Update wiki pages (#41)

docs/learn/altman-z-score-101788.mdx

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-import {ArticleMeta} from '@site/src/components/article-meta'
+import { ArticleMeta } from "@site/src/components/article-meta";
+import { AIContent } from "@site/src/components/ai-content";
 
 # Altman Z-Score
 
-<ArticleMeta id={101788} updatedAt={'2023-09-26 13:58:58'} />
+<ArticleMeta id={101788} updatedAt={'2024-09-12 19:04:41'} />
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 The Altman Z-score is the output of a credit-strength test that gauges a publicly traded manufacturing company's likelihood of bankruptcy.
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+<AIContent content={`<p><strong>Definition:</strong><br/>The Altman Z-Score is a credit strength test that measures the likelihood of bankruptcy for publicly traded manufacturing companies. It combines several financial ratios to calculate a composite score that predicts the probability of a company going bankrupt within the next two years.</p><p><strong>Origin:</strong><br/>The Altman Z-Score was developed by Edward I. Altman, a professor of finance at New York University's Stern School of Business, in 1968. Altman created this model by analyzing the financial data of multiple companies to help investors and creditors assess a company's financial health.</p><p><strong>Categories and Characteristics:</strong><br/>The Altman Z-Score is primarily used for manufacturing companies, but there are variations for non-manufacturing and private companies. The formula is:<br/>Z = 1.2 * (Working Capital/Total Assets) + 1.4 * (Retained Earnings/Total Assets) + 3.3 * (EBIT/Total Assets) + 0.6 * (Market Value of Equity/Total Liabilities) + 1.0 * (Sales/Total Assets).<br/>The lower the score, the higher the risk of bankruptcy. Generally, a Z-Score below 1.8 indicates high bankruptcy risk, between 1.8 and 3.0 indicates moderate risk, and above 3.0 indicates low risk.</p><p><strong>Case Studies:</strong><br/>Case 1: Manufacturing Company A has the following financial data: Working Capital of $2 million, Retained Earnings of $3 million, EBIT of $1 million, Market Value of Equity of $5 million, Total Liabilities of $4 million, and Total Assets of $10 million. The Z-Score is calculated as:<br/>Z = 1.2 * (2/10) + 1.4 * (3/10) + 3.3 * (1/10) + 0.6 * (5/4) + 1.0 * (10/10) = 3.25.<br/>Therefore, Company A has a low risk of bankruptcy.</p><p>Case 2: Manufacturing Company B has the following financial data: Working Capital of $0.5 million, Retained Earnings of $1 million, EBIT of $0.2 million, Market Value of Equity of $1 million, Total Liabilities of $3 million, and Total Assets of $5 million. The Z-Score is calculated as:<br/>Z = 1.2 * (0.5/5) + 1.4 * (1/5) + 3.3 * (0.2/5) + 0.6 * (1/3) + 1.0 * (5/5) = 1.67.<br/>Therefore, Company B has a high risk of bankruptcy.</p><p><strong>Common Questions:</strong><br/>1. Is the Altman Z-Score applicable to all industries?<br/>Answer: The Altman Z-Score was originally designed for manufacturing companies, but there are variations for non-manufacturing and private companies.<br/>2. Can the Z-Score fully predict bankruptcy?<br/>Answer: While the Z-Score has a high accuracy in predicting bankruptcy, it cannot fully predict all situations. Investors should use it in conjunction with other financial analysis tools for a comprehensive assessment.</p>`} id={101788} />

docs/learn/automated-clearing-house--101766.mdx

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-import {ArticleMeta} from '@site/src/components/article-meta'
+import { ArticleMeta } from "@site/src/components/article-meta";
+import { AIContent } from "@site/src/components/ai-content";
 
 # Automated Clearing House 
 
-<ArticleMeta id={101766} updatedAt={'2023-09-26 13:58:58'} />
+<ArticleMeta id={101766} updatedAt={'2024-09-12 19:05:51'} />
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 The Automated Clearing House (ACH) is an electronic funds-transfer system run by Nacha. The Automated Clearing House traces its roots back to the late 1960s but was officially established in the mid-1970s. The payment system provides many types of ACH transactions, such as payroll deposits. It requires a debit or credit from the originator and a credit or debit on the recipient's end.
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+<AIContent content={`<h2>Automated Clearing House (ACH)</h2><h3>Definition</h3><p>The Automated Clearing House (ACH) is an electronic funds transfer system operated by Nacha. It allows banks and financial institutions to conduct electronic payments and funds transfers, commonly used for payroll deposits, bill payments, and other types of electronic transactions.</p><h3>Origin</h3><p>The concept of the Automated Clearing House dates back to the late 1960s when financial institutions began exploring electronic payment methods to address the high costs and inefficiencies of processing paper checks. The ACH system was formally established in the mid-1970s and has since become one of the primary electronic payment systems in the United States.</p><h3>Categories and Characteristics</h3><p>ACH transactions are mainly divided into two categories: debit transactions and credit transactions. Debit transactions involve withdrawing funds from the payer's account, such as automatic bill payments; credit transactions involve depositing funds into the recipient's account, such as payroll deposits. The ACH system is characterized by its low cost, high efficiency, and high security.</p><h3>Specific Cases</h3><p>Case 1: Company A uses the ACH system to directly deposit employees' salaries into their bank accounts every month. This method not only saves the cost of paper checks but also improves the accuracy and timeliness of payments.</p><p>Case 2: User B sets up automatic bill payments, where funds are automatically debited from their bank account each month to pay utility bills through the ACH system. This method avoids the risk of forgetting to pay bills and simplifies the payment process.</p><h3>Common Questions</h3><p>1. <strong>How long does it take to complete an ACH transaction?</strong> Typically, ACH transactions take 1-2 business days to complete.</p><p>2. <strong>Are ACH transactions secure?</strong> Yes, the ACH system employs various security measures to protect transaction information and funds.</p>`} id={101766} />

