perf: optimize iteration on nested cache context (backport #13881)

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ Ref: https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/
 ### Improvements
 
 * (types) [#14163](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/14163) Refactor `(coins Coins) Validate()` to avoid unnecessary map.
+* [#13881](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/13881) Optimize iteration on nested cached KV stores and other operations in general.
 
 ### API Breaking Changes
 

go.mod

@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/tendermint/go-amino v0.16.0
 	github.com/tendermint/tendermint v0.37.0-rc2
 	github.com/tendermint/tm-db v0.6.7
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.3.0
+	github.com/tidwall/btree v1.5.2
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.4.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20221019170559-20944726eadf
 	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20221118155620-16455021b5e6
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.51.0
@@ -151,11 +152,11 @@ require (
 	github.com/zondax/ledger-go v0.14.0 // indirect
 	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.6 // indirect
 	go.opencensus.io v0.23.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.2.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.3.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20221014153046-6fdb5e3db783 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/term v0.2.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.4.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.3.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/term v0.3.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.5.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20220907171357-04be3eba64a2 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/api v0.102.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -775,6 +775,8 @@ github.com/tendermint/tendermint v0.37.0-rc2 h1:2n1em+jfbhSv6QnBj8F6KHCpbIzZCB8K
 github.com/tendermint/tendermint v0.37.0-rc2/go.mod h1:uYQO9DRNPeZROa9X3hJOZpYcVREDC2/HST+EiU5g2+A=
 github.com/tendermint/tm-db v0.6.7 h1:fE00Cbl0jayAoqlExN6oyQJ7fR/ZtoVOmvPJ//+shu8=
 github.com/tendermint/tm-db v0.6.7/go.mod h1:byQDzFkZV1syXr/ReXS808NxA2xvyuuVgXOJ/088L6I=
+github.com/tidwall/btree v1.5.2 h1:5eA83Gfki799V3d3bJo9sWk+yL2LRoTEah3O/SA6/8w=
+github.com/tidwall/btree v1.5.2/go.mod h1:twD9XRA5jj9VUQGELzDO4HPQTNJsoWWfYEL+EUQ2cKY=
 github.com/tmc/grpc-websocket-proxy v0.0.0-20170815181823-89b8d40f7ca8/go.mod h1:ncp9v5uamzpCO7NfCPTXjqaC+bZgJeR0sMTm6dMHP7U=
 github.com/tv42/httpunix v0.0.0-20150427012821-b75d8614f926/go.mod h1:9ESjWnEqriFuLhtthL60Sar/7RFoluCcXsuvEwTV5KM=
 github.com/ugorji/go v1.2.7 h1:qYhyWUUd6WbiM+C6JZAUkIJt/1WrjzNHY9+KCIjVqTo=
@@ -834,8 +836,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200728195943-123391ffb6de/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPh
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210421170649-83a5a9bb288b/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm1hfPfRQxPLYneinmdGuTeoZ9dtd4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210711020723-a769d52b0f97/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211108221036-ceb1ce70b4fa/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.3.0 h1:a06MkbcxBrEFc0w0QIZWXrH/9cCX6KJyWbBOIwAn+7A=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.3.0/go.mod h1:hebNnKkNXi2UzZN1eVRvBB7co0a+JxK6XbPiWVs/3J4=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.4.0 h1:UVQgzMY87xqpKNgb+kDsll2Igd33HszWHFLmpaRMq/8=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.4.0/go.mod h1:3quD/ATkf6oY+rnes5c3ExXTbLc8mueNue5/DoinL80=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190306152737-a1d7652674e8/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190510132918-efd6b22b2522/go.mod h1:ZjyILWgesfNpC6sMxTJOJm9Kp84zZh5NQWvqDGG3Qr8=
@@ -922,8 +924,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210614182718-04defd469f4e/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qx
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210805182204-aaa1db679c0d/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220127200216-cd36cc0744dd/go.mod h1:CfG3xpIq0wQ8r1q4Su4UZFWDARRcnwPjda9FqA0JpMk=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220225172249-27dd8689420f/go.mod h1:CfG3xpIq0wQ8r1q4Su4UZFWDARRcnwPjda9FqA0JpMk=
-golang.org/x/net v0.2.0 h1:sZfSu1wtKLGlWI4ZZayP0ck9Y73K1ynO6gqzTdBVdPU=
-golang.org/x/net v0.2.0/go.mod h1:KqCZLdyyvdV855qA2rE3GC2aiw5xGR5TEjj8smXukLY=
+golang.org/x/net v0.3.0 h1:VWL6FNY2bEEmsGVKabSlHu5Irp34xmMRoqb/9lF9lxk=
+golang.org/x/net v0.3.0/go.mod h1:MBQ8lrhLObU/6UmLb4fmbmk5OcyYmqtbGd/9yIeKjEE=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190604053449-0f29369cfe45/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
@@ -1024,12 +1026,12 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220517195934-5e4e11fc645e/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220908164124-27713097b956/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20221010170243-090e33056c14/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0 h1:ljd4t30dBnAvMZaQCevtY0xLLD0A+bRZXbgLMLU1F/A=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.3.0 h1:w8ZOecv6NaNa/zC8944JTU3vz4u6Lagfk4RPQxv92NQ=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.3.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
-golang.org/x/term v0.2.0 h1:z85xZCsEl7bi/KwbNADeBYoOP0++7W1ipu+aGnpwzRM=
-golang.org/x/term v0.2.0/go.mod h1:TVmDHMZPmdnySmBfhjOoOdhjzdE1h4u1VwSiw2l1Nuc=
+golang.org/x/term v0.3.0 h1:qoo4akIqOcDME5bhc/NgxUdovd6BSS2uMsVjB56q1xI=
+golang.org/x/term v0.3.0/go.mod h1:q750SLmJuPmVoN1blW3UFBPREJfb1KmY3vwxfr+nFDA=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -1039,8 +1041,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.4/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.5/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.4.0 h1:BrVqGRd7+k1DiOgtnFvAkoQEWQvBc25ouMJM6429SFg=
-golang.org/x/text v0.4.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.5.0 h1:OLmvp0KP+FVG99Ct/qFiL/Fhk4zp4QQnZ7b2U+5piUM=
+golang.org/x/text v0.5.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20180412165947-fbb02b2291d2/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=

