Welcome to ENIGMA HALFpipe

HALFpipe is a user-friendly software that facilitates reproducible analysis of fMRI data, including preprocessing, single-subject, and group analysis. It provides state-of-the-art preprocessing using fmriprep, but removes the necessity to convert data to the BIDS format. Common resting-state and task-based fMRI features can then be calculated on the fly using FSL and nipype for statistics.

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If you encounter issues, please see the troubleshooting section of this document.

Some sections of this document are marked as outdated. While we are working on updating them, the paper and the analysis manual should be able to answer most questions.

Table of Contents

• Getting started
  • Container platform
  • Download
  • Running
• User interface
  • Files
  • Features
  • Models
• Running on a high-performance computing cluster
• Quality checks
• Outputs
  • Subject-level features
  • Preprocessed images
  • Group-level
• Troubleshooting
• Command line flags
  • Control command line logging
  • Automatically remove unneeded files
  • Adjust nipype
  • Choose which parts to run or to skip
  • Working directory
  • Data file system root
• Contact

Getting started

HALFpipe is distributed as a container, meaning that all required software comes bundled in a monolithic file, the container. This allows for easy installation on new systems, and makes data analysis more reproducible, because software versions are guaranteed to be the same for all users.

Container platform

The first step is to install one of the supported container platforms. If you’re using a high-performance computing cluster, more often than not Singularity will already be available.

If not, we recommend using the latest version ofSingularity. However, it can be somewhat cumbersome to install, as it needs to be built from source.

The NeuroDebian package repository provides an older version of Singularity for some Linux distributions.

If you are running mac OS, then you should be able to run the container with Docker Desktop.

If you are running Windows, you can also try running with Docker Desktop, but we have not done any compatibility testing yet, so issues may occur, for example with respect to file systems.

Container platform	Version	Installation
Singularity	3.x	https://sylabs.io/guides/3.8/user-guide/quick_start.html
Singularity	2.x	sudo apt install singularity-container
Docker		See https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/

Download

The second step is to download the HALFpipe to your computer. This requires approximately 5 gigabytes of storage.

Container platform	Version	Installation
Singularity	3.x	https://download.fmri.science/singularity/halfpipe-latest.sif
Singularity	2.x	https://download.fmri.science/singularity/halfpipe-latest.simg
Docker		docker pull halfpipe/halfpipe:latest

Singularity version 3.x creates a container image file called HALFpipe_{version}.sif in the directory where you run the pull command. For Singularity version 2.x the file is named halfpipe-halfpipe-master-latest.simg. Whenever you want to use the container, you need pass Singularity the path to this file.

NOTE: Singularity may store a copy of the container in its cache directory. The cache directory is located by default in your home directory at ~/.singularity. If you need to save disk space in your home directory, you can safely delete the cache directory after downloading, i.e. by running rm -rf ~/.singularity. Alternatively, you could move the cache directory somewhere with more free disk space using a symlink. This way, files will automatically be stored there in the future. For example, if you have a lot of free disk space in /mnt/storage, then you could first run mv ~/.singularity /mnt/storage to move the cache directory, and then ln -s /mnt/storage/.singularity ~/.singularity to create the symlink.

Docker will store the container in its storage base directory, so it does not matter from which directory you run the pull command.

Running

The third step is to run the downloaded container. You may need to replace halfpipe-halfpipe-latest.simg with the actual path and filename where Singularity downloaded your container.

Container platform	Command
Singularity	singularity run --containall --bind /:/ext halfpipe-halfpipe-latest.simg
Docker	docker run --interactive --tty --volume /:/ext halfpipe/halfpipe

You should now see the user interface.

Background

Containers are by default isolated from the host computer. This adds security, but also means that the container cannot access the data it needs for analysis. HALFpipe expects all inputs (e.g., image files and spreadsheets) and outputs (the working directory) to be places in the path/ext (see also `--fs-root <#data-file-system-root---fs-root>`__). Using the option --bind /:/ext, we instruct Singularity to map all of the host file system (/) to that path (/ext). You can also run HALFpipe and only map only part of the host file system, but keep in mind that any directories that are not mapped will not be visible later.

Singularity passes the host shell environment to the container by default. This means that in some cases, the host computer’s configuration can interfere with the software. To avoid this, we need to pass the option --containall. Docker does not pass the host shell environment by default, so we don’t need to pass an option.

User interface

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The user interface asks a series of questions about your data and the analyses you want to run. In each question, you can press Control+C to cancel the current question and go back to the previous one. Control+D exits the program without saving. Note that these keyboard shortcuts are the same on Mac.

Files

To run preprocessing, at least a T1-weighted structural image and a BOLD image file is required. Preprocessing and data analysis proceeds automatically. However, to be able to run automatically, data files need to be input in a way suitable for automation.

