Merge pull request #1348 from AayushSabharwal/as/ia-solve-inverses

docs/src/manual/solver.md

@@ -32,6 +32,15 @@ to `solve_univar`. We can see that essentially, `solve_univar` is the building b
 it to `ia_solve`, which attempts solving by attraction and isolation [^2]. This only works when the input is a single expression
 and the user wants the answer in terms of a single variable. Say `log(x) - a == 0` gives us `[e^a]`.
 
+```@docs
+Symbolics.solve_univar
+Symbolics.solve_multivar
+Symbolics.ia_solve
+Symbolics.ia_conditions!
+Symbolics.is_periodic
+Symbolics.fundamental_period
+```
+
 #### Nice examples
 
 ```@example solver

src/inverse.jl

@@ -157,6 +157,10 @@ inverse(::typeof(NaNMath.log10)) = inverse(log10)
 inverse(::typeof(NaNMath.log1p)) = inverse(log1p)
 inverse(::typeof(NaNMath.log2)) = inverse(log2)
 left_inverse(::typeof(NaNMath.sqrt)) = left_inverse(sqrt)
+# inverses of solve helpers
+left_inverse(::typeof(ssqrt)) = left_inverse(sqrt)
+left_inverse(::typeof(scbrt)) = left_inverse(cbrt)
+left_inverse(::typeof(slog)) = left_inverse(log)
 
 function inverse(f::ComposedFunction)
     return inverse(f.inner) ∘ inverse(f.outer)

src/solver/ia_helpers.jl

@@ -140,3 +140,85 @@ function find_logandexpon(arg, var, oper, poly_index)
     !isequal(oper_term, 0) && !isequal(constant_term, 0) && return true
     return false
 end
+
+"""
+    ia_conditions!(f, lhs, rhs::Vector{Any}, conditions::Vector{Tuple})
+
+If `f` is a left-invertible function, `lhs` and `rhs[i]` are univariate functions and
+`f(lhs) ~ rhs[i]` for all `i in eachindex(rhss)`, push to `conditions` all the relevant
+conditions on `lhs` or `rhs[i]`. Each condition is of the form `(sym, op)` where `sym`
+is an expression involving `lhs` and/or `rhs[i]` and `op` is a binary relational operator.
+The condition `op(sym, 0)` is then required to be true for the equation `f(lhs) ~ rhs[i]`
+to be valid.
+
+For example, if `f = log`, `lhs = x` and `rhss = [y, z]` then the condition `x > 0` must
+be true. Thus, `(lhs, >)` is pushed to `conditions`. Similarly, if `f = sqrt`, `rhs[i] >= 0`
+must be true for all `i`, and so `(y, >=)` and `(z, >=)` will be appended to `conditions`. 
+"""
+function ia_conditions!(args...; kwargs...) end
+
+for fn in [log, log2, log10, NaNMath.log, NaNMath.log2, NaNMath.log10, slog]
+    @eval function ia_conditions!(::typeof($fn), lhs, rhs, conditions)
+        push!(conditions, (lhs, >))
+    end
+end
+
+for fn in [log1p, NaNMath.log1p]
+    @eval function ia_conditions!(::typeof($fn), lhs, rhs, conditions)
+        push!(conditions, (lhs - 1, >))
+    end
+end
+
+for fn in [sqrt, NaNMath.sqrt, ssqrt]
+    @eval function ia_conditions!(::typeof($fn), lhs, rhs, conditions)
+        for r in rhs
+            push!(conditions, (r, >=))
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+"""
+    is_periodic(f)
+
+Return `true` if `f` is a single-input single-output periodic function. Return `false` by
+default. If `is_periodic(f) == true`, then `fundamental_period(f)` must also be defined.
+
+See also: [`fundamental_period`](@ref)
+"""
+is_periodic(f) = false
+
+for fn in [
+    sin, cos, tan, csc, sec, cot, NaNMath.sin, NaNMath.cos, NaNMath.tan, sind, cosd, tand,
+    cscd, secd, cotd, cospi
+]
+    @eval is_periodic(::typeof($fn)) = true
+end
+
+"""
+    fundamental_period(f)
+
+Return the fundamental period of periodic function `f`. Must only be called if
+`is_periodic(f) == true`.