simapp/go.mod

@@ -136,18 +136,19 @@ require (
 	github.com/tendermint/btcd v0.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/tendermint/crypto v0.0.0-20191022145703-50d29ede1e15 // indirect
 	github.com/tendermint/go-amino v0.16.0 // indirect
+	github.com/tidwall/btree v1.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.8 // indirect
 	github.com/zondax/hid v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/zondax/ledger-go v0.14.0 // indirect
 	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.6 // indirect
 	go.opencensus.io v0.23.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.3.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.4.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20221019170559-20944726eadf // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.2.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.3.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20221014153046-6fdb5e3db783 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/term v0.2.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.4.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.3.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/term v0.3.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.5.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20220907171357-04be3eba64a2 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/api v0.102.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7 // indirect

simapp/go.sum

@@ -762,6 +762,8 @@ github.com/tendermint/tendermint v0.37.0-rc2 h1:2n1em+jfbhSv6QnBj8F6KHCpbIzZCB8K
 github.com/tendermint/tendermint v0.37.0-rc2/go.mod h1:uYQO9DRNPeZROa9X3hJOZpYcVREDC2/HST+EiU5g2+A=
 github.com/tendermint/tm-db v0.6.7 h1:fE00Cbl0jayAoqlExN6oyQJ7fR/ZtoVOmvPJ//+shu8=
 github.com/tendermint/tm-db v0.6.7/go.mod h1:byQDzFkZV1syXr/ReXS808NxA2xvyuuVgXOJ/088L6I=
+github.com/tidwall/btree v1.5.2 h1:5eA83Gfki799V3d3bJo9sWk+yL2LRoTEah3O/SA6/8w=
+github.com/tidwall/btree v1.5.2/go.mod h1:twD9XRA5jj9VUQGELzDO4HPQTNJsoWWfYEL+EUQ2cKY=
 github.com/tmc/grpc-websocket-proxy v0.0.0-20170815181823-89b8d40f7ca8/go.mod h1:ncp9v5uamzpCO7NfCPTXjqaC+bZgJeR0sMTm6dMHP7U=
 github.com/tv42/httpunix v0.0.0-20150427012821-b75d8614f926/go.mod h1:9ESjWnEqriFuLhtthL60Sar/7RFoluCcXsuvEwTV5KM=
 github.com/ugorji/go v1.2.7 h1:qYhyWUUd6WbiM+C6JZAUkIJt/1WrjzNHY9+KCIjVqTo=
@@ -821,8 +823,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200728195943-123391ffb6de/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPh
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210421170649-83a5a9bb288b/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm1hfPfRQxPLYneinmdGuTeoZ9dtd4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210711020723-a769d52b0f97/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211108221036-ceb1ce70b4fa/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.3.0 h1:a06MkbcxBrEFc0w0QIZWXrH/9cCX6KJyWbBOIwAn+7A=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.3.0/go.mod h1:hebNnKkNXi2UzZN1eVRvBB7co0a+JxK6XbPiWVs/3J4=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.4.0 h1:UVQgzMY87xqpKNgb+kDsll2Igd33HszWHFLmpaRMq/8=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.4.0/go.mod h1:3quD/ATkf6oY+rnes5c3ExXTbLc8mueNue5/DoinL80=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190306152737-a1d7652674e8/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190510132918-efd6b22b2522/go.mod h1:ZjyILWgesfNpC6sMxTJOJm9Kp84zZh5NQWvqDGG3Qr8=
@@ -909,8 +911,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210614182718-04defd469f4e/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qx
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210805182204-aaa1db679c0d/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220127200216-cd36cc0744dd/go.mod h1:CfG3xpIq0wQ8r1q4Su4UZFWDARRcnwPjda9FqA0JpMk=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220225172249-27dd8689420f/go.mod h1:CfG3xpIq0wQ8r1q4Su4UZFWDARRcnwPjda9FqA0JpMk=
-golang.org/x/net v0.2.0 h1:sZfSu1wtKLGlWI4ZZayP0ck9Y73K1ynO6gqzTdBVdPU=
-golang.org/x/net v0.2.0/go.mod h1:KqCZLdyyvdV855qA2rE3GC2aiw5xGR5TEjj8smXukLY=
+golang.org/x/net v0.3.0 h1:VWL6FNY2bEEmsGVKabSlHu5Irp34xmMRoqb/9lF9lxk=
+golang.org/x/net v0.3.0/go.mod h1:MBQ8lrhLObU/6UmLb4fmbmk5OcyYmqtbGd/9yIeKjEE=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190604053449-0f29369cfe45/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
@@ -1010,12 +1012,12 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220517195934-5e4e11fc645e/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220908164124-27713097b956/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20221010170243-090e33056c14/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0 h1:ljd4t30dBnAvMZaQCevtY0xLLD0A+bRZXbgLMLU1F/A=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.3.0 h1:w8ZOecv6NaNa/zC8944JTU3vz4u6Lagfk4RPQxv92NQ=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.3.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
-golang.org/x/term v0.2.0 h1:z85xZCsEl7bi/KwbNADeBYoOP0++7W1ipu+aGnpwzRM=
-golang.org/x/term v0.2.0/go.mod h1:TVmDHMZPmdnySmBfhjOoOdhjzdE1h4u1VwSiw2l1Nuc=
+golang.org/x/term v0.3.0 h1:qoo4akIqOcDME5bhc/NgxUdovd6BSS2uMsVjB56q1xI=
+golang.org/x/term v0.3.0/go.mod h1:q750SLmJuPmVoN1blW3UFBPREJfb1KmY3vwxfr+nFDA=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -1025,8 +1027,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.4/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.5/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.4.0 h1:BrVqGRd7+k1DiOgtnFvAkoQEWQvBc25ouMJM6429SFg=
-golang.org/x/text v0.4.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.5.0 h1:OLmvp0KP+FVG99Ct/qFiL/Fhk4zp4QQnZ7b2U+5piUM=
+golang.org/x/text v0.5.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20180412165947-fbb02b2291d2/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=

