Guide for configuring GitHub authentication

This is meant to be a brief guide for setting up GitHub authentication via ssh - this is now the easiest approach to authentication as GitHub no longer supports the use of account passwords.

Configuration using R / RStudio

If R and or RStudio is available on the environment you are using then the following is the recommended configuration using R. Note that while this is done in R, the SSH key configuration will be available for any other tools using git (e.g. Jupyter) on the same system.

We will begin by creating a public private key pair using the credentials package, run the following line in the RStudio Console:

credentials::ssh_setup_github()

The function will first prompt you to create an SSH key pair if one does not already exist

## No SSH key found. Generate one now? 
## 
## 1: Yes
## 2: No
## 
## Selection: 

Select Yes by entering 1 and hitting enter. The key pair will be generated and the resulting public key will be printed,

## Generating new RSA keyspair at: /home/guest/.ssh/id_rsa
## Your public key:
## 
##  ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQC5KwynraqqA4O91nOBtyuJMhYoeCAroSv7yC/GTXcjXsBvgYAlL0PCurJP7uRFbvkUaoBvuaGohR1qDlYNNWzH5FBDqftY+o35otq88mhDUaOmCzuik+MCLGiS/hp2D+5imc1Vqjabvk3fexMr7qkHrJE04vB/ZzI0iZzoZ0zGIJSistNODhrt6jCK7OzPFb4/lGGDxp0+vaGKeXIQGGdUwvMUD+HyNqTgO+g7rcdgmnVMWhhLH8uNb7tpQwDbRQu1h4R+xHO9JMHxFUz2cX4Du6GaQXuYLX3p8X276Nl8CU/V2R4CbGMJwO0Z0jcY8CVUhYBOIJsuS1a5ttHSoLCx 

You will then be prompted to enter this public key to GitHub, via the provided link, you can also select Yes here to have the function open a browser window directly to this page.

## Please copy the line above to GitHub: https://github.com/settings/ssh/new
## Would you like to open a browser now? 
## 
## 1: Yes
## 2: No
## 
## Selection:

If you are not logged into GitHub the website will ask you to do so, once logged in you should see the following form:

You should enter a meaningful name for the key and then copy and paste the entire public key

Once finished, you can click the green Add SSH key button. This key should now show in the list of GitHub SSH keys on https://github.com/settings/keys.

You can now test that the SSH authentication is working by attempting to clone a private repository (make sure to select the SSH url and not HTTPS).

When cloning a project for the first time, you might see a prompt that says the authenticity of host can’t be established and asks whether you want to continue connecting. Type yes in the box and hit OK.

Configuration using Jupyter Lab (or Shell)

If the machine you are using does not have R or RStudio installed you can instead use the following steps. Once the Jupyter Lab session is started select the Terminal option from the Other row.

This will launch a shell on the remote machine which will let you run the necessary commands to create your SSH keys. In this prompt run the following command:

ssh-keygen

When prompted to “Enter file in which to save the key” you should just hit enter / return to use the provided default. You will also be asked to select a passphrase (a password for your private key), you are welcome to set this or not (just hit enter / return again). If a passphrase is set, you will be prompted to enter it every time git / Jupyter Lab / RStudio needs access to the SSH key. Overall your session should resemble somethiing like the following:

$ ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/jovyan/.ssh/id_rsa): 
Created directory '/home/jovyan/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /home/jovyan/.ssh/id_rsa
Your public key has been saved in /home/jovyan/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:knCAvwhJkb+cx8W8lAunbjgzKuQJCsVuNQPCXqZywb8 jovyan@fa45fed244b1
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
|.oo..            |
|.+=o .           |
|o+==. + .        |
|+o+.*+ O         |
|.=.o+=O S        |
|o.++E+ +         |
|*.. +            |
|oo = o           |
|... =            |
+----[SHA256]-----+

In order to obtain your actual public SSH key you should enter the command:

cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

which should look something like the following when run in Jupyter Lab:

$ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
ssh-rsa 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 jovyan@fa45fed244b1

You should now copy to your clipboard the entire contents of this output, from ssh-rsa through = jovyan@fa45fed244b1 however this last bit will likely differ slightly depend on the server being used.

Once the SSH key has been copied to your clipboard you should now go to the GitHub SSH keys settings page (https://github.com/settings/keys), click the New SSH Key button and paste the key into the form. Providing a title to help you identify which machine this SSH key is associated with will be useful.

In order to test that the SSH key based authentication is working you should run the following command:

ssh -T [email protected]

Which should prompt you to add GitHub permanently to the list of known hosts. Type yes and enter to this prompt and you should see the following:

$ ssh -T [email protected]
The authenticity of host 'github.com (140.82.113.4)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:+DiY3wvvV6TuJJhbpZisF/zLDA0zPMSvHdkr4UvCOqU.
This key is not known by any other names
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'github.com' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
Hi rundel! You've successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not provide shell access.

If you get an error around a failure to authenticate then you should go back and check that you copied and pasted the SSH key correctly.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What happens if I already have an SSH key?

   Nothing bad, the creditials package will recognize this and just print the existing public SSH key. If you want to get rid of the existing key you will need to delete the id_rsa and id_rsa.pub files from the .ssh directory in your home directory. If using Jupyter Lab / the terminal the ssh-keygen command will prompt you before overwriting any existing SSH keys.

2. How do I protect my private key?

   The private key of your key pair is saved as a file in a folder called .ssh in your home directory, having access to the file is equivalent to having your password (at least as far as git interactions are concerned). By default, permissions should be set such that only your user account should be able to access that file. If you would like additional security you can encrypt this key using a passphrase (i.e. password) via credentials::ssh_update_passphrase() which will then be required each time the key pair is used (e.g. pushing, pulling, etc.).

3. I get an error about an unprotected private key file when trying to use git

   If you are seeing an error message that looks like the following:

   @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
   @         WARNING: UNPROTECTED PRIVATE KEY FILE!          @
   @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
   Permissions 0644 for '/home/guest/.ssh/id_rsa' are too open.
   It is required that your private key files are NOT accessible by others.
   This private key will be ignored.
   Load key "/home/guest/.ssh/id_rsa": bad permissions
   [email protected]: Permission denied (publickey).
   fatal: Could not read from remote repository.
   
   Please make sure you have the correct access rights
   and the repository exists.
   

   this is likely due to your system having a slightly outdated version of the credentials package which had a bug where the wrong permissions were applied to the key pair files. You can either fix the permissions to remove read access to anyone but yourself or update credentials, delete the existing keys, and start the process over. See Google for documentation on how to change permissions on your specific OS.

4. I set this up for my container and now it won’t work on the stat server (or some other computer)

   This process, much like git configuration, must be done on each machine you intend to use, or at least each file system. Generally the recommendation is to create a new key pair for each machine you will be using, e.g. OIT container, stat server, your laptop, etc. The process is quick and GitHub supports the addition of multiple public SSH keys.