deps(docker): bump postgres from 16-bullseye to 17-bullseye in /docke… #7039

Job	Run time
gomod	59s
docs	28s
image_tags	1s
lint	3m 30s
build (controller)	2m 22s
test (test)	11m 10s
build (kanctl)	2m 21s
reno_lint	42s
test (integration-test)	8m 14s
build (kando)	2m 11s
test (helm-test)	3m 3s
release	11m 59s
release_example_docker_images / build_cassandra / build_image	51s
release_example_docker_images / build_es-sidecar / build_image	7m 14s
release_example_docker_images / build_kafka-adobe-s3-source-connector / build_image	7m 19s
release_example_docker_images / build_kafka-adobe-s3-sink-connector / build_image	7m 12s
release_example_docker_images / build_mssql-tools / build_image	41s
release_example_docker_images / build_mongodb / build_image	29s
release_example_docker_images / build_mysql_sidecar / build_image	2m 17s
release_example_docker_images / build_postgres-kanister-tools / build_image	5m 22s
release_example_docker_images / build_postgresql / build_image	5m 27s
	1h 23m 52s

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