store/cachekv/benchmark_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+package cachekv_test
+
+import (
+	fmt "fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store"
+	storetypes "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/types"
+	sdk "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types"
+	"github.com/tendermint/tendermint/libs/log"
+	tmproto "github.com/tendermint/tendermint/proto/tendermint/types"
+	dbm "github.com/tendermint/tm-db"
+)
+
+func DoBenchmarkDeepContextStack(b *testing.B, depth int) {
+	begin := []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}
+	end := []byte{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff}
+	key := storetypes.NewKVStoreKey("test")
+
+	db := dbm.NewMemDB()
+	cms := store.NewCommitMultiStore(db)
+	cms.MountStoreWithDB(key, storetypes.StoreTypeIAVL, db)
+	cms.LoadLatestVersion()
+	ctx := sdk.NewContext(cms, tmproto.Header{}, false, log.NewNopLogger())
+
+	var stack ContextStack
+	stack.Reset(ctx)
+
+	for i := 0; i < depth; i++ {
+		stack.Snapshot()
+
+		store := stack.CurrentContext().KVStore(key)
+		store.Set(begin, []byte("value"))
+	}
+
+	store := stack.CurrentContext().KVStore(key)
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		it := store.Iterator(begin, end)
+		it.Valid()
+		it.Key()
+		it.Value()
+		it.Next()
+		it.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkDeepContextStack1(b *testing.B) {
+	DoBenchmarkDeepContextStack(b, 1)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkDeepContextStack3(b *testing.B) {
+	DoBenchmarkDeepContextStack(b, 3)
+}
+func BenchmarkDeepContextStack10(b *testing.B) {
+	DoBenchmarkDeepContextStack(b, 10)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkDeepContextStack13(b *testing.B) {
+	DoBenchmarkDeepContextStack(b, 13)
+}
+
+// cachedContext is a pair of cache context and its corresponding commit method.
+// They are obtained from the return value of `context.CacheContext()`.
+type cachedContext struct {
+	ctx    sdk.Context
+	commit func()
+}
+
+// ContextStack manages the initial context and a stack of cached contexts,
+// to support the `StateDB.Snapshot` and `StateDB.RevertToSnapshot` methods.
+//
+// Copied from an old version of ethermint
+type ContextStack struct {
+	// Context of the initial state before transaction execution.
+	// It's the context used by `StateDB.CommitedState`.
+	initialCtx     sdk.Context
+	cachedContexts []cachedContext
+}
+
+// CurrentContext returns the top context of cached stack,
+// if the stack is empty, returns the initial context.
+func (cs *ContextStack) CurrentContext() sdk.Context {
+	l := len(cs.cachedContexts)
+	if l == 0 {
+		return cs.initialCtx
+	}
+	return cs.cachedContexts[l-1].ctx
+}
+
+// Reset sets the initial context and clear the cache context stack.
+func (cs *ContextStack) Reset(ctx sdk.Context) {
+	cs.initialCtx = ctx
+	if len(cs.cachedContexts) > 0 {
+		cs.cachedContexts = []cachedContext{}
+	}
+}
+
+// IsEmpty returns true if the cache context stack is empty.
+func (cs *ContextStack) IsEmpty() bool {
+	return len(cs.cachedContexts) == 0
+}
+
+// Commit commits all the cached contexts from top to bottom in order and clears the stack by setting an empty slice of cache contexts.
+func (cs *ContextStack) Commit() {
+	// commit in order from top to bottom
+	for i := len(cs.cachedContexts) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if cs.cachedContexts[i].commit == nil {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("commit function at index %d should not be nil", i))
+		} else {
+			cs.cachedContexts[i].commit()
+		}
+	}
+	cs.cachedContexts = []cachedContext{}
+}
+
+// CommitToRevision commit the cache after the target revision,
+// to improve efficiency of db operations.
+func (cs *ContextStack) CommitToRevision(target int) error {
+	if target < 0 || target >= len(cs.cachedContexts) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("snapshot index %d out of bound [%d..%d)", target, 0, len(cs.cachedContexts))
+	}
+
+	// commit in order from top to bottom
+	for i := len(cs.cachedContexts) - 1; i > target; i-- {
+		if cs.cachedContexts[i].commit == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("commit function at index %d should not be nil", i)
+		}
+		cs.cachedContexts[i].commit()
+	}
+	cs.cachedContexts = cs.cachedContexts[0 : target+1]
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Snapshot pushes a new cached context to the stack,
+// and returns the index of it.
+func (cs *ContextStack) Snapshot() int {
+	i := len(cs.cachedContexts)
+	ctx, commit := cs.CurrentContext().CacheContext()
+	cs.cachedContexts = append(cs.cachedContexts, cachedContext{ctx: ctx, commit: commit})
+	return i
+}
+
+// RevertToSnapshot pops all the cached contexts after the target index (inclusive).
+// the target should be snapshot index returned by `Snapshot`.
+// This function panics if the index is out of bounds.
+func (cs *ContextStack) RevertToSnapshot(target int) {
+	if target < 0 || target >= len(cs.cachedContexts) {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("snapshot index %d out of bound [%d..%d)", target, 0, len(cs.cachedContexts)))
+	}
+	cs.cachedContexts = cs.cachedContexts[:target]
+}
+
+// RevertAll discards all the cache contexts.
+func (cs *ContextStack) RevertAll() {
+	if len(cs.cachedContexts) > 0 {
+		cs.RevertToSnapshot(0)
+	}
+}