+
+see also: [`is_periodic`](@ref)
+"""
+function fundamental_period end
+
+for fn in [sin, cos, csc, sec, NaNMath.sin, NaNMath.cos]
+    @eval fundamental_period(::typeof($fn)) = 2pi
+end
+
+for fn in [sind, cosd, cscd, secd]
+    @eval fundamental_period(::typeof($fn)) = 360.0
+end
+
+fundamental_period(::typeof(cospi)) = 2.0
+
+for fn in [tand, cotd]
+    @eval fundamental_period(::typeof($fn)) = 180.0
+end
+
+for fn in [tan, cot, NaNMath.tan]
+    # `1pi isa Float64` whereas `pi isa Irrational{:π}`
+    @eval fundamental_period(::typeof($fn)) = 1pi
+end

src/solver/ia_main.jl

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 using Symbolics
 
-function isolate(lhs, var; warns=true, conditions=[])
+const SAFE_ALTERNATIVES = Dict(log => slog, sqrt => ssqrt, cbrt => scbrt)
+
+function isolate(lhs, var; warns=true, conditions=[], complex_roots = true, periodic_roots = true)
     rhs = Vector{Any}([0])
     original_lhs = deepcopy(lhs)
     lhs = unwrap(lhs)
@@ -72,12 +74,21 @@ function isolate(lhs, var; warns=true, conditions=[])
                 power = args[2]
                 new_roots = []
 
-                for i in eachindex(rhs)
-                    for k in 0:(args[2] - 1)
-                        r = wrap(term(^, rhs[i], (1 // power)))
-                        c = wrap(term(*, 2 * (k), pi)) * im / power
-                        root = r * Base.MathConstants.e^c
-                        push!(new_roots, root)
+                if complex_roots
+                    for i in eachindex(rhs)
+                        for k in 0:(args[2] - 1)
+                            r = term(^, rhs[i], (1 // power))
+                            c = term(*, 2 * (k), pi) * im / power
+                            root = r * Base.MathConstants.e^c
+                            push!(new_roots, root)
+                        end
+                    end
+                else
+                    for i in eachindex(rhs)
+                        push!(new_roots, term(^, rhs[i], (1 // power)))
+                        if iseven(power)
+                            push!(new_roots, term(-, new_roots[end]))
+                        end
                     end
                 end
                 rhs = []
@@ -90,57 +101,23 @@ function isolate(lhs, var; warns=true, conditions=[])
                 lhs = args[2]
                 rhs = map(sol -> term(/, term(slog, sol), term(slog, args[1])), rhs)
             end
-
-        elseif oper === (log) || oper === (slog)
-            lhs = args[1]
-            rhs = map(sol -> term(^, Base.MathConstants.e, sol), rhs)
-            push!(conditions, (args[1], >))
-
-        elseif oper === (log2)
-            lhs = args[1]
-            rhs = map(sol -> term(^, 2, sol), rhs)
-            push!(conditions, (args[1], >))
-
-        elseif oper === (log10)
+        elseif has_left_inverse(oper)
             lhs = args[1]
-            rhs = map(sol -> term(^, 10, sol), rhs)
-            push!(conditions, (args[1], >))
-
-        elseif oper === (sqrt)
-            lhs = args[1]
-            append!(conditions, [(r, >=) for r in rhs])
-            rhs = map(sol -> term(^, sol, 2), rhs)
-
-        elseif oper === (cbrt)
-            lhs = args[1]
-            rhs = map(sol -> term(^, sol, 3), rhs)
-
-        elseif oper === (sin) || oper === (cos) || oper === (tan)
-            rev_oper = Dict(sin => asin, cos => acos, tan => atan)
-            lhs = args[1]
-            # make this global somehow so the user doesnt need to declare it on his own
-            new_var = gensym()
-            new_var = (@variables $new_var)[1]
-            rhs = map(
-                sol -> term(rev_oper[oper], sol) +
-                       term(*, Base.MathConstants.pi, new_var),
-                rhs)
-            @info string(new_var) * " ϵ" * " Ζ"