For this kind of automation, HALFpipe needs to know the relationships between files, such as which files belong to the same subject. However, even though it would be obvious for a human, a program cannot easily assign a file name to a subject, and this will be true as long as there are differences in naming between different researchers or labs. One researcher may name the same file subject_01_rest.nii.gz and another subject_01/scan_rest.nii.gz.

In HALFpipe, we solve this issue by inputting file names in a specific way. For example, instead of subject_01/scan_rest.nii.gz, HALFpipe expects you to input {subject}/scan_rest.nii.gz. HALFpipe can then match all files on disk that match this naming schema, and extract the subject ID subject_01. Using the extracted subject ID, other files can now be matched to this image. If all input files are available in BIDS format, then this step can be skipped.

1. Specify working directory All intermediate and outputs of HALFpipe will be placed in the working directory. Keep in mind to choose a location with sufficient free disk space, as intermediates can be multiple gigabytes in size for each subject.
2. Is the data available in BIDS format?
   • Yes
     1. Specify the path of the BIDS directory
   • No
     1. Specify anatomical/structural data Specify the path of the T1-weighted image files
     2. Specify functional data Specify the path of the BOLD image files
     3. Check repetition time values / Specify repetition time in seconds
     4. Add more BOLD image files?
        • Yes Loop back to 2
        • No Continue
3. Do slice timing?
   • Yes
     1. Check slice acquisition direction values
     2. Check slice timing values
   • No Skip this step
4. Specify field maps? If the data was imported from a BIDS directory, this step will be omitted.
   • Yes
     1. Specify the type of the field maps
        • EPI (blip-up blip-down)
          1. Specify the path of the blip-up blip-down EPI image files
        • Phase difference and magnitude (used by Siemens scanners)
          1. Specify the path of the magnitude image files
          2. Specify the path of the phase/phase difference image files
          3. Specify echo time difference in seconds
        • Scanner-computed field map and magnitude (used by GE / Philips scanners)
          1. Specify the path of the magnitude image files
          2. Specify the path of the field map image files
     2. Add more field maps? Loop back to 1
     3. Specify effective echo spacing for the functional data in seconds
     4. Specify phase encoding direction for the functional data
   • No Skip this step

Features

Features are analyses that are carried out on the preprocessed data, in other words, first-level analyses.

1. Specify first-level features?

   • Yes

     1. Specify the feature type

        • Task-based

          1. Specify feature name
          2. Specify images to use
          3. Specify the event file type
          • SPM multiple conditions A MATLAB .mat file containing three arrays: names (condition), onsets and durations
          • FSL 3-column One text file for each condition. Each file has its corresponding condition in the filename. The first column specifies the event onset, the second the duration. The third column of the files is ignored, so parametric modulation is not supported
          • BIDS TSV A tab-separated table with named columns trial_type (condition), onset and duration. While BIDS supports defining additional columns, HALFpipe will currently ignore these
          1. Specify the path of the event files
          2. Select conditions to add to the model
          3. Specify contrasts
             1. Specify contrast name
             2. Specify contrast values
             3. Add another contrast?
                • Yes Loop back to 1
                • No Continue
          4. Apply a temporal filter to the design matrix? A separate temporal filter can be specified for the design matrix. In contrast, the temporal filtering of the input image and any confound regressors added to the design matrix is specified in 10. In general, the two settings should match
          5. Apply smoothing?
             • Yes
               1. Specify smoothing FWHM in mm
             • No Continue
          6. Grand mean scaling will be applied with a mean of 10000.000000
          7. Temporal filtering will be applied using a gaussian-weighted filter Specify the filter width in seconds
          8. Remove confounds?

        • Seed-based connectivity

          1. Specify feature name
          2. Specify images to use
          3. Specify binary seed mask file(s)
             1. Specify the path of the binary seed mask image files
             2. Check space values
             3. Add binary seed mask image file

        • Dual regression

          1. Specify feature name
          2. Specify images to use
          3. TODO

        • Atlas-based connectivity matrix

          1. Specify feature name
          2. Specify images to use
          3. TODO

        • ReHo

          1. Specify feature name
          2. Specify images to use
          3. TODO

        • fALFF

          1. Specify feature name
          2. Specify images to use
          3. TODO

   • No Skip this step

2. Add another first-level feature?

   • Yes Loop back to 1
   • No Continue

3. Output a preprocessed image?

   • Yes
     1. Specify setting name
     2. Specify images to use
     3. Apply smoothing?
        • Yes
          1. Specify smoothing FWHM in mm
        • No Continue
     4. Do grand mean scaling?
        • Yes
          1. Specify grand mean
        • No Continue
     5. Apply a temporal filter?
        • Yes
          1. Specify the type of temporal filter
             • Gaussian-weighted
             • Frequency-based
        • No Continue
     6. Remove confounds?
   • No Continue

Models

Models are statistical analyses that are carried out on the features.

