render_hinclude(controller('...')) }}
{{ render_hinclude(url('...')) }}

Note

When using the controller() function, you must also configure the :ref:`fragments path option <fragments-path-config>`.

When JavaScript is disabled or it takes a long time to load you can display a default content rendering some template:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # config/packages/framework.yaml
        framework:
            # ...
            fragments:
                hinclude_default_template: hinclude.html.twig

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- config/packages/framework.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <container xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xmlns:framework="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services
                https://symfony.com/schema/dic/services/services-1.0.xsd
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony https://symfony.com/schema/dic/symfony/symfony-1.0.xsd">

            <!-- ... -->
            <framework:config>
                <framework:fragments hinclude-default-template="hinclude.html.twig"/>
            </framework:config>
        </container>

    .. code-block:: php

        // config/packages/framework.php
        use Symfony\Config\FrameworkConfig;

        return static function (FrameworkConfig $framework): void {
            // ...
            $framework->fragments()
                ->hincludeDefaultTemplate('hinclude.html.twig')
            ;
        };

You can define default templates per render() function (which will override any global default template that is defined):

{{ render_hinclude(controller('...'),  {
    default: 'default/content.html.twig'
}) }}

Or you can also specify a string to display as the default content:

{{ render_hinclude(controller('...'), {default: 'Loading...'}) }}

Use the attributes option to define the value of hinclude.js options:

{# by default, cross-site requests don't use credentials such as cookies, authorization
   headers or TLS client certificates; set this option to 'true' to use them #}
{{ render_hinclude(controller('...'), {attributes: {'data-with-credentials': 'true'}}) }}

{# by default, the JavaScript code included in the loaded contents is not run;
   set this option to 'true' to run that JavaScript code #}
{{ render_hinclude(controller('...'), {attributes: {evaljs: 'true'}}) }}

Template Inheritance and Layouts

As your application grows you'll find more and more repeated elements between pages, such as headers, footers, sidebars, etc. :ref:`Including templates <templates-include>` and :ref:`embedding controllers <templates-embed-controllers>` can help, but when pages share a common structure, it's better to use inheritance.

The concept of Twig template inheritance is similar to PHP class inheritance. You define a parent template that other templates can extend from and child templates can override parts of the parent template.

Symfony recommends the following three-level template inheritance for medium and complex applications:

templates/base.html.twig, defines the common elements of all application templates, such as <head>, <header>, <footer>, etc.;
templates/layout.html.twig, extends from base.html.twig and defines the content structure used in all or most of the pages, such as a two-column content + sidebar layout. Some sections of the application can define their own layouts (e.g. templates/blog/layout.html.twig);
templates/*.html.twig, the application pages which extend from the main layout.html.twig template or any other section layout.

In practice, the base.html.twig template would look like this:

{# templates/base.html.twig #}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>{% block title %}My Application{% endblock %}</title>
        {% block stylesheets %}
            <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/base.css"/>
        {% endblock %}
    </head>
    <body>
        {% block body %}
            <div id="sidebar">
                {% block sidebar %}
                    <ul>
                        <li><a href="{{ path('homepage') }}">Home</a></li>
                        <li><a href="{{ path('blog_index') }}">Blog</a></li>
                    </ul>
                {% endblock %}
            </div>

            <div id="content">
                {% block content %}{% endblock %}
            </div>
        {% endblock %}
    </body>
</html>

The Twig block tag defines the page sections that can be overridden in the child templates. They can be empty, like the content block or define a default content, like the title block, which is displayed when child templates don't override them.

The blog/layout.html.twig template could be like this:

{# templates/blog/layout.html.twig #}
{% extends 'base.html.twig' %}

{% block content %}
    <h1>Blog</h1>

    {% block page_contents %}{% endblock %}
{% endblock %}

The template extends from base.html.twig and only defines the contents of the content block. The rest of the parent template blocks will display their default contents. However, they can be overridden by the third-level inheritance template, such as blog/index.html.twig, which displays the blog index:

{# templates/blog/index.html.twig #}
{% extends 'blog/layout.html.twig' %}

{% block title %}Blog Index{% endblock %}

{% block page_contents %}
    {% for article in articles %}
        <h2>{{ article.title }}</h2>
        <p>{{ article.body }}</p>
    {% endfor %}
{% endblock %}

This template extends from the second-level template (blog/layout.html.twig) but overrides blocks of different parent templates: page_contents from blog/layout.html.twig and title from base.html.twig.

