diff --git a/fall2024/oct_16_session.ipynb b/fall2024/oct_16_session.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d234ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fall2024/oct_16_session.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,3421 @@
+{
+  "nbformat": 4,
+  "nbformat_minor": 0,
+  "metadata": {
+    "colab": {
+      "provenance": [],
+      "authorship_tag": "ABX9TyOpuaXhqrFc7vH6V6jrPoOP",
+      "include_colab_link": true
+    },
+    "kernelspec": {
+      "name": "python3",
+      "display_name": "Python 3"
+    },
+    "language_info": {
+      "name": "python"
+    }
+  },
+  "cells": [
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "view-in-github",
+        "colab_type": "text"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/github/wcj365/python-stats-dataviz/blob/master/fall2024/oct_16_session.ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "# 10/16/2024"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "dYa59UPAm69U"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 1,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 230
+        },
+        "id": "miyRtEbHm2tR",
+        "outputId": "c394ccf4-4acd-472e-f1e0-3208bd06731a"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "(4123, 9)\n"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "      Year     Country  GDP per capita (current US$)  \\\n",
+              "301   2020  Bangladesh                   2233.305901   \n",
+              "2873  2008      Panama                   7197.110786   \n",
+              "186   2019       Aruba                  31902.809818   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "      Life expectancy at birth, total (years)  Population, total Country Code  \\\n",
+              "301                                    71.968        167420951.0          BGD   \n",
+              "2873                                   76.225          3495276.0          PAN   \n",
+              "186                                    76.248           106442.0          ABW   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "                          Region         Income Group    Lending Type  \n",
+              "301                   South Asia  Lower middle income             IDA  \n",
+              "2873  Latin America & Caribbean           High income            IBRD  \n",
+              "186   Latin America & Caribbean           High income  Not classified  "
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-079ef1a2-ffc9-47fc-aea3-044a81f68d2f\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
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+              "<style scoped>\n",
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+              "    }\n",
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+              "      <th>Year</th>\n",
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+              "      <th>301</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2020</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Bangladesh</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2233.305901</td>\n",
+              "      <td>71.968</td>\n",
+              "      <td>167420951.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>BGD</td>\n",
+              "      <td>South Asia</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Lower middle income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>IDA</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2873</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2008</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Panama</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7197.110786</td>\n",
+              "      <td>76.225</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3495276.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>PAN</td>\n",
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+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>IBRD</td>\n",
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+              "      <th>186</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2019</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Aruba</td>\n",
+              "      <td>31902.809818</td>\n",
+              "      <td>76.248</td>\n",
+              "      <td>106442.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>ABW</td>\n",
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+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
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+              "\n",
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+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
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+              "\n",
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+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-079ef1a2-ffc9-47fc-aea3-044a81f68d2f button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-079ef1a2-ffc9-47fc-aea3-044a81f68d2f');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
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+              "  }\n",
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+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
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+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
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+              "    }\n",
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+              "    }\n",
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+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-e508f46b-c8be-42f8-99c1-9438701a3e60 button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df\",\n  \"rows\": 3,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Year\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 6,\n        \"min\": 2008,\n        \"max\": 2020,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2020,\n          2008,\n          2019\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Country\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Bangladesh\",\n          \"Panama\",\n          \"Aruba\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"GDP per capita (current US$)\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 15891.771383786097,\n        \"min\": 2233.30590129762,\n        \"max\": 31902.8098183195,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2233.30590129762,\n          7197.11078610101,\n          31902.8098183195\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Life expectancy at birth, total (years)\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 2.4644464557651324,\n        \"min\": 71.968,\n        \"max\": 76.248,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          71.968,\n          76.225,\n          76.248\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Population, total\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 95635816.20048375,\n        \"min\": 106442.0,\n        \"max\": 167420951.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          167420951.0,\n          3495276.0,\n          106442.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Country Code\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"BGD\",\n          \"PAN\",\n          \"ABW\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Region\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Latin America & Caribbean \",\n          \"South Asia\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Income Group\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"High income\",\n          \"Lower middle income\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Lending Type\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"IDA\",\n          \"IBRD\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 1
