More docs and small cleanup

memory/src/main/scala/filodb.memory/format/vectors/Histogram.scala

@@ -570,9 +570,10 @@ object HistogramBuckets {
     val scale = UnsafeUtils.getShort(bucketsDefBase, bucketsDefOffset + OffsetBucketDetails)
     val startPosBucket = UnsafeUtils.getShort(bucketsDefBase, bucketsDefOffset + OffsetBucketDetails + 2)
     val numPosBuckets = UnsafeUtils.getShort(bucketsDefBase, bucketsDefOffset + OffsetBucketDetails + 4)
-    val startNegBucket = UnsafeUtils.getShort(bucketsDefBase, bucketsDefOffset + OffsetBucketDetails + 6)
-    val numNegBuckets = UnsafeUtils.getShort(bucketsDefBase, bucketsDefOffset + OffsetBucketDetails + 8)
-    Base2ExpHistogramBuckets(scale, startPosBucket, numPosBuckets, startNegBucket, numNegBuckets)
+    // uncomment when negative buckets are supported
+    // val startNegBucket = UnsafeUtils.getShort(bucketsDefBase, bucketsDefOffset + OffsetBucketDetails + 6)
+    // val numNegBuckets = UnsafeUtils.getShort(bucketsDefBase, bucketsDefOffset + OffsetBucketDetails + 8)
+    Base2ExpHistogramBuckets(scale, startPosBucket, numPosBuckets)
   }
 
   /**
@@ -642,30 +643,26 @@ object Base2ExpHistogramBuckets {
  * See https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-proto/blob/7312bdf63218acf27fe96430b7231de37fd091f2/
  *             opentelemetry/proto/metrics/v1/metrics.proto#L500
  * for the definition.
+ *
+ * Easier explanation here: https://dyladan.me/histograms/2023/05/04/exponential-histograms/
+ *
  * The bucket scheme is based on the formula:
  * `bucket(index) = base ^ (index + 1)`
  * where index is the bucket index, and `base = 2 ^ 2 ^ -scale`
  *
- * Negative buckets are not supported yet, so startIndexNegativeBuckets and numNegativeBuckets are always 0.
- * They are here since the proto has it (but the client SDKs do not), and we want to be able to support it
- * when the spec changes
+ * Negative observations are not supported yet. But serialization format is forward compatible.
  *
- * @param scale
- * @param startIndexPositiveBuckets
- * @param numPositiveBuckets
- * @param startIndexNegativeBuckets negative buckets are not supported yet, so this is always 0
- * @param numNegativeBuckets negative buckets are not supported yet, so this is always 0
+ * @param scale OTel metrics ExponentialHistogramDataPoint proto scale value
+ * @param startIndexPositiveBuckets offset for positive buckets from the same proto
+ * @param numPositiveBuckets length of the positive buckets array from the same proto
  */
 final case class Base2ExpHistogramBuckets(scale: Int,
                                           startIndexPositiveBuckets: Int,
-                                          numPositiveBuckets: Int,
-                                          startIndexNegativeBuckets: Int = 0,
-                                          numNegativeBuckets: Int = 0
+                                          numPositiveBuckets: Int
                                         ) extends HistogramBuckets {
   import Base2ExpHistogramBuckets._
   require(numPositiveBuckets <= maxBuckets && numPositiveBuckets >= 0,
     s"Invalid buckets: numPositiveBuckets=$numPositiveBuckets  maxBuckets=${maxBuckets}")
-  require(numNegativeBuckets == 0 && startIndexNegativeBuckets == 0, "Negative buckets not supported yet")
   // limit bucket index and scale values since the corresponding bucketTop values can get very large or very small and
   // may tend to very very large or small values above double precision. Note we are also serializing
   // these as shorts in the binary format, so they need to be within limits of short
@@ -681,8 +678,6 @@ final case class Base2ExpHistogramBuckets(scale: Int,
 
   override def numBuckets: Int = numPositiveBuckets + 1 // add one for zero count
 
-  def bucketIndexToArrayIndex(index: Int): Int = index - startIndexPositiveBuckets + 1
-
   final def bucketTop(no: Int): Double = {
     if (no ==0) 0.0 else {
       // From OTel metrics proto docs:
@@ -695,6 +690,12 @@ final case class Base2ExpHistogramBuckets(scale: Int,
   }
 
   final def serialize(buf: MutableDirectBuffer, pos: Int): Int = {
+
+    // Negative observations are not supported yet, so startIndexNegativeBuckets and numNegativeBuckets are always 0.
+    // They are here since the proto has it (but the client SDKs do not), and we want to be able to support it
+    // when the spec changes
+    val startIndexNegativeBuckets = 0
+    val numNegativeBuckets = 0
     require(numBuckets < Short.MaxValue, s"numBucket overflow: $numBuckets")
     require(startIndexPositiveBuckets < Short.MaxValue,
       s"startIndexPositiveBuckets overflow: $startIndexPositiveBuckets")
@@ -722,9 +723,9 @@ final case class Base2ExpHistogramBuckets(scale: Int,
   override def similarForMath(other: HistogramBuckets): Boolean = {
     other match {
       case c: Base2ExpHistogramBuckets => this.scale == c.scale &&
-                                         this.startIndexPositiveBuckets == c.startIndexPositiveBuckets &&
-                                         this.numPositiveBuckets == c.numPositiveBuckets
-      case _                          => false
+                                          this.startIndexPositiveBuckets == c.startIndexPositiveBuckets &&
+                                          this.numPositiveBuckets == c.numPositiveBuckets
+      case _                           => false
     }
   }
 