When you render the blog/index.html.twig template, Symfony uses three different templates to create the final contents. This inheritance mechanism boosts your productivity because each template includes only its unique contents and leaves the repeated contents and HTML structure to some parent templates.

Caution!

When using extends, a child template is forbidden to define template parts outside of a block. The following code throws a SyntaxError:

{# app/Resources/views/blog/index.html.twig #}
{% extends 'base.html.twig' %}

{# the line below is not captured by a "block" tag #}
<div class="alert">Some Alert</div>

{# the following is valid #}
{% block content %}My cool blog posts{% endblock %}

Read the Twig template inheritance docs to learn more about how to reuse parent block contents when overriding templates and other advanced features.

Output Escaping

Imagine that your template includes the Hello {{ name }} code to display the user name. If a malicious user sets <script>alert('hello!')</script> as their name and you output that value unchanged, the application will display a JavaScript popup window.

This is known as a Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack. And while the previous example seems harmless, the attacker could write more advanced JavaScript code to perform malicious actions.

To prevent this attack, use "output escaping" to transform the characters which have special meaning (e.g. replace < by the < HTML entity). Symfony applications are safe by default because they perform automatic output escaping:

<p>Hello {{ name }}</p>
{# if 'name' is '<script>alert('hello!')</script>', Twig will output this:
   '<p>Hello &lt;script&gt;alert(&#39;hello!&#39;)&lt;/script&gt;</p>' #}

If you are rendering a variable that is trusted and contains HTML contents, use the Twig raw filter to disable the output escaping for that variable:

<h1>{{ product.title|raw }}</h1>
{# if 'product.title' is 'Lorem <strong>Ipsum</strong>', Twig will output
   exactly that instead of 'Lorem &lt;strong&gt;Ipsum&lt;/strong&gt;' #}

Read the Twig output escaping docs to learn more about how to disable output escaping for a block or even an entire template.

Template Namespaces

Although most applications store their templates in the default templates/ directory, you may need to store some or all of them in different directories. Use the twig.paths option to configure those extra directories. Each path is defined as a key: value pair where the key is the template directory and the value is the Twig namespace, which is explained later:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # config/packages/twig.yaml
        twig:
            # ...
            paths:
                # directories are relative to the project root dir (but you
                # can also use absolute directories)
                'email/default/templates': ~
                'backend/templates': ~

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- config/packages/twig.xml -->
        <container xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xmlns:twig="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services
                https://symfony.com/schema/dic/services/services-1.0.xsd
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig https://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig/twig-1.0.xsd">

            <twig:config>
                <!-- ... -->
                <!-- directories are relative to the project root dir (but you
                     can also use absolute directories -->
                <twig:path>email/default/templates</twig:path>
                <twig:path>backend/templates</twig:path>
            </twig:config>
        </container>

    .. code-block:: php

        // config/packages/twig.php
        use Symfony\Config\TwigConfig;

        return static function (TwigConfig $twig): void {
            // ...

            // directories are relative to the project root dir (but you
            // can also use absolute directories)
            $twig->path('email/default/templates', null);
            $twig->path('backend/templates', null);
        };

When rendering a template, Symfony looks for it first in the twig.paths directories that don't define a namespace and then falls back to the default template directory (usually, templates/).

Using the above configuration, if your application renders for example the layout.html.twig template, Symfony will first look for email/default/templates/layout.html.twig and backend/templates/layout.html.twig. If any of those templates exists, Symfony will use it instead of using templates/layout.html.twig, which is probably the template you wanted to use.

