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-# Du-Bois-STEM
-Du Bois STEM
+# Why Visualize Data: Creative and Visual Thinking in the Case of Du Bois
+
+*It’s often said that a picture is worth a thousand words.*
+
+Pictures can be more memorable than words and even more memorable than numbers. In support of this, a Nielsen study
+found that the brain processes images 60X faster in comparison to words.
+
+There will be times in your academic or professional career where you will need to answer a question for yourself or
+others that is hard to answer with words alone. Creativity is often valuable for answering the hardest questions,
+including scientific ones. And visualization of concepts and data can be an important creative tool for formulating and
+answering questions. Because science and most professions involve collective undertakings, you will also need to
+communicate your ideas and analysis to others. Visualizations can again be a powerful creative tool towards this end.
+Cascades of mind numbing data will often lose your audience and collaborators.
+
+Recent scholarship (Conwell and Loughren 2024; Itzigsohn and Brown 2020; Morris 2017) and social media initiatives
+(Starks 2022) have recentered Black sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois’s foundational contributions to social scientific and
+statistical methods at the turn of the 20th century. DuBois was among the first professors in the nation to train
+students in empirical methodologies. He involved his students in field work, including large scale quantitative
+surveys, wherein they collected and analyzed data on the Black community and race relations. Because these students
+were taught to think scientifically and engage in data analysis, the most advanced of the group became valuable
+collaborators (Morris 2018; Battle-Baptiste and Rusert 2018). Du Bois used rigorous yet accessible methods, including
+data visualization, to empirically challenge the false claims of eugenics and scientific racism.
+
+Du Bois notably used innovative data visualizations to tell data stories about Black Americans for broad audiences to
+chronicle the educational and economic success of Black Americans following emancipation from slavery
+(Battle-Baptiste and Rusert 2018). Du Bois relied on infographics and artistic media (see architecture scholar Mabel O.
+Wilson). More than 50 of Du Bois data visualization posters were featured at the 1900 Paris Exposition world’s fair and
+are now preserved in the Library of Congress. The unified narrative of Black empowerment that Du Bois crafted with the
+poster series prefigured subsequent research findings regarding the importance of visualization and storytelling in
+STEM education (Friendly and Wainer 2021; Hill and Grinnell 2014).
+
+Du Bois and his collaborators made some of the other earliest known deployments of statistical methods in social
+science, including: Categorical data analysis and visualization, including clustered bar chart presentations of partial
+tables to control for confounding factors. Du Bois used the method to disprove racist myths about Black family
+structure by showing higher marriage rates among Blacks than among Germans after controlling for age, showcasing this
+technique sixty years before it became state of the art (Treiman 2014). Cartographical visualization of geosocial data.
+Triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data
+
+Du Bois’ collaborators included women, such as social worker Jane Addams and sociologist Isabel Eaton. The two women
+contributed to the expansion of survey research and advancement of statistical methods around the turn of the 20th
+century (Morris 2018; Williams and MacLean 2015).
+
+Our module design is guided by Du Bois’s insistence that science be built on careful, empirical research (Morris 2015)
+but most go further to garner notice beyond narrow circles of academics. As noted above, Du Bois and his Atlanta
+University team produced modern graphs, charts, maps, photographs and other items that appeared to sparkle for the 1900
+Paris Exposition (Morris 2018; Battle-Baptiste and Rusert 2018). As Morris has noted, the intent was to convey weighty
+social scientific ideas in a fashion far more attractive than dispassionate arguments and dense statistical tables.
+
+Please take a moment to browse a [subset of Du Bois’ visualizations here:]
+(https://github.com/ajstarks/dubois-data-portraits/blob/master/dubois-stem/README.md)
+
+## Du Bois Visualizations for Consideration in STEM Education
+
+Note that the plate numbers referenced below are from [W. E. B. Du Bois's Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America]
+(https://papress.com/products/w-e-b-du-boiss-data-portraits-visualizing-black-america)
+
+## Figure 1: Time series graph
+
+![plate40](original-plate-40.jpg)
+
+One of the rare line charts in the collection, the comparative population growth of white and Black Americans from
+1790-1890, is annotated with relevant events like "Suppression of Slave Trade", Immigration" and  "Emancipation".