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "import pandas as pd\n",
+        "import plotly.express as px\n",
+        "\n",
+        "pd.set_option(\"display.max_rows\", None)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "df = pd.read_csv(\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wcj365/python-stats-dataviz/refs/heads/master/fall2024/data/World_Development_Indicators_(WDI).csv\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "print(df.shape)\n",
+        "df.sample(3)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "column_names_dict = {\n",
+        "    \"GDP per capita (current US$)\" : \"GDP per Capita\",\n",
+        "    \"Life expectancy at birth, total (years)\" : \"Life Expectancy\",\n",
+        "    \"Population, total\" : \"Population\"\n",
+        "}\n",
+        "\n",
+        "df = df.rename(columns=column_names_dict)\n",
+        "df.sample(3)"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 143
+        },
+        "id": "5jsZ2HlMoBgO",
+        "outputId": "380916dc-a028-4990-acaa-e9053d17766f"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 5,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "      Year  Country  GDP per Capita  Life Expectancy  Population Country Code  \\\n",
+              "1663  2014  Hungary    14294.258418        75.763415   9866468.0          HUN   \n",
+              "1591  2018   Guyana     6094.909837        68.896000    785514.0          GUY   \n",
+              "2456  2009  Moldova     1898.439757        69.573000   2865213.0          MDA   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "                          Region         Income Group    Lending Type  \n",
+              "1663       Europe & Central Asia          High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "1591  Latin America & Caribbean           High income             IDA  \n",
+              "2456       Europe & Central Asia  Upper middle income            IBRD  "
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-333038d8-7d2a-49a5-9a49-e895e3bb9c67\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
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+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
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+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>Year</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Country</th>\n",
+              "      <th>GDP per Capita</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Life Expectancy</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Population</th>\n",
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+              "      <th>1663</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2014</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Hungary</td>\n",
+              "      <td>14294.258418</td>\n",
+              "      <td>75.763415</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9866468.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>HUN</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Europe &amp; Central Asia</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1591</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2018</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Guyana</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6094.909837</td>\n",
+              "      <td>68.896000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>785514.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GUY</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Latin America &amp; Caribbean</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>IDA</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2456</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2009</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Moldova</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1898.439757</td>\n",
+              "      <td>69.573000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2865213.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>MDA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Europe &amp; Central Asia</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Upper middle income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>IBRD</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-333038d8-7d2a-49a5-9a49-e895e3bb9c67')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-333038d8-7d2a-49a5-9a49-e895e3bb9c67 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-333038d8-7d2a-49a5-9a49-e895e3bb9c67');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-9dedf35e-4ffc-4ab8-bb56-eb9707dc7388\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-9dedf35e-4ffc-4ab8-bb56-eb9707dc7388')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-9dedf35e-4ffc-4ab8-bb56-eb9707dc7388 button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df\",\n  \"rows\": 3,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Year\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 4,\n        \"min\": 2009,\n        \"max\": 2018,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2014,\n          2018,\n          2009\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Country\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Hungary\",\n          \"Guyana\",\n          \"Moldova\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"GDP per Capita\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 6304.707217132986,\n        \"min\": 1898.43975710988,\n        \"max\": 14294.2584180751,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          14294.2584180751,\n          6094.90983678918,\n          1898.43975710988\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Life Expectancy\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 3.7846388224844634,\n        \"min\": 68.896,\n        \"max\": 75.7634146341463,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          75.7634146341463,\n          68.896,\n          69.573\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Population\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 4757563.1902572075,\n        \"min\": 785514.0,\n        \"max\": 9866468.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          9866468.0,\n          785514.0,\n          2865213.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Country Code\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"HUN\",\n          \"GUY\",\n          \"MDA\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Region\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Latin America & Caribbean \",\n          \"Europe & Central Asia\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Income Group\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Upper middle income\",\n          \"High income\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Lending Type\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Not classified\",\n          \"IDA\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 5
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "df.sample(3).T"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 331
+        },
+        "id": "jWfgC1osqnxg",
+        "outputId": "f3cf3399-7bca-477e-a7e7-45d865daf01f"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 15,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "                                64                          2542  \\\n",
+              "Year                            2011                        2019   \n",
+              "Country               American Samoa                     Morocco   \n",
+              "GDP per Capita          10495.304732                 3498.582764   \n",
