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完成 lfs-8.0 & lfs-8.0-systemd 领取任务 #20

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linux-headers.html: 简要介绍 to 简要描述
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93 changes: 26 additions & 67 deletions lfs-8.0-systemd/chapter06/chroot.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
"application/xhtml+xml; charset=iso-8859-1" />
"application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8" />
<title>
6.4.&nbsp;Entering the Chroot Environment
6.4. 进入 Chroot 环境
</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../stylesheets/lfs.css" />
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.78.1" />
Expand All @@ -19,44 +19,40 @@ <h4>
Linux From Scratch - Version 8.0-systemd
</h4>
<h3>
Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software
第六章 安装基本系统软件
</h3>
<ul>
<li class="prev">
<a accesskey="p" href="pkgmgt.html" title=
"Package Management">Prev</a>
"软件包管理">上一页</a>
<p>
Package Management
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"Creating Directories">Next</a>
"创建目录">下一页</a>
<p>
Creating Directories
创建目录
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</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h1 class="sect1">
<a id="ch-system-chroot" name="ch-system-chroot"></a>6.4. Entering
the Chroot Environment
<a id="ch-system-chroot" name="ch-system-chroot"></a>6.4.
进入 Chroot 环境
</h1>
<p>
It is time to enter the chroot environment to begin building and
installing the final LFS system. As user <code class=
"systemitem">root</code>, run the following command to enter the
realm that is, at the moment, populated with only the temporary
tools:
现在是时候进入 chroot 环境开始构建和安装最终的 LFS 系统了。以 <code class="systemitem">root</code> 用户运行以下命令进入现在只含有一些临时工具的“空间”：
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chroot "$LFS" /tools/bin/env -i \
Expand All @@ -67,89 +63,52 @@ <h1 class="sect1">
/tools/bin/bash --login +h</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The <em class="parameter"><code>-i</code></em> option given to the
<span class="command"><strong>env</strong></span> command will clear
all variables of the chroot environment. After that, only the
<code class="envar">HOME</code>, <code class="envar">TERM</code>,
<code class="envar">PS1</code>, and <code class="envar">PATH</code>
variables are set again. The <em class=
"parameter"><code>TERM=$TERM</code></em> construct will set the
<code class="envar">TERM</code> variable inside chroot to the same
value as outside chroot. This variable is needed for programs like
<span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span> and <span class=
"command"><strong>less</strong></span> to operate properly. If other
variables are needed, such as <code class="envar">CFLAGS</code> or
<code class="envar">CXXFLAGS</code>, this is a good place to set them
again.
<span class="command"><strong>env</strong></span> 命令的 <em class="parameter"><code>-i</code></em> 选项将清除 chroot 环境的所有变量。随后，只有 <code class="envar">HOME</code>，<code class="envar">TERM</code>，<code class=
"envar">PS1</code> 和 <code class="envar">PATH</code> 变量会被重新设置。<em class="parameter"><code>TERM=$TERM</code></em> 语句将会把 chroot 内的 TERM 变量的值设置为与外部 chroot 相同。对于像 <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span> 和 <span class="command"><strong>less</strong></span> 这样的程序，需要这个变量以保证其正常运行。如果需要其他变量，如 <code class="envar">CFLAGS</code> 或
<code class="envar">CXXFLAGS</code>，就在这个地方设置会比较好。
</p>
<p>
From this point on, there is no need to use the <code class=
"envar">LFS</code> variable anymore, because all work will be
restricted to the LFS file system. This is because the Bash shell is
told that <code class="filename">$LFS</code> is now the root
(<code class="filename">/</code>) directory.
从这里以后，就不再需要 <code class="envar">LFS</code> 变量了，因为所有的工作都将被限制在 LFS 文件系统中。这是因为我们已经告诉 Bash shell <code class="filename">$LFS</code> 现在是根（<code class="filename">/</code>）目录。
</p>
<p>
Notice that <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> comes last in
the <code class="envar">PATH</code>. This means that a temporary tool
will no longer be used once its final version is installed. This
occurs when the shell does not <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">remember</span>&rdquo;</span> the
locations of executed binaries&mdash;for this reason, hashing is
switched off by passing the <em class=
"parameter"><code>+h</code></em> option to <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span>.
注意 <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> 放在了 <code class="envar">PATH</code> 中的最后。这意味着一旦安装了最终版本，就不再使用临时工具。当 shell 没有<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">记住</span>&rdquo;</span>执行的二进制文件的位置时，就会发生这种情况。因此，需要给 <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span> 加上 <em class="parameter"><code>+h</code></em> 参数，以关闭哈希功能。
</p>
<p>
Note that the <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>
prompt will say <code class="computeroutput">I have no name!</code>
This is normal because the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code>
file has not been created yet.
