[CI] Add cppcheck in the build

[chusitoo]

Fixes #2297

Changes

• Added CI job for cppcheck. For now, it does not fail the build

For significant contributions please make sure you have completed the following items:

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

[netlify]

✅ Deploy Preview for opentelemetry-cpp-api-docs canceled.

Name	Link
🔨 Latest commit	a19d070
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[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 87.83%. Comparing base (1695253) to head (a19d070).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #3151   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   87.83%   87.83%           
=======================================
  Files         195      195           
  Lines        6146     6146           
=======================================
  Hits         5398     5398           
  Misses        748      748           

---- 🚨 Try these New Features:

• Flaky Tests Detection - Detect and resolve failed and flaky tests

[marcalff]

LGTM, thanks for the CI.

[ThomsonTan]

Is this a subset of the part 2 change?

[marcalff]

Is this a subset of the part 2 change?

Yes.

Once part 1 is merged to main, part 2 PR will only contain part 2 (the code fixes).