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Added balance assist in second line of abstract. Thanks Frans.
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moorepants committed Oct 4, 2024
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\abstract{
Uncontrolled bicycles are generally unstable at low speeds. We add an
automatically controlled steering motor to a consumer electric bicycle that
stabilizes the riderless bicycle down to about 3~\si{\kph}. We hypothesize
that a stabilized bicycle will reduce the probability of falling. To test the
motor's possible assistance during falls, we apply varying magnitude external
handlebar perturbations to twenty-six participants who rode on a treadmill
with the balance assist system both activated and deactivated. The
probability of recovering from a handlebar perturbation significantly
increases when the balance assist is activated at a travel speed of
6~\si{\kph}. This positive effect is most prominent at and around the
individual riders' perturbation resistance threshold. We conclude that use of
a balance assist system in real world bicycling would reduce the number of
falls that occur near riders' control authority limits.
stabilizes the riderless bicycle down to about 3~\si{\kph} to assist the
rider in balancing the vehicle. We hypothesize that a stabilized bicycle will
reduce the probability of falling. To test the motor's possible assistance
during falls, we apply varying magnitude external handlebar perturbations to
twenty-six participants who rode on a treadmill with the balance assist
system both activated and deactivated. The probability of recovering from a
handlebar perturbation significantly increases when the balance assist is
activated at a travel speed of 6~\si{\kph}. This positive effect is most
prominent at and around the individual riders' perturbation resistance
threshold. We conclude that use of a balance assist system in real world
bicycling would reduce the number of falls that occur near riders' control
authority limits.
}

\section*{Affliation}
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insight in the statistical condsiderations. We thank all of the assistants that
helped run the experiments and the participants for their time an enthusiasm.
We thank Peter Stahlecker, Benjamin Gonzalez, and Riender Happee for valuable
feedback in early revisions.
feedback in early revisions. Lastly, we thank Frans van der Helm for the
consistent encouragement to execute this experiment.

\section*{Funding}
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