还需注意 <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span> 会提示 <code class="computeroutput">I have no name!</code> 这通常是因为没有创建 <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> 文件。
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png" />
<h3>
Note
注意
</h3>
<p>
It is important that all the commands throughout the remainder of
this chapter and the following chapters are run from within the
chroot environment. If you leave this environment for any reason
(rebooting for example), ensure that the virtual kernel filesystems
are mounted as explained in <a class="xref" href=
"kernfs.html#ch-system-bindmount" title=
"6.2.2.&nbsp;Mounting and Populating /dev">Section&nbsp;6.2.2,
&ldquo;Mounting and Populating /dev&rdquo;</a> and <a class="xref"
href="kernfs.html#ch-system-kernfsmount" title=
"6.2.3.&nbsp;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems">Section&nbsp;6.2.3,
&ldquo;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems&rdquo;</a> and enter
chroot again before continuing with the installation.
需要重视，本章从这以后的命令，以及后续章节里的命令都要在 chroot 环境下运行。如果因为某种原因（比如说重启）离开了这个环境，请保证要按照 <a class="xref" href="kernfs.html#ch-system-bindmount" title="6.2.2.&nbsp;Mounting and Populating /dev">6.2.2,&ldquo;挂载和激活 /dev&rdquo;</a> 和 <a class="xref" href="kernfs.html#ch-system-kernfsmount" title="6.2.3.&nbsp;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems">6.2.3,&ldquo;挂载虚拟内核文件系统&rdquo;</a> 里所说的那样挂载虚拟内核文件系统，然后在继续构建之前重新运行 chroot 进入环境。
</p>
</div>
</div>
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62 changes: 21 additions & 41 deletions lfs-8.0-systemd/chapter06/creatingdirs.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
"application/xhtml+xml; charset=iso-8859-1" />
"application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8" />
<title>
6.5.&nbsp;Creating Directories
6.5.&nbsp;创建目录
</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../stylesheets/lfs.css" />
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.78.1" />
Expand All @@ -19,41 +19,40 @@ <h4>
Linux From Scratch - Version 8.0-systemd
</h4>
<h3>
Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software
第六章 安装基本系统软件
</h3>
<ul>
<li class="prev">
<a accesskey="p" href="chroot.html" title=
"Entering the Chroot Environment">Prev</a>
"进入 Chroot 环境">上一页</a>
<p>
Entering the Chroot Environment
进入 Chroot 环境
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"Creating Essential Files and Symlinks">Next</a>
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<p>
Creating Essential Files and Symlinks
创建必要文件和符号链接
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</li>
<li class="up">
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</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h1 class="sect1">
<a id="ch-system-creatingdirs" name="ch-system-creatingdirs"></a>6.5.
Creating Directories
创建目录
</h1>
<p>
It is time to create some structure in the LFS file system. Create a
standard directory tree by issuing the following commands:
现在准备创建 LFS 文件系统里的一些目录结构。使用下面的命令创建一个标准的目录树：
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
Expand All @@ -77,62 +76,43 @@ <h1 class="sect1">
mkdir -pv /var/{opt,cache,lib/{color,misc,locate},local}</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755, but
this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands above, two
changes are made&mdash;one to the home directory of user <code class=
"systemitem">root</code>, and another to the directories for
temporary files.
一般目录默认会按 755 的权限创建，但是这并不适用于所有的目录。在上面的命令里，有两个改动 &mdash;&mdash; 一个是 <code class="systemitem">root</code> 用户的主目录，另一个是存放临时文件的目录。
</p>
<p>
The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter the
<code class="filename">/root</code> directory&mdash;the same as a
normal user would do with his or her home directory. The second mode
change makes sure that any user can write to the <code class=
"filename">/tmp</code> and <code class="filename">/var/tmp</code>
directories, but cannot remove another user's files from them. The
latter is prohibited by the so-called <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">sticky bit,</span>&rdquo;</span>
the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit mask.
第一个模式改动能保证不是所有人都能进入 <code class="filename">/root</code> 目录 &mdash;&mdash; 同样，一般用户也需要为他/她的家目录设置这样的模式。第二个模式改动能保证所有用户都可以写目录 <code class="filename">/tmp</code> 和 <code class="filename">/var/tmp</code>。还增加了一个所谓的“粘滞位”的限制，即位掩码 0x1777 中的最高位（1）。
</p>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h2 class="sect2">
6.5.1. FHS Compliance Note
6.5.1. 关于 FHS 兼容性
</h2>
<p>
The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS) (available at <a class="ulink" href=
"https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/en/FHS">https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/en/FHS</a>).
The FHS also stipulates the optional existence some directories
such as <code class="filename">/usr/local/games</code> and
<code class="filename">/usr/share/games</code>. We create only the
directories that are needed. However, feel free to create these
directories.
这个目录树是基于文件系统目录结构标准（FHS）（参见 <a class="ulink" href="https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/en/FHS">https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/en/FHS</a>）。FHS 标准还规定了要有 <code class="filename">/usr/local/games</code> 和 <code class="filename">/usr/share/games</code> 目录。我们只需要创建我们需要的文件。当然，你也可以自由地创建这些目录。
</p>
</div>
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