-
-        elseif oper === (asin)
-            lhs = args[1]
-            rhs = map(sol -> term(sin, sol), rhs)
-
-        elseif oper === (acos)
-            lhs = args[1]
-            rhs = map(sol -> term(cos, sol), rhs)
-
-        elseif oper === (atan)
-            lhs = args[1]
-            rhs = map(sol -> term(tan, sol), rhs)
-        elseif oper === (exp)
-            lhs = args[1]
-            rhs = map(sol -> term(slog, sol), rhs)
+            ia_conditions!(oper, lhs, rhs, conditions)
+            invop = left_inverse(oper)
+            invop = get(SAFE_ALTERNATIVES, invop, invop)
+            if is_periodic(oper) && periodic_roots
+                new_var = gensym()
+                new_var = (@variables $new_var)[1]
+                period = fundamental_period(oper)
+                rhs = map(
+                    sol -> term(invop, sol) +
+                           term(*, period, new_var),
+                    rhs)
+                @info string(new_var) * " ϵ" * " Ζ"
+            else
+                rhs = map(sol -> term(invop, sol), rhs)
+            end
         end
 
         lhs = simplify(lhs)
@@ -149,7 +126,7 @@ function isolate(lhs, var; warns=true, conditions=[])
     return rhs, conditions
 end
 
-function attract(lhs, var; warns = true)
+function attract(lhs, var; warns = true, complex_roots = true, periodic_roots = true)
     if n_func_occ(simplify(lhs), var) <= n_func_occ(lhs, var)
         lhs = simplify(lhs)
     end
@@ -164,7 +141,9 @@ function attract(lhs, var; warns = true)
     end
     lhs = attract_trig(lhs, var)
 
-    n_func_occ(lhs, var) == 1 && return isolate(lhs, var, warns = warns, conditions=conditions)
+    if n_func_occ(lhs, var) == 1
+        return isolate(lhs, var; warns, conditions, complex_roots, periodic_roots)
+    end
 
     lhs, sub = turn_to_poly(lhs, var)
 
@@ -182,12 +161,12 @@ function attract(lhs, var; warns = true)
     new_var = collect(keys(sub))[1]
     new_var_val = collect(values(sub))[1]
 
-    roots, new_conds = isolate(lhs, new_var, warns = warns)
+    roots, new_conds = isolate(lhs, new_var; warns = warns, complex_roots, periodic_roots)
     append!(conditions, new_conds)
     new_roots = []
 
     for root in roots
-        new_sol, new_conds = isolate(new_var_val - root, var, warns = warns)
+        new_sol, new_conds = isolate(new_var_val - root, var; warns = warns, complex_roots, periodic_roots)
         append!(conditions, new_conds)
         push!(new_roots, new_sol)
     end
@@ -197,7 +176,7 @@ function attract(lhs, var; warns = true)
 end
 
 """
-    ia_solve(lhs, var)
+    ia_solve(lhs, var; kwargs...)
 This function attempts to solve transcendental functions by first checking
 the "smart" number of occurrences in the input LHS. By smart here we mean
 that polynomials are counted as 1 occurrence. for example `x^2 + 2x` is 1
@@ -226,6 +205,13 @@ we throw an error to tell the user that this is currently unsolvable by our cove
 - lhs: a Num/SymbolicUtils.BasicSymbolic
 - var: variable to solve for.
 
+# Keyword arguments
+- `warns = true`: Whether to emit warnings for unsolvable expressions.
+- `complex_roots = true`: Whether to consider complex roots of `x ^ n ~ y`, where `n` is an integer.
+- `periodic_roots = true`: If `true`, isolate `f(x) ~ y` as `x ~ finv(y) + n * period` where
+   `is_periodic(f) == true`, `finv = left_inverse(f)` and `period = fundamental_period(f)`. `n`
+   is a new anonymous symbolic variable.
+
 # Examples
 ```jldoctest
 julia> solve(a*x^b + c, x)
@@ -256,20 +242,30 @@ julia> RootFinding.ia_solve(expr, x)
  -2 + π*2var"##230" + asin((1//2)*(-1 + RootFinding.ssqrt(-39)))
  -2 + π*2var"##234" + asin((1//2)*(-1 - RootFinding.ssqrt(-39)))
 ```
+
+All transcendental functions for which `left_inverse` is defined are supported.
