chore: Update deprecated actions

[mikrostew]

There are a lot of deprecation warnings in our recent workflow runs (for ex. 1, 2, 3).

All of these contain multiple instances of the same three things:

Node.js 12 actions are deprecated. For more information see: https://github.blog/changelog/2022-09-22-github-actions-all-actions-will-begin-running-on-node16-instead-of-node12/. Please update the following actions to use Node.js 16: actions/checkout, actions-rs/toolchain, actions/upload-artifact, actions/checkout

Node.js 12 actions are deprecated. For more information see: https://github.blog/changelog/2022-09-22-github-actions-all-actions-will-begin-running-on-node16-instead-of-node12/. Please update the following actions to use Node.js 16: actions-rs/cargo

The `set-output` command is deprecated and will be disabled soon. Please upgrade to using Environment Files. For more information see: https://github.blog/changelog/2022-10-11-github-actions-deprecating-save-state-and-set-output-commands/

This change updates some actions to fix these:

• actions/checkout to v3, which uses node16
• actions/upload-artifact to v3, which uses node16
• actions/rs-toolchain to dtolnay/rust-toolchain, since rs-toolchain seems to be unmaintained
• actions-rs/cargo was removed, since it has not been updated, and instead the workflows run cargo directly

And one usage of set-output was changed to use environment files instead.

workflows for this PR

https://github.com/volta-cli/volta/actions/runs/3398423871 - no more deprecations
https://github.com/volta-cli/volta/actions/runs/3398423872 - no more deprecations