docs/learn/backflush-costing-101876.mdx

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-import {ArticleMeta} from '@site/src/components/article-meta'
+import { ArticleMeta } from "@site/src/components/article-meta";
+import { AIContent } from "@site/src/components/ai-content";
 
 # Backflush Costing
 
-<ArticleMeta id={101876} updatedAt={'2023-09-26 13:58:58'} />
+<ArticleMeta id={101876} updatedAt={'2024-09-12 18:59:47'} />
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 Backflush costing is a product costing system generally used in a just-in-time (JIT) inventory system. In short, it is an accounting method that records the costs associated with producing a good or service only after they are produced, completed, or sold. Backflush costing is also commonly referred to as backflush accounting.
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+<AIContent content={`<p><strong>Definition:</strong><br/>Backflush costing is a product costing system typically used in Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory systems. In simple terms, it is an accounting method that records costs associated with production, completion, or sale of goods or services only after these events have occurred. Backflush costing is also known as backflush accounting.</p><p><strong>Origin:</strong><br/>Backflush costing originated in the 1980s, evolving with the widespread adoption of Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory management systems. JIT systems emphasize reducing inventory and increasing production efficiency, necessitating a method to simplify cost accounting processes. Backflush costing emerged in this context.</p><p><strong>Categories and Characteristics:</strong><br/>Backflush costing has the following key characteristics:<ul><li>Simplified Process: By recording costs in a single entry after production is completed, it reduces daily accounting workload.</li><li>Increased Efficiency: Suitable for JIT systems, it quickly reflects production and sales status.</li><li>Reduced Errors: Fewer intermediate steps lower the likelihood of data entry errors.</li></ul>Backflush costing can be categorized into two types:<ul><li>Standard Backflush Costing: Uses predetermined standard costs for accounting.</li><li>Actual Backflush Costing: Accounts for costs based on actual expenses incurred.</li></ul></p><p><strong>Specific Cases:</strong><br/>Case 1: A manufacturing company uses a JIT system for production management. The company does not record costs at each production stage but instead records all related costs in one entry after the product is completed, based on standard costs. This method significantly simplifies the company's accounting process and improves efficiency.<br/>Case 2: An electronics company uses actual backflush costing. After the product is sold, the company accounts for actual material, labor, and other costs incurred. Although this method involves more work, it provides a more accurate reflection of the product's actual cost.</p><p><strong>Common Questions:</strong><br/>1. Is backflush costing suitable for all companies?<br/>Answer: No, it is primarily suitable for companies using JIT systems. It may not be suitable for companies with complex inventory management.<br/>2. Does backflush costing lead to inaccurate cost data?<br/>Answer: If standard costs are used, there may be some discrepancies, but it generally reflects the overall cost situation. Actual backflush costing provides more accurate data.</p>`} id={101876} />

docs/learn/bank-identification-number-101712.mdx

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-import {ArticleMeta} from '@site/src/components/article-meta'
+import { ArticleMeta } from "@site/src/components/article-meta";
+import { AIContent } from "@site/src/components/ai-content";
 