@@ -745,6 +746,8 @@ final case class Base2ExpHistogramBuckets(scale: Int,
       var newBase = Math.max(base, o.base)
       var newBucketIndexEnd = Math.ceil(Math.log(maxBucketTopNeeded) / Math.log(newBase)).toInt - 1
       var newBucketIndexStart = Math.floor(Math.log(minBucketTopNeeded) / Math.log(newBase)).toInt - 1
+      // Even if the two schemes are of same scale, they can have non-overlapping bucket ranges.
+      // The new bucket scheme should have at most maxBuckets, so keep reducing scale until within limits.
       while (newBucketIndexEnd - newBucketIndexStart > maxBuckets) {
         newScale -= 1
         newBase = Math.pow(2, Math.pow(2, -newScale))
@@ -755,35 +758,74 @@ final case class Base2ExpHistogramBuckets(scale: Int,
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Converts an OTel exponential index to array index.
+   * For example if startIndexPositiveBuckets = -5 and numPositiveBuckets = 10, then
+   * -5 will return 1, -4 will return 2, 0 will return 6, 4 will return 10.
+   * Know that 0 array index is reserved for zero bucket.
+   */
+  def bucketIndexToArrayIndex(index: Int): Int = index - startIndexPositiveBuckets + 1
+
   /**
    * Add the otherValues using otherBuckets scheme to ourValues. This method assumes (a) ourValues uses "this"
    * bucket scheme and (a) this bucket scheme can accommodate otherBuckets.
    */
   def addValues(ourValues: Array[Double],
                 otherBuckets: Base2ExpHistogramBuckets,
                 otherHistogram: HistogramWithBuckets): Unit = {
-    // TODO remove the require once code is stable
+    // TODO consider removing the require once code is stable
     require(ourValues.length == numBuckets)
     require(otherHistogram.numBuckets == otherBuckets.numBuckets)
     require(canAccommodate(otherBuckets))
+    val scaleIncrease = otherBuckets.scale - scale
     // for each ourValues, find the bucket index in otherValues and add the value
-    val fac = Math.pow(2 , otherBuckets.scale - scale).toInt
+    val fac = Math.pow(2 , scaleIncrease).toInt
     ourValues(0) += otherHistogram.bucketValue(0) // add the zero bucket
+    // For this algorithm we take advantage of the pattern that there is a relationship between scale
+    // and the bucketIndexPlus1. When scale increases by scaleIncrease,
+    // then the otherBucketIndexPlus1 for the same bucket in the other scheme
+    // is 2^scaleIncrease (which is fac) times otherBucketIndexPlus1.
     cforRange { startIndexPositiveBuckets until startIndexPositiveBuckets + numPositiveBuckets } { ourBucketIndex =>
       val ourBucketIndexPlus1 = ourBucketIndex + 1
       val otherBucketIndexPlus1 = ourBucketIndexPlus1 * fac
       val ourArrayIndex = bucketIndexToArrayIndex(ourBucketIndexPlus1 - 1)
+      // ourArrayIndex is guaranteed to be within bounds since we are iterating our bucket range
+
       val otherArrayIndex = otherBuckets.bucketIndexToArrayIndex(otherBucketIndexPlus1 - 1)
-      if (otherArrayIndex > 0 && otherArrayIndex < otherBuckets.numBuckets) {
-        // TODO remove this require once code is stable
+      // there is a possibility that otherArrayIndex is out of bounds, so we need to check
+
+      if (otherArrayIndex > 0 && otherArrayIndex < otherBuckets.numBuckets) { // add if within bounds
+
+        // Example 1: add every 2nd bucket from other to our bucket
+        // other scale = 2 . . . . . . . . . . .
+        //                 ↓   ↓   ↓   ↓   ↓   ↓
+        // our  scale =  1 .   .   .   .   .   .
+        //
+        // Example 2: add every 4th bucket from other to our bucket
+        // other scale = 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
+        //                 ↓       ↓       ↓       ↓
+        // our  scale =  1 .       .       .       .
+
+        // TODO consider removing the require once code is stable
         require(ourArrayIndex != 0, "double counting zero bucket")
         require( Math.abs(bucketTop(ourArrayIndex) - otherBuckets.bucketTop(otherArrayIndex)) <= 0.000001,
           s"Bucket tops of $ourArrayIndex and $otherArrayIndex don't match:" +
             s" ${bucketTop(ourArrayIndex)} != ${otherBuckets.bucketTop(otherArrayIndex)}")
         ourValues(ourArrayIndex) += otherHistogram.bucketValue(otherArrayIndex)
       } else if (otherArrayIndex >= otherBuckets.numBuckets) {
+        // if otherArrayIndex higher than upper bound, add to our last bucket since bucket counts are cumulative
+
+        // Example 3: add every 4th bucket from other to our
+        // other scale = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . X    add last bucket X here
+        //                 ↓       ↓       ↓       ↓       ↓       ↓
+        // our  scale =  2 .       .       .       .       .       .
+
+        // TODO consider removing the require once code is stable
+        require(ourArrayIndex != 0, "double counting zero bucket")
         ourValues(ourArrayIndex) += otherHistogram.bucketValue(otherBuckets.numBuckets - 1)
       }
+      // if otherArrayIndex is less than lower bound, the counts are already included and we don't need
+      // to add since the counts are cumulative
     }
   }
 }