+              "Life Expectancy                  NaN                       74.27   \n",
+              "Population                   54310.0                  36304408.0   \n",
+              "Country Code                     ASM                         MAR   \n",
+              "Region           East Asia & Pacific  Middle East & North Africa   \n",
+              "Income Group             High income         Lower middle income   \n",
+              "Lending Type          Not classified                        IBRD   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "                                  2167  \n",
+              "Year                              2005  \n",
+              "Country                  Liechtenstein  \n",
+              "GDP per Capita           105751.498913  \n",
+              "Life Expectancy              80.668293  \n",
+              "Population                     34603.0  \n",
+              "Country Code                       LIE  \n",
+              "Region           Europe & Central Asia  \n",
+              "Income Group               High income  \n",
+              "Lending Type            Not classified  "
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-8d571c82-10ba-4197-9de7-09b86bed6b55\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>64</th>\n",
+              "      <th>2542</th>\n",
+              "      <th>2167</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Year</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2011</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2019</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2005</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Country</th>\n",
+              "      <td>American Samoa</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Morocco</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Liechtenstein</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>GDP per Capita</th>\n",
+              "      <td>10495.304732</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3498.582764</td>\n",
+              "      <td>105751.498913</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Life Expectancy</th>\n",
+              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
+              "      <td>74.27</td>\n",
+              "      <td>80.668293</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Population</th>\n",
+              "      <td>54310.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>36304408.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>34603.0</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Country Code</th>\n",
+              "      <td>ASM</td>\n",
+              "      <td>MAR</td>\n",
+              "      <td>LIE</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Region</th>\n",
+              "      <td>East Asia &amp; Pacific</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Middle East &amp; North Africa</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Europe &amp; Central Asia</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Income Group</th>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Lower middle income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Lending Type</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "      <td>IBRD</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-8d571c82-10ba-4197-9de7-09b86bed6b55')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
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+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-8d571c82-10ba-4197-9de7-09b86bed6b55 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-8d571c82-10ba-4197-9de7-09b86bed6b55');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-6ae3fdc5-cece-4ac3-bf5a-710ffa1bb300\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-6ae3fdc5-cece-4ac3-bf5a-710ffa1bb300')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-6ae3fdc5-cece-4ac3-bf5a-710ffa1bb300 button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df\",\n  \"rows\": 9,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": 64,\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"American Samoa\",\n          \"East Asia & Pacific\",\n          2011\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": 2542,\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 9,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Lower middle income\",\n          \"Morocco\",\n          \"MAR\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": 2167,\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 9,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"High income\",\n          \"Liechtenstein\",\n          \"LIE\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 15
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "## Section One\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Summary Statistics with describe() function"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "7xNKKN0sryqI"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "df[[\"Population\",\"Life Expectancy\"]].describe()"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 300
+        },
+        "id": "Z-sGYgrInbnV",
+        "outputId": "b8c0e8d0-8ede-468a-90e8-7ae7151e0528"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 8,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "         Population  Life Expectancy\n",
+              "count  4.123000e+03      3777.000000\n",
+              "mean   3.319575e+07        71.060853\n",
+              "std    1.316430e+08         8.499806\n",
+              "min    9.791000e+03        42.125000\n",
+              "25%    7.436200e+05        65.351000\n",
+              "50%    5.872624e+06        72.765000\n",
+              "75%    2.148494e+07        77.529000\n",
+              "max    1.417173e+09        85.497561"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-43f37651-cc1a-4fd9-984b-19e3269be262\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>Population</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Life Expectancy</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>count</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4.123000e+03</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3777.000000</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>mean</th>\n",
+              "      <td>3.319575e+07</td>\n",
+              "      <td>71.060853</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>std</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.316430e+08</td>\n",
+              "      <td>8.499806</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>min</th>\n",
+              "      <td>9.791000e+03</td>\n",
+              "      <td>42.125000</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>25%</th>\n",
+              "      <td>7.436200e+05</td>\n",
+              "      <td>65.351000</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>50%</th>\n",
+              "      <td>5.872624e+06</td>\n",
+              "      <td>72.765000</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>75%</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2.148494e+07</td>\n",
+              "      <td>77.529000</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>max</th>\n",
+              "      <td>1.417173e+09</td>\n",