 # Bank Identification Number
 
-<ArticleMeta id={101712} updatedAt={'2023-09-26 13:58:58'} />
+<ArticleMeta id={101712} updatedAt={'2024-09-12 19:08:45'} />
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 The term bank identification number (BIN) refers to the first four to six numbers on a payment card. This set of numbers identifies the financial institution that issues the card. As such, it matches transactions to the issuer of the card being used. BINs can be found on various payment cards, including credit cards, charge cards, and debit cards.The BIN system helps financial institutions identify fraudulent or stolen payment cards and can help prevent identity theft.
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+<AIContent content={`<h2>Bank Identification Number (BIN)</h2><p><strong>Definition:</strong> The Bank Identification Number (BIN) refers to the first four to six digits on a payment card. This set of numbers is used to identify the issuing institution of the card. Therefore, it matches the transaction with the card's issuing institution. BINs can be found on various payment cards, including credit cards, debit cards, and prepaid cards. The BIN system helps financial institutions identify fraudulent or stolen payment cards, aiding in the prevention of identity theft.</p><h3>Origin:</h3><p>The concept of the Bank Identification Number originated in the 1960s when credit and debit cards began to proliferate. To simplify and standardize payment processing, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced the BIN system. Initially, BINs consisted of the first four digits, later expanding to six digits to accommodate the growing number of issuing institutions and transaction volumes.</p><h3>Categories and Characteristics:</h3><p>Bank Identification Numbers are primarily categorized as follows:</p><ul><li><strong>Credit Card BIN:</strong> Used to identify the issuing institution of credit cards, typically issued by banks or credit card companies.</li><li><strong>Debit Card BIN:</strong> Used to identify the issuing institution of debit cards, usually directly linked to the cardholder's bank account.</li><li><strong>Prepaid Card BIN:</strong> Used to identify the issuing institution of prepaid cards, which are typically preloaded with funds and used for specific purposes or as gift cards.</li></ul><p>Characteristics of these BINs include:</p><ul><li><strong>Issuer Identification:</strong> BINs quickly identify the card's issuing institution, facilitating transaction processing.</li><li><strong>Fraud Prevention:</strong> The BIN system helps detect and prevent fraudulent activities, such as identifying stolen or counterfeit cards.</li><li><strong>Global Standard:</strong> The BIN system is an international standard, applicable to payment cards worldwide.</li></ul><h3>Specific Cases:</h3><p><strong>Case 1:</strong> A consumer enters their credit card information while shopping online. The payment gateway uses the BIN to identify the card as a credit card issued by a particular bank and verifies its validity, completing the transaction.</p><p><strong>Case 2:</strong> A bank analyzes transaction data and finds that cards with certain BINs are frequently involved in suspicious transactions in a specific region. The bank promptly freezes these cards, preventing further fraudulent activities.</p><h3>Common Questions:</h3><p><strong>Q:</strong> Why can't I use my card at certain merchants?<br/><strong>A:</strong> This may be because the merchant's payment system does not support your card's BIN. It is advisable to contact your issuing institution or use an alternative payment method.</p><p><strong>Q:</strong> How can I ensure my card is secure?<br/><strong>A:</strong> Regularly check your statements, watch for unusual transactions, and promptly report any suspicious activity to your issuing institution to effectively safeguard your card.</p>`} id={101712} />

docs/learn/bank-reserve-101713.mdx

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-import {ArticleMeta} from '@site/src/components/article-meta'
+import { ArticleMeta } from "@site/src/components/article-meta";
+import { AIContent } from "@site/src/components/ai-content";
 
 # Bank Reserve
 
-<ArticleMeta id={101713} updatedAt={'2023-09-26 13:58:58'} />
+<ArticleMeta id={101713} updatedAt={'2024-09-12 19:08:36'} />
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 Bank reserves are the cash minimums that financial institutions must have on hand in order to meet central bank requirements. This is real paper money that must be kept by the bank in a vault on-site or held in its account at the central bank. Cash reserves requirements are intended to ensure that every bank can meet any large and unexpected demand for withdrawals.Historically, the reserve ratio has ranged from zero to 10% of bank deposits.
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+<AIContent content={`<h2>Bank Reserves</h2><p><strong>Definition:</strong> Bank reserves are the minimum cash reserves that financial institutions must hold to meet the requirements set by the central bank. These reserves can be actual currency that banks must keep in their vaults or hold in accounts at the central bank. The purpose of cash reserve requirements is to ensure that each bank can handle any large and sudden withdrawal demands.</p><h3>Origin</h3><p>The concept of bank reserves originated in the 19th century when the banking system began to develop, and central banks started requiring commercial banks to hold a certain percentage of deposits as reserves to ensure the stability of the financial system. Over time, central banks in various countries have continuously adjusted reserve ratios based on economic conditions and financial market needs.</p><h3>Categories and Characteristics</h3><p>Bank reserves are mainly divided into two categories: required reserves and excess reserves.<ul><li><strong>Required Reserves:</strong> These are the minimum reserve requirements set by the central bank that banks must strictly adhere to.</li><li><strong>Excess Reserves:</strong> These are additional reserves that banks hold beyond the required reserves. Excess reserves can provide banks with an extra liquidity buffer.</li></ul></p><h3>Specific Cases</h3><p><strong>Case 1:</strong> During the 2008 financial crisis, the Federal Reserve significantly lowered the reserve ratio to increase the available funds for banks, helping to stabilize the financial market.</p><p><strong>Case 2:</strong> During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the People's Bank of China also adjusted the reserve ratio, lowering the required reserve ratio for small and medium-sized banks to support economic recovery.</p><h3>Common Questions</h3><p><strong>Question 1:</strong> Why do central banks set reserve requirements?<br/><strong>Answer:</strong> Reserve requirements are set to ensure that banks have enough liquidity to meet customer withdrawal demands, preventing bank runs and financial crises.</p><p><strong>Question 2:</strong> How do changes in the reserve ratio affect banks?<br/><strong>Answer:</strong> Increasing the reserve ratio reduces the funds available for banks to lend and invest, while lowering the reserve ratio increases the available funds, promoting economic activity.</p>`} id={101713} />