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27 changes: 24 additions & 3 deletions README.md
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A map of the spread of slavery in the United States, 1790 to 1860, by
[Lincoln Mullen][]. See the map for citations to the data. Code licensed
[MIT][]. Built with [D3.js][].
A [map of the spread of slavery][] in the United States, 1790 to 1860,
based on U.S. Census data from [NHGIS][].

Map by [Lincoln Mullen][]. Code licensed [MIT][]. Built with [D3.js][].

## Citation

If you use this map in your research, I would appreciate a citation.
Here is the suggested form:

> Lincoln Mullen, "The Spread of U.S. Slavery, 1790--1860," interactive
> map, <http://lincolnmullen.com/projects/slavery/>, doi:
> 10.5281/zenodo.9825.
![][]

You should also cite the NHGIS:

> Minnesota Population Center, *National Historical Geographic
> Information System: Version 2.0* (Minneapolis, MN: University of
> Minnesota, 2011), <http://www.nhgis.org>.
[map of the spread of slavery]: http://lincolnmullen.com/projects/slavery/
[NHGIS]: https://www.nhgis.org/
[Lincoln Mullen]: http://lincolnmullen.com
[MIT]: http://lmullen.mit-license.org/
[D3.js]: http://d3js.org
[]: https://zenodo.org/badge/3774/lmullen/slavery-map.png
57 changes: 37 additions & 20 deletions index.html
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Expand Up @@ -51,36 +51,53 @@ <h5>How to use this map</h5>
<p>
I have written an <a
href="http://lincolnmullen.com/blog/the-spread-of-american-slavery/">introduction
to this visualization</a>. Zoom to any county by clicking on it. Clicking
on the same county will zoom out. The scales preserve intensity for change
over time: in other words, a color represents the same thing for each year
on the map. However, the color scales do not necessarily preserve intensity
from data field to data field: the darkest color for the total population
does not represent the same values as for the enslaved population. The
scales for population are logarithmic (with intermediate values) so every
second step in the color ramp represents a ten-fold (not a two-fold)
increase.
to this visualization</a>. Zoom to any county by clicking on it. Clicking
on the same county will zoom out. The scales preserve intensity for change
over time: in other words, a color represents the same thing for each year
on the map. However, the color scales do not necessarily preserve intensity
from data field to data field: the darkest color for the total population
does not represent the same values as for the enslaved population. The
scales for population are logarithmic (with intermediate values) so every
second step in the color ramp represents a ten-fold (not a two-fold)
increase.
</p>
<hr>
<p>
Map by <a href="http://lincolnmullen.com">Lincoln Mullen</a>. Code
available on <a href="https://github.com/lmullen/slavery-map">
GitHub</a>, licensed MIT. Suggestions and criticism welcome: <a
href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>.
GitHub</a>, licensed MIT. Suggestions and criticism welcome: <a
href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>.
</p>
<h5>Citation</h5>
<p>
If you use this map in your research, I would appreciate a citation.
Here is the suggested form:
<blockquote>
Lincoln Mullen, "The Spread of U.S. Slavery, 1790&ndash;1860," interactive
map, http://lincolnmullen.com/projects/slavery/, doi:
10.5281/zenodo.9825.
</blockquote>

You should also cite the NHGIS:

<blockquote>
Minnesota Population Center, *National Historical Geographic Information
System: Version 2.0* (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 2011), http://www.nhgis.org.
</blockquote>
</p>
<hr>
<h5>Explanation of Census data</h5>
<p>
The U.S. Census data and shapefiles for these maps comes from Minnesota
Population Center, <a href="https://www.nhgis.org/"><em>National
Historical Geographic Information System</em></a>, version 2.0
(Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota,
Historical Geographic Information System</em></a>, version 2.0
(Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota,
2011). For a description of the questions asked on the 1790 to 1860
censuses, see <a
href="http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/hiscendata.html"><em>Measuring
America: The Decennial Censuses From 1790 to 2000</em></a> (U.S Census
Bureau, 2002). Bear in mind the reason the Census kept statistics on
slavery. Slaves were counted
censuses, see <a
href="http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/hiscendata.html"><em>Measuring
America: The Decennial Censuses From 1790 to 2000</em></a> (U.S Census
Bureau, 2002). Bear in mind the reason the Census kept statistics on
slavery. Slaves were counted
in the Census because of the <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise">three-fifths</a>
compromise in the federal constitution, by which an enslaved person
Expand All @@ -89,8 +106,8 @@ <h5>Explanation of Census data</h5>
the map, but sometimes in the Census a value of zero actually means that
the data has been lost or was never gathered. Treat the Census numbers
skeptically: even in the best of circumstances the Census undercounts the
population. For example, Harvey Amani Whitfield has shown that <a
href="http://www.uvm.edu/research/?Page=news&storyID=17688&category=uvmresearch">
population. For example, Harvey Amani Whitfield has shown that <a
href="http://www.uvm.edu/research/?Page=news&storyID=17688&category=uvmresearch">
Vermont did have slavery</a>, even though no slaves were enumerated in
the Census. The numbers are useful chiefly for showing degrees of
magnitude. Below are the fields in the NHGIS data that I have used. The
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