+To enable `ia_solve` to handle custom transcendental functions, define an inverse or
+left inverse. If the function is periodic, `is_periodic` and `fundamental_period` must
+be defined. If the function imposes certain conditions on its input or output (for
+example, `log` requires that its input be positive) define `ia_conditions!`.
+
+See also: [`left_inverse`](@ref), [`inverse`](@ref), [`is_periodic`](@ref),
+[`fundamental_period`](@ref), [`ia_conditions!`](@ref).
+
 # References
 [^1]: [R. W. Hamming, Coding and Information Theory, ScienceDirect, 1980](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747717189800070).
 """
-function ia_solve(lhs, var; warns = true)
+function ia_solve(lhs, var; warns = true, complex_roots = true, periodic_roots = true)
     nx = n_func_occ(lhs, var)
     sols = []
     conditions = []
     if nx == 0
         warns && @warn("Var not present in given expression")
         return []
     elseif nx == 1
-        sols, conditions = isolate(lhs, var, warns = warns)
+        sols, conditions = isolate(lhs, var; warns = warns, complex_roots, periodic_roots)
     elseif nx > 1
-        sols, conditions = attract(lhs, var, warns = warns)
+        sols, conditions = attract(lhs, var; warns = warns, complex_roots, periodic_roots)
     end
 
     isequal(sols, nothing) && return nothing

test/solver.jl

@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ end
     #@test isequal(lhs, rhs)
 
     lhs = symbolic_solve(log(a*x)-b,x)[1]
-    @test isequal(Symbolics.arguments(Symbolics.unwrap(Symbolics.ssubs(lhs, Dict(a=>1, b=>1))))[1], E)
+    @test isequal(Symbolics.unwrap(Symbolics.ssubs(lhs, Dict(a=>1, b=>1))), 1E)
 
     expr = x + 2
     lhs = eval.(Symbolics.toexpr.(ia_solve(expr, x)))
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ end
     @test isapprox(eval(Symbolics.toexpr(symbolic_solve(expr, x)[1])), sqrt(2), atol=1e-6)
 
     expr = 2^(x+1) + 5^(x+3)
-    lhs = eval.(Symbolics.toexpr.(ia_solve(expr, x)))
+    lhs = ComplexF64.(eval.(Symbolics.toexpr.(ia_solve(expr, x))))
     lhs_solve = eval.(Symbolics.toexpr.(symbolic_solve(expr, x)))
     rhs = [(-im*Base.MathConstants.pi - log(2) + 3log(5))/(log(2) - log(5))]
     @test lhs[1] ≈ rhs[1]
@@ -488,6 +488,31 @@ end
 
     @test all(lhs .≈ rhs)
     @test all(lhs_solve .≈ rhs)
+
+    @testset "Keyword arguments" begin
+        expr = sec(x ^ 2 + 4x + 4) ^ 3 - 3
+        roots = ia_solve(expr, x)
+        @test length(roots) == 6 # 2 quadratic roots * 3 roots from cbrt(3)
+        @test length(Symbolics.get_variables(roots[1])) == 1
+        _n = only(Symbolics.get_variables(roots[1]))
+        vals = substitute.(roots, (Dict(_n => 0),))
+        @test all(x -> isapprox(norm(sec(x^2 + 4x + 4) ^ 3 - 3), 0.0, atol = 1e-14), vals)
+
+        roots = ia_solve(expr, x; complex_roots = false)
+        @test length(roots) == 2
+        # the `n` in `θ + n * 2π`
+        @test length(Symbolics.get_variables(roots[1])) == 1
+        _n = only(Symbolics.get_variables(roots[1]))
+        vals = substitute.(roots, (Dict(_n => 0),))
+        @test all(x -> isapprox(norm(sec(x^2 + 4x + 4) ^ 3 - 3), 0.0, atol = 1e-14), vals)
+
+        roots = ia_solve(expr, x; complex_roots = false, periodic_roots = false)
+        @test length(roots) == 2
+        @test length(Symbolics.get_variables(roots[1])) == 0
+        @test length(Symbolics.get_variables(roots[2])) == 0
+        vals = eval.(Symbolics.toexpr.(roots))
+        @test all(x -> isapprox(norm(sec(x^2 + 4x + 4) ^ 3 - 3), 0.0, atol = 1e-14), vals)
+    end
 end
 
 @testset "Sqrt case poly" begin