Twig solves this problem with namespaces, which group several templates under a logic name unrelated to their actual location. Update the previous configuration to define a namespace for each template directory:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # config/packages/twig.yaml
        twig:
            # ...
            paths:
                'email/default/templates': 'email'
                'backend/templates': 'admin'

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- config/packages/twig.xml -->
        <container xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xmlns:twig="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services
                https://symfony.com/schema/dic/services/services-1.0.xsd
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig https://symfony.com/schema/dic/twig/twig-1.0.xsd">

            <twig:config>
                <!-- ... -->
                <twig:path namespace="email">email/default/templates</twig:path>
                <twig:path namespace="admin">backend/templates</twig:path>
            </twig:config>
        </container>

    .. code-block:: php

        // config/packages/twig.php
        use Symfony\Config\TwigConfig;

        return static function (TwigConfig $twig): void {
            // ...

            $twig->path('email/default/templates', 'email');
            $twig->path('backend/templates', 'admin');
        };

Now, if you render the layout.html.twig template, Symfony will render the templates/layout.html.twig file. Use the special syntax @ + namespace to refer to the other namespaced templates (e.g. @email/layout.html.twig and @admin/layout.html.twig).

Note

A single Twig namespace can be associated with more than one template directory. In that case, the order in which paths are added is important because Twig will start looking for templates from the first defined path.

Bundle Templates

If you :ref:`install packages/bundles <symfony-flex>` in your application, they may include their own Twig templates (in the Resources/views/ directory of each bundle). To avoid messing with your own templates, Symfony adds bundle templates under an automatic namespace created after the bundle name.

For example, the templates of a bundle called AcmeBlogBundle are available under the AcmeBlog namespace. If this bundle includes the template <your-project>/vendor/acme/blog-bundle/Resources/views/user/profile.html.twig, you can refer to it as @AcmeBlog/user/profile.html.twig.

Tip

You can also :ref:`override bundle templates <override-templates>` in case you want to change some parts of the original bundle templates.

Writing a Twig Extension

Twig Extensions allow the creation of custom functions, filters, and more to use in your Twig templates. Before writing your own Twig extension, check if the filter/function that you need is already implemented in:

The default Twig filters and functions;
The :doc:`Twig filters and functions added by Symfony </reference/twig_reference>`;
The official Twig extensions related to strings, HTML, Markdown, internationalization, etc.

Create the Extension Class

Suppose you want to create a new filter called price that formats a number as currency:

{{ product.price|price }}

{# pass in the 3 optional arguments #}
{{ product.price|price(2, ',', '.') }}

Create a class that extends AbstractExtension and fill in the logic:

// src/Twig/AppExtension.php
namespace App\Twig;

use Twig\Extension\AbstractExtension;
use Twig\TwigFilter;

class AppExtension extends AbstractExtension
{
    public function getFilters(): array
    {
        return [
            new TwigFilter('price', [$this, 'formatPrice']),
        ];
    }

    public function formatPrice(float $number, int $decimals = 0, string $decPoint = '.', string $thousandsSep = ','): string
    {
        $price = number_format($number, $decimals, $decPoint, $thousandsSep);
        $price = '$'.$price;

        return $price;
    }
}

If you want to create a function instead of a filter, define the getFunctions() method:

// src/Twig/AppExtension.php
namespace App\Twig;

use Twig\Extension\AbstractExtension;
use Twig\TwigFunction;

class AppExtension extends AbstractExtension
{
    public function getFunctions(): array
    {
        return [
            new TwigFunction('area', [$this, 'calculateArea']),
        ];
    }

    public function calculateArea(int $width, int $length): int
    {
        return $width * $length;
    }
}

Tip

Along with custom filters and functions, you can also register global variables.

Register an Extension as a Service

Next, register your class as a service and tag it with twig.extension. If you're using the :ref:`default services.yaml configuration <service-container-services-load-example>`, you're done! Symfony will automatically know about your new service and add the tag.