+
+## Figure 2: Time Series Percent Area Graph
+
+![plate51](original-plate-51.jpg)
+
+With the green waters of Freedom plunging down a waterfall set on the dark base of slavery, "Proportion of Freeman and
+Slaves Among American Negroes" shows number of enslaved and free from 1790 to 1870.
+
+## Figure 3: Percentage Bar Graph of Dichotomous Variable Status(literacy) By Select Categories (National / Racial Community)
+
+![plate47](original-plate-47.jpg)
+
+Comparing the state of Black Americans with the larger world, "Illiteracy of American Negroes compared with that of
+other nations" shows Black American's illiteracy in red, in the middle of a sea of green, higher than countries like
+France, but better than others like Russia.
+
+## Figure 4: Categorical Map of Population Location With Population Size Legend
+
+![plate02](original-plate-02.jpg)
+
+A choropleth outlining the population of Black Americans, by state. Note the concentration in the South, with Georgia
+leading (750,000 or more).
+
+## Figure 5: Fan Chart for Categorical Percentage Distributions in Two Comparison Groups
+
+![plate01](original-plate-27.jpg)
+
+The fan chart compares Black and white population's occupations, using color and area to faciliate comparisons.
+
+
+## Figure 6: Cartographical Visualization of Population Location and Movement
+
+![plate01](original-plate-01.jpg)
+
+"The Georgia Negro, A Social Study" shows the transatlantic slave trade, with routes from Europe, Africa, the Americas
+ and the Caribbean, highlighting Georgia. This visual contains Du Bois' famous assertion: "The problem of the 20th
+ century is the problem of the color line"
+
+
+## Figure 7: Multivariate stacked bar graph by continuous covariate brackets, with photographic and other data element details
+
+![plate31](original-plate-31.jpg)
+
+The horizontal stacked bar charts show how various economic groups spend their income among these categories: Rent,
+Food, Clothes, Taxes, and other expenses and giving. This visual is distinct in that it includes photographs along with
+the chart.
+
+## Figure 8: Partial Table Bar Graph – i.e. Bivariate Categorical Relationship (Marriage Status by Racial / National Group) Broken Control Variable (Age)
+
+![plate10](original-plate-10.jpg)
+
+The "Conjugal Condition" visual compares three groups (single, married, widowed and divorced), divided by age:
+(15-40, 40-80, and over 80) within two populations: Black Americans and the country of Germany. The data is shown
+clearly using six proportional bar graphs in the red, yellow and green color scheme.
+
+## Figure 9: Bar/Spiral chart Uses color and contrasting lengths to highlight quantitative demographic differences.
+![plate11](original-plate-11.jpg)
+
+## Figure 10: Bar Chart
+"Acres of Land Owned by Negroes in Georgia" is a conventional bar chart with a twist. The chart shows the increase of
+ land owned between 1874(338,769 acres) and 1899 (1,023,741), with the red shape of the data echoing the map of
+ Georgia.
+
+![plate19](original-plate-19.jpg)
+
+## Figure 11: County-level Choropleth Echoing the previous chart, this map shows land owned by the formally enslaved over three decades post-emancipation.
+
+![plate20](original-plate-20.jpg)
+
+## Figure 12: Spiral Chart
+"Assessed Value of Household and Kitchen Furniture Owned by Georgia Negroes" uses the spiral form to emphasize the gains
+ in material goods over a quarter century.
+
+![plate25](original-plate-25.jpg)
+
+## References
+
+[Du Bois Visualization Style Guide]
+(https://github.com/ajstarks/dubois-data-portraits/blob/master/style/dubois-style.pdf)
+stem.md
+Displaying stem.md.