TODO

Running on a high-performance computing cluster

1. Log in to your cluster’s head node

2. Request an interactive job. Refer to your cluster’s documentation for how to do this

3. In the interactive job, run the HALFpipe user interface, but add the flag --use-cluster to the end of the command.

   For example, singularity run --containall --bind /:/ext halfpipe-halfpipe-latest.sif --use-cluster

4. As soon as you finish specifying all your data, features and models in the user interface, HALFpipe will now generate everything needed to run on the cluster. For hundreds of subjects, this can take up to a few hours.

5. When HALFpipe exits, edit the generated submit script submit.slurm.sh according to your cluster’s documentation and then run it. This submit script will calculate everything except group statistics.

6. As soon as all processing has been completed, you can run group statistics. This is usually very fast, so you can do this in an interactive session. Run singularity run --containall --bind /:/ext halfpipe-halfpipe-latest.sif --only-model-chunk and then select Run without modification in the user interface.

A common issue with remote work via secure shell is that the connection may break after a few hours. For batch jobs this is not an issue, but for interactive jobs this can be quite frustrating. When the connection is lost, the node you were connected to will automatically quit all programs you were running. To prevent this, you can run interactive jobs within screen or tmux (whichever is available). These commands allow you to open sessions in the terminal that will continue running in the background even when you close or disconnect. Here’s a quick overview of how to use the commands (more in-depth documentation is available for example at http://www.dayid.org/comp/tm.html).

1. Open a new screen/tmux session on the head node by running either screen or tmux
2. Request an interactive job from within the session, for example with srun --pty bash -i
3. Run the command that you want to run
4. Detach from the screen/tmux session, meaning disconnecting with the ability to re-connect later For screen, this is done by first pressing Control+a, then letting go, and then pressing d on the keyboard. For tmux, it’s Control+b instead of Control+a. Note that this is always Control, even if you’re on a mac.
5. Close your connection to the head node with Control+d. screen/tmux will remain running in the background
6. Later, connect again to the head node. Run screen -r or tmux attach to check back on the interactive job. If everything went well and the command you wanted to run finished, close the interactive job with Control+d and then the screen/tmux session with Control+d again. If the command hasn’t finished yet, detach as before and come back later

Are you getting a "missing dependencies" error? Some clusters configure singularity with an option called mount hostfs that will bind all cluster file systems into the container. These file systems may in some cases have paths that conflict with where software is installed in the HALFpipe container, effectively overwriting that software. You can disable this by adding the option --no-mount hostfs right after singularity run.

Quality checks

Please see the manual

Outputs

Outdated

• A visual report page reports/index.html
• A table with image quality metrics reports/reportvals.txt
• A table containing the preprocessing status reports/reportpreproc.txt
• The untouched fmriprep derivatives. Some files have been omitted to save disk space fmriprep is very strict about only processing data that is compliant with the BIDS standard. As such, we may need to format subjects names for compliance. For example, an input subject named subject_01 will appear as subject01 in the fmriprep derivatives. derivatives/fmriprep

Subject-level features

• For task-based, seed-based connectivity and dual regression features, HALFpipe outputs the statistical maps for the effect, the variance, the degrees of freedom of the variance and the z-statistic. In FSL, the effect and variance are also called cope and varcope

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._stat-effect_statmap.nii.gz

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._stat-variance_statmap.nii.gz

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._stat-dof_statmap.nii.gz

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._stat-z_statmap.nii.gz

  The design and contrast matrix used for the final model will be outputted alongside the statistical maps

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/sub-..._task-..._feature-..._desc-design_matrix.tsv

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/sub-..._task-..._feature-..._desc-contrast_matrix.tsv
• ReHo and fALFF are not calculated based on a linear model. As such, only one statistical map of the z-scaled values will be output

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._alff.nii.gz

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._falff.nii.gz

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._reho.nii.gz

• For every feature, a .json file containing a summary of the preprocessing

• settings, and a list of the raw data files that were used for the analysis (RawSources)

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/....json
• For every feature, the corresponding brain mask is output beside the statistical maps. Masks do not differ between different features calculated, they are only copied out repeatedly for convenience

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/...desc-brain_mask.nii.gz
• Atlas-based connectivity outputs the time series and the full covariance and correlation matrices as text files

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._timeseries.txt

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._desc-covariance_matrix.txt

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._desc-correlation_matrix.txt

Preprocessed images

• Masked, preprocessed BOLD image

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._bold.nii.gz
• Just like for features

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/..._bold.json
• Just like for features

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/sub-..._task-..._setting-..._desc-brain_mask.nii.gz
• Filtered confounds time series, where all filters that are applied to the BOLD image are applied to the regressors as well. Note that this means that when grand mean scaling is active, confounds time series are also scaled, meaning that values such as framewise displacement can not be interpreted in terms of their original units anymore.

  derivatives/halfpipe/sub-.../func/sub-..._task-..._setting-..._desc-confounds_regressors.tsv

Group-level

• grouplevel/...