You can now start using your filter in any Twig template. Optionally, execute this command to confirm that your new filter was successfully registered:

# display all information about Twig
$ php bin/console debug:twig

# display only the information about a specific filter
$ php bin/console debug:twig --filter=price

Creating Lazy-Loaded Twig Extensions

Including the code of the custom filters/functions in the Twig extension class is the simplest way to create extensions. However, Twig must initialize all extensions before rendering any template, even if the template doesn't use an extension.

If extensions don't define dependencies (i.e. if you don't inject services in them) performance is not affected. However, if extensions define lots of complex dependencies (e.g. those making database connections), the performance loss can be significant.

That's why Twig allows decoupling the extension definition from its implementation. Following the same example as before, the first change would be to remove the formatPrice() method from the extension and update the PHP callable defined in getFilters():

// src/Twig/AppExtension.php
namespace App\Twig;

use App\Twig\AppRuntime;
use Twig\Extension\AbstractExtension;
use Twig\TwigFilter;

class AppExtension extends AbstractExtension
{
    public function getFilters(): array
    {
        return [
            // the logic of this filter is now implemented in a different class
            new TwigFilter('price', [AppRuntime::class, 'formatPrice']),
        ];
    }
}

Then, create the new AppRuntime class (it's not required but these classes are suffixed with Runtime by convention) and include the logic of the previous formatPrice() method:

// src/Twig/AppRuntime.php
namespace App\Twig;

use Twig\Extension\RuntimeExtensionInterface;

class AppRuntime implements RuntimeExtensionInterface
{
    public function __construct()
    {
        // this simple example doesn't define any dependency, but in your own
        // extensions, you'll need to inject services using this constructor
    }

    public function formatPrice(float $number, int $decimals = 0, string $decPoint = '.', string $thousandsSep = ','): string
    {
        $price = number_format($number, $decimals, $decPoint, $thousandsSep);
        $price = '$'.$price;

        return $price;
    }
}

If you're using the default services.yaml configuration, this will already work! Otherwise, :ref:`create a service <service-container-creating-service>` for this class and :doc:`tag your service </service_container/tags>` with twig.runtime.

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templates.rst

templates.rst

Creating and Using Templates

Twig Templating Language

Twig Configuration

Creating Templates

Template Naming

Template Location

Template Variables

Linking to Pages

Linking to CSS, JavaScript and Image Assets

Build, Versioning & More Advanced CSS, JavaScript and Image Handling

The App Global Variable

Global Variables

Twig Components

Rendering Templates

Rendering a Template in Controllers

Rendering a Template in Services

Rendering a Template in Emails

Rendering a Template Directly from a Route

Checking if a Template Exists

Debugging Templates

Linting Twig Templates

Inspecting Twig Information

The Dump Twig Utilities

Reusing Template Contents

Including Templates

Embedding Controllers

How to Embed Asynchronous Content with hinclude.js

Template Inheritance and Layouts

Output Escaping

Template Namespaces

Bundle Templates

Writing a Twig Extension

Create the Extension Class

Register an Extension as a Service

Creating Lazy-Loaded Twig Extensions

Files

templates.rst

Latest commit

History

templates.rst

File metadata and controls

Creating and Using Templates

Twig Templating Language

Twig Configuration

Creating Templates

Template Naming

Template Location

Template Variables

Linking to Pages

Linking to CSS, JavaScript and Image Assets

Build, Versioning & More Advanced CSS, JavaScript and Image Handling

The App Global Variable

Global Variables

Twig Components

Rendering Templates

Rendering a Template in Controllers

Rendering a Template in Services

Rendering a Template in Emails

Rendering a Template Directly from a Route

Checking if a Template Exists

Debugging Templates

Linting Twig Templates

Inspecting Twig Information

The Dump Twig Utilities

Reusing Template Contents

Including Templates

Embedding Controllers

How to Embed Asynchronous Content with hinclude.js

Template Inheritance and Layouts

Output Escaping

Template Namespaces

Bundle Templates

Writing a Twig Extension

Create the Extension Class

Register an Extension as a Service

Creating Lazy-Loaded Twig Extensions