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A map of the spread of slavery in the United States, 1790 to 1860, by | ||
[Lincoln Mullen][]. See the map for citations to the data. Code licensed | ||
[MIT][]. Built with [D3.js][]. | ||
A [map of the spread of slavery][] in the United States, 1790 to 1860, | ||
based on U.S. Census data from [NHGIS][]. | ||
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Map by [Lincoln Mullen][]. Code licensed [MIT][]. Built with [D3.js][]. | ||
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## Citation | ||
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If you use this map in your research, I would appreciate a citation. | ||
Here is the suggested form: | ||
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> Lincoln Mullen, "The Spread of U.S. Slavery, 1790--1860," interactive | ||
> map, <http://lincolnmullen.com/projects/slavery/>, doi: | ||
> 10.5281/zenodo.9825. | ||
![][] | ||
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You should also cite the NHGIS: | ||
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> Minnesota Population Center, *National Historical Geographic | ||
> Information System: Version 2.0* (Minneapolis, MN: University of | ||
> Minnesota, 2011), <http://www.nhgis.org>. | ||
[map of the spread of slavery]: http://lincolnmullen.com/projects/slavery/ | ||
[NHGIS]: https://www.nhgis.org/ | ||
[Lincoln Mullen]: http://lincolnmullen.com | ||
[MIT]: http://lmullen.mit-license.org/ | ||
[D3.js]: http://d3js.org | ||
[]: https://zenodo.org/badge/3774/lmullen/slavery-map.png |
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@@ -51,36 +51,53 @@ <h5>How to use this map</h5> | |
<p> | ||
I have written an <a | ||
href="http://lincolnmullen.com/blog/the-spread-of-american-slavery/">introduction | ||
to this visualization</a>. Zoom to any county by clicking on it. Clicking | ||
on the same county will zoom out. The scales preserve intensity for change | ||
over time: in other words, a color represents the same thing for each year | ||
on the map. However, the color scales do not necessarily preserve intensity | ||
from data field to data field: the darkest color for the total population | ||
does not represent the same values as for the enslaved population. The | ||
scales for population are logarithmic (with intermediate values) so every | ||
second step in the color ramp represents a ten-fold (not a two-fold) | ||
increase. | ||
to this visualization</a>. Zoom to any county by clicking on it. Clicking | ||
on the same county will zoom out. The scales preserve intensity for change | ||
over time: in other words, a color represents the same thing for each year | ||
on the map. However, the color scales do not necessarily preserve intensity | ||
from data field to data field: the darkest color for the total population | ||
does not represent the same values as for the enslaved population. The | ||
scales for population are logarithmic (with intermediate values) so every | ||
second step in the color ramp represents a ten-fold (not a two-fold) | ||
increase. | ||
</p> | ||
<hr> | ||
<p> | ||
Map by <a href="http://lincolnmullen.com">Lincoln Mullen</a>. Code | ||
available on <a href="https://github.com/lmullen/slavery-map"> | ||
GitHub</a>, licensed MIT. Suggestions and criticism welcome: <a | ||
href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>. | ||
GitHub</a>, licensed MIT. Suggestions and criticism welcome: <a | ||
href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>. | ||
</p> | ||
<h5>Citation</h5> | ||
<p> | ||
If you use this map in your research, I would appreciate a citation. | ||
Here is the suggested form: | ||
<blockquote> | ||
Lincoln Mullen, "The Spread of U.S. Slavery, 1790–1860," interactive | ||
map, http://lincolnmullen.com/projects/slavery/, doi: | ||
10.5281/zenodo.9825. | ||
</blockquote> | ||
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You should also cite the NHGIS: | ||
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<blockquote> | ||
Minnesota Population Center, *National Historical Geographic Information | ||
System: Version 2.0* (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 2011), http://www.nhgis.org. | ||
</blockquote> | ||
</p> | ||
<hr> | ||
<h5>Explanation of Census data</h5> | ||
<p> | ||
The U.S. Census data and shapefiles for these maps comes from Minnesota | ||
Population Center, <a href="https://www.nhgis.org/"><em>National | ||
Historical Geographic Information System</em></a>, version 2.0 | ||
(Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, | ||
Historical Geographic Information System</em></a>, version 2.0 | ||
(Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, | ||
2011). For a description of the questions asked on the 1790 to 1860 | ||
censuses, see <a | ||
href="http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/hiscendata.html"><em>Measuring | ||
America: The Decennial Censuses From 1790 to 2000</em></a> (U.S Census | ||
Bureau, 2002). Bear in mind the reason the Census kept statistics on | ||
slavery. Slaves were counted | ||
censuses, see <a | ||
href="http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/hiscendata.html"><em>Measuring | ||
America: The Decennial Censuses From 1790 to 2000</em></a> (U.S Census | ||
Bureau, 2002). Bear in mind the reason the Census kept statistics on | ||
slavery. Slaves were counted | ||
in the Census because of the <a | ||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise">three-fifths</a> | ||
compromise in the federal constitution, by which an enslaved person | ||
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the map, but sometimes in the Census a value of zero actually means that | ||
the data has been lost or was never gathered. Treat the Census numbers | ||
skeptically: even in the best of circumstances the Census undercounts the | ||
population. For example, Harvey Amani Whitfield has shown that <a | ||
href="http://www.uvm.edu/research/?Page=news&storyID=17688&category=uvmresearch"> | ||
population. For example, Harvey Amani Whitfield has shown that <a | ||
href="http://www.uvm.edu/research/?Page=news&storyID=17688&category=uvmresearch"> | ||
Vermont did have slavery</a>, even though no slaves were enumerated in | ||
the Census. The numbers are useful chiefly for showing degrees of | ||
magnitude. Below are the fields in the NHGIS data that I have used. The | ||
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