Troubleshooting

• If an error occurs, this will be output to the command line and simultaneously to the err.txt file in the working directory
• If the error occurs while running, usually a text file detailing the error will be placed in the working directory. These are text files and their file names start with crash
  • Usually, the last line of these text files contains the error message. Please read this carefully, as may allow you to understand the error
  • For example, consider the following error message: ValueError: shape (64, 64, 33) for image 1 not compatible with first image shape (64, 64, 34) with axis == None This error message may seem cryptic at first. However, looking at the message more closely, it suggests that two input images have different, incompatible dimensions. In this case, HALFpipe correctly recognized this issue, and there is no need for concern. The images in question will simply be excluded from preprocessing and/or analysis
  • In some cases, the cause of the error can be a bug in the HALFpipe code. Please check that no similar issue has been reported here on GitHub. In this case, please submit an issue.

Command line flags

Control command line logging

--verbose

By default, only errors and warnings will be output to the command line. This makes it easier to see when something goes wrong, because there is less output. However, if you want to be able to inspect what is being run, you can add the --verbose flag to the end of the command used to call HALFpipe.

Verbose logs are always written to the log.txt file in the working directory, so going back and inspecting this log is always possible, even if the --verbose flag was not specified.

Specifying the flag --debug will print additional, fine-grained messages. It will also automatically start the Python Debugger when an error occurs. You should only use --debug if you know what you’re doing.

Automatically remove unneeded files

--keep

HALFpipe saves intermediate files for each pipeline step. This speeds up re-running with different settings, or resuming after a job after it was cancelled. The intermediate file are saved by the nipype workflow engine, which is what HALFpipe uses internally. nipype saves the intermediate files in the nipype folder in the working directory.

In environments with limited disk capacity, this can be problematic. To limit disk usage, HALFpipe can delete intermediate files as soon as they are not needed anymore. This behavior is controlled with the --keep flag.

The default option --keep some keeps all intermediate files from fMRIPrep and MELODIC, which would take the longest to re-run. We believe this is a good tradeoff between disk space and computer time. --keep all turns of all deletion of intermediate files. --keep none deletes as much as possible, meaning that the smallest amount possible of disk space will be used.

Configure nipype

--nipype-<omp-nthreads|memory-gb|n-procs|run-plugin>

HALFpipe chooses sensible defaults for all of these values.

Choose which parts to run or to skip

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--<only|skip>-<spec-ui|workflow|run|model-chunk>

A HALFpipe run is divided internally into three stages, spec-ui, workflow, and run.

1. The spec-ui stage is where you specify things in the user interface. It creates the spec.json file that contains all the information needed to run HALFpipe. To only run this stage, use the option --only-spec-ui. To skip this stage, use the option --skip-spec-ui
2. The workflow stage is where HALFpipe uses the spec.json data to search for all the files that match what was input in the user interface. It then generates a nipype workflow for preprocessing, feature extraction and group models. nipype then validates the workflow and prepares it for execution. This usually takes a couple of minutes and cannot be parallelized. For hundreds of subjects, this may even take a few hours. This stage has the corresponding option --only-workflow and --skip-workflow.

• This stage saves several intermediate files. These are named workflow.{uuid}.pickle.xz, execgraph.{uuid}.pickle.xz and execgraph.{n_chunks}_chunks.{uuid}.pickle.xz. The uuid in the file name is a unique identifier generated from the spec.json file and the input files. It is re-calculated every time we run this stage. The uuid algorithm produces a different output if there are any changes (such as when new input files for new subjects become available, or the spec.json is changed, for example to add a new feature or group model). Otherwise, the uuid stays the same. Therefore, if a workflow file with the calculated uuid already exists, then we do not need to run this stage. We can simple re-use the workflow from the existing file, and save some time.
• In this stage, we can also decide to split the execution into chunks. The flag --subject-chunks creates one chunk per subject. The flag --use-cluster automatically activates --subject-chunks. The flag --n-chunks allows the user to specify a specific number of chunks. This is useful if the execution should be spread over a set number of computers. In addition to these, a model chunk is generated.

1. The run stage loads the execgraph.{n_chunks}_chunks.{uuid}.pickle.xz file generated in the previous step and runs it. This file usually contains two chunks, one for the subject level preprocessing and feature extraction (“subject level chunk”), and one for group statistics (“model chunk”). To run a specific chunk, you can use the flags --only-chunk-index ... and --only-model-chunk.

Working directory

--workdir

TODO

Data file system root

--fs-root

The HALFpipe container, or really most containers, contain the entire base system needed to run

Contact

For questions or support, please submit an issue or contact us via e-mail at [email protected].