+              "      <td>85.497561</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-43f37651-cc1a-4fd9-984b-19e3269be262')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-43f37651-cc1a-4fd9-984b-19e3269be262 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-43f37651-cc1a-4fd9-984b-19e3269be262');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-a43b1e63-9d29-43e4-92a8-386fdee14c2d\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-a43b1e63-9d29-43e4-92a8-386fdee14c2d')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-a43b1e63-9d29-43e4-92a8-386fdee14c2d button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df[[\\\"Population\\\",\\\"Life Expectancy\\\"]]\",\n  \"rows\": 8,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Population\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 493275444.7155919,\n        \"min\": 4123.0,\n        \"max\": 1417173173.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          33195748.93936454,\n          5872624.0,\n          4123.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Life Expectancy\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1314.2456744171654,\n        \"min\": 8.499806399270673,\n        \"max\": 3777.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          71.06085323233692,\n          72.765,\n          3777.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 8
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "df.describe()"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 300
+        },
+        "id": "rinla82UqOFO",
+        "outputId": "fe432e64-d97a-4676-9a30-e0cadf2b1134"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 12,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "             Year  GDP per Capita  Life Expectancy    Population\n",
+              "count  4123.00000     3962.000000      3777.000000  4.123000e+03\n",
+              "mean   2013.00000    17007.692848        71.060853  3.319575e+07\n",
+              "std       5.47789    25733.109164         8.499806  1.316430e+08\n",
+              "min    2004.00000      128.538423        42.125000  9.791000e+03\n",
+              "25%    2008.00000     1862.892400        65.351000  7.436200e+05\n",
+              "50%    2013.00000     6048.304202        72.765000  5.872624e+06\n",
+              "75%    2018.00000    22137.309568        77.529000  2.148494e+07\n",
+              "max    2022.00000   240862.182448        85.497561  1.417173e+09"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-84d5e367-7943-4f21-847e-7b71fa27151e\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
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+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>Year</th>\n",
+              "      <th>GDP per Capita</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Life Expectancy</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Population</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>count</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4123.00000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3962.000000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3777.000000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4.123000e+03</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>mean</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2013.00000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>17007.692848</td>\n",
+              "      <td>71.060853</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3.319575e+07</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>std</th>\n",
+              "      <td>5.47789</td>\n",
+              "      <td>25733.109164</td>\n",
+              "      <td>8.499806</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.316430e+08</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>min</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2004.00000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>128.538423</td>\n",
+              "      <td>42.125000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>9.791000e+03</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>25%</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2008.00000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1862.892400</td>\n",
+              "      <td>65.351000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7.436200e+05</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>50%</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2013.00000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>6048.304202</td>\n",
+              "      <td>72.765000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5.872624e+06</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>75%</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2018.00000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>22137.309568</td>\n",
+              "      <td>77.529000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2.148494e+07</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>max</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2022.00000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>240862.182448</td>\n",
+              "      <td>85.497561</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1.417173e+09</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-84d5e367-7943-4f21-847e-7b71fa27151e')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
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+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-84d5e367-7943-4f21-847e-7b71fa27151e button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-84d5e367-7943-4f21-847e-7b71fa27151e');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-6dd90f9d-bf0d-4ca4-8438-5f2995366449\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-6dd90f9d-bf0d-4ca4-8438-5f2995366449')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-6dd90f9d-bf0d-4ca4-8438-5f2995366449 button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df\",\n  \"rows\": 8,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Year\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1100.7234184651504,\n        \"min\": 5.477889924083767,\n        \"max\": 4123.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 7,\n        \"samples\": [\n          4123.0,\n          2013.0,\n          2018.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"GDP per Capita\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 81846.43514470861,\n        \"min\": 128.538422519456,\n        \"max\": 240862.18244774,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          17007.692847815495,\n          6048.30420227805,\n          3962.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Life Expectancy\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1314.2456744171654,\n        \"min\": 8.499806399270673,\n        \"max\": 3777.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          71.06085323233692,\n          72.765,\n          3777.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Population\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 493275444.7155919,\n        \"min\": 4123.0,\n        \"max\": 1417173173.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          33195748.93936454,\n          5872624.0,\n          4123.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 12
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "df.describe(include=\"object\")"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 174
+        },
+        "id": "Z9hiipFcpebK",
+        "outputId": "c23fb0b2-5922-4a63-cde7-fc50ef08e4cb"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 10,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "            Country Country Code                 Region Income Group  \\\n",
+              "count          4123         4123                   4123         4123   \n",
+              "unique          217          217                      7            5   \n",
+              "top     Afghanistan          AFG  Europe & Central Asia  High income   \n",
+              "freq             19           19                   1102         1558   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "          Lending Type  \n",
+              "count             4123  \n",
+              "unique               4  \n",
+              "top     Not classified  \n",
+              "freq              1387  "
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-08f9b6e5-4c48-491b-9fb8-cdbae378cd32\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
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+              "\n",
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+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>Country</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Country Code</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Region</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Income Group</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Lending Type</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>count</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4123</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4123</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4123</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4123</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4123</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>unique</th>\n",
+              "      <td>217</td>\n",
+              "      <td>217</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>top</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
+              "      <td>AFG</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Europe &amp; Central Asia</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>freq</th>\n",
+              "      <td>19</td>\n",
+              "      <td>19</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1102</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1558</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1387</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-08f9b6e5-4c48-491b-9fb8-cdbae378cd32')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
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+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-08f9b6e5-4c48-491b-9fb8-cdbae378cd32 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-08f9b6e5-4c48-491b-9fb8-cdbae378cd32');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-d128eab0-d3c8-459d-9985-6e09f57955fc\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-d128eab0-d3c8-459d-9985-6e09f57955fc')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-d128eab0-d3c8-459d-9985-6e09f57955fc button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df\",\n  \"rows\": 4,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Country\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 4,\n        \"samples\": [\n          217,\n          \"19\",\n          \"4123\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Country Code\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 4,\n        \"samples\": [\n          217,\n          \"19\",\n          \"4123\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Region\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 4,\n        \"samples\": [\n          7,\n          \"1102\",\n          \"4123\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Income Group\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 4,\n        \"samples\": [\n          5,\n          \"1558\",\n          \"4123\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Lending Type\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 4,\n        \"samples\": [\n          4,\n          \"1387\",\n          \"4123\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 10
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "df.describe(include=\"object\").T"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 206
+        },
+        "id": "5bY7fPmAqVlh",
+        "outputId": "57dc1947-7ab4-4395-8b0a-56c3571d9a78"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 13,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "             count unique                    top  freq\n",
+              "Country       4123    217            Afghanistan    19\n",
+              "Country Code  4123    217                    AFG    19\n",
+              "Region        4123      7  Europe & Central Asia  1102\n",
+              "Income Group  4123      5            High income  1558\n",
+              "Lending Type  4123      4         Not classified  1387"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-63de0803-a1e0-4e3d-a1e2-befef64dcafa\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>count</th>\n",
+              "      <th>unique</th>\n",
+              "      <th>top</th>\n",
+              "      <th>freq</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Country</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4123</td>\n",
+              "      <td>217</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
+              "      <td>19</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Country Code</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4123</td>\n",
+              "      <td>217</td>\n",
+              "      <td>AFG</td>\n",
+              "      <td>19</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Region</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4123</td>\n",
+              "      <td>7</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Europe &amp; Central Asia</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1102</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Income Group</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4123</td>\n",
+              "      <td>5</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1558</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>Lending Type</th>\n",
+              "      <td>4123</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "      <td>1387</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-63de0803-a1e0-4e3d-a1e2-befef64dcafa')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-63de0803-a1e0-4e3d-a1e2-befef64dcafa button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-63de0803-a1e0-4e3d-a1e2-befef64dcafa');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-be474d78-0d6b-483a-b3df-6b968fbd8e3a\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-be474d78-0d6b-483a-b3df-6b968fbd8e3a')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-be474d78-0d6b-483a-b3df-6b968fbd8e3a button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df\",\n  \"rows\": 5,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"count\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"date\",\n        \"min\": \"4123\",\n        \"max\": \"4123\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"4123\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"unique\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"date\",\n        \"min\": 4,\n        \"max\": 217,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 4,\n        \"samples\": [\n          7\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"top\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 5,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"AFG\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"freq\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"date\",\n        \"min\": \"19\",\n        \"max\": \"1558\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 4,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"1102\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 13
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "## Section Two\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Compute quartiles and transform a numerical column into a categorical column based on the quartiles."
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "HgkmVl2Nr9W1"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "def assign_quartile(gdp):\n",
+        "    if gdp <= 1862.89:\n",
+        "        quartile = \"1st Quartile (<=25%)\"\n",
+        "    elif gdp > 1862.89 and gdp <= 6048.30:\n",
+        "        quartile = \"2nd Quartile (25-50%)\"\n",
+        "    elif gdp > 6048.30 and gdp <= 22137.31:\n",
+        "        quartile = \"3rd Quartile (50-75%)\"\n",
+        "    else:\n",
+        "        quartile = \"4th Quartile (>75%)\"\n",
+        "    return quartile\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "hungary = assign_quartile(14294.25)\n",
+        "hungary"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 35
+        },
+        "id": "n6WYClMCq2oF",
+        "outputId": "c0686b53-2f40-4857-a3ea-5de0a58c3b89"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 16,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "'3rd Quartile (50-75%)'"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 16
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "df_usa = df[df[\"Country Code\"] == \"USA\"]\n",
+        "df_usa"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 645
+        },
+        "id": "X1407yvBuihV",
+        "outputId": "faa01e20-9193-4fe7-8361-9061cbadee98"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 17,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "      Year        Country  GDP per Capita  Life Expectancy   Population  \\\n",
+              "3914  2004  United States    41724.631629        77.487805  292805298.0   \n",
+              "3915  2005  United States    44123.407068        77.487805  295516599.0   \n",
+              "3916  2006  United States    46302.000880        77.687805  298379912.0   \n",
+              "3917  2007  United States    48050.223777        77.987805  301231207.0   \n",
+              "3918  2008  United States    48570.045980        78.039024  304093966.0   \n",
+              "3919  2009  United States    47194.943355        78.390244  306771529.0   \n",
+              "3920  2010  United States    48650.643128        78.541463  309327143.0   \n",
+              "3921  2011  United States    50065.966504        78.641463  311583481.0   \n",
+              "3922  2012  United States    51784.418574        78.741463  313877662.0   \n",
+              "3923  2013  United States    53291.127689        78.741463  316059947.0   \n",
+              "3924  2014  United States    55123.849787        78.841463  318386329.0   \n",
+              "3925  2015  United States    56762.729452        78.690244  320738994.0   \n",
+              "3926  2016  United States    57866.744934        78.539024  323071755.0   \n",
+              "3927  2017  United States    59907.754261        78.539024  325122128.0   \n",
+              "3928  2018  United States    62823.309438        78.639024  326838199.0   \n",
+              "3929  2019  United States    65120.394663        78.787805  328329953.0   \n",
+              "3930  2020  United States    63528.634303        76.980488  331511512.0   \n",
+              "3931  2021  United States    70219.472454        76.329268  332031554.0   \n",
+              "3932  2022  United States    76329.582265              NaN  333287557.0   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "     Country Code         Region Income Group    Lending Type  \n",
+              "3914          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3915          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3916          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3917          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3918          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3919          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3920          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3921          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3922          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3923          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3924          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3925          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3926          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3927          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3928          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3929          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3930          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3931          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  \n",
+              "3932          USA  North America  High income  Not classified  "
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-8666e53f-1d7e-40a0-8732-f95394d451fa\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>Year</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Country</th>\n",
+              "      <th>GDP per Capita</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Life Expectancy</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Population</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Country Code</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Region</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Income Group</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Lending Type</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3914</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2004</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>41724.631629</td>\n",
+              "      <td>77.487805</td>\n",
+              "      <td>292805298.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3915</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2005</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>44123.407068</td>\n",
+              "      <td>77.487805</td>\n",
+              "      <td>295516599.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3916</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2006</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>46302.000880</td>\n",
+              "      <td>77.687805</td>\n",
+              "      <td>298379912.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3917</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2007</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>48050.223777</td>\n",
+              "      <td>77.987805</td>\n",
+              "      <td>301231207.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3918</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2008</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>48570.045980</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.039024</td>\n",
+              "      <td>304093966.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3919</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2009</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>47194.943355</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.390244</td>\n",
+              "      <td>306771529.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3920</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2010</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>48650.643128</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.541463</td>\n",
+              "      <td>309327143.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3921</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2011</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>50065.966504</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.641463</td>\n",
+              "      <td>311583481.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3922</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2012</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>51784.418574</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.741463</td>\n",
+              "      <td>313877662.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3923</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2013</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>53291.127689</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.741463</td>\n",
+              "      <td>316059947.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3924</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2014</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>55123.849787</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.841463</td>\n",
+              "      <td>318386329.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3925</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2015</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>56762.729452</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.690244</td>\n",
+              "      <td>320738994.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3926</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2016</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>57866.744934</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.539024</td>\n",
+              "      <td>323071755.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3927</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2017</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>59907.754261</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.539024</td>\n",
+              "      <td>325122128.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3928</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2018</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>62823.309438</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.639024</td>\n",
+              "      <td>326838199.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3929</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2019</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>65120.394663</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.787805</td>\n",
+              "      <td>328329953.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3930</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2020</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>63528.634303</td>\n",
+              "      <td>76.980488</td>\n",
+              "      <td>331511512.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3931</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2021</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>70219.472454</td>\n",
+              "      <td>76.329268</td>\n",
+              "      <td>332031554.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3932</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2022</td>\n",
+              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
+              "      <td>76329.582265</td>\n",
+              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
+              "      <td>333287557.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
+              "      <td>North America</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
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+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-8666e53f-1d7e-40a0-8732-f95394d451fa button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-8666e53f-1d7e-40a0-8732-f95394d451fa');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-8fbd331b-e21a-4cdb-851a-5d1f1cf201dd\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-8fbd331b-e21a-4cdb-851a-5d1f1cf201dd')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
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+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-8fbd331b-e21a-4cdb-851a-5d1f1cf201dd button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"id_eb24af16-7605-4c65-86e2-758a31bad773\">\n",
+              "    <style>\n",
+              "      .colab-df-generate {\n",
+              "        background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "        border: none;\n",
+              "        border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "        cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "        display: none;\n",
+              "        fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "        height: 32px;\n",
+              "        padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "        width: 32px;\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      .colab-df-generate:hover {\n",
+              "        background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "        box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "        fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      [theme=dark] .colab-df-generate {\n",
+              "        background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "        fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      [theme=dark] .colab-df-generate:hover {\n",
+              "        background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "        box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "        filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "        fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </style>\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-generate\" onclick=\"generateWithVariable('df_usa')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Generate code using this dataframe.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "       width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M7,19H8.4L18.45,9,17,7.55,7,17.6ZM5,21V16.75L18.45,3.32a2,2,0,0,1,2.83,0l1.4,1.43a1.91,1.91,0,0,1,.58,1.4,1.91,1.91,0,0,1-.58,1.4L9.25,21ZM18.45,9,17,7.55Zm-12,3A5.31,5.31,0,0,0,4.9,8.1,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,1,6.5,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,4.9,4.9,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,6.5,1,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,8.1,4.9,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,12,6.5,5.46,5.46,0,0,0,6.5,12Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      (() => {\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#id_eb24af16-7605-4c65-86e2-758a31bad773 button.colab-df-generate');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      buttonEl.onclick = () => {\n",
+              "        google.colab.notebook.generateWithVariable('df_usa');\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      })();\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "variable_name": "df_usa",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df_usa\",\n  \"rows\": 19,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Year\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 5,\n        \"min\": 2004,\n        \"max\": 2022,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 19,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2004,\n          2009,\n          2015\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Country\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"United States\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"GDP per Capita\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 9299.742535088688,\n        \"min\": 41724.6316287624,\n        \"max\": 76329.5822652029,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 19,\n        \"samples\": [\n          41724.6316287624\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Life Expectancy\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.7143185960056724,\n        \"min\": 76.3292682926829,\n        \"max\": 78.8414634146341,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 15,\n        \"samples\": [\n          78.690243902439\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Population\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 12903610.421862261,\n        \"min\": 292805298.0,\n        \"max\": 333287557.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 19,\n        \"samples\": [\n          292805298.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Country Code\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"USA\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Region\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"North America\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Income Group\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"High income\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Lending Type\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Not classified\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 17
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "assign_quartile(76329.58)"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 35
+        },
+        "id": "tQnm_KEeu0vi",
+        "outputId": "adb60008-bdc9-453a-c40c-e835c8d9cd75"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 18,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "'4th Quartile (>75%)'"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 18
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "df_2020 = df[df[\"Year\"] == 2020]\n",
+        "print(df_2020.shape[0])\n",
+        "print(f\"There are {df_2020.shape[0]} countries in the 2020 dataset\")\n",
+        "df_2020.sample(3)"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 178
+        },
+        "id": "CFCCKy52vITP",
+        "outputId": "e804911a-8b3a-44fb-8968-f3c75f24dfeb"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 23,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "217\n",
+            "There are 217 countries in the 2020 dataset\n"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "      Year        Country  GDP per Capita  Life Expectancy  Population  \\\n",
+              "3531  2020          Sudan      608.332520        65.614000  44440486.0   \n",
+              "1574  2020  Guinea-Bissau      710.258133        59.999000   2015828.0   \n",
+              "1004  2020        Czechia    22992.879383        78.226829  10697858.0   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "     Country Code                 Region Income Group    Lending Type  \n",
+              "3531          SDN    Sub-Saharan Africa    Low income             IDA  \n",
+              "1574          GNB    Sub-Saharan Africa    Low income             IDA  \n",
+              "1004          CZE  Europe & Central Asia  High income  Not classified  "
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-4d0cb402-b30b-4ff1-8291-5ae70d2f19d1\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>Year</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Country</th>\n",
+              "      <th>GDP per Capita</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Life Expectancy</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Population</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Country Code</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Region</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Income Group</th>\n",
+              "      <th>Lending Type</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3531</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2020</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Sudan</td>\n",
+              "      <td>608.332520</td>\n",
+              "      <td>65.614000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>44440486.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>SDN</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Sub-Saharan Africa</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Low income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>IDA</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1574</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2020</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Guinea-Bissau</td>\n",
+              "      <td>710.258133</td>\n",
+              "      <td>59.999000</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2015828.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>GNB</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Sub-Saharan Africa</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Low income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>IDA</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1004</th>\n",
+              "      <td>2020</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Czechia</td>\n",
+              "      <td>22992.879383</td>\n",
+              "      <td>78.226829</td>\n",
+              "      <td>10697858.0</td>\n",
+              "      <td>CZE</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Europe &amp; Central Asia</td>\n",
+              "      <td>High income</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Not classified</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-4d0cb402-b30b-4ff1-8291-5ae70d2f19d1')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-4d0cb402-b30b-4ff1-8291-5ae70d2f19d1 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-4d0cb402-b30b-4ff1-8291-5ae70d2f19d1');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<div id=\"df-79ff8033-bb4b-47aa-b3ca-602522f839c1\">\n",
+              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-79ff8033-bb4b-47aa-b3ca-602522f839c1')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
+              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
+              "    <g>\n",
+              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
+              "    </g>\n",
+              "</svg>\n",
+              "  </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "<style>\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
+              "    border: none;\n",
+              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "    display: none;\n",
+              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    height: 32px;\n",
+              "    padding: 0;\n",
+              "    width: 32px;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
+              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
+              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
+              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
+              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
+              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    animation:\n",
+              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
+              "    0% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    20% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    30% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    40% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    60% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    80% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    90% {\n",
+              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
+              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <script>\n",
+              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
+              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      try {\n",
+              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
+              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
+              "      } catch (error) {\n",
+              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "    (() => {\n",
+              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-79ff8033-bb4b-47aa-b3ca-602522f839c1 button');\n",
+              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "    })();\n",
+              "  </script>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df_2020\",\n  \"rows\": 3,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Year\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0,\n        \"min\": 2020,\n        \"max\": 2020,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2020\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Country\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Sudan\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"GDP per Capita\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 12894.401478389347,\n        \"min\": 608.33251953125,\n        \"max\": 22992.8793833348,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          608.33251953125\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Life Expectancy\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 9.335107988887337,\n        \"min\": 59.999,\n        \"max\": 78.2268292682927,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          65.614\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Population\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 22412028.748286963,\n        \"min\": 2015828.0,\n        \"max\": 44440486.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          44440486.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Country Code\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"SDN\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Region\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Europe & Central Asia\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Income Group\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"High income\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Lending Type\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Not classified\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 23
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "# Tuple\n",
+        "df_2020.shape"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "oWNY3dBIvbTP",
+        "outputId": "5328eec1-0c83-43a3-a3bf-951583b47c00"
+      },
+      "execution_count": 22,
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "(217, 9)"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 22
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "## In-class Exercise\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Create a new column call \"GDP Quartile\" in the df_2020 dataframe and assign each country the quartile it belongs to by applying the assign_quartile() function.\n"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "JJC4nFU9wC-s"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "2RTn_Z2wv_Ss"
+      },
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "## Homework Question 1\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Save the summary statistics of all numerical columns and all categorical columns to only one Excel spreadsheet file with two worksheets, one for numerical and one for categorical columns."
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "oTB9